1

VERB TO BE

 NOT like the rest of the verbs

 In spoken English, contractions are used
 “Complete” forms only in formal written English.
 Plurals always with ARE
 The personal pronoun YOU refers to one or more than one person or thing
You are my student – singular – one person
You are my students – plural – two people

 WE, THEY refer to males and females.

Mary and Sarah are my classmates. They are my friends
Bobby and Tom are my classmates. They are my friends
We are very intelligent girls – We are very intelligent boys

 Used to express “sensations”
hot)
 Used to express age
 Used to express the weather
 Used to express emotions
: I’m cold (hungry, full, thirsty, dizzy, exhausted, sleepy, tired,
: She’s 20 years old
: It’s sunny
: We’re sad (happy, afraid, scared,

To be lucky To be right / wrong

To be in a hurry / in a rush To be in the mood

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I am (I’m) I am not Am I?
You are (you’re) You are not (aren’t) Are you?
He IS (he’s) He is not (isn’t) Is he?
She IS (she’s) She is not (isn’t) Is she?
It IS (it’s) It is not (isn’t) Is it?
We are (we’re) We are not (aren’t) Are we?
You are (you’re) You are not (aren’t) Are you?
They are (they’re) They are not (aren’t) Are they?
Examples:
I am Pablito / I’m Pablito I am not Pablito / I’m not Pablito Am I Pablito?
She is happy / She’s happy She isn’t happy / She’s not happy Is she happy?
We are hungry /We’re hungry We aren’t hungry / We’re not hungry Are we hungry?
It is windy / It’s windy It is not windy / It isn’t windy Is it windy?
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EXERCISES

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH AM – IS – ARE

These bags ………. heavy My house ………. not very big

Pete and I ………. friends Her sisters ………. Italian
What ………. your name? How old ………. you?
The books ………. on the table We ………. cold
It ………. cold today I ………. at school
My name ………. Karen Carol and Mike ………. married
We ………. from Madrid ………. she a doctor?
He ………. a doctor It ………. in the house
My dogs ………. in the garden We………. cold
She ………. a good teacher The dress ………. black
………. your sister at home? How old ………. your friend?
Paul and Mike ………. nice boys It ………. windy
She ………. angry Today ………. Sunny
All my pens ………. in my pencil box Your house ………. pretty
Her dogs ………. very big. All my classes ………. Interesting
Where ………. you from?

PUT THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES IN THE CORRECT ORDER

1. old. years am twenty-five I ……………………………………………………...

2. We Venezuela are from ……………………………………………………...
3. John, he is my student. is and He ………………………………………………………
4. This book. is my ………………………………………………………
5. It's nice today. a day ……………………………………………………...
6. Her is Paul. name brother's ………………………………………………………
7. engineer. John an is ………………………………………………………
8. name My husband's is Johansson. ………………………………………………………
9. students class. are my in twelve There ………………………………………………………
10. the letter. My top new the at address of is ………………………………………………………

CHANGE INTO QUESTION AND NEGATIVE

She is a good teacher ………………………………………… ……………………………………………
Those are the pilots of the plane …………………………………… ………………………………………
They are in Madrid ………………………………………… ………………………………………………
Peter and Mary are architects ………………………………………… …………………………………
It is cold today ……………………………………………… ………………………………………………
The doctor is busy ………………………………………… ………………………………………………
The windows are open ……………………………………… ………………………………………………
The blue car is comfortable ……………………………………… …………………………………………
Piñera is the President ………………………………………… ……………………………………………
My brothers are 20 years old ………………………………………… ……………………………………
I’m OK ……………………………………………… ………………………………………………
George and his mother are in Europe …………………………………… …………….........……………
The 35 students of the class are on vacation ………………………… …………………………………
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Her name is Helen ………………………………………… ………………………………………………

They are from Barcelona …………………………………… ………………………………………………
We are in Arica this month ………………………………… ………………………………………………
My classmates are nice …………………………………… ………………………………………………
The day is very cloudy ……………………………………… ………………………………………………
I’m thirsty ……………………………………………… ………………………………………………

CORRECT THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

1. She has 15 years. ……………………………… 2. You have reason. ………………………………

3. You have cold? ……………………………… 4. I’m cold a lot of. …………………………
5. He have rush. ………………………………… 6. You have a lot of lucky! ………………………

TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

1. ¿Tienen frío? .................................................................................................................

2. ¿Cuántos años tienen?
3. Tenemos calor.
4. No tienen frío.
5. Tienen suerte.
6. No estoy de ánimo
7. ¿Tienen hambre?
8. No tenemos sed.
9. ¿Estás apurada?
10. Estamos cansados
11. Ella tiene 13 años
.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING CHART

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I I am hungry

YOU You are Sam

HE He isn’t here

SHE Is she shy?

IT It is OK

WE Are we fine?

YOU You aren’t friendly

THEY Are they happy?

Sam isn’t intelligent

Is it cloudy?

My friends are
interesting

It isn’t five o’clock

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INDEFINITE / DEFINITE ARTICLES

Using a or an depends on the sound that begins the next word.

A: a + consonant sound I have a car She is a teacher

A university A European book (y)
+ when H IS pronounced A hot dog A home

AN: an + vowel sound I have an elephant He is an engineer

+ when H is NOT pronounced An hour An honor An honest boy

 Indicates membership in a group She’s a Buddhist

 Always with professions: I am a teacher Mrs. Morales is a lawyer

THE: The boy – the boys The girl – the girls

 Never with: names, sports, things in general, meals, most countries

She is Mary We play tennis I like apples We always have lunch at two

Pronunciation: Before consonants / ðə/ The cat /ðə kæt/

Before vowels / ðɪ/ The animal /ðɪ ænəməl/

EXERCISES
A, AN, T H E o r X ?

That restaurant is ........... expensive. These are ........... interesting books.

John is ........... attractive boy. You’re hour and ........... half late.

She isn’t wearing ........... uniform. This is ........... special occasion.

Are you in ........... hurry? They are ........... nice boys.

He's my ........... best friend. ........... Paris is a beautiful city.

I love to go to ........... beach. Sarah is........... good dancer.

I will be at ........... home all day. He is ........... good man.

We saw ........... squirrel in the park today. In California, ........... weather is always nice

........... city museum is closed today. Can you tell me how to get to ........... bank from here?

He is one of ........... smartest people I know. ........... milk is good for you.

I like ........... animals a lot Would you like to see ........... movie?

........... apple a day keeps ........... doctor away. I can't believe I failed ........... yesterday's test!

Do you have ........... dictionary that I can borrow? ........... test we had last week was too difficult for me.

This coat was designed by ........... famous New York artist.

I recommend you eat ........... apple pie at this restaurant.

What did you do last weekend? We went to ........... mountains.

That man is ........... widower and he is ........... honorable person.

That lady is ........... housewife and her husband is ........... actor.

.
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QUESTION WORDS

What What ’s your name? What do you want?

Where Where are they? Where does she live?
When When is his birthday? When do go to the mall?
Which Which is your house? Which do they prefer?
Why Why are they sad? Why does she drive a bus?
Who Who are those girls? Who do live with?
How How are you? How does he do that?
Whose Whose pencil is this? Whose car does she drive?

Who : to inquire about person or people Who is that?

What : to inquire about things What is this?
When : to inquire about times When will you go?
Where : to inquire about locations Where will you be?
Why : to inquire about reasons Why are you crying?
How : to inquire about manner How did you do that?
Which (one): to inquire about a specific member of a group Which one was it?
Whom : formal for persons Whom do you seek?
Whose : to inquire about possession Whose are these?
How much: to inquire about amount / price (non-count) How much does it cost?
How many: to inquire about quantity (count) How many are there?
How long : to inquire about duration of time How long have you been here?
How far : to inquire about distance How far is it to the station?
How often: to inquire about frequency How often do you come here?
How do you: to inquire about method How do you say it in English?
What . . . do: to inquire about occupation What do you do?
to inquire about activities What did you do last night?
What...for : to inquire about reason What did you do that for?
How come: informal: to ask for a reason How come (I can't go)?

EXERCISES
WRITE THE CORRECT QUESTION
(name) …………………………………………? It’s name is Bobby.
(nationality) …………………………………………? She’s from Australia.
(age) …………………………………………? I’m 20 years old.
(profession) …………………………………………? They are dentists.
…………………………………………? No, I’m a teacher.
…………………………………………? She’s María.
…………………………………………? Yes, we’re married.
…………………………………………? My favorite actress is Julia Roberts.
…………………………………………? No, I’m not thirsty, I’m hungry.
…………………………………………? My brother is fine, thanks.
…………………………………………? The mall is on Alameda Street.
…………………………………………? My favorite sport is tennis.
…………………………………………? He is my boyfriend.
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ADD WH-WORDS TO THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1. ..................... wrote "Romeo and Juliet”? Shakespeare

2. ..................... are you studying? Because tomorrow is the English test
3. ..................... is the cake? It’s very good
4. ..................... do you do? I’m an architect
5. ..................... do you prefer, the red dress or the white one? The white one
6. ..................... house is that? Madonna’s
7. ..................... time is it? 2:30
8. ..................... are the English classes? Monday, Tuesday and Thursday
9. ..................... is that boy? That boy is Miguel
10. ..................... do you study English? Because I want to have a very good job
11. ..................... ball is yours? The red ball is mine
12. ..................... is coming to tea? Sarah and Susan
13. ..................... is La Moneda? Two kilometers
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14. ..................... do you eat pasta? I eat pasta three times a month
15. ..................... trees grow in the Sahara desert? Palms
16. ..................... car is this? It’s my car
17. ..................... bottle do you prefer? The red one
18. ..................... is your favorite food? Chinese food
19. ..................... makes your dresses? María
20. ..................... is the test? Tomorrow
21. ..................... marker is the teacher's? The black one
22. ................... teaches you English? Miss Anamaría Santibáñez
23. ................... wants a cigarette? Mary
24. ................... knows the answer to my question? I know
25. ................... s the name of your mother? Clara
26. .................. . is the matter? Nothing
27. ................... gave you that rose? My boyfriend
28. ................... arrived at the bus stop first? My mother
29. ..................... is she sick? Because she ate something bad
30. ................... are you smoking? A cigarette
31. ..................... is Christmas? In December
32. .................... is smoking? Bobby, Susan and Pablo
33. ................... did you read yesterday? “Romeo and Juliet”
34. ................... film do you like best? Avatar
35. ................... are you sad? Because I failed English
36. ................... is the way to the cathedral? That is the way
37. ................... do you feel? I feel bad
38. ..................... is your birthday? Tomorrow
39. ..................... is your wedding dress? It’s very long
40. ..................... is your house? It’s in La Florida

WRITE THE CORRESPONDING QUESTION

1. ____________________________________________ My last name is Pérez.

2. ____________________________________________ Yes, these are my books.
3. ____________________________________________ These books are mine
4. ____________________________________________ Chile is in South America
5. ____________________________________________ No, she isn’t Mary
6. ____________________________________________ My father is 60 years old
7. ____________________________________________ I’m married
8. ____________________________________________ The teacher is in the classroom
9. ____________________________________________ They’re my classmates
10. ____________________________________________ The soccer match is on Sunday
11. ____________________________________________ Yes, we’re engineering students
12. ____________________________________________ The TV is on the table
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PRESENT SIMPLE

 When things happen or take place regularly
 To talk about permanent situations
 To talk about general truths
 To talk about habits
 To describe the plots of books or movie s
: I have English classes every Monday at 8:00
: We live in Stgo.
: Water boils at
: I arrive at 8:00 every Monday and Tuesday
: The story begins in NY and ends in Stgo.

FORMATION

(+) Person + Verb + ......

Verb in present tense I work in London.

(I, we, you, they) You drive a nice car.
We study English.
They watch TV.

(He - she - it )
+S She workS in London
He driveS a nice car.

s - z - sh - ch - x - o + ES Miss Anamarìa teachES English.

Bobby pushES the door.
My dog watchES TV with me.
She fixES the computer.
Her mother never goES shopping.

Consonant + Y + IES Pelusita studIES English every Monday at 8:00

My brother never crIES with movies.

Vowel + Y +S She playS tennis very well

(-) Person + don’t / doesn’t + verb + ......

Don’t I, you, we, they I don’t work in London.

You don’t drive a nice car.
We don’t study English.

Doesn’t He, she, it She doesn’t work in London

Miss Anamarìa doesn’t teach English
My brother doesn’t cry with movies
She doesn’t play tennis very well

(?) Do / does + person + verb + ....

Do I, you, we, they Do you work in London?

Do they drive a nice car?
Do we study English?

Does He, she, it Does she work in London?

Does Miss Anamarìa teach English?
Does your brother cry with movies?
Does she play tennis well?
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EXERCISES
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COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING THE FOLLOWING VERBS:

Cause(s) connect(s) drink(s) live(s) open(s) speak(s) take(s)

1. Tanya............................German very well.

2. I don’t often ............................ coffee.
3. The swimming pool ............................ at 7.30 every morning.
4. Bad driving ............................ many accidents.
5. My parents ............................ in a very small flat.
6. The Olympic Games ............................ place every four years.
7. The Panama Canal ............................ the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

PUT THE VERB INTO THE CORRECT FORM.

1. Julie ............................ (not / drink) tea very often
2. What time ............................ (the banks / close) here?
3. I’ve got a computer, but I ............................(not / use) it much.
4. Where ............................(Martin / come) from? He’s Scottish.
5. What ............................(you / do)? I’m an electrician.
6. It ............................ (take) me an hour to get to work. How long ............................ (it / take) you?
7. Look at this sentence. What ............................ (this word / mean)?
8. David isn’t very fit. He ............................ (not / do) any sports.

USE THE FOLLOWING VERBS TO COMPLETE THE SENTENCES. SOMETIMES YOU NEED THE
NEGATIVE: Believe – eat – flow – go – grow – make- rise – tell -translate

1. The earth ............................ round the sun.

2. Rice ............................ in Britain.
3. The sun ............................ in the east.
4. Bees ............................ honey.
5. Vegetarians ............................meat.
6. An atheist ............................ in God.
7. An interpreter ............................ languages
8. Liars are people who ............................ the truth
9. The Amazon ............................ into the Atlantic.

ASK LIZ QUESTIONS ABOUT HERSELF AND HER FAMILY. WRITE THE QUESTIONS.
1. Liz plays tennis. You want to know how often.
....................................................................................................................................?
2. You want to know if Liz’s sister plays tennis too. Ask Liz.
....................................................................................................................................?
3. Liz reads the newspaper every day. Ask her which one.
....................................................................................................................................?
4. Liz’s brother works. You want to know what he does. Ask Liz.
....................................................................................................................................?
5. Liz goes to the cinema a lot. You want to know how often. Ask her.
....................................................................................................................................?
6. You don’t know where Liz’s parents live. Ask her.
....................................................................................................................................?
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PRESENT CONTINUOUS
TO BE + ING

It is used to express an action that takes place in the moment of speaking.

To talk about the present moment, things that are happening now.
Examples:
 What are you doing?
 She's reading in the garden.
 They're not standing in the rain.

To suggest that an action is temporary, with words like: at the moment, now, at present, just, today, this
week, this month.
Examples:
 I’m working at the moment.
 She’s studying now.
 We’re having lunch today.

Actions happening in a period around the present moment in time.

Examples:
 I'm reading "The Surgeon's Mate" by Patrick O'Brian.
 Whose paper are you working on?
 She's studying hard for her final exam.

For changing or developing situations.

Examples:
 The earth’s temperature is rising.
 We’re becoming friends.

With a word like always or continually, if we want to criticise or complain:

Examples:
 You’re always buying new shoes (you buy too many)
 I’m always forgetting your names (it’s very irritating)

With “always” when s’thing unexpected happens several times:

Example:
 I’m always meeting our neighbour near the police station.
 You’re always buying me diamond rings!

Future plans and arrangements, with words like: tomorrow, next week, next year
Examples:
 We're having leftovers this evening.
 What are you doing tomorrow afternoon?
 She isn't coming on Friday.
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EXERCISES

COMPLETE WITH THE VERB IN -ING

1. The children are ___________ (have) lunch.

2. The students are ___________ (pay) attention.

3. Bob is ___________ (live) in Los Angeles and he is ___________ (study) there too.

4. I’m ___________ (cook) my lunch. What are you ___________ (do)?

5. The dog is ___________ (run) and ___________ (play) with the boys.

6. We aren’t ___________ (listen) to music at the moment. We are ___________ (work) now.

7. David is ___________ (write) a letter to his girlfriend Terri.

8. Hurry up ! The train is ___________ (leave).

9. Those girls are ___________ (wait) for the bus.

TRANSFORM INTO NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE:

1. That girl is eating a big ham and cheese sandwich.

2. The new student is working very hard.

3. The children are playing soccer.

4. We’re listening to the radio.

5. It is raining very hard.

6. She is wearing a yellow jacket.

WHAT’S HAPPENING AT THE MOMENT?

1. We – read – the newspaper. .....................................................................................................................

2. I – learn – English. .....................................................................................................................

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3. My classmates – watch– TV. .....................................................................................................................

4. We – do – exercises in class. .....................................................................................................................

5. Our teacher – drink – coffee. .....................................................................................................................

6. It– rain – in the south? ......................................................................................................................

7 . I – practise – my pronunciation. ....................................................................................................................

8. We – write – in our notebooks. .....................................................................................................................

COMPLETE WITH THE ING FORM OF ONE OF THE VERBS GIVEN:

TAKE-BUILD-GET UP-RAIN-COME-HAVE-WEAR-COOK-STAND

1. (a) They a new hotel downtown, aren’t t h e y ?

(b) You on my foot.
(c) Oh, I’m sorry.

2. Mary is in the kitchen. She a delicious cake.

3. Hurry up! The bus .

4. My sister breakfast, my brother a shower and I’m

5. They raincoats and umbrellas because it

.

WRITE THE QUESTION.

1.
(you – watch television?) No, I’m not. I’m cooking in the kitchen.

2.
(Mrs. Kent’s children – play?) No, they aren’t. They are asleep.

3.
(What – you – do?) I’m preparing a report.

4.
(that clock – work?) No, it isn’t. It’s broken.

5.
(Why – you – run?) Because I’m in a hurry.

6.
(What – Rod – do?) He’s swimming in the sea.

7.
(Why – you – cry?) Because this movie is very sad.

8.
(Whose shoes – Penny – wear?) She’s wearing Annie’s.

9.
(What – he – read?) He’s reading East of Eden.

10.
(Who – Paul – wait for – at – the corner?) He is waiting for his fiancèe.

GIVE A SHORT AFFIRMATIVE OR NEGATIVE ANSWER AND ADD INFORMATION USING THE PRESENT
CONTINUOUS OR THE SIMPLE PRESENT OF TO BE.

1. Are you feeling well? ____________________________________________________________

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2. Is it raining? ___________________________________________________________________

3. Are we all watching television? ____________________________________________________

4. Is your teacher singing? __________________________________________________________

5. Are you eating? _________________________________________________________________

6. Is your classmate laughing? _______________________________________________________

7. Is the sun shinning? _____________________________________________________________

8. Am I wearing yellow shoes? _______________________________________________________

9. Is the secretary typing a paper? ____________________________________________________

10. Are the girls going out tonight? ____________________________________________________

TRANSLATE

1. ¿Qué están haciendo aquí? Estamos esperando a nuestras compañeras.

________________________________________________________________________________

2. ¿A donde vas? Voy para arriba, porque la biblioteca está en el cuarto piso.

________________________________________________________________________________

3. ¿Qué está comiendo tu hermano? Esta comiendo pollo con papas fritas.

________________________________________________________________________________

4. Profe, ¿El ejercicio de quién está revisando? Estoy revisando el suyo y está muy bueno.

________________________________________________________________________________

5. ¿Dónde está tu perrito? Están en el parque muy contento porque está jugando con los niños.

6. ¿Qué está escribiendo la profesora en el pizarrón? Está escribiendo las respuestas correctas.

________________________________________________________________________________

7. Esos niños están celebrando el cumpleaños de Christian, ¿verdad? Sí y lo están pasando súper bien.

________________________________________________________________________________

8. ¿Por qué estas usando bufanda? No hace frìo. ¿No? bueno, yo tengo frío.

________________________________________________________________________________

USING THE WORDS IN PARENTHESES, COMPLETE THE TEXT BELOW WITH THE APPROPRIATE
TENSE (SIMPLE PRESENT / PRESENT CONTINUOUS)

1. Every Monday, Sally (drive) ……………………………….. her kids to football practice.

2. I (work) ………….. as a secretary, but this summer I (study)………………….. French school in Paris.

3. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John (sleep) ………………………………..

4. Don't forget to take your umbrella. It (rain) ………………………………..

5. I hate living in Seattle because it (rain, always) ………………………………..

6. I can't hear what you (say) ……………………….. because everybody (talk) ……………………….. so loudly.
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7. Justin (write, currently) ……………………………….. a book about his adventures in Tibet.

8. Jim: Do you want to come over for dinner tonight? I can't. I (go) ……………………………….. to a movie
tonight with some friends.

9. The business cards (be) ………………….. printed in New York. Their prices (be) …………….. inexpensive.

10. This delicious chocolate (be) ……………………………….. made in Zurich, Switzerland.

USING THE WORDS IN PARENTHESES, COMPLETE THE TEXT BELOW WITH THE APPROPRIATE
TENSES

Today (be) ………………… the second day of my trek around Mount Annapurna. I am exhausted and my legs

(shake) …………………; I just hope I am able to complete the trek. My feet (kill, really) ………………… me and

my toes (bleed) ………………… , but I (want, still) ………………… to continue.

Nepal is a fascinating country, but I have a great deal to learn. Everything (be) ………………… so different, and I

(try) ………………… to adapt to the new way of life here. I (learn) ………………… a little bit of the language to

make communication easier; unfortunately, I (learn, not) ………………… foreign languages quickly. Although I

(understand, not) ………………… much yet, I believe that I (improve, gradually) ………………….

I (travel, currently) ………………… with Liam, a student from Leeds University in England. He (be)

………………… a nice guy, but impatient. He (walk, always) ………………… ahead of me and (complain)

………………… that I am too slow. I (do) ………………… my best to keep up with him, but he is younger and

stronger than I am. Maybe, I am just feeling sorry for myself because I am getting old.

Right now, Liam (sit) ………………… with the owner of the inn. They (discuss) ………………… the differences

between life in England and life in Nepal. I (know, not) ………………… the real name of the owner, but

everybody (call, just) ………………… him Tam. Tam (speak) ………………… English very well and he (try)

………………… to teach Liam some words in Nepali. Every time Tam (say) ………………… a new word, Liam

(try) ………………… to repeat it. Unfortunately, Liam (seem, also) ………………… to have difficulty learning

foreign languages. I just hope we don't get lost and have to ask for directions.

FILL IN THE GAP WITH TEH CORRECT FORM OF THE VERB IN BRACKETS.

1. My father .................................................... (know) all about mending cars, but nothing about bicycles.

2. Why......................................... (you wear) my coat? Oh, i’m sorry. It............................................(look) like mine

in this light.

3. This pie .................................................... (smell) a bit odd. What’s in it?

4. I........................................ (like) the jacket of this suit, but unfortunately the trousers ................................(not fit)

me anymore.

5. You’re ver quiet this evening. What.................................................... (you think) about?

6. I.................................................... (have) no idea what this sentence .................................................... (mean).

Can you transalate it? No, sorry. I ................................................. (not understand) it either.

7. ............................................. (you see) those men near the door? They ............................................. (look) at us

very strangely.
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8. Yes, you’`re right. .................................................... (you recognise) them from anywhere?

9. No, but they certainly ...................................................(seem) to know us. They....................................................

(come) across to speak to us.

10. What .................................................... (you do) in the kitchen? I .................................................... (just make)

some coffee.

11. Well go away. I .......................................... (not want) your help. Our guests........................................ (wait) for

their dessert, and you .................................................... (get) in my way!

12. I played football at school, but now I .................................................... (prefer) swimming or tennis.

FILL IN THE GAPS WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF FOLLOWING VERBS:

Behave – come – cost – eat – enjoy – feel – go – have – have – have – like – love – realise – say – serve –

show – smile – stay – take – visit.

Dear Ann,

How are you? We’re fine. Our trip round the States .................................(1) well and we .................................(2)

ourselves very much. One good surprise is that things .................................(3) less here than back home. For

example, this weekend we .................................(4) in a motel beside a lake. We................................. (5) a room

with a beautiful view for only $35 per night.

The only thing we (not) (6) much is the food. Restaurants.................................(7) dinner rather early.

We................................. (never) (8) at six o’clock at home so we ................................. (not) (9) hungry then and

Americans ................................. (10) very big meals. Apart from that, we ................................. (11) a wonderful

time. We .................................(12) lots of interesting little towns and we ................................. (13) the scenery.

People here .................................(14) in a very friendly manner towards strangers, all the shop assistants

................................. (15) at us, and everyone ................................. (16) “Have a nice day!” . At home, the TV

................................. (always) (17) us bad news stories about the States, but in fact, when you (18) here, you

................................. (19) it’s a really great place.

We ................................. (20) lots of photos to show you, Much love, Mick and Mary

WRITE SIX TRUE SENTECES ABOUT YOURSELF, USING THE FOLLOWING WORDS AND A SUITABLE
VERB IN THE CORRECT FORM.

At the moment – before breakfast – every day – most weekends – once a year – right now – this term

1. ...........................................................................................................................................................

2. ..........................................................................................................................................................

3. ..........................................................................................................................................................

4. ..........................................................................................................................................................

5. ..........................................................................................................................................................

6. ..........................................................................................................................................................
 18

PAST TENSE

IRREGULARS REGULARS (VERB + ED)

I went to the party yesterday You called Susan.
Did you go to the party yesterday Did you call Susan?
You didn’t go to the party yesterday You did not call Debbie.

With most verbs, the simple past is created simply by adding -ED.

However, with some verbs, you need to add -ES or change the ending a little. Here are the rules:

Verb ending in... How to make the simple past Examples

E Add -D
Live lived
Date dated

Try tried
Consonant + Y Change Y to I, then add -ED
Cry cried

One vowel + one consonant Double the consonant, then add -ED Clap
clapped
(but NOT W or Y)
Commit
committed

Anything else including w Add -ED boil boiled

fill filled
hand handed
show showed

AFFIRMATIVE: I WAS present that day Paul WENT to Mexico last week

INTERROGATIVE: WAS I present that day? DID Paul GO to Mexico last week?

NEGATIVE: I WASN’T present that day Paul DIDN’T GO to Mexico last week

1. Completed Action in the Past: To express that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past.

Examples:

 I saw a movie yesterday. I didn't see a play yesterday.

 Last year, I traveled to Japan. Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
 She washed her car. He didn't wash his car.

2. A Series of Completed Actions: To list a series of completed actions in the past.

Examples:

 I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
 He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.
 Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

3. Duration in Past

The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past, often indicated by expressions
such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.
Examples:
 19

 I lived in Brazil for two years.

 Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
 They sat at the beach all day.
 They did not stay at the party the entire time.
 We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
 A: How long did you wait for them? B: We waited for one hour.

4. Habits in the Past: Used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. We often add expressions such as:
always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.
Examples:

 I studied French when I was a child. He played the violin.

 He didn't play the piano. Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?
 She worked at the movie theater after school.
 They never went to school, they always skipped class.

5. Past Facts or Generalizations: It describes past facts or generalizations which are no longer true.
Examples:

 She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.

 He didn't like tomatoes before.
 Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?
 People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.

EXERCISES

1. He (walk) to school yesterday. He ___________to school yesterday.

2. They (do) their homework last night.
3. You (are) lazy last week.
4. That woman (buy) a new book this morning.
5. The janitor (clean) the blackboard yesterday.
6. My mother (cook) food yesterday.
7. This morning my teacher (teach) English.
8. I (am) hungry yesterday.
9. The gardener (cut) the trees last month.
10. She (drink) milk this morning.
11. Last month the man (ride) a horse.
12. Sakda (go) to Hong Kong last year.
13. The birds (fly) in the sky this morning.
14. I (know) Tom's house last year.
15. The joiner (make) tables and chairs yesterday.
16. The farmer (grow) rice last year.
17. Two weeks ago the boy (has) a new bicycle.
18. He (feel) happy yesterday.
19. We (work) hard last week.
20. The students (meet) in the hall last week.
They ___________their homework last night.
You ___________lazy week.
That woman ___________a new book this morning.
The janitor ___________the blackboard yesterday.
My mother ___________food yesterday.
This morning my teacher ___________English.
I ___________hungry yesterday.
The gardener ___________the trees last month.
She ___________milk this morning.
Last month the man ___________a horse.
Sakda ___________to Hong Kong last year.
The birds ___________in the sky this morning.
I ___________Tom's house last year.
The joiner ___________tables and chairs yesterday.
The farmer ___________rice last year.
Two weeks ago the boy ___________a new bicycle.
He ___________happy yesterday.
We ___________hard last week.
The students ___________in the hall last week.

CHANGE THE VERBS IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE INTO PAST TENSE.

1. Yesterday, I go to the restaurant with a client.

2. We drive around the parking lot for 20 minutes in order to find a parking space.
3. When we arrive at the restaurant, the place is full.
4. The waitress asks us if we have reservations.
5. I say, "No, my secretary forgets to make them."
6. The waitress tells us to come back in two hours.
 20

7. My client and I slowly walk back to the car.

8. Then we see a small grocery store.
9. We stop in the grocery store and buy some sandwiches.
10. That is better than waiting for two hours.

CORRECT THE MISTAKES IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES:

1. Last night, Samantha have pizza for supper.
2. My pet lizard was died last month.
3. Yesterday I spend two hours cleaning my living room.
4. This morning before coming to class, Jack eats two bowls of cereal.
5. What was happened to your leg?

PRESENT OR PAST TENSE? COMPLETE.

Lars: Excuse me, which movie are you waiting for?

Tony: We (wait) ___________for the new Stars Wars movie. In fact, we (wait) ___________here for more than
five hours.

Lars: Five hours? When did you arrive?

Tony: We (get) ___________here at 6:00 o'clock this morning. More than forty people (stand, already)
___________here waiting for tickets when we arrived.

Lars: I can't believe that! Are you serious?

Tony: Yeah, people (take) ___________Star Wars movies seriously. In fact, this particular showing has been
sold out for over a week. We (wait, just) ___________in line to get a good seat in the theater.

Lars: When did you buy your tickets?

Tony: I (buy) ___________them last week by phone. I (know) ___________tickets would be hard to get
because I (see) ___________a news interview with a group of people standing in line to get tickets. They (wait)
___________in line for almost a month to buy tickets for the first showing.

Lars: I don't believe that!

Tony: It's true. They (camp) ___________out in front of Mann's Chinese Theater in Los Angeles for about a
month because they (want) ___________to be the first people to see the movie.
21
 22

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH PAST OR PAST CONTINUOUS

A: What (you, do) ___________when the accident occurred?

B: I (try) ___________to change a light bulb that had burnt out.

2. After I (find) ___________the wallet full of money, I (go, immediately) ___________to the police and (turn)
___________it in.

3. The doctor (say) ___________that Tom (be) ___________too sick to go to work and that he (need)
___________to stay at home for a couple of days.
 23

4. Sebastian (arrive) ___________at Susan's house a little before 9:00 PM, but she (be, not) ___________there.
She (study, at the library) ___________for her final examination in French.

5. Sandy is in the living room watching television. At this time yesterday, she (watch, also)
___________television. That's all she ever does!

6. A: I (call) ___________you last night after dinner, but you (be, not) ___________there. Where were you?
B: I (work) ___________out at the fitness center.

7. When I (walk) ___________into the busy office, the secretary (talk) ___________on the phone with a
customer, several clerks (work, busily) ___________at their desks, and two managers (discuss, quietly)
___________methods to improve customer service.

8. I (watch) ___________a mystery movie on TV when the electricity went out. Now I am never going to find out
how the movie ends.

9. Sharon (be) ___________in the room when John told me what happened, but she didn't hear anything
because she (listen, not) ___________.

10. It's strange that you (call) ___________because I (think, just) ___________about you.

11. The Titanic (cross) ___________the Atlantic when it (strike) ___________an iceberg.

12. When I entered the bazaar, a couple of merchants (bargain, busily) ___________and (try) ___________to
sell their goods to naive tourists who (hunt) ___________for souvenirs. Some young boys (lead)
___________their donkeys through the narrow streets on their way home. A couple of men (argue)
___________over the price of a leather belt. I (walk) ___________over to a man who (sell) ___________fruit
and (buy) ___________a banana.

13. The firemen (rescue) ___________the old woman who (be) ___________trapped on the third floor of the
burning building.

14. She was so annoying! She (leave, always) ___________her dirty dishes in the sink. I think she (expect,
actually) ___________me to do them for her.

15. Samantha (live) ___________in Berlin for more than two years. In fact, she (live) ___________there when
the Berlin Wall came down.
 24

SIMPLE FUTURE

Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to."

The two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, but they often express two very different meanings.

WILL [person + will + verb]

Affirmative: You will meet Jane tonight.

Interrogative: Will you meet Jane tonight?
Negative: You will not (won’t) meet Jane tonight.

1. The auxiliary verb "will" is used with the future simple verb tense.
2. The base form of the main verb is always used.
3. For negative sentences "not" is added between the auxiliary verb "will" and the main verb.
4. For questions the auxiliary verb "will" comes before the subject.

Implies less certainty about facts, I will do it at some point

When we are not so certain about the future, we use 'will' with expressions such as 'probably', 'possibly', 'I think',
'I hope'.

 I hope you'll visit me in my home one day.

 She'll probably be a great success.
 I'll possibly come but I may not get back in time.
 I think we'll get on well.

At the moment of making a decision, spontaneous decisions.

 I'll call Jenny to let her know. Sarah, I need Jenny's number
 I'll come and have a drink with you but I must let Harry know

To offer something:
 "Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily.
 Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help.
 We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use
"will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something

Examples:
I will send you the information when I get it.
Will you help me move this heavy table?
I will not do your homework for you.
A: I'm really hungry.
I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
Will you make dinner?
I won't do all the housework myself!
B: I'll make some sandwiches.

To give opinions: I think she’ll die soon

Predictions: It will be cold tomorrow

To ask for something: Will you open the windows?

To express promises:

 I will call you when I arrive.

 If I am elected President, I will make sure everyone has access to education
 I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
 Don't worry, I'll be careful.
 I won't tell anyone your secret.
 25

GOING TO [am/is/are + going to + verb]

Affirmative: I’m going to help you with the kids

Negative: I’m not going to help you with the kids
Interrogative: Are you going to help me with the kids?

1. The auxiliary tense "to be" is used with the future simple verb tense "going to".
2. The base form of the main verb is always "going to".
3. For negative sentences "not" is added between the auxiliary verb "to be" and the main verb "going to".
4. For questions the auxiliary tense "to be" comes before the subject.

Expresses certainty, security about something

 I’m sure I’m going to study tomorrow

To make a future prediction based on evidence in the present situation

 Not a cloud in the sky. It's going to be another warm day.

 The traffic today is terrible, we’re going to miss the flight
 Look at the queue. We're not going to get in for hours.
 The traffic is terrible. We're going to miss our flight.
 Be careful! You're going to spill your coffee.

Once you have made the decision. "Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that
a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.

 He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.

 She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
 A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
 I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
 Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
 They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
 Who are you going to invite to the party?
 A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?
B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.

EXERCISES

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH WILL OR GOING TO

1. I feel really tired. I think I ______ go to bed .

2. Where are you going? I ______ visit a customer.
3. What are your plans for next week? I ______ to fly to New York.
4. Do you want me to help you? No thanks. John ______ help me.
5. Would you prefer tea or coffee? I ______ have some coffee, please.
6. Would you like to come to my house for dinner? Good idea. I ______ bring some wine.
7. I've already decided. I ______ buy a new car.
8. What are your plans for the holidays? I ______ visit my parents for a few days in Scotland.
9. Why are you wearing your best suit? I ______ have lunch with my biggest customer.
10. Do you want to have the chicken or the beef? I think ______ have the beef.
11. My head hurts. Sit down and I ______ get you an aspirin.
12. We need some more ink for the printer. I ______ go to the shop and get some.
13. Look! There's smoke coming out of the photocopier. You turn it off and I ______ phone the safety officer
14. I cannot see how to use this spreadsheet. Don't worry. I ______ help you.
15. I need to speak to you today. I'm going out now but I ______ be back later.
 26

16. Did you phone Michael? I'm sorry. I completely forgot. I ______ do it now.
17. Can you help me with this? I don't understand. I ______ give you a hand as soon as I've finished this.
18. That's much too heavy for one person. I ______ give you a hand.
19. Could somebody answer the phone? I ______ get it.
20. It's really hot in here. I ______ put on the air-conditioning.

1) Philipp ……….15 next Wednesday. (to be) 2) They ………. a new computer. (to get)

3) I think, my mother ………. this CD. (to like) 4) Paul's sister ………. a baby. (to have)

5) They ………. at about 4 in the afternoon. (to arrive) 6) Just a moment. I ………. you with the bags. (to help)

7) In 2020 people ………. more hybrid cars. (to buy) 8) Marvin ………. a party next week. (to throw)

9) We ………. to Venice in June. (to fly) 10) Look at the clouds! It ………. soon. (to rain)
 27

PRESENT PERFECT

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now.
The exact time is not important.

You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as:
Yesterday One year ago Last week When I was a child
when I lived in Japan At that moment That day One day, etc.

We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as:
Ever Never Once Many times
Several times Before So far Already
Yet, etc.

Examples:
I have seen that movie twenty times. I think I have met him once before.
There have been many earthquakes in California. People have traveled to the Moon.
People have not traveled to Mars. Have you read the book yet?
Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
A: Has there ever been a war in the United States? B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the
following ideas:

Experience: You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the
experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The
Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.
Examples:
 I have been to France: This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe
you have been there once, or several times.

 I have been to France three times: You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.

 I have never been to France: This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to
France.
I think I have seen that movie before. He has never traveled by train.
Joan has studied two foreign languages.
A: Have you ever met him? B: No, I have not met him.

Change Over Time: We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a
period of time.
Examples:
 You have grown since the last time I saw you.
 The government has become more interested in arts education.
 Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program
was established.
 My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

Accomplishments: We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and
humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.
Examples:

Man has walked on the Moon. Our son has learned how to read.
 28

Doctors have cured many deadly diseases. Scientists have split the atom.

An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting: We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action
which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the
action to happen.

Examples:

James has not finished his homework yet.

Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
Bill has still not arrived.
The rain hasn't stopped.

Multiple Actions at Different Times: We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different
actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not
complete and more actions are possible.

Examples:
 The army has attacked that city five times.
 I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
 We have had many major problems while working on this project.
 She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.

1. Puts emphasis on the result Example: She has written five letters.
2. Action that is still going on Example: School has not started yet.
3. Action that stopped recently Example: She has cooked dinner.
4. Finished action that has an influence on the present Example: I have lost my key.
5. Action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking
Example: I have never been to Australia.

Signal Words of Present Perfect

Already Ever Just Never

Yet So far Till now Up to now

29
30
31

FILL THE GAPS WITH 'HAVE' OR 'HAS'.
1. I__________answered the question.
2. She __________opened the window.
3. They __________ called us.
4. You __________carried a box.
5. It __________ rained a lot.
6. We __________ washed the car.
7. He __________ closed the window.
8. Jenny __________ locked the door.
9. The girls __________ visited the museum.
10. John and Sophie __________ helped in the garden.
PUT THE SENTENCE IN THE CORRECT ORDER
1. Bob / visit / his grandma
2. Jimmy / play / on the computer
3. Sue and Walter / wash / their car
4. Andrew / repair / his bike
5. Phil / help / Anne with maths
6. Brad and Louise / watch / a film
7. Tamara / talk to / her best friend
8. Bridgette / draw / a picture
9. Carol / read / a computer magazine
10. Tom and Alice / be / to a restaurant
11. Sarah / not / wash the dishes
12. Anita / not / clean the kitchen
13. Maureen and Gavin / not / water the plants
14. Joey / not / make his bed
15. David / not / buy milk
16. Lisa / not / be to the baker's
17. Aran and Jack / not / do their homework
18. Jane and Ben / not / tidy up their rooms
19. Alex / not / feed the hamster
20. Hazel / not / empty the bin
21. Fergal / never / sail / on the Pacific.
22. Rebecca / never / stay / at a five-star hotel
23. Jason / never / watch / a world-cup final
24. Rachel and Gareth / never / climb / Mount Kilimanjaro __________________________________
25. Elaine / never / see / a whale
26. Ruth / never / spend / her holiday in Mexico
27. Connor / never / be / to Canada
28. Lisa and Holly / never / cycle / around England
29. Barry / never / drive / a Ferrari
30. Clare / never / meet / Mickey Mouse
32
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 33

READ THE FOLLOWING TEXT AND COMPLETE THE SENTENCES.

Loch Ness is famous for its friendly monster, Nessie. Most people think that this is only a legend, but every
year tourists from all over the world come to Loch Ness and hope that they will see the monster.

We use the present perfect to express what has (not) happened so far. (Note that no time in the past must
be given – otherwise you have to use simple past.) For further information, check out our grammar section:

1. Tourists from all over the world (be)____________________to Loch Ness.

2. Most of them (see / not) )____________________ Nessie, however.
3. Only very few people say that the Loch Ness Monster (appear) __________________in front of them.
4. Even scientists (come) )____________________to Loch Ness to find the monster.
5. And the boss of the Guinness brewery (promise) )____________________to pay 500,000 Pounds to
the person who catches Nessie.

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING PRESENT PERFECT OR SIMPLE PAST.

1. Jane (stay) …………………………….. at home yesterday.

2. Your letter (arrive) ……………………………..two days ago.
3. I (live) ……………………………..here for ten years.
4. Last week we (go) ……………………………..to the cinema.
5. The game (start) …………………………….. . They are playing now.
6. I (phone) …………………………….. you at five and you weren't there.
7. I (lose) …………………………….. my watch, I can't find it.
8. Last month Sarah (travel) …………………………….. to Italy.
9. I (work) …………………………….. all day and now I'm tired.
10. We (buy) …………………………….. a new house last week.
 34

PAST PERFECT

Had + Past Participle

You had studied German before you moved to Germany

Had you studied German before you moved to Germany?
You hadn’t studied German before you moved to Germany

1. Completed action before something in the past: It expresses the idea that something occurred before another
action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past

Examples:
 I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Hawaii.
 I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.
 Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.
 Had she ever studied English before she visited England?
 She understood the movie because she had read the book
 We were not able to get a hotel room since we hadn’t booked in advance.
 Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2006? Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before

2. Duration before something in the Past: We use it to show that something started in the past
and continued until another action in the past

Examples:
 We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
 By the time Anna finished her studies, she had been in London for over eight years
 The felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more that forty years

SPECIFIC TIMES WITH PP.: It is possible to use specific time words with PP. Possible but not necessary

Example:
 She had visited her relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 2008.
 If the PP action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used instead of the PP when “before” or
“after” is used in the sentence. The words before and after tell you what happens first, so the PP is optional.

She had visited her relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 2008
She visited her relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 2008

 If the PP is not referring to an action at specific time, it’s not optional.

She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska

She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska

Acción del pasado que tuvo lugar antes que otra.

Her plane had already left when Thelma arrived at the airport.
Su vuelo ya había partido cuando Thelma llegó al aeropuerto.
Con el adverbio just para expresar una acción que acaba de ocurrir.
When Oliver phoned, the kids had just gone to bed.
Cuando Oliver llamó por teléfono, los niños acababan de acostarse.
Tercer Condicional.
If I had known that you were sick, I would have gone to see you.
Si hubiese sabido que estabas enfermo, te habría ido a ver.
 35

EXERCISES

PUT THE VERBS INTO THE CORRECT FORM (PAST PERFECT SIMPLE).

1. The storm destroyed the sandcastle that we (build) ………………………………………..

2. He (not / be) ……………………………………….. to Cape Town before 1997.
3. When she went out to play, she (do / already) ……………………………………….. her homework.
4. My brother ate all of the cake that our mum (make) ………………………………………...
5. The doctor took off the plaster that he (put on) ……………………………………….. six weeks before.
6. The waiter brought a drink that I (not / order) ………………………………………...
7. I could not remember the poem we (learn) ……………………………………….. the week before.
8. The children collected the chestnuts that (fall) ……………………………………….. from the tree.
9. (he / phone) ……………………………………….. Angie before he went to see her in London?
10. She (not / ride) ……………………………………….. a horse before that day.

PUT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS INTO THE GAPS IN THE CORRECT TENSE PAST PERFECT OR SIMPLE
PAST.

Example: Pat __ (to live) in London before he___ (to move) to Rome.
Pat had lived in London before he moved to Rome.

1) After Mark ………….… (to spend) his holiday in Italy he ………….… (to want) to learn Italian
2) Jill ………….… (to phone) Dad at work before she ………….… (to leave) for her trip.
3) Susan ………….… (to turn on) the radio after she ………….…(to wash) the dishes.
4) When she ………….… (to arrive) the match ………….… already ………….… (to start).
5) After the man ………….… (to come) home he ………….… (to feed) the cat.
6) Before he ………….… (to sing) a song he ………….… (to play) the guitar
7) She ………….… (to watch) a video after the children ………….… (to go) to bed
8) After Eric ………….… (to make) breakfast he ………….… (to phone) his friend.
9) I ………….… (to be) very tired because I ………….… (to study) too much
10) They ………….… (to ride) their bikes before they ………….… (to meet) their friends

COMPLETE WITH SIMPLE PAST or PAST PERFECT

I can't believe I (get) ………….… that apartment. I (submit) ………….… my application last week, but I

didn't think I had a chance of actually getting it. When I (show) ………….… up to take a look around,

there were at least twenty other people who (arrive) ………….… before me. Most of them (fill, already)

………….… out their applications and were already leaving. The landlord said I could still apply, so I did.

I (try) ………….… to fill out the form, but I couldn't answer half of the questions. They (want) ………….…

me to include references, but I didn't want to list my previous landlord because I (have) ………….… some

problems with him in the past and I knew he wouldn't recommend me. I (end) ………….… up listing my

father as a reference.

It was total luck that he (decide) ………….… to give me the apartment. It turns out that the landlord and

my father (go) ………….… to high school together. He decided that I could have the apartment before he

(look) ………….… at my credit report.

 36

COMPLETE WITH SIMPLE PAST / PRESENT PERFECT / PAST PERFECT

1. When I (arrive) _______________home last night, I discovered that Jane (prepare)

_______________a beautiful candlelight dinner.

2. Since I began acting, I (perform) _______________in two plays, a television commercial and a TV

drama. However, I (speak, never even) _______________publicly before I came to hollywood in 1985.

3. By the time I got to the office, the meeting (begin, already) _______________without me. My boss (be)

_______________ furious with me and I (be) _______________ fired.

4. When I (turn) _______________the radio on yesterday, I (hear) _______________a song that was

popular when I was in high school. I (hear, not) _______________the song in years, and it (bring)

_______________back some great memories.

5. Last week, I (run) _______________into an ex-girlfriend of mine. We (see, not)

_______________each other in years, and both of us (change) _______________a great deal. I (enjoy)

_______________talking to her so much that I (ask) _______________her out on a date. We are getting

together tonight for dinner.

6. When Jack (enter) _______________the room, I (recognize, not) _______________him because he

(lose) _______________so much weight and (grow) _______________a beard. He looked totally

different!

7. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of the Yucatan; however, their culture

(disappear, virtually) _______________by the time Europeans first (arrive) _______________in the New

World.

8. I (visit) _______________so many beautiful places since I (come) _______________to Utah. Before

moving here, I (hear, never) _______________of Bryce Canyon, Zion, Arches, or Canyon.
 37

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Pronouns

Possessive
Number Object Possessive Reflexive Adjectives

I me mine myself my

you you yours yourself your

Singular he him his himself his

she her hers herself her

it it its itself its

we us ours ourselves our

Plural you you yours yourselves your

they them theirs themselves their

Possessive Personal Pronouns: A possessive pronoun indicates possession; it means who owns a
particular object or person.

Reflexive Pronouns: You can use a reflexive pronoun to refer back to the subject of the clause or sentence.

EXERCISES

I. - Replace the personal pronouns by possessive adjectives.

1. Where are (you) __________ friends 6. (They) ___________ children go to school in

now? Newcastle.

2. Here is a postcard from (I) _______ friend 7. _______ husband and I want to go to Australia, too.
Peggy.
3.She lives in Australia with (she) 8. We want to see Peggy and (she) __________ family
________family. next winter.

4. (She) ______ husband works in 9. I love (We) ________ winter!

Newcastle.
5. (He) _______ company builds ships. 10. Because it is (they) _______________ summer.

II.- Replace the personal pronouns by possessive pronouns.

1. - This book is (you). ____________ 6. - The luggage is (he)._______________

2. - The ball is (I).___________ 7. - The pictures are (she).______________

3. - The blue car is (we).____________ 8. - In our garden is a bird. The nest is (it)________

4.- The ring is (she)____________ 9. - This cat is (we).______________

 38

5. - This house is (they).___________ 10. - This was not my fault. It was (you)._________

III. - Fill the gaps with the correct personal pronouns and possessive adjectives.

Once upon a time there was a girl called Little Red Riding Hood. Together with _________ mum, ________ lived
in a big forest.

One fine day, Little Red Riding Hood’s mother said, “___________ grandma is ill. Please go and take this cake
and a bottle of wine to ____________. Grandma’s house is not too far from ______________ house, but always
keeps to the path and don’t stop!” So, Little Red Riding Hood made _________________ way to Grandma’s
house. In the forest __________ met the big bad wolf. Little Red Riding Hood greeted ________________ and
the wolf asked: “Where are ____________ going, Little Red Riding Hood?” “To ___________ grandma’s house.”
answered Little Red Riding Hood. “Can you tell ____________ where ______________ grandma lives?”
“________ lives in a little cottage at the edge of the forest.” “Why don’t _________ pick some nice flowers for
_________?” asked the wolf.

“That’s a good idea.” said Little Red Riding Hood and began looking for flowers. Meanwhile, the wolf was on
__________ way to grandma’s house. The house was quite small but nice and _______________ roof was
made out of straw. The wolf went inside and swallowed poor old Grandma. After that ____________ put
Grandma’s clothes on and lay down in bed.

Some time later, Little Red Riding Hood came to the little cottage. _____________ went inside and was shocked
by the sight of ____________ grandma.

“Oh grandma, what big eyes, hands and mouth ___________ have got!” Little Red Riding Hood said.

There, the wolf jumped out of bed and swallowed ______________, too. Then ________ lay down again and fell
asleep. After a while, the hunter passed by Grandma’s house. _________ heard somebody snoring, thought that
there was something wrong and consequently went inside. In the bedroom, ___________ saw the wolf.

First, the hunter wanted to shoot _______________, but then ____________ saw the wolf’s big belly. So, the
hunter took out ______________ knife and cut the belly open. Out came Little Red Riding Hood and
______________ grandma. “Thank you for saving ____________,” whispered Little Red Riding Hood. Then, all
of _____________ went to fetch some stones and put _____________ in the wolf’s belly. Soon the wolf woke
up. ___________ was very thirsty and went to the well in the garden to drink some water. When the wolf wanted
to lean over and drink, the stones in ___________ belly were too heavy and pulled down into the well. Grandma,
the hunter and Little Red Riding Hood were happy, ate _____________ cake and drank the wine. But the wolf in
the well thought, “Why do such things always happen t
 39

GENITIVE CASE

You may still hear someone say something like "The mother of the bride," but it could equally be "The bride's
mother."

In general, we can say that we use the genitive case (‘s) when the possessor is a person or an animal. If not, we
use the of- construction.

Emily’s relations (the possessor + ‘s + the thing possessed)

The legs of the chair (the thing possessed + of + the possessor)
The wolf’s ears The dog's tail. My mother’s car Mary’s house

Singular and plural nouns that don't end in 's' take ('s). Lynne's web site.

Plural nouns that end in "s " take an apostrophe ( ' ). The girls' dresses.

If we have a plural ending in -s, we add only the apostrophe, as in the first example. In the second instance,
children is plural, but it does not end in -s. In the third case, boy is singular, so we add ‘s,
The boys’ bikes The children’s bikes The boy’s bike

We very often use possessive 's with names:

This is Mary's car. Where is Ram's telephone? Who took Anthony's pen?

When a name ends in s, we usually treat it like any other singular noun, and add 's:
This is Charles's chair. Ms Woods’s purse

But it is possible (especially with older, classical names) to just add the apostrophe ':

Who was Jesus' father? Cervantes’ novels Pythagoras’ Theorem

The structure can be used for a whole phrase:

The man next door's mother (the mother of the man next door)

The Queen of England's poodles (the poodles of the Queen of England)

If the possessor has more than one word, we place the genitive at the end.
Eve and Margaret’s bikinis Mr and Mrs Roberts’s yacht My sister-in-law’s property

The genitive also occurs with time words.

Tomorrow’s match has been postponed.

The genitive is also possible with places, mostly with countries.

This is New York’s tallest building/This is the tallest building in New York.

As a general rule, both the genitive and the of-construction are possible with nouns referring to groups of
people.
The firm’s new project is very revolutionary/The new project of the firm is very revolutionary.

The possessive case is not possible if the possessor is followed by that, who, etc.
This is the car of the girl who bought a pair of ballet shoes yesterday evening.
The moustache of the man who has a scar on his face is very uncommon nowadays
The moustache of the man with a scar on his face is very uncommon nowadays.

These sentences do not indicate possession. In cases of this sort, both alternatives are generally possible.
They love Jane Austen’s novels/They love the novels of Jane Austen.
My neighbour’s murder/The murder of my neighbour was silenced by the police.

The genitive is common as well in a few expressions, such as the ones seen above.
It’s only a mile’s walk. It’s only a stone’s throw (away) from here.
For heaven’s sake! For goodness’ sake!
It’s only ten pounds’ worth.
 40

EXERCISES

1. (Mr. Smith, canoe) is rather small.

2. (the house, the windows) are of high quality.
3. I love (your son, trainers).
4. You can see (a cat, eyes) in the dark.
5. Someone has just broke (my friend, TV).
6. (your sister, new shoes) are gorgeous!
7. (the schoolgirls, uniforms) are awful.
8. (the schoolchildren, running shoes) are terrible.
9. (the schoolboy, football boots) are inexpensive.
10. I don’t like (your friends, behaviour).
11. I have to study the (Archimedes principle) for tomorrow.
12. (Mrs. Watkins, husband) is currently in Japan.
13. I love (Dickens, novels).
14. (James, girl-friend) is very intelligent.
15. That is (Mr Miles, class).
16. (my ex-husband, death) was a trauma to my children.
17. I detest (James Joyce, prose). He was the most pedantic person on earth.
18. (Shakespeare, lines) were fundamental in the theatre of the time.
19. (the prime minister, election) will be difficult.
20. (Mary, nose) depresses her.
21. (Celia, eyes) sparkled with joy.
22. (the video, the remote control) is broken.
23. (Denis, watch) is water-resistant.
24. These are (Mr Evans, tools-herramientas).
25. This photo was taken in (my half-brother, birthday).
26. (this house, the walls) are very old.
27. (this book, the cover) is really exquisite.
28. He finds (Euripides, plays) quite boring.
29. (cigarettes, this packet) is American.
30. (her students, homework) was excellent.
31. (his dog, tail) was hurt in the accident.
32. He will sabotage (your warriors, weapons).
33. (the Browns, house) was built in the 18th century.
34. (Miss Curtis, money) was stolen from her bag last night.
35. I would like to read a little of (Sophocles, poetry).
36. (bread, these slices-rebanadas) are extremely thin.
37. (my chair, the back) is very uncomfortable.
38. (his house, the walls) are paper thin.
39. (my sister, goddaughter) is so predictable!
40. (Mr and Mrs Jarvis, carrots) are from their garden.
41. (the boys and the girls, rooms) are downstairs.
42. (my brother and my sister, sense of humour) is fascinating.
43. These are (Mr and Mrs White, paintings).
44. (yesterday, competition) was canceled because of the weather.
45. (last night, performance) was a complete failure.
46. (next week, party) will be indoors, as it’s getting cooler.
47. (last year, carnival) was a complete success.
48. (tonight, date) is especial. I think it’s been love at first sight.
49. Is (Britain, bus service) efficient?
 41

50. She broke (the world, record) last year.

51. I would like to see (Italy, most important monument).
52. This is (the city, first theatre).
53. This is (the country, most recent discovery).
54. (my brother-in-law, new pants) are ridiculous.
55. (the day before yesterday, reception) was cancelled.
56. (the palace, the furniture-muebles) dates from the 17th century.
57. She loves (Spain, way of life).
58. She wants to open (a carpenter, workshop).
59. (my dog and cat, food) costs very little.
60. Were (Jesus, miracles) true?
61. (my pals-friends, bikes) are better than mine.
62. These are (my housekeeper, keys).
63. (her mother, words) came straight from her heart.
64. What’s (Charles, occupation)?’ I’m not sure, but I think he’s an opera composer.’
65. They always won their matches thanks to (their manager, secret strategies).
66. If I’m not wrong, today it’s (Elmer, birthday).
67. (the day after tomorrow, dancing contest-concurso) will take place in the afternoon.
68. They like (Aristophanes humorous plays).
69. (the government, intervention) didn’t make much difference to what was expected.
70. I don’t agree with (the committee, ideas).
71. (the team, players) should consider our pieces of advice.
72. It’s (the day [that] we met, a picture).
73. This is (the man [that] she promised to be always true to, the briefcase).
74. (the boy [that] Mary loves, the face) is very photogenic.
75. (the person [who is] in love with him, the ring) is a nerd.
76. (the sun, rays) are necessary for life.
77. For (God, sake), what have you done!
78. She told me that she had betrayed me at (death, door).
79. When she became famous, she achieved (her life, ambition).
80. He likes (Marilyn Monroe, sex appeal).
81. For (our children, sake), please don’t do it.
82. (the president, speech) did not convince anybody.
83. (my sister, wedding) didn’t last long.
84. This book deals with (Portugal, culture).
85. He considers (Socrates, thoughts) very interesting.
86. (Mrs. Brooks, shopping list) is too long.
87. Is Mexico (the world, largest city)?
88. (Bess, eggs) are always fresh.
89. If you ask me, (John Lennon, songs) are the best.
90. (the crocodile, mouth) is immense.
91. (yesterday, showers) were beneficial to the land.
92. I spent the night looking at (the room, the ceiling).
93. I don’t know (this word, the meaning).
94. I didn’t approve of (the multinational, security measures).
95. (the company, enterprising attitude) will set a precedent in this sector.
96. I’d like to buy some (traveler, cheques).
 42

ADJECTIVES

No person: She’s an intelligent woman. He’s an intelligent man.

She’s a very tall girl. He’s a very tall boy.

No number: That is a very fast car. Those are very fast cars.
I have one intelligent student. I have ten intelligent students.

They usually appear immediately before the noun

Example:
I have a big house This is a difficult test I need a small dog
adj noun adj noun adj noun

Order

Opinion : What you think about something. Examples: silly, beautiful, horrible, difficult, nice, intelligent

Size : How big or small something is. Examples: large, tiny, enormous, little, big, small, huge

Age : how young or old something or someone is. Examples: ancient, new, young, old, teenage, adolescent

Shape : describes the shape of something. Examples: square, round, flat, rectangular, circular, irregular

Colour : describes the colour of something. Examples: blue, pink, reddish, grey

Origin : describes where something comes from. Ex: French, lunar, American, eastern, Greek

Material : describes what something is made from. Examples: wooden, metal, cotton, paper, ceramic, silk

Purpose : describes what something is used for. These adjectives often end with "-ing".

Examples: sleeping (as in "sleeping bag"), poetry (book), garbage (can)

Opinio
Size Age Shape Colour Origin Material Purpose
n

a silly young English man

a huge round metal bowl

a small red sleeping bag

 43

FORMATION

Common adjectives can be recognised as such by their endings. Here are some of the most common:
-al: typical, special, international, industrial, mental, physical, general
-ant: pleasant, significant, tolerant, deviant, conversant, variant, valiant
-ent: different, violent, patient, sufficient, convenient, excellent, frequent
-ous: serious, anxious, nervous, dangerous, obvious, famous, conscious
-ic: terrific, horrific, democratic, domestic, scientific, platonic, sympathetic, basic
-y: filthy, dirty, dusty, messy, noisy, sandy, stony, rocky, healthy, hungry, angry
-ive: active, passive, secretive, attractive, expensive, sensitive, native
-able: comfortable, regrettable, probable, enjoyable, fashionable
-ible: possible, horrible, terrible, sensible, susceptible
-ful: useful, careful, beautiful, skilful, grateful, faithful
-less: useless, careless, pointless, breathless, tireless, toothless
-ed: interested, bored, tired, surprised, worried, confused, excited
-ing: interesting, boring, tiring, surprising, worrying, confusing, exciting

They can derive from:

Nouns
hope, esperanza hopeless, desesperanzado
grace, gracia graceful, gracioso
child, niño childish, aniñado
rain, lluvia rainy, lluvioso
gold, oro golden, dorado, de oro
West, oeste Western, occidental
friend, amigo friendly, amistoso
pleasure, placer pleasurable, placentero
atom, átomo atomic, atómico

Verbs
to eat, comer eatable, comestible
to act, actuar active, activo
to contribute, contribuir contributive, contribuyente
to work, trabajar working, que trabaja

Adjectives
yellow, amarillo yellowish, amarillento
practic, práctico practical, práctico

FORMACION ESPECIAL DE ADJETIVOS

Some adjectives may derive from verbs. Algunos adjetivos pueden derivar directamente de verbos. Esto se
puede prestar a confusiones
Ron's war experience was depressing: it made him depressed.
Ramiro's friends were encouraging: he was encouraged. (Los amigos de Ramiro fueron alentadores: él se sintió
alentado).

ADJETIVOS TERMINADOS EN -ING DESCRIBEN EL EFECTO QUE ALGO GENERA

The television program was ... annoying / boring / disappointing / frightening / interesting

ADJETIVOS TERMINADOS EN -ED DESCRIBEN CÓMO DICHO EFECTO TE HACE SENTIR

I was completely ... annoyed / bored / disappointed / frightened / interested

USO DEL SUSTANTIVO COMO ADJETIVO

1. En inglés es muy frecuente el uso de sustantivos como adjetivos calificativos: pocket money, dinero de
bolsillo; tea set, juego de té.
 44

EXERCISES

PUT THE SENTENCES IN THE CORRECT ORDER

1. round small reading lamp …………………………………………………………

2. German old yellow car …………………………………………………………
3. wooden huge sailing ship …………………………………………………………
4. physics boring old teacher …………………………………………………………
5. slim Canadian handsome snowboarder …………………………………………………………
6. sugar blue round bowl …………………………………………………………
7. desk office big ugly an wooden brown …………………………………………………………
8. hair long black straight my sister's …………………………………………………………
9. photograph black white and oval a family historic …………………………………………………………
10. vase jade Ming beautiful a antique little green …………………………………………………………
11. computer laptop high-tech brand-new deep university's blue my
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

WHICH IS THE CORRECT ORDER?

1. 1 a small Canadian thin lady 3 a Canadian small thin lady

2 a small thin Canadian lady 4 a thin small Canadian lady

2. 1 a carving steel new knife 3 a new steel carving knife

2 a steel new carving knife 4 a new carving steel knife

3. 1 a beautiful blue sailing boat 3 a blue beautiful sailing boat

2 a sailing beautiful blue boat 4 a blue sailing beautiful boat

4. 1 an old wooden square table 3 a square wooden old table

2 an old square wooden table 4 a wooden old square table

5. 1 an new French exciting band 3 a French new exciting band

2 an exciting French new band 4 an exciting new French band

6. 1 a red big plastic hat 3 a big red plastic hat

2 a plastic big red hat 4 a bit plastic red hat

CIRCLE T OR F. CORRECT THE FALSE SENTENCES

1. An interesting old book T F ………………………………………………

2. An ugly pink plastic ornament T F ………………………………………………

3. A nice small African drum T F ………………………………………………

4. A delicious round chocolate cake T F ………………………………………………

5. A pair of smart brown leather boots T F ………………………………………………

6. A beautiful small white Chinese computer T F ………………………………………………

7. A nice big old square white French china plate T F ………………………………………………

 45

PUT THE ADJECTIVES IN THE CORRECT ORDER

1. There is a …………………….. table in the dining room. Wooden, beautiful, square

2. My mom bought a …………………….. sweater for me. Silk, new, nice
3. I saw …………………….. movie with friends at home. An old American interesting
4. There are …………………….. clouds in the sky. Big, black
5. It is a …………………….. day. Sunny, lovely
6. My sister has …………………….. hair. Black, long, beautiful
7. I visited …………………….. city in Italy A little lovely old
8. The gallery exhibited …………………….. paintings. strange, old, French
9. John has a …………………….. cat. Little, black, adorable
10. I bought an …………………….. umbrella enormous, red and yellow
11. A …………………….. was parked near my place shiny, new, Italian, sports, car
 46

COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

1. Forming regular comparatives and superlatives

How these forms are created depends on how many syllables there are in the adjective. Syllables are like
“sound beats”. For instance, “sing” contains one syllable, but “singing” contains two — sing and ing. Here are the
rules:

Adjective form Comparative Superlative

Only one syllable, ending in E.
Examples: wide, fine, cute
Only one syllable, with one vowel
and one consonant at the end.
Examples: hot, big, fat
Only one syllable, with more than
one vowel or more than one
consonant at the end. Examples:
light, neat, fast
Two syllables, ending in Y, G, LE.
Examples: happy, silly, lonely
Two syllables or more, not ending
in Y. Examples: modern, interesting,
beautiful
Add -r: wider, finer, cuter, older
Double the consonant, and add -er:
hotter, bigger, fatter
Add -er: lighter, neater, faster
Change y to i, then add -er: happier,
sillier, lonelier
Use “more” before the adjective:
more modern, more interesting,
more beautiful
Add -st: widest, finest, cutest,
oldest
Double the consonant, and add -
est: hottest, biggest, fattest
Add -est: lightest, neatest,
fastest
Change y to i, then add -est:
happiest, silliest, loneliest
Use “most” before the adjective:
most modern, most interesting,
most beautiful

Comparatives are used to compare two things. You can use sentences with
“than”, or you can use a conjunction like “but”.
Comparatives
Jiro is taller than Yukio. Yukio is tall, but Jiro is taller.
Superlatives are used to compare more than two things. Superlative sentences
usually use “the”, because there is only one superlative.
Superlatives
Masami is the tallest in the class. Yukio is tall, and Jiro is taller, but
Masami is the tallest.

Exceptions. Irregular adjectives.

Irregular Comparative Superlative

Adjective Form Form
good better best
bad worse worst
far farther farthest
little less least
many more most

Italian food is better than American food. My dog is the best dog in the world.
My cooking is worse than your mother's cooking. Of all the students in the class, Max is the worst.

Two-syllable adjectives that follow two rules. These adjectives can be used with -er and -est and with more and most.

Two-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form

clever Cleverer / more clever Cleverest /most clever
gentle Gentler / more gentle Gentlest / most gentle
friendly Friendlier / more friendly Friendliest / most friendly
quiet Quieter / more quiet Quietest / most quiet
simple Simpler / more simple Simplest / most simple
 47

Big dogs are gentler than small dogs.

Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the gentlest.

Big dogs are more gentle than small dogs.

Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the most gentle.

EXERCISES

FILL IN THE CORRECT FORM OF THE WORDS IN BRACKETS (COMPARATIVE OR SUPERLATIVE).

1. My house is (big) than yours.

2. This flower is (beautiful) than that one.

3. This is the (interesting) book I have ever read.

4. Non-smokers usually live (long) than smokers.

5. Which is the (dangerous) animal in the world?

6. A holiday by the sea is (good) than a holiday in the mountains.

7. It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) than a beer.

8. Who is the (rich) woman on earth?

9. The weather this summer is even (bad) than last summer.

10. He was the (clever) thief of all.

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

1
I have heard that the Masai tribe are people in the world. (tall)
.
2 "The Simpsons" is "The Flintstones" in my opinion. (funny)
.
3 If you want to go downtown, way is to take the metro. (easy)
.
4 The east coast of Australia is the west coast. (populat
. ed)
5 I found Alien 2 Alien 1. (scary)
.
6 The Mariana Trench is famous because it is there that we find (deep)
. ________________ waters in the world.
7 She is singer I have ever heard. (wonder
. ful)
8 There are elephants in Africa than in India. (many)
.
9 The unemployment in Montreal is that of Toronto. (bad)
.
1 Which fast food restaurant has hotdogs? (good)
0
.
1 Why are people in North America generally people in (fat)
1 Asia?
.
1 My new car runs my old one. (good)
2
 48

.
49
50
 51

PLURALS

Most words: girl – girls , shoe – shoes

Words ending in
ss, sh, ch, x, o ES

Class – classes, ash – ashes ,

church – churches, potato - potatoes

Words ending in
f, fe VES
Knife – knives , life – lives ,
wife – wives, roof - rooves

Words ending in
consonant + y IES
Country – countries , puppy – puppies sky – skies

IRREGULARS
Sheep – sheep Person – people
Child – children Mouse – mice
Man – men Woman – women
Foot – feet Tooth – teeth
Ox – oxen Fish - fish
Photo - photos

IRREGULARS (FROM LATIN)

Formula – formulae Index – indeces
Criterion – criteria Hypothesis – hypotheses
Phenomenon – phenomena Radius – radii
Schema – schemata

IRREGULARS (no singular form)

Pants Scissors
Shorts Thongs
Glasses Pliers

PLURALS
Backpack Bookshelf Dress Company Glove
Hairbrush Necklace Ring Scarf Sweater
Tie Dish Study Earring Boy
Key Family Teacher Crash Loaf
Hero Mouth Bus Smile Wolf
Desk Watch Dog Cake Dish
Foot Woman Man Child Tooth
Person
 52

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

COUNTABLE

Houses, books, boys, cars, chairs, people, etc.

 They can be singular or plural: This house is extremely big – These houses are extremely big
 We use few and many: Few friends visited me yesterday- The library has many books
How many friends do you have? (interrogative)
I don’t have many friends. (negative)
I have a lot of friends (affirmative)

UNCOUNTABLE

Liquids: Milk, water, wine, petrol, oil, tea, coffee.

Feelings: Music, love, art, happiness, hate, fear, envy, greed.
Abstract nouns: Peace, justice, health, patience, intelligence, health.
Food items: Sugar, salt, butter, rice, spaghetti, cheese, mustard, ketchup, mayonnaise, beef, chicken,
fish, meat, broccoli, spinach, lettuce.
Various: Electricity, gas, money, oxygen, wood.
Special: Furniture, luggage, bread, chocolate, news, information, equipment, software, hardware,
work, music, soap, evidence, chewing gum, jewellery.

 They are usually singular: We need water to live – This news is very interesting
 We use little and much: I need little money - I don’t have much time
How much money do you need? (interrogative)
I don’t need much money (negative)
I need a lot of money (affirmative)

CONTAINERS

Litre - bottle – glass – cup – tube - bar - tub

Spoon – plate – box – bag – bowl – barrel
Kilo – litre – grams – pint – pound – pinch
Piece – slice – loaf - square
Can – tin

EXERCISES
MUCH OR MANY?

1. We need some tea. ______ do we need?

2. We need some eggs. ______ do we need?
3. We need some paper. ______ do we need?
4. We need some money. ______ do we need?
5. ______ cigarettes do you smoke a day?
6. ______ packets of cigarettes do you have?
7. ______ work have you got to do?
8. ______ sleep did you get last night?
9. ______ children have you got?
10. ______ bottles of wine are there in the fridge?
11. ______ English grammar do you know?
12. ______ Americans do you know?
13. ______ sugar do you take in your tea?
14. ______ apples do you eat in an average week?
15. ______ fruit do you eat in an average week?
 53

16. ______ real friends do you have?

17. ______ chairs are there in your house?
18. ______ furniture do you have?
19. ______ traffic was there on the motorway today?
20. ______ times must I tell you?
21. ______ birds are there?
22. ______ money is there?
23. Have you got ______ books?
24. I don't have ______ time to do sport.
25. How ______ people came to the meeting?
26. Are there ______ students in the class?
27. I didn't see ______ of the film because I fell asleep.
28. How ______ coffee did you buy?
29. How ______ cups of coffee did you buy?
30. Not ______ students passed the exam.
31. They didn't give me ______ information.

LITTLE OR FEW?

1. There will be ______ rain this week.

2. ______ friends are coming over tonight.
3. I need ______ sleep.
4. Could you buy ______ bottles of water for me?
5. My parents give me ______ pocket money every week.
6. All we need is ______ luck.
7. I would like to eat ______ biscuits now.
8. There is still ______ bread left.
9. My friend knows ______ English poems.
10. There are ______ birthdays to celebrate this month.
11. Could I have ______ sugar for my tea, please?
12. If you want to make pancakes, you need ______ eggs and ______ flour.
13. Have you got ______ minutes? I need to talk to you.
14. When I am on holiday, I always write ______ lines home.
15. I have ______ headache.
16. Jane has invited ______ boys to her party.
17. There is still ______ work to do.
18. They sang ______ songs.
19. Would you like ______ more rice?
 54

SOME – ANY

Both expressions are used with countable and uncountable nouns.

Used to refer to an unspecific quantity.

SOME
Used in positive sentences.
Ex.: I would like some water please. There are some students in the classroom

Used in questions where we are sure about a positive answer. (yes)

Ex.: Do you need some money? (Of course!) Can I have some more tea? (Sure)

ANY
Used in negative and interrogative sentences.
Ex.: Do you have any friends here in Chile? I don’t need any money

Used in positive sentences with negative sense.

She finished the test without any difficulty

EXERCISES
SOME OR ANY?

1. Have you got ______ cigarettes?

2. I like ______ pop music but not all.
3. I don't like ______ pop music. I hate it all.
4. I love the Beatles. I love ______ song by them.
5. ______ people don't like Bill Clinton.
6. I love ______thing with chocolate in it.
7. ______body told me the news but I cannot remember who it was.
8. He doesn't need ______stamps.
9. I can stay. I don't have ______homework to do.
10. I don't drink ______ alcohol at all.
11. You mustn't tell ______body.
12. I'm afraid I haven't ______ solution to the problem.
13. All the buses from here go to Trafalgar Square. You can take ______ bus.
14. I never go ______where any more. I always stay at home.
15. I don't mind which day you come. ______ day will do.
16. I heard a noise. ______body is outside.
17. I looked. I couldn't see ______body.
18. I've just made a cake. Would you like ______?
19. I'd love ______. Thank you.
20. ______ people think you are really stupid.
21. I don't like ______one in my office. They're all horrible.
22. There's ______one in my office from England. His name is David.
23. He needs ______stamps.
24. I must go. I have ______homework to do.
25. Does he need ______stamps?
26. Do you have ______homework to do?
27. Sue went to the cinema with ______of her friends!
28. Jane doesn't have ______ friends.
29. Have you got ______ brothers or sisters?
30. Here is ______ food for the cat.
31. I think you should put ______ flowers on the table.
32. Could you check if there are ______ calls on the answering machine?
33. I don't want ______ presents for my birthday.
34. Did they have ______ news for you?
35. I'm hungry - I'll have ______ sandwiches.
36. There aren't ______ apples left.
 55

FREQUENCY ADVERBS

With the present simple, we often use adverbs of frequency to say ‘how often’ we do something.

Frequency Adverbs come AFTER a BE verb.

BE Verb
I am always a good student.
(am, is, are, was, were, etc.)
My brother is usually late to school.
Jenny and Susan are often in the library after class

Frequency Adverbs come BEFORE other verbs.

Other Verbs
(play, do, study, work, etc.) I always help the other students.
My brother usually comes late to school.
Jenny and Susan often study in the library after class.

We can also put them at the very beginning or end of the sentence. This makes them stronger:

 Often I go to the cinema. or I go to the cinema often.

 NEVER : I go often to the cinema.

Here are some other expressions we can use to say ‘how often’. All of these longer phrases go at the beginning
or the end of the sentence but not in the middle.

 once in a while: I go to the cinema once in a while.

 every now and again: She drinks wine every now and again.
 from time to time: From time to time I visit my mother.

To say how often something happens, you can use a number or ‘several’ or ‘many’, followed by ‘times’.( If the
number is one, use ‘once’ instead of ‘one time’. If the number is two use ‘twice’ instead of ‘two times’) Then add
‘a’ and a period of time:

 I go to the cinema twice a week.

 She take these tablets three times a day.
 I change the sheets once a fortnight (fortnight = two weeks).
 I meet him several times a year.
 I visit my parents once a month.
 56

We can also use ‘every’ + period of time:

every morning every day every Tuesday

every week every month every year

A day of the week with ‘s’ at the end, for example ‘on Tuesdays’ means the same as ‘every Tuesday’:

I take a dance class on Wednesdays. I relax on Saturdays.

EXERCISES
1) He listens to the radio. (often) ………………………………………………………..
2) They read a book. (sometimes) ………………………………………………………..
3) Pete gets angry. (never) ………………………………………………………..
4) Tom is very friendly. (usually) ………………………………………………………..
5) I take sugar in my coffee. (sometimes) ………………………………………………………..
6) Ramon and Frank are hungry. (often) ………………………………………………………..
7) My grandmother goes for a walk in the evening. (always) ……………………………………..
8) Walter helps his father in the kitchen. (usually) ……………………………………………….
9) They watch TV in the afternoon. (never) ………………………………………………………..
10) Christine smokes. (never) ………………………………………………………..

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE

1 Carlos is an excellent student. He _________ goes to class.
a. always b. usually c. sometimes d. seldom e. never

2 I hate vegetables. I _________ eat carrots.

a. always b. usually c. sometimes d. seldom e. never

3 Robert goes to the gym only two or three times a year. He ________ goes to the gym always.
a. never b. usually c. seldom

4 Harold never leaves the college on Friday. He ________ eats at the cafeteria on Fridays.
a. always b. never c. seldom

5 Ms. Biethan is always in a good mood. She is _________ sad.

a. always b. usually c. never

6 Teresa is not a pleasant person. She is ___________ in a bad mood.

a. never b. seldom c. always

7 My sister usually drives to work with a friend. She _________ drives alone.
a. never b. always c. usually d. seldom

8 I never lend money to Curtis. He ______ pays me back.

a. sometimes b. always c. never d. usually

9 Susan goes to the beach whenever she can. She _______ misses a chance to go to the ocean.
a. never b. always c. usually

10 It almost always rains in Seattle. The sun ________ shines there.

a. always b. usually c. seldom
 57

IN años, meses, estaciones, y partes del día: In April - In Summer - In the morning - In the afternoon - In the
evening

Dentro de un espacio cerrado o dentro de un objeto: In the bedroom - in my office - in your pocket - in hospital
- in prison - in bed - in the front - in the back of a car - in that book - in the water (pero; at the front / at the back
of a cinema, of a building)

En un lugar abierto: in the park / in the street / in the garden / in the queue / in a city - in a country - in the water

Sitios determinados con límites definidos: in a row/fila - in a line - in the sky - in a building

Ciudades, pueblos y paises ejemplo: I live in Madrid, in Spain

En periodos de tiempo: In two weeks, in tour hours, in five months

IN a book IN a newspaper IN a magazine - I saw an interesting article IN yesterday´s newspaper.

IN the sun IN the past / IN the future IN the sky a couple of days IN a few weeks

AT Para las horas, festividades: At half past nine - At Christmas, Easter - At midday, at night, at Midnight

- She's coming on Christmas. (Esta significa el día 25 Dec.) - She's coming at Christmas. (tiempo de la
navidad)

Lugares concretos: at school - at work. The train arrived at the station. The children are at school. AT HOME

Con acontecimientos: at the party / at the meeting / at the conference

To be AT work Work in a bank At the door, top of the page At lunchtime

At the front/back At the traffic lights At s’ones house At the bed
At home At the table At the end/the beginning
At the moment

We use at for specific addresses. He lives at 55 Boretz Road in Durham

ON Para los días de la semana, fechas y días especiales: On 14th January - On Christmas’ Day - On Monday

on a plane - on a bus - on the floor - on the ground floor - on the first floor - on the second floor - on the coast -
On tv. – on the radio – on the phone

On small islands On the right/on the left On weekends (US) On the right/ left
On the coast On the menu On the way On my way

We use on to designate names of streets, avenues, etc. Her house is on Boretz Road.
IN TIME (early) vs ON TIME (punctual)

NO PREPOSITION WITH: downstairs downtown inside outside upstairs uptown

In the US (AmE) if you say someone is "in" the street, it means where the car are. If you say someone is "on" the
street, they are along the road. However, "in the street" is used in BrE as "on the street" is used in AmE.

IN AT ON NO PREP
(the) bed* class* the bed* downstairs Home Sally went home.
the bedroom home the ceiling downtown This morning I met my classmates this morning.
the car the library* the floor inside This afternoon We will arrive this afternoon.
(the) class* the office the horse outside Every, next, last We have an exam every week.
the library* school* the plane upstairs Tonight, yesterday Neil did his laundry last Tuesday.
school* work the train uptown Tomorrow, Today Betty will return next year

We sit in the room.
I see a house in the picture.
There are trouts in the river.
There are kites in the sky.
We arrive in Madrid.
He gets in the car.
He plays in the street. (BE)
She sits at the desk.
I stand at the door
I met John at a party.
The bus stops at Graz.
The map lies on the desk.
The picture is on page 10.
He lives on a farm.
The shop is on the left.
Write the correct preposition (on in at)
Parte 2: Write the correct preposition (on in at)
He lives in Paris.
I found the picture in the paper.
He sits in the corner of the room.
She likes walking in the rain.
My cousin lives in the country.
He sits in the back of the car
The boys stand in a line.
Open your books at page 10.
Pat wasn't at home yesterday.
I study economics at university
The childen are at gandmother's
He always arrives late at school.
The photo hangs on the wall.
He lives on Heligoland.
My friend is on the way to Moscow.
EXERCISES
58
He is in town.
I have to stay in bed.
You mustn't park in front of the school.
The robber is in prison now.
There is a big tree in the the garden.
She lives in a hotel.
Can we meet at the corner of the street?
I stay at my grandmother's
Look at the top of the page.
The car stands at the end of the street
Dresden lies on the river Elbe.
Men's clothes are on the second floor
Write the information on the front of the
letter
When she was a little girl people saw
unrealistic cowboy films on television.
 59

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING PARAGRAPH WITH IN, ON, AT OR X

Janet was born ……………………… Rochester ……………………… December 22 nd ……………………… 3
o'clock ……………………… the morning. Rochester is ……………………… the state of New York
……………………… the United States. Now, she goes ……………………… classes ……………………… the
university. She usually arrives ……………………… 8 o'clock. ……………………… the morning
……………………… weekends, she likes driving ……………………… her friend's house
……………………… Canada. Her friend lives ……………………… Toronto. She usually arrives
……………………… 9 ……………………… the evening and leaves ……………………… Sunday morning.
……………………… Saturday, they often meet friends ……………………… a restaurant. ………………………
night, they sometimes go ……………………… a disco. ……………………… summer, ………………………
July for example, they often go ……………………… the countryside.
 60

FOR v/s SINCE

Both prepositions are used to indicate the duration of an action.

for since
a period a point
(from start to end) (up to now)

since 9am - since Monday - since January - since

for 20 minutes - for three days - for 6 months - for 4
1997 - since I left school - since the beginning of
years - for 2 centuries - for a long time - for eve
time

all tenses perfect tenses only

FOR
Indicates the duration of the action. I studied for three years (but not now)
I’ve been studying for three years.
Has a more general sense. I’ve lived here for 3 months.
I haven’t seen you for a long time
We use for to say how long a period is For three days
Can be used with all tenses I read for 2 hours everyday
I’ll work for a month at that company

SINCE
Indicates when the action started. I’ve been studying since 2009.
The action started in the past but continues now I’ve been married since last Summer.
We use since to say when the period began Since Friday
Used with a concrete period of time: date, season, I’ve lived here since January
month, moment, etc. Since I’ve been in this class, I’ve learnt a lot

EXERCISES
Which is correct?
a) for a long period b) since a long period
a) for 6 years b) since 6 years
a) for 1992 b) since 1992
a) for 6 weeks b) since 6 weeks
a) for 8 months b) since 8 months
a) for 10 minutes b) since 10 minutes
a) for a long time b) since a long time
 61

a) for ages b) since ages

a) for March 18
a) for the end of last year
a) for I joined the firm
a) for 10 hours
a) for 10 o' clock
a) for a six month period
a) for the beginning of the year
b) since March 18
b) since the end of last year
b) since I joined the firm
b) since 10 hours
b) since 10 o'clock
b) since a six month period
b) since the beginning of the year

COMPLETE WITH FOR OR SINCE

1. I have been waiting ..........................4 o'clock.

2. Sue has only been waiting .......................... 20 minutes.
3. Tim and Tina have been learning English .......................... six years.
4. Fred and Frida have been learning French .......................... 1998.
5. Joe and Josephine have been going out together .......................... Valentine's Day.
6. I haven't been on holiday .......................... last July.
7. Mary has been saving her money .......................... many years.
8. I haven't eaten anything .......................... breakfast.
9. You have been watching TV .......................... hours.
10. We have been living here .......................... 2 months.
 62

FOR –THROUGH- BY

FOR: Very important: when we want to combine for with a verb, the verb must be with ING

 Indicates duration in time: For a month, second, year, ages

We studied English for four semesters, we studied for a long time.

 We can use it to show distance: We walk for two blocks, you have to run for a mile.

 Indicates purpose or with the objective of: This is good for your future profession, I’ll be important for the
meeting to consider…., I have to work for my salary

 To indicate a beneficiary or recipient of something:

These jackets are for the models, This present is for you

 To indicate favorable position towards something: I’m for going to the restaurant

 To indicate appropriateness: These boots are great for winter

 With expressions such: I’ll give you two sunglasses for ten dollars.

Expressions:
Look for - Wait for - for the first time – to work for- be responsible for –apologize for, call for, excuse for ,
fight for, forgive for, hope for, pay for, pray for, thank for, vote for, bad for, difficult for, easy for, good for
, hard for, known for, prepared for, qualified for, ready for, remembered for, responsible for, sorry for, for
example, for the love of God. for instance.

Can you call for a taxi - This is not easy for us, it is very hard for us - Please, forgive me for cheating on
you!!! – You should fight for your rights- Thanks for your invitation – Let’s hope for the best – Bobby, wait
for your sister!!!

THROUGH
 We use it to indicate by means of: I heard the news through my friends, I met him through an agency.

 We use it to indicate passage: He had to walk through the dessert to get to Egypt. The cars will pass
through a tunnel (Park, city, tunnel, straw, town, country)

 To indicate obstacle: The soldiers had to go through the barricades - We drove through a red light, and
the policeman gave us a ticket (barrier, curtains, customs, door, gate, light, stop sign, window)

 To indicate vision through: We can’t see through the curtains

 It means to finish something: I’m through with English!!!! Are you through with your classes?

 To indicate a difficult process: We’re going through a divorce

 With all, to indicate all around: Your things are all through the house, The flowers were all through the
desert

 To indicate during a complete period of time: I suffered through the whole soccer game, We danced all
through the nighty

BY
 Use it when you want to indicate an instrument which served to achieve an objective: The damage was
done by a knife, the car was fixed by the mechanic

 Use it as a synonym of along: We walked along the seaside, we walked by the seaside

 To indicate method or way: I’ll send it by e-mail. I went to the University by bus

 Not later than: Be here by 08:00 every Monday and Tuesday

 To indicate the extent of the win or loss: The horse won by a nose.

 To indicate author: I was made by me, The poem was written by Shakespeare

Expressions:
By the hour, by a dozen, by the rules, by the time, by (any)chance, by the way, one by one, by all means (certainly),
 63

My lawyer charges by the hour. Every hour I have to pay US$400.

By the time Bobby arrived, his girlfriend had already left.
We’ll buy eggs by a dozen. A good worker should work by the rules.
We’ll check the exercises one by one. Profe, can you explain this again……..Sure, by all means

EXERCISES

1. My children don’t approve ………. my smoking.

2. The poor girl burst ………. tears.
3. Who is responsible …….. this mess?
4. I look forward ……… seeing her again.
5. Marvin was arrested and charged ….. murder.
6. Al Capone was sued ……. tax evasion.
7. I get very annoyed ……… people who don’t queue at bus stops.
8. He was in London …….. business.
9. Help! The house is ………. fire!
10. He did it deliberately, ……..purpose.
11. I’ll have a beer. No, ……. second thoughts, give me a whisky.
12. You are in charge …………. this group.
13. The senator is opposed ………… this new bill.
14. The slot machine is ………… …………… order.
15. You will have to cheer her ……………… a bit.
16. Add some milk and sugar …………… your tea.
17. Are you familiar ………….. the work I do ?
18. I am fed ……….. ………….. his behaviour.
19. So we’ll see each other ……… the hotel.
20. Helen lives ……… Harley Street.
21. The sick man was brought ………… the room.
22. He got promoted ……… the 4th of July ………. 9 a.m.
23. I haven’t seen my elder brother ……… 2 years.
24. I haven’t seen John ……………… 1996.
25. Nobody can stand being laughed …….
26. You should apply ….. the local council ….. that position.
27. Everyone agreed ….. John’s proposal.
28. Elton insisted …… being called ‘Sir’.
29. The house smelled …. vanilla and lavender.
30. Gianni relied ….. Johan to set the pace.
31. Helen resigned ….. her job months ago !
32. Until the latest scandals, Bill Clinton was a man John could identify ….
33. I told Tim to look …. his big sister while I was away.
34. I expect you to report …. me …. this matter as soon as possible.
35. In spite of all the difficulties they did succeed …. crossing the South Pole on foot.
36. How can two people differ ….each other so much and still live together ?
37. All expenses were paid …. by the company.
38. Letters should be replied …. within two days.
39. Friends often don’t agree …. each other
 64

PREPOSITIONS

After ING
Because of: I got upset after your behavior
Continuously: night after night

Before ING antes / antes de

By en, por medio de, por
Dates: Ex: I’ll finish my paper by Monday.
By means of: Ex: I go to the University by bus or subway everyday.
Instrument: It was made by me
Way: by air
Not later than: be here by 9
Extent of the win or loss: He won by an inch

During
Since Precise moment: Since 9, Monday
It has been a year since I last saw her

For por (covers a period of time, duration of an action) I haven’t seen him for 2 days;
For + period (duration of time) 5 minutes, a long time

From Origin: I’m from Santiago.

Indicates separation: We need to distinguish the good from the bad. To Indicate time: I studied
from morning till night

Until / till Time: I work until 6 o’clock.

Event – until their graduation, they studied a lot

About por (alguna parte)

indicates Topic: The book is about the Independence
Cause of emotion: I’m excited about our vacations
Approximately: It’ll take me about 5 min

Across a través de, de un lado al otro Along lo largo de

(a)round alrededor de As far as hasta (un lugar)
(away) from lejos de, distante de Against contra

Down
Of Belong or Connection to: groups, clubs, authors, place, period of time
the pages of the book, the women of this family, president of the class, music of 80s
Person’s occupation: Teacher of English
Composition: made of leather
Behaviour: this is very nice of you

Out of fuera de. Ex: I was out of the class for ten minutes, Chile is out of the world cup
Out: fuera. Go out!
Absence: We’re out of bread
Without: out of control, out of style
Fraction: Ten out of 20
Ask out, check out, figure out (solve), find out
Past
Through a través de, por,
complete s’thing with effort
 65

To a, hacia
Destination - They go to school
transfer to a person o place – Take it to the office
beneficiary – this is to you
reaction – She adapted to the situation – adapt, agree, listen, pay attention,
attachment – add a tip to the bill
exclusive relationship - this is the key to my door, I'm married to John

Toward(s) hacia
Up arriba
Behind detrás de

Beside al lado de Besides además

Into en (movement).
With verbs that express change (change, translate, transform, etc) Ex: She jumped into the water,
I’m going into my room

Inside (UK) inside of (US)

Near cerca de

Next to al lado de, junto a

In front of delante de. Ex: Madonna was in front of me in the line of the supermarket.

Opposite (UK) face to face Across from (US)

Among entre (tres) Between entre (dos)

Under Physical contact

Complete coverage
Indicates control: Under his regime, under this new policy
Current situation/state: Under construction, fire, attack, arrest, pressure, these conditions

Below debajo de, space, scales IQ, radio waves

Beneath bajo, debajo de

Over por encima, durante un período de tiempo, al otro lado.

Used to talk about ages, speeds, money, numbers, time.
Ex: You have to be over 18 to drink alcohol.
Let’s talk about it over lunch
More than
All over: Many parts of a place, all over the city
To be over: the test was over after only 20 min.
A un nivel + alto

Above por encima de, más arriba de., previo

Used in measurements of temperature, height, intelligence etc., where we think of a
vertical scale. Ex: The temperature is above 40 degrees Celcius
A nivel + alto

VARIOUS
But With Without Close to: near, almost,
66
 67

MODALS
They indicate the speaker’s attitude, intention or willingness about an action. Can be divided into two
groups:

 Degree of Certainty: S’thing is certain, probable, possible, or impossible

 Obligation of the act.

Characteristics:
 No S in he, she, it
 No auxiliars for negatives and interrogatives
 Verbs without To (except Have to)

Modal Modality Example

Can Ability I can speak English

Theoretical and/or
Possibility Any student can become our President
Factual
Permission Can I ask you something?
Could Ability Former ability I could run very fast when I was 17

Invitation (you) Could you go to the movies with me?

Request (he, she, we, they, I) Could Bobby stay overnight?

May Possibility The shop may be closed

Request (he, she, we, they, I) May I leave the room?

Permission May I go to the bathroom?

Might Possibility It might rain tomorrow

Should Obligation Avoidable You should study everyday

Advisability You should see the doctor

Probability Expectation He should be here any minute
Would Invitation Would you like to go to the movies?
Request (you) Would you open the window?

Must Obligation Unavoidable You must pay for your crimes

Necessity She must eat or she’ll die

Inference You must be joking

Advisability Strong - Not You musn’t tell lies to your teacher

Prohibition Not You musn’t drink and drive

Have to Obligation I have to read this for tomorrow

Necessity You have to study or you’ll fail

Ought to Obligation I ought to be there at 8:00

Advisability She ought to study more

Probability Expectation They ought to have finished by now

You needn’t whisper. Nobody is
Needn’t Obligation Lack
listening
Would
Preference I would rather drive myself
rather
Shall Willingness Intention We shall let you know your results

Invitation I – we Shall we dance?

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CAN
It can be used to express ability I can speak English
To request or offer permission Can you help me please?
You can stay at the party until 12
To show possibility or impossibility Any child can be President I can’t believe it!

COULD
To express possibility or past ability I could do it for you I could jump when I was young
To make suggestions and requests. You could loose weight Could you open the door?

HAVE TO (Have got to) You can if you want

To express certainty, necessity, and obligation.

MUST Forbidden, not allowed. Native speakers prefer the more flexible form "have to."
To express certainty. This must be a mistake!
To express necessity You must pass English
To express strong recommendation, although
It is very severe; use "should not" or "ought not" to dissuade rather than prohibit.
You mustn’t drink and drive
To give or ask for orders: I must stop smoking. (I want to.)
This is a terrible party. We really must go home.

'Must' is used mostly to talk about the feelings and wishes of the speaker
'Have (got) to' is used mostly to talk about obligations that come from "outside"
From laws, regulations, agreements and other people's orders.
I have to stop smoking. Doctor's orders.
This is a lovely party, but we've got to go home because of the baby-sitter.
Do you have to wear a tie at work? (Is there a regulation?)

MIGHT
To express possibility I might pass Biochemistry
To make suggestions You might need some help You might visit the museum
To make requests Might I borrow your car?

SHOULD
To make recommendations or give advice. You should study biochemistry
To express obligation as well as expectation. He should be here at 9 or I’ll fired him

OUGHT TO
To advise or make recommendations. You ought to study more

Expresses assumption or expectation as well as strong probability, often with the idea that something is
deserved. You ought to get a 7 in the test

"Ought not" (without "to") is used to advise against doing something, although Americans prefer the less
formal forms "should not" or "had better not."

WOULD
To create conditional verb forms. If I were you, I would study
Past form of the modal verb will. He told me he would marry me
Can indicate repetition in the past. When I was a child I would always eat chocolates

MAY
Commonly used to express possibility. I may visit her tomorrow
To give or request permission, May I have the last piece of chocolate?

SHALL
To indicate future action. I shall not be fired
Commonly used in sentences with "I" or "we," We shall not be fired
In suggestions, such as "Shall we go?" Shall we dance? Shall we eat?
Frequently used in promises or voluntary actions. I shall never lie to you again
In formal English, the use of "shall" to describe future events often expresses inevitability or
predestination. I shall become your King
 69

Commonly heard in BR than in AE; Americans prefer to use other forms, although they do sometimes use
"shall" in suggestions or formalized language.
 70

IF CLAUSES

Type 0: Is used to express general truths and facts (often things based on scientific fact).
It uses the simple present tense.
Most zero conditional sentences mean the same thing if "when" is used instead of "if".

Examples:
If you heat the water to 100º, it boils.
If you drop an apple, it falls.

Type 1: Refers to the future.

An action in the future will only happen if a certain condition is fulfilled by that time.
We don't know for sure whether the condition actually will be fulfilled or not, but the
conditions seems rather realistic – so we think it is likely to happen.

We often use unless which means 'if ... not'.

1. Will

Present + 2. Infinitive

3. Modal Infinitive

Examples:
If I have time today, I will phone my friend. It is possible that I will have time - the condition is real.
If I go to Mexico, I will buy some tequila. It is possible that I will go to Mexico- the condition is real.
If I study, I will pass the exams.
If you see Pat tonight,tell him to give me a ring
If Ann gets up early, she can have a huge breakfast
I won’t mark your paper, unless you hand in it on time

Type 2: Refers to situations in the present.

An action could happen if the present situation were different. I don't really expect the
situation to change, however. I just imagine “what would happen if …“

It expresses unreal situations in the present or future.

It indicates what could happen if a present situation were different.

Often used to express a wish.

In IF Clauses Type II, we usually use “were” even if the pronoun is I, he, she or it.

1. Would infinitive

Past + 2. Could infinitive

3. Might infinitive

Examples:
If I were you, I wouldn't do that. I am not you - the condition is unreal.
If I had more time, I would do more on my websites. I don't have more time - the condition is unreal.
If I studied, I would pass the English class.
If I studied, I could pass the English class.
If I studied, I might pass the English class.
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Type 3: Refers to situations in the past.

It expresses conditions in the past that did not happen.

It indicates what could have happened in the past if a situation had been different then.
Often used to express criticism or regret with would have, could have or should have.

1. Would have PP

Past Perfect + 2. Could have PP

3. Might have PP

Examples:
If I hadn't helped you, you would have failed. I helped you so you didn't fail
If it had been sunny, we could have gone out. We didn't go out because it wasn't sunny
If I had studied, I would have passed the English class.
If I had studied, I could have passed the English class.
If I had studied, I might have passed the English class.

 If-clauses can be initial, medial as well as final.

1. If you like, we can go to the movies.

2. We, if you like, can go to the movies.
3. We can go to the movies, if you like.

EXERCISES

WORK IN PAIRS. IF YOU WERE ALONE TOGETHER ON AN ISOLATED TROPICAL ISLAND WITHOUT
HOPE OF RESCUE….

1. What would you do?

2. How would you survive?
3. What would you miss the most about your present lives?
4. What would you miss the least about your present lives?

PUT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS INTO THE GAPS. FORM A CONDITIONAL SENTENCE - TYPE I.
Example: If I __ (to go) to the cinema, I ________ (to watch) an interesting film.
Answer: If I go to the cinema, I will watch an interesting film.

1. If I_______________ (to study), I _______________ (to pass) the exams.

2. If the sun_______________ (to shine), we _______________ (to walk) to the town.

3. If he _______________ (to have) a temperature, he _______________ (to see) the doctor.

4. If my friends _______________ (to come), I _______________ (to be) very happy.

5. If she _______________ (to earn) a lot of money, she _______________ (to fly) to New York.

6. If we _______________ (to travel) to London, we _______________ (to visit) the museums.

7. If you _______________ (to wear) sandals in the mountains, you ______________ (to slip) on the rocks.

8. If Ann _______________ (to forget) her homework, the teacher _______________ (to give) her a low mark.

9. If they _______________ (to go) to the disco, they _______________ (to listen) to loud music.

10. If you _______________ (to wait) a minute, I _______________ (to ask) my parents.
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PUT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS INTO THE GAPS. FORM A CONDITIONAL SENTENCE - TYPE II.
Example: If I __ (to go) to the cinema, I ________ (to watch) an interesting film.
Answer: If I went to the cinema, I would watch an interesting film.
1. If I _______________ (to come) home earlier, I _______________ (to prepare) dinner.
2. If we _______________ (to live) in Rome, Sofía _______________ (to visit) us.
3. If Tim and Tom _______________ (to be) older, they _______________ (to play) in our team.
4. If he _______________ (to be) my friend, I _______________ (to invite) him to my birthday party.
5. If Sue _______________ (to study) harder, she _______________ (to be) better at school.
6. If they _______________ (to have) enough money, they _______________ (to buy) a new car.
7. If you _______________ (to do) a paper round, you _______________ (to earn) a little extra money.
8. If Mike _______________ (to get) more pocket money, he _______________ (to ask) Ann out
9. If we _______________ (to hurry), we _______________ (to catch) the bus.
10. If it _______________ (to rain), Vivi _______________ (to take) an umbrella with her.

PUT IN THE VERBS IN BRACKETS AND FORM CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE I OR TYPE II.
Example: If they learn the poem, they ________ (to get) a good mark.
Answer: If they learn the poem, they will get a good mark.

1. If you come with me, I _______________ to do) the shopping with you.
2. Bobby _______________ (to help) his mother in the garden if she reads him a story this evening.
3. If it _______________ (to rain), I will stay at home.
4. Our teacher will be happy if we _______________ (to learn) the poem by heart.
5. If they had enough money, they _______________ (to buy) a new car.
6. We _______________ (to pass) the exam if we studied harder.
7. If Paul _______________ (to repair) his bike, he could go on a bicycle tour with us.
8. She would get 100 pounds if she _______________ (to sell) this old shelf.
9. If I were you, I _______________ (to invite) Jack to the party.
10. If the weather _______________ (to be) fine, the children can walk to school.

COMPLETE THE CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (TYPE III) BY PUTTING THE VERBS INTO THE CORRECT
FORM.

1. If you (study) HAD STUDIED for the test, you (pass) WOULD HAVE PASSED it.
2. If you (ask) _______________ me, I (help) _______________ you.
3. If we (go) _______________ to the cinema, we (see) _______________ my friend Jacob.
4. If you (speak) _______________ English, she (understand) _______________.
5. If they (listen) _______________ to me, we (be) _______________ home earlier.
6. I (write) _______________ you a postcard if I (have) _______________ your address.
7. If I (not / break) _______________ my leg, I (take part) _______________ in the contest.
8. If it (not/ start) _______________ to rain, we (walk) _______________ to the museum.
9. We (swim) _______________ in the sea if there (not / be) _______________ so many sharks there.
10. If she (take) _______________ the bus, she (not / arrive) _______________ on time.

COMPLETE THE CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (TYPE I, II AND III)

1. Once upon a time the cat bit the mouse's tail off. “Give me back my tail,” said the mouse. And the cat said, “Well, I
(give) _______________ you back your tail if you fetched me some milk. But that's impossible to do for a little
mouse like you.”
2. The mouse, however, went to the cow. “The cat (give / only) _______________ me back my tail if I fetch her some
milk.”
3. And the cow said, “Well, I would give you milk if you (get) _______________ me some hay. But that's impossible to
do for a little mouse like you.”
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4. The mouse, however, went to the farmer. “The cat will only give me back my tail if the cow (give) _______________
me some milk. And the cow (only / give) _______________ me milk if I get her some hay.”
5. And the farmer said, “Well, I would give you hay if you (bring) _______________ me some meat. But that's
impossible to do for a little mouse like you.”
6. The mouse, however, went to the butcher. “The cat will only give me back my tail if the cow (give)
_______________ me milk. And the cow will only give me milk if she (get) _______________ some hay. And the
farmer (only / give) _______________ me hay if I get him some meat.”
7. And the butcher said, “Well, I would give you meat if you (make) _______________ the baker bake me a bread. But
that's impossible to do for a little mouse like you.”
8. The mouse, however, went to the baker. “The cat (give / only) _______________ me back my tail if I fetch her
some milk. And the cow (give / not) _______________ me milk if I don't get her hay. And the farmer will only give
me hay if the butcher (have) _______________ some meat for him. And the butcher will not give me meat if you
(bake / not) _______________ him a bread.”
9. And the baker said, “Well, I (give) _______________ you bread if you promise never to steal my corn or meal.”
10. The mouse promised not to steal, and so the baker gave the mouse bread, the mouse gave the butcher bread. The
butcher gave the mouse meat, the mouse gave the farmer meat. The farmer gave the mouse hay, the mouse gave
the cow hay. The cow gave the mouse milk, the mouse gave the cat milk. And the cat gave the mouse her tail back.
11. But imagine what would have happened otherwise:
12. If the mouse (promised / not) _______________ never to steal corn or meal, the baker (not/give)
_______________ the mouse bread.
13. If the baker (not / give) _______________ the mouse bread, the butcher (refuse) _______________ to give her
meat for the farmer.
14. If the butcher (refuse) _______________ her any meat, the farmer (not / be) _______________ willing to give the
mouse hay.
15. If the farmer (not / be) _______________ willing to give the mouse hay, the mouse (not / receive)
_______________ milk from the cow.
16. If the mouse (not / receive) _______________milk from the cow, she (not / get) ______________back her tail.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN MEANING BETWEEN THESE GROUP OF SENTENCES?

HIGHLIGHT THE WORD OR WORDS IN EACH SENTENCE WHICH SHOW THE DIFFERENCES IN MEANING.

1. We can´t go skiing until there’s more snow on the mountains.

2. Unless there’s more snow on the mountains, we can’t go skiing
3. We can’t go skiing if there’s more snow on the mountains
4. In April, when the weather is warmer, I’ll take a few days off.
5. I’ll take a couple of days off if the weather is better in April.
6. If the weather were nicer in April, I’d take a short break.
7. You’d better take an overnight bag in case you have to stay the night.
8. If you have to stay the night, you’d better take an overnight bag.
9. I’ll go to Rio for the Carnival if I can afford it.
10. If I could afford it, I’d go to Rio for the Carnival.
11. I might go to Rio at Carnival time if I had enough money.

MOST OF THESES SENTENCES CONTAIN ERRORS. IF A SENTENCE IS CORRECT PUT A TICK ( ✔)

BESIDE IT. IF THERE ARE ANY MISTAKES IN A SENTENCE, UNDERLINE THEM AND WRITE THE
CORRECTION ALONGSIDE.

1. If I were rich, I would buy a villa in the Caribbean.

2. If it’s my birthday tomorrow, I’d invite my friends out for a mea.
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3. If you will need any help, please let me know.

4. We’ll enjoy our holiday unless it will rain all the time.
5. If the sun’s shining tomorrow, we’ll go swimming.
6. When I’m on holiday I’d like to relax rather than be active.
7. Let’s go to the mountains if the spring comes.
8. I’ll be arriving on Sunday until there’s a change of plans.

COMPLETE THE SENCOND SENTENCE SO THAT IT HAS A SIMILAR MEANING TO THE FIRST SENTENCE.
USE THE WORD GIVEN AND OTHER WORDS TO COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE. DON’T CHANGE THE
WORD GIVEN.

1. My family have a holiday flat and that’s why we always go to the same place.

If my family …………………………………………………………………… always go to the same place. (own)

2. Go to Britain if you want to speak English all the time.

If you go to Britain …………………………………………………………………… all the time. (practice)

3. You’ll get sunburnt by sunbathing all day long.

If you …………………………………………………………………… sunburnt. (sun)

4. I can’t go on holiday because I’ve got a holiday job this summer.

If ……………………………………………………………………on holiday. (work)

5. You won’t find any accommodation if you don’t book in advance.

Unless you book ahead …………………………………………………………………… stay. (anywhere)

6. The evenings may be cool, so pack a jumper to wear after dark.

Pack a jumper to wear after dark …………………………………………………………………… cool. (in case)

7. Why don’t you come on holiday with us, you’ll certainly have a good time.

If we …………………………………………………………………… yourself. (together)

8. Suppose it was possible for you to travel anywhere in the world, where would you go?

If …………………………………………………………………… travel to? (country)

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PASSIVE VOICE

The passive voice is used when focusing on the person or thing affected by an action.
 The Passive is formed: Passive Subject + To Be + Past Particple
Example: America + was + discovered by Christopher Columbus

 It is often used in business and in other areas where the object of the action is more important than those who
perform the action.
Example: We have produced over 20 different models in the past two years.
Changes to: Over 20 different models have been produced in the past two years.

 If the performer of the action is important, use "by"

Example: Tim Wilson wrote "The Flight to Brunnswick" in 1987.
Changes to:"The Flight to Brunnswick" was written in 1987 by Tim Wilson.
The following chart includes sentences changed from the active to the passive in the principal tenses.

Tiempo verbal de la
Frase activa Frase pasiva
frase activa
present I write a letter The letter is written
present continuos I'm writing a letter The letter is being written
past I wrote a letter The letter was written
past continuos I was writing a letter The letter was being written
present perfect I've written a letter The letter has been written
past perfect I had written a letter The letter had been written
future I will write a letter The letter will be written
future II I'm going to write a letter The letter is going to be written
modals I have to write a letter The letter has to be written
modals I should write a letter The letter should be written
modals I must write a letter The letter must be written

Present What is done? The car is washed

Present Perfect What has been done? The car has been washed
Past What was done? The car was washed
Past Perfect What had been done? The car had been washed
Future What will be done? The car will be washed
Future Perfect What will have been done? The car will have been washed
Future (going to) What is going to be done? The car is going to be washed
Future in Past What was going to be done? The car was going to be washed
Conditional What would be done? The car would be washed
Conditional Perfect What would have been done? The car would have been washed

Modals What (could, must, should, …) be done?

The car (could, must, should, …) be washed

Modals + Have What (could, must, should, …) have been done?

The car (could, must, should, …) have been washed

WRITE PASSIVE SENTENCES IN SIMPLE PRESENT.

1. the documents / print ____________________________________________

2. the window / open
3. the shoes / buy
4. the car / wash
5. the litter / throw away
6. the letter / send
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
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7. the book / read / not ____________________________________________

8. the songs / sing / not ____________________________________________
9. the food / eat / not ____________________________________________
10. the shop / close / not ____________________________________________

WRITE PASSIVE SENTENCES IN SIMPLE PAST.

1. the test / write ____________________________________________

2. the table / set
3. the cat / feed
4. the lights / switch on
5. the house / build
6. dinner / serve
7. his computer / sell / not
8. the car / stop / not
9. the tables / clean / not
10. the children / pick up / not
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________

REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING PASSIVE VOICE

1) Julia rescued three cats. __________________________________________

2) The students handed in the reports. __________________________________________

3) Maria crashed into the blue car. __________________________________________

4) Alex learned the poem. __________________________________________

5) Steven has forgotten the book. __________________________________________

6) The mechanic has not repaired the DVD recorder. ________________________________

7) They play handball. __________________________________________

8) Sue puts the rucksack on the floor. __________________________________________

9) The girls had lost the match. __________________________________________

10) The teacher is not going to open the window. __________________________________

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REPORTED SPEECH / INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech Reported speech

Present Simple Past Simple
I am sad Gallo said he was sad
I teach Arancibia said he taught
Present Continuous Past Continuous
I am feeling sad He said he was feeling sad
I am teaching He said he was teaching
Past Simple Past Perfect
I was sad He said he had been sad
I taught He said he had taught
Present Perfect Past Perfect
I have been sad He said he had been sad
I have taught He said he had taught
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
I have been feeling sad He said he had been feeling sad
I have been teaching He said he had been teaching
Future Simple Conditional
I will be sad He said he would be sad
I will teach He said he would teach
Future Perfect Simple Conditional Perfect
I will have been sad He said he would have been sad
I will have teach He said he would have taught

Sometimes if the verb is in present tense, there is no change.

Ex: Mary is on the phone with her brother Paul. Paul tells her he’s going to arrive at 6:00.
Mary says: “Mom, Paul says he’s arriving at about 6:00”

MODAL VERBS

Direct speech Reported speech

CAN COULD
I can teach He said he could teach
MAY MIGHT
I may teach He said he might teach
WILL WOULD
I will teach He said he would teach
MUST HAD TO
I must teach He said he had to teach

Some words referring to people, places and time change in indirect speech, because the point of
reference changes.
Ex: “I’ll see you here tomorrow, Blue” said Heredia. Heredia told Blue he would see him the next day.
I gave you this yesterday. Mateo said he had given it to her the day before.

CHANGES CONCERNING TIME EXPRESSIONS

now at that moment, then

tonight that night
today that day
last night the night before
this morning that morning
this week that week
next week the following week
next year the year after
here there

In complex sentences (two sentences joined by because, since, but, who, which) , only the first verb is change
Ex: I was walking home when I saw the accident.
Don Putz said he had been walking home when he saw the accident
 78

In interrogative sentences we use “Indirect questions”.

In Yes/No questions we use if /whether. We do not use the auxiliaries do/does/did
Ex: Do you like English? He asked me if/whether I liked English

WH-questions are structured as affirmative sentences

Ex: When do you study English? He asked me when I studied English.
Where did they live in USA? He asked me where they had lived in USA.

There are questions which are already indirect. Note the word order.
Could you tell me where the police station is? I asked him where the police station was.

Commands are reported with tell and infinitive

Ex: Go away! He told me to go away.

Requests are reported with ask and infinitive

Ex: Please, help me! He asked her to help him.

Sometimes it’s impossible or unnecessary to report every word spoken

Ex: Excuse me, do you think you could tell me the time? He asked me what the time was.

EXERCISES

CROSS THE BEST ALTERNATIVE.

1. Helen asked me if I liked visiting old buildings.

(Do you like / Did you like) visiting old buildings? asked Helen .

2. Bill asked Mary if she had done anything the previous weekend.
(Have you done anything / Did you do anything) last weekend?

3. The policeman asked me if the car belonged to me.

(Does this car belong / Did this car belong) to you? asked the policeman.

4. Fiona asked me if I had seen her umbrella anywhere.

(Did you see / Have you seen) my umbrella anywhere? asked Fiona.

5. Joe asked Tina when she would get back.

When (will you get / have you got) back? asked Joe.

6. Eddie asked Steve who he had been to the cinema with.

Who (did you go / had you been to the cinema with? asked Eddie.

7. My parents asked me what time I had got home the night before.
What time (did you get / have you got) home last night? my parents asked.

8. David asked a passer-by if it was the right road for Hastings.

(Is this / Was this) the right road for Hastings? asked David.

REWRITE THESE SENTENCES AS DIRECT SPEECH.

1. Graham told Pam he would see her the following day. …………………….…………………………………………………...

2. Pauline told the children their swimming things were not there. ……………………………………………………………….

3. David told me my letter had arrive the day before. ……………………………………………………………………………...

4. Shirley told Larry she would see him that evening. …………………………………..…………………………………………

5. Bill told Stephen he hadn’t been at home that morning. ………………………………………………………………………..

6. Margaret told John to phone her on the following day. …………………………………………………………………………

7. Tim told Ron he was leaving that afternoon. …………………………………………………………………………………….

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8. Christine told Michael she had lost her lighter the night before. ……………………………………………………………….

REWRITE EACH SENTENCE AS INDIRECT SPEECH.

1. You can’t park here. The police officer told Jack…………………….…….

2. I’ll see you in the morning, Helen. Peter told Helen……………………………….…...….

3. I’m taking the 5.30 train tomorrow evening. Janet said……….………………………….…….…….

4. The trousers have to be ready this afternoon. Paul told the dry-cleaners……….……………………

5. I left my umbrella here two days ago. Susan told them……….……………………….………

6. I like this hotel very much. Diana told me……….…………………….……………

7. I think it’s going to rain tonight. William said………………………………………….….

8. What time does the film start, Peter? I asked……….………………………………………….

9. Are you enjoying your flight? The flight attendant asked me……….……………….

10. Do you watch TV every evening, Chris? The interviewer asked………………………………...

11. How does the computer work? I asked the salesman……….…………………………

12. Have you ever been to Japan, Paul? Sue asked Paul……….……………………………….

13. The parcel ought to be here by the end of next week. Brian said……….………………………….….

14. Why did you apply for this job? Asked the sales manager. The sales manager asked me…………

15. Are you taking much money with you to France? My bank manager wanted to know………………

16. When will I know the results of the examination? Maria asked the examinator……………………...

CONTINUE REPORTING EACH SENTENCE USING ONLY THE NUMBER OF WORDS STATED.

EX: Do you think you could possibly tell me what the time is?
David asked me TO TELL HIM THE TIME (5 words)

a. Excuse me, but I wonder if you’d mind opening the window

The man sitting nest to me asked me ………………………………………………………………… (4 words)

b. You go down this street, turn left, then take the second turning on the right. The cinema is on Main Av.
A passer-by told me how ………………………………………………………………… (5 words)

c. I want to know how much this bike costs. Can you tell me?
John asked how ………………………………………………………………… (4 words)

d. Look, don’t worry, I’ll help you if you like.

Sue said she ………………………………………………………………… (3)

e. All right, I tell you what, the car’s yours for, let’s say $4.000.-
The salesman said I could ………………………………………………………………… (5)

f. I hope you don’t mind my saying this, but you’re being a bit silly, aren’t you?
Peter told me ………………………………………………………………… (5)
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g. It doesn’t look as if I’ll be arriving until after eight, I’m afraid.

Jane said she probably ………………………………………………………………… (6)

REWRITE EACH SENTENCE BEGINNING AS SHOWN, SO THAT THE MEANING STAYS THE SAME.

EX: What time does the next boat leave?

Do you think you could tell me WHAT TIME THE NEXT BOAT LEAVES.

a. Where can I change some money? Can you tell me …………………………………………………..……

b. Where is the toilet? Could you possibly tell me ……………………………………………

c. How much does this pullover cost? I’d like to know …………………………………………………………

d. How do I get to Victoria Station? Can you explain ………………………………………………….………..……

e. Does this train go to Gatwick Airport? Could you tell me …………………………………………….…..……

f. Where do you come from? Would you mind telling me ……………………………………..........

g. What do you think of London? Do you think you could tell me ………………………………………

PUT A FORM OF EITHER SAY, TELL OR ASK IN EACH SPACE.

1. I ………………… you that you had to be on time. Why are you late?
2. When you ………………… her if she’d work late, what did she …………………?
3. I think that Alan ………………… us a lie about his qualifications.
4. When I ………………… him what he was doing there, he ………………… me it was none of my business.
5. I …………………I would help you, so here I am.
6. Did you hear what Sheila ………………… about her new job?
7. What did Carol ………………… you about her holiday?
8. There, you see! I ………………… you the bus would be on time.

REWRITE EACH SENTENCE, BEGINNING AS SHOWN, SO THAT THE MEANING STAYS THE SAME.
EX: Sue, can you remember to buy some bread?
Paul reminded SUE TO BUY SOME BREAD

a. I don’t really think it’ll snow tomorrow. I doubt …………………...……………………..……………

b. I’m sorry I didn’t phone you earlier.
c. I really think you should see a doctor, Chris.
d. No, I’m sorry, I won’t work on Saturday. Definitely not!
e. Let’s go out to the pub for lunch, shall we?
f. It’s not true! I have never been arrested!
g. If you like, I’ll help you do the decorating, Bob.
h. I’ll definitely take you to the park on Sunday, children.
i. Yes, all right, I’ll share the bill with you, Dave.
Jill apologized …………..……………………..……………
William advised …………….……………….………………
Cathy refused………………………………………………..
Wendy suggested…………………………………………..
Larry denied…………………………………………………
Ann offered…………………………..………………………
Tom promised………..……………………………………...
Brenda agreed………………………………………………

FINISH THE SENTENCES USING REPORTED SPEECH.

ALWAYS CHANGE THE TENSE, ALTHOUGH IT IS SOMETIMES NOT NECESSARY.

Example: Peter: "Clean the black shoes!" Peter told me to clean the black shoes.

Jessica: "Write a text message!” Jessica told me. …………

Nelly: "Help Peter's sister!" Nelly told me. …………
 81

Fred: "Wash your hands!". Fred told me. …………

Anna: "Open the window!" Anna told me. …………

Tom: "Come at 8!". Tom told me. ……….

Teacher: "Do your homework!" The teacher told me. …………
Doris: "Dance with me!". Doris told me. …………
Sabine: "Meet Sandy at the station!" Sabine told me. …………
Victoria: "Check your e-mails!" Victoria told me. …………
Karen: "Don't play soccer in the garden!" Karen told me …………
Teacher: "Don't forget your homework!" The teacher reminded me …………
Mike: "Don't shout at Peter!" Mike told me …………
Yvonne: "Don't talk to your neighbor!" Yvonne told me …………
Denise: "Don't open the door!" Denise told me …………
Marcel: "Don't sing that song!" Marcel reminded me …………
Jane: "Don't watch the new film!" Jane advised me …………
Walter: "Don't ring Romy on Sunday!" Walter told me …………
Lisa: "Don't fly via Paris!" Lisa advised me …………
Jamie: "Don't eat so much junk food!" Jamie reminded me …………
Helen: "I was writing a letter yesterday. Helen told me that …………
Robert: "My father flew to Dallas last year. Robert told me that …………
Lisa: "Tim went to the stadium an hour ago. Lisa said that …………
Andrew: "We didn't eat fish two days ago. Andrew remarked that …………
David: "John had already gone at six. David said that …………
Christopher: "Do you want to dance. Christopher asked me …………
Betty: "When did you come?" Betty wanted to know …………
Mark: "Has John arrived?" Mark asked me …………
Ronald: "Where does Maria park her car?" Ronald asked me …………
Elisabeth: "Did you watch the latest film?" Elisabeth asked me …………
Mandy: "Can I help you?” Mandy wanted to know …………
Andrew: "Will Mandy have lunch with Sue?" Andrew asked me …………
Justin: "What are you doing?" Justin wanted to know …………
Anne: "Must I do the shopping?" Anne asked me …………
Michael: "I am going to read a book this week. Michael said to me that ………
Alice: "I spent all my pocket money on Monday. Alice complained that …………
Emily: "Our teacher will go to Leipzig tomorrow. Emily said that …………
Patricia: "My mother will celebrate her birthday next weekend. Patricia said that …………
Jason and Victoria: "We will do our best in the exams tomorrow. Jason and Victoria told me that …………
Frank: "How much pocket money does Lisa get?" Frank wanted to know …………
 82

QUESTION TAGS

You speak English, don't you? You don’t speak English, do you?

Question tags are statements followed by a mini-questions.

We use tag questions at the end of statements to ask for confirmation.

They mean something like: "Am I right?" or "Do you agree?" They are very common in English

A "tag" is something small that we add to something larger. For example, the little piece of cloth added to a shirt
showing size or washing instructions is a tag.

.The basic structure is:

Your car is blue, isn’t it?

Positive statement, negative tag?
They are our teachers, aren’t they?

You don’t like me, do you?

Negative statement, positive tag?
She doesn’t eat meat, does she?

Look at these examples with positive statements:

You are coming with us, aren’t you? We have finished the test, haven’t we?

You do like coffee, don’t you? You like coffee, don’t you?

They will help us with the homework, won’t they? I can come home, can’t I?

We must obey the law, mustn’t we? She should try harder, shouldn’t she?

You are his father, aren’t you? John was there, wasn’t he?

Look at these examples with negative statements:

It isn’t raining, is it? We have never seen that, have we?

You don’t like white wine, do you? They are not going to help, are they?

They won’t report us, will they? I can never do it right, can I?

We mustn’t tell lies, must we? He shouldn’t drive so fast, should he?

SOME SPECIAL CASES

I am right, aren’t I? I have been answering, haven’t I?

Nothing came in the post, did it? Treat statements with nothing, nobody etc like negative statements

Let's go, shall we? let's = let us

He'd better do it, hadn't he? he had better (no auxiliary)

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Notice that we often use tag questions to ask for information or help, starting with a negative statement. This is
quite a friendly/polite way of making a request. For example, instead of saying "Where is the police station?" (not
very polite), or "Do you know where the police station is?" (slightly more polite), we could say: "You wouldn't
know where the police station is, would you?" Here are some more examples:

 You don't know of any good jobs, do you?

 You couldn't help me with my homework, could you?
 You haven't got $10 to lend me, have you?

INTONATION

We can change the meaning of a tag question with the musical pitch of our voice. With rising intonation, it
sounds like a real question. But if our intonation falls, it sounds more like a statement that doesn't require a real
answer:

 You don't know where my wallet is, do you? / rising - real question
 It's a beautiful view, isn't it? \ falling - not a real question

ANSWERS

How do we answer a tag question? Often, we just say Yes or No.

Sometimes we may repeat the tag and reverse it (..., do they? Yes, they do).

Answer a tag question according to the truth of the situation. Your answer reflects the real facts, not
(necessarily) the question.

In Spanish people answer a question like "Snow isn't black, is it?" with "Yes" (meaning "Yes, I agree
with you"). This is the wrong answer in English!

Here are some examples, with correct answers:

 The moon goes round the earth, doesn't it? Yes, it does.
 The earth is bigger than the moon, isn't it? Yes.
 The earth is bigger than the sun, isn't it? No, it isn't!
 Asian people don't like rice, do they? Yes, they do!
 Elephants live in Europe, don't they? No, they don't!
 Men don't have babies, do they? No.
 The English alphabet doesn't have 40 letters, does it? No, it doesn't.

QUESTION TAGS WITH IMPERATIVES

Sometimes we use question tags with imperatives (invitations, orders), but the sentence remains an imperative
and does not require a direct answer. We use won't for invitations. We use can, can't, will, would for orders.

imperative + question tag notes:

invitation Take a seat, won't you? polite

Help me, can you? quite friendly

Help me, can't you? quite friendly (some irritation?)

Close the door, would

order quite polite
you?

Do it now, will you? less polite

with negative imperatives only will is

Don't forget, will you?
possible
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SAME-WAY QUESTION TAGS

Although the basic structure of tag questions is positive-negative or negative-positive, it is sometime possible to
use a positive-positive or negative-negative structure. We use same-way question tags to express interest,
surprise, anger etc, and not to make real questions.

 So you're having a baby, are you? That's wonderful!

 She wants to marry him, does she? Some chance!
 So you think that's amusing, do you? Think again.

Negative-negative tag questions usually sound rather hostile:

 So you don't like my looks, don't you?

EXERCISES

1. I’m chubby,……………………………………….?

2. Kevin will come tonight, ……………………………………….?

3. He could have bought a new car, ……………………………………….?

4. Mary didn't do her homework last Monday, ……………………………………….?

5. They are going home from school, ……………………………………….?

6. We often watch TV in the afternoon, ……………………………………….?

7. You have cleaned your bike, ……………………………………….?

8. Peter played handball yesterday, ……………………………………….?

9. She can drive, ……………………………………….?

10. There aren’t enough chairs for everyone, ……………………………………….?

11. The bus stops here, ……………………………………….?

12. Tom is getting something for Sue, ……………………………………….?

13. There's some milk in the refrigerator, ……………………………………….?

14. The party starts at eight o'clock, ……………………………………….?

15. It's great to see each other again, ……………………………………….?

16. They hadn't visited you before, ……………………………………….?

17. After all this time you'd think he'd have forgotten, ……………………………………….?

18. The amount he is suffering from hay fever he needs to see a doctor, ……………………………………….?

19. You may think you know the answer but you don't, ……………………………………….?

20. After working so hard he didn't deserve to fail the exam, ……………………………………….?
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RELATIVE CLAUSES

 We often use a relative clause when we want to join two sentences together to give more information
about people and things without repeating words or starting another sentence.

 They usually begin with a question word (e.g. who, where, which) or with that.

Examples:
Do you know the hotel where Sam and Pamela are staying in?
Mr. Butler is the person who can really help you.
Yesterday I drove a beautiful car whose owner was extremely rich.

Relative Clauses are divided into:

Defining Relative Clauses: They provide information about a general idea.
They are not put in commas.
Often used in definitions. Ex: A doctor is a person who cures sick people
You can use That to replace who, which
Object pronouns in these clauses can be omitted.

Object Pronoun: Who, which, whom followed by a noun or pronoun

The student who I told you about, is in this class

Non-defining Relative Clauses: They provide additional information to the sentence

They are in between commas. Mary, who is very intelligent, failed English.
Who and which can’t be replaced with that.
Object pronouns must be used.

Who - Used for people - María was the student who got the best marks.
Whom - Used for people (formal) - This is my professor, whom you met last week.
Which - Used for animals and things - These exercises, which are really easy, will help you.
Whose - Used for possessions - Did you see the boy whose father is a teacher?
Where - Used for places - That’s the hotel where I stayed for 3 weeks.
When - Used for time - April was the month when my classes started.
That - Used to replace who/which (RC) - María was the student that got the best marks
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EXERCISES

Do these sentences contain defining or non-defining relative clauses?

1. The girl, that I met last week, works at a shopping centre.
2. Can you spot the lion which is lying on the rock?
3. An Etymologist is a person who is a specialist in the history of words.
4. My cousin, who you met last week, will be visiting me this weekend.

Decide whether the following clauses are defining or non-defining clauses. Insert commas where
necessary.

1. The car which was a rare sports coupe was built in 1966.
2. We invited the boy who Tom had met the week before to the party.
3. Our friends who we met at university are coming to visit next week.
4. That is the building where they shot the film 'Vanilla Sky'.
5. Mr Jackson whose son also goes to this school will be attending the party next weekend.
6. The author's latest book which has become a bestseller is about two children in Jamaica.

Choose the best relative pronoun or relative adverb for these sentences. Sometimes more than one is
possible.

1. I have a daughter who/where/that makes her own clothes.

2. I met an old man that/which/where had known my grandmother.
3. My favourite shirt, which/that/where I brought in Edinburgh, was ruined.
4. I have a cat who/that/whose likes to hide in boxes.
5. This is the office whose/in which/where I had my first real job.
6. Whose/Where/Which is that bag lying there on the table?
7. On my last holiday, when/that/where we went to Greece, I learnt how to make the perfect Greek salad.
8. On Sundays, in which/when/that the afternoons were long and golden, we always went swimming.
9. An accountant is often a person which/that/who loves counting money.
10. An old friend, whom/who/that I saw at a recent garden party, has a grandson.

Make sentences in either the defining or non-defining relative clause using the words given.
1. Who/my sister (non defining)
2. That/assistant director (defining)
3. Whom/a man (non defining)
4. Where/the park (defining)
5. Why/umbrella (non defining)
6. Which/roof(defining)
7. When/last week (non defining)
8. Whose/gloves (defining)
9. Which/horse (non defining)
10. At Which/time (defining)

Join the following pairs of sentences. There are defining and non-defining relative sentences.
1. She showed me a photograph of her son. Her son is a policeman.
2. The new stadium will be opened next month. The stadium holds 90,000 people.
3. John is one of my closest friends. I have known John for eight years
4. The boy is one of my closest friends. He is waiting for me.
5. Thank you for your letter. I was very happy to get your letter.
6. The letter is in the drawer. Peter has sent the letter to you.
7. Next week-end I’m going to Glasgow. My sister lives in Glasgow.
8. Next summer we are visiting the town. My father was born in this town.
9. The storm caused a lot of damage. Nobody had been expecting the storm.
 87

10. That man over there is an artist. I don’t remember his name.
11. Mr Yates is retiring next month. He has worked for the same company all his life.
12. My sister is visiting us next week. You once met her.
13. Mr Carter is very interested in our plan. I spoke to him last night.
14. I’ve just bought some books about astronomy. I’m very interested in astronomy.
15. The man is in prison. Janet fell in love with this man.
16. Mr Roberts is in prison. Janet fell in love with him.

Complete the sentences.

1. I have a house. It is very small.
2. This book is very interesting. The story is about a pirate and a treasure.
3. She is Mary. She is my sister.
4. He said he had no money. It was not true.
5. We visited Paul. His house was very damaged.
6. Mr. Brown is very generous. I worked for him.
7. They lived in a very strange house. It had glass walls.
8. My father is 78. He goes to run every day.
9. Bobby gave me his phone number. I wrote it in a piece of paper.
10. We have a mother. She is Italian. We speak Italian and English.

Expand the following story by using as many non-defining relative clauses as you can.

A man called Peter took an airplane to New York to visit his sister. When he arrived at the airport, a old man asked him
a question. Peter gave a short reply and the man invited him for a drink. Peter accepted, and after he had the drink,
caught the airplane to New York. When he got to his sister's apartment, his sister invited him into the living room. As
he entered the room, he was surprised to see the same man.
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SENTENCES WITH WISH, HOPE, EXPECT AND WAIT

Wish + noun ; I wish you good luck in the exam.

Hope + verb: I hope you have good luck in the exam.

Wish: used to say we regret something in the present or in the past:

I wish you came to the party. I wish you had come to the party.

Commonly used in hypothetical or imagined situations. Something impossible.

Wish + Verb past tense

I wish that I had a 7 in English. I wish you studied more English

She wished she hadn't said that

Used in greeting and expressions of goodwill

Wish me luck We wish you the best

Expect: used when something is likely to happen.

When you think that something is going to happen.

I expect John to pass the exam because he has studied a lot.

I’m expecting news from my boyfriend

Wait: has to do with time.

I do not like waiting for the bus Wait for me!

Look forward to: used when you have an illusion of something.

I’m looking forward to seeing him Looking forward to hearing from you soon

Hope: when you want something to happen

Expresses a desire for a thing to happen.

I hope you will enjoy yourselves at the cinema I hope you like the present a lot

Can also be used in expressions of goodwill, but the grammar is different

I hope (that) you have a nice birthday. (future)
I hope (that) you had a nice Birthday. (past)

Deseo que disfruten mucho en el cine Llevamos esperando más de media

Deseo que encuentren las llaves pronto
Estoy esperando la fiesta de Pablo. (con ilusiòn)
Me gustaría desearles un buen año
Deseo que tengan mucho éxito en el futuro
Ojalá hubieras venido a la fiesta, fue muy divertida
Ojalá hubieras escuchado al pájaro cantar
Ojalá estuvieras en el concierto.
Estoy esperando con ilusión conocerte.
Espero que sea verdad.
Espera (él) con ilusión terminar el curso.
Lleva (ella) toda la mañana esperándonos.
Sus padres esperan verlos mañana.
Espero que no llueva esta tarde.
Ojalá supiera dónde dejé mis documentos
Estamos esperando reunirnos con usted. (ilusión)
Siempre esperamos con ilusión la navidad.
¿A quién estás esperando?
¿Cuánto tiempo vas a esperar?
¿Qué esperabas?
¿Estás esperando con ilusión ir a buscar setas?
Deseo que tengas muy buena suerte en el examen
Te deseo suerte en el examen
Deseo viajar al extranjero esta semana
Deseo que les guste la cena
Espero ir al la playa este fin de semana.
Ojalá tuviera más tiempo para hacer este paper
Estoy esperando una carta.
Te vamos a esperar hasta las cinco.
Está (ella) esperando con ilusión el concierto.
Espero que lleven las recomendaciones.
Ojalá pudieras quedarte más
Espera (ella) que hagamos lo mejor que podamos.
Espérame.
Esperas demasiado de tus alumnos.
Esperan poder hacer todo el trabajo.
No voy a esperar mucho tiempo la llamada.
¿Están esperando con ilusión ver el vídeo?
¿Estás esperando a alguien?
¿A qué hora esperan llegar? (plan).
Me gustaría que estuviera aquì
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SAY – TELL – SPEAK – TALK

SAY
 It is used with words. Structure: say something to somebody.
 Say is most often used without a personal object.
 If we want to put a personal object after say, we use to.
 With word such as something, nothing, anything.

Examples:
She said nothing all morning. She said 'Hello' to me.
He said 'Goodbye' and went away. Don’t say anything
She said that it was my last chance. She said that she would be late. (NOT She said me...)
And I say to all the people of this great country.
Shh! He’s saying something. I want to hear him!

say no more: I understand what you mean

easier said than done: more difficult to do than to talk about. Eg. Getting a job is easier said than done.
say when: used to ask somebody to show when one should stop pouring a drink
saying: well-known phrase

SPEAK
 It is used when one person addresses a group: The President spoke at the conference
 It is often used for one-way communication and for exchanges in more serious or formal situations.
 It is the usual word to refer to knowledge and use of languages: He speaks French
 Used to be express non verbal communication; Spoke with her eyes

Examples:
He spoke to the class about the problem.
I'd like to speak to Mr. Pitt, please.
She speaks three languages fluently.
Actions speak louder than words
Can you speak Chinese?
I’ll have to speak to that boy -- he’s getting very lazy.
After she had finished reading the letter, nobody spoke.
Speak for yourself

speaker: person who speaks

be on speaking terms with somebody: be on friendly or polite terms, be willing to talk
actions speak louder than words: what a person actually does means more than what he says he will do
the facts speak for themselves: the facts show the truth, without further interpretation or explanation
speak/talk of the devil: said when somebody one has been talking about appears

TALK
 Suggests that two or more people are having a conversation.
 There is not very much difference between speak and talk.
 Talk is the more usual word to refer to conversational exchanges and informal communication.
 To articulate (words): The baby is talking sentences now.
 To imitate the sounds of human speech: The parrot talks.
 To convey one's thoughts in a way other than by spoken words: talk with one's hands.
 To consult or confer with someone: I talked with the doctor.
 Rumors or speculations: There is talk of bankruptcy.
 Jargon; slang: prison talk.

Examples
They talked for hours about the problem. Can I talk to Mr. Pitt, please?
When she walked into the room everybody stopped talking Money talks
We are talking about Bobby the cat (NOT we are speaking about Bobby the cat)

TELL
 It is used when giving information. Structure: tell somebody something.
 After tell, we usually say who is told
 Tell is used to tell someone to do something, orders.
 Tell is not used before objects like a word, a name, a sentence, a phrase.
 Tell someone again (repeat)
 You can tell... the truth, the time, a lie, a story, the future,
 Used to inform positively, to assure: I tell you, the plan will work
 To give instructions: Tell the students to wait in line
 90

Examples:
She told me nothing about herself. (gave me no information) Can you tell me how to get to the bank?
You can’t tell the difference! We told Jane she was ugly

speak/talk of the devil: said when somebody one has been talking about appears
talk one's head off: talk too much talk: conversation or informal speech
Now you’re talking! Talk show: TV show
Talk to oneself

SAY OR TELL?

1. Tony _________ that he was hungry

2. Anna _________ me that you were angry
3. We _________everybody that he is handsome
4. They _________ me that he was embarrassed
5. The doctor _________ her: “Open your mouth”
6. She _________ “That’s a great idea”
7. He _________ that it had snowed the week before
8. She _________ us that Rome was nice
9. The teacher _________ us to shut up
10. He never _________ his daughter a bed-time story
11. Some people always _________ the truth
12. Don Manuel _________ that he was very happy
13. My students can’t _________the time in English
14. His mother _________ him not to come home late
15. How do I know? I can’t _________ the future

SAY, TELL, TALK, SPEAK

1. As I ______________in the last class, my favorite things are music and art.
2. Some Chileans ______________ very fast.
3. The Matthew's daughter is learning to ______________ English well.
4. Mr. Clark ______________ to us about Valentine's Day.
5. It's difficult to understand what is ______________ on TV.
6. Mr. Clark ______________us about Valentine's Day.
7. I would like to ______________ to you.
8. I would like to ______________ you something.
9. I would like to ______________ something to you.
10. Mr. Clark ______________ that Valentine's Day is very important
11. It's difficult to understand children when they ______________ to each other.
12. Mr. Clark ______________ us to watch a special program.
13. ______________ him not to open it!
14. He wants to ______________ something at the meeting
15. Stop ______________ and listen!
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LOOK – WATCH – SEE

LOOK (at) (mirar)

 To pay attention, to try to see what is there (an effort, conscious)
 To employ one's sight, especially in a given direction or on a given object: looked at the floor.
 We're talking about seeing something with an intention: This morning I looked at the newspaper
 To examine: I need to take a look at you
 To search: We looked all afternoon but could not find it.
 To consider: Look at the results, you have to take a look at my plan
 To appear to be: It looks like it’s going to rain
 Look up (e.g. dictionary)
 Usually used when the action lasts for a short time: Look at that picture!
 Appearance or aspect: She looks great

Examples:
Let’s take a look at it
Look at yourself!
I’m looking for my glasses!
Look at this!
You have to look after your brothers!

WATCH (observar, vigilar)

 To observe intensely, continuously
 Used for actions that last for a longer period of time: We are watching the soccer match
 To look and wait expectantly or in anticipation: watch for an opportunity.
 To act as a spectator; look on: stood by the road and watched.
 To stay awake at night while serving as a guard, sentinel, or watcher.
 To stay alert as a devotional or religious exercise; keep vigil.

Examples:
I’m watching you!
We’re watching TV
Maria is watching her kid
Watch out!
Watch it!
Watch your steps!

SEE (ver)
 "see" is an "inactive" verb. So long as your eyes are open, you don't have to actively think about the action of
"seeing
 I didn't intend to see it, it just happened: I saw some birds this morning
 Some animals and birds find no difficulty moving at night as they have the ability to see in the dark
To understand, comprehend: See the problem! I see your point
 To detect by means analogous to use of the eye: an electronic surveillance camera saw the activity in the yard.
 To have a mental image of; visualize: They could still see their hometown as it once was.
 To consider to be; regard: Many saw her as a world leader.
 To believe possible; imagine: I don't see him as a teacher.
 To foresee: I see great things for that child.
 To find out; ascertain: Please see who's knocking.
 To refer to; read: Persons interested in the book's history should see page one of the preface.
 To visit for consultation: You ought to see your doctor more frequently.
 To attend; view: Let's see a movie.
 To escort; attend: I'm seeing Nellie tonight.
 To make sure; take care: See that it gets done right away.

Examples:
I saw him yesterday at the mall
We saw the information on TV
See you later!
Long time no see!
Wait and see!
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1. "Kids, please, ___ at the blackboard!"

a. look b. see c. watch

2. "Be quiet and let me ___ the football match!"

a. look b. saw c. watch

3. Cats can ___ in the dark.

a. see b. look c. watching

4. "I have to go. ___ you later!

a. Look b. See c. Watch

5. " ___ at those beautiful pictures!"

a. Look b. See c. Watch

6. The police are ___ the suspect.

a. looking b. seeing c. watching

7. I have not ___ "Titanic".

a. looked b. seen c. watched

8. "I usually ___ television in the evenings. And you?"

a. looking b. see c. watch

9. "It is very dark, I can't ___ anything!

a. look b. see c. watch

10. "Can you ___ the baby a minute? I'll be right back!"
a. look b. watch c. see

I was _______a baseball game last night when I ______a big spider on the wall

"I can't find my glasses anywhere!" "Oh, I ______them on the table just now."

The police are _____ the house in case the criminals come back

Let's go back to Sogo. I want to _____that dress again. I'm thinking of buying it.

I ____ in the shop window, but I didn't see anything I liked

"What are you doing?" "I'm ______some old photos." I enjoy ______children play.

He’s very shy, he doesn’t _____ you in the eye Did you _____ the advert in the newspaper

I can’t _____ much in this light I spent the evening ____ TV.

____ out! There's some water on the floor. Did you ____ the football last night?

I've never liked it- I don't know what you____ in it. I can't ____ any milk in the fridge.

You can’t ____ far in this fog. Denny ____ good tonight.

Did you ____ the movie yesterday? ____ out for pickpockets

Can you ____ the blue car on the left ____ you tomorrow!

It ____ like rain doesn’t it? Yes, I ____ what you mean

You ____ very unhappy You’ll have to ____ the doctor

 93

DO – MAKE

DO
 To express daily activities or jobs
 Usually with activities that produce no physical object.
Examples: do homework; do housework; do the ironing; do the dishes; do a job

 Use the verb 'do' when we do not exactly name an activity. This form is often used with the words 'something,
nothing, anything, everything, etc.
Examples: I'm not doing anything today; he does everything for his mother; she's doing nothing

 There are a number of standard expressions that take the verb 'do'. These are standard collocations (verb +
noun combinations) that are used in English.
Examples: ; do good; do harm; do a favour; do business, nothing, an exam, research, damage, a job, a
favour, your best, well/bad, shopping

MAKE
 To express an activity that creates something that you can touch.
Examples: make food; make a cup of tea / coffee; make a mess

 There are a number of standard expressions that take the verb 'make'. These are standard collocations (verb +
noun combinations) that are used in English.
Examples: make plans; make an exception; make arrangements; make a telephone call; make a decision;
make a mistake; make noise; make money; make an excuse; make an effort; an appointment, an attempt, a
choice, a living, sense, redundant, progress, a start, a suggestion, an investigation, a speech, a sound, friends

do business make a difference

do nothing make a mess
do someone a favour make a mistake
do the cooking make a noise
do the housework make an effort EXPRESSIONS WITH "DO" AND "MAKE"
do the shopping make furniture
do the washing up make money
do your best make progress
do your hair make room
do your homework make trouble

1. If you want to buy that car, I'm sure we can _____ a deal.
2. I _____ an appointment to visit my doctor yesterday.
3. Excuse me, could you _____ me a favor and watch my bags for a moment?
4. Timmy! I told you to not _____ a mess in the living room!
5. I'm afraid I can't come. I'm going to _____ my homework after school.
6. How much money does your father _____?
7. Tom's _____ a phone call at the moment, he'll be back shortly.
8. He really doesn't want to _____ that decision.
9. I like _____ business with Jack.
10. I usually _____ the cleaning on Saturday Morning.
11. Do you ____ your bed every morning?
12. Sue cooks but I _____ the dishes.
13. I usually _____ about 50 sit ups in the morning.
14. Let's _____ a date for the 15th.
15. I'd be happy if you would _____ the honors.
16. John _____ everything by hand - he is amazing!
17. How much profit did your company _____ last quarter?
18. You don't need to _____ a face if you don't like my cooking!
19. Please, _____ yourselves at home. I'll only be a minute.
20. I don't think you _____ any harm.
21. I was _____ 100 mph when the policeman stopped me.
22. OK, I'll _____ an exception this time. But ONLY this time!
23. I think his help _____ a lot of good for the children.
24. _____ peace not war.
 94

25. Have you _____ any progress on that report yet?

26. The soldier _____ his duty to his country.
27. All that matters is that you _____ your best on the test.
28. I don't want you to _____ an excuse. I want you to explain your actions.
29. He _____ all the arrangements for his trip to Europe last weekend.

WORK – JOB

WORK – Verb (trabajo)

General
I have to work hard, He´s at work, It´s a very hard work, I have to work on weekends, I`m going to work
What line of work are you in?'. I have to go to work tomorrow so I can' t stay too long'.
I was given a promotion at work last year' I work as a policeman

JOB – Noun (labor)

Specific
I have a new job, I`m going to my job, I have a a job, I need a work permit, work experience
It’s a dirty job, but someone has to do it
I’m only doing my job
It' s part of my job to make sure everything runs smoothly in this department'.
In my job I have to talk and write to people in America a lot because our headquarters are in New York'.
For this job it' s very important to speak several languages and to know how to use excell'.

1. She's got a new _____.

2. They did a great _____ fixing my computer.
3. He's got _____ with the government.
4. Ironing is hard ____.
5. If ____ is worth doing, it's worth doing well.
6. You've never done a day's _____ in your life.
7. There will be a lot of ____ losses when the factory closes.
8. She's always changing ____.
9. I've got _____ working for a bank.
10. It took me an hour to get home from ____ yesterday.
11. Let's try to make the best of a bad ____.
 95

AS / LIKE

AS

- Can be a preposition meaning in the capacity of / in the function of

He works as a clerk. He plays as a professional

- It is used to express manner and introduces a small sentence

When in Rome do as Romans do. She sings as you do
Do it as I told you

- It also appears in comparative structures:

She is as busy as a bee. I’m as intelligent as you are
As light as a feather As white as snow

- In such as it means like:

There are different ways of travelling such as (=like) walking, flying or driving.

- To express time (when) As they fired me, I realized my mistake

- To express reason (because, due to) As I didn’t study, I failed the English class

- Introduces examples Some animals, as the horses

AS + NOUN = FUNCTION, ACTIVITY, ROLE

She worked as a teacher for 20 years Bobby as Hamlet is wonderful.

AS + SMALL SENTENCE = COMO

Call her as your mother told you Rocky , as in all of his fights, finally wins

LIKE

- Used to expresses similarity and it is followed by a noun.:

She feels like a rolling stone (=in the same way as)
It was like a dream (=similar to)
I slept like a log

- Like is a preposition and is therefore followed by pronouns in the object form. (me, him, her, them)
They said they didn't want people like me in that group. He is like his father
She sings like you

- It can also be followed by a verb, in the -ing form

There's nothing like fishing from a boat

LIKE + SUSTANTIVO / PRONOMBRE WHEN COMPARING

This coat is like yours He is like his brother She sings like an angel.

AS or LIKE ?

1. There's no business___________show buisiness.

2. ___________a lawyer, I would advise caution
3. I once worked _______a bus conductor.
4. This motorway is___________a car park.
5. People________the Joneses always copy us.
6. ___________it was getting cold, we decided to go into a cafeteria.
7. There's nothing ____________fishing in the sea. It's so relaxing
8. Mary weighs the same____________her brother.
9. She is always as busy _____________a bee. She never has time.
10. ________he opened the door, he discovered that he had a nice visit.
11. His ringtone sounded ____ an alarm.
12. She drinks ____ a fish.
 96

13. He's been behaving ____ a child all afternoon.

14. He works ____ a receptionist three days a week.
15. Weather ____ this always depresses me.
16. I'll do it ____ agreed.
17. I regard them ____ friends.
18. Considered ____ a whole, the project's very good.
19. They were late ____ usual.
20. I gave it to her ____ a present.
21. Stop acting ____ a fool.
22. ____ me, she works hard.
23. The director behaves ____ a spoilt child.
24. This dog runs ____ a rabbit.
25. Play____ he told you.

He plays like a professional. Professional Not professional

He plays as a professional. Professional Not professional
I'm talking to you like your mother Mother Not the mother
I'm talking to you as your mother Mother Not the mother
.
 97

SO / TOO

We use them to express the same affirmative idea avoiding redundancy.

I went to Japan last month, so did I I went to Japan last month, I did too
She loves Thai tea, so do we She loves Thai tea, we do too
My brother can fly, so can I My brother can fly, I can too
We will have a meeting, and so will they We will have a meeting, and they will too

BOTH
(1 +1) It means “one and two”
Both jobs are good Both restaurants were very expensive
Both girls are very intelligent I like both cars

EITHER / NEITHER

Either (1 or 1) It means "one of two"

 Either... or is used to offer a choice between two possibilities:

Either Mike or Lisa will be there. Either you leave me alone or I will call the police.
We should bring either coffee or tea. You can either help us or go to your room.

 Either can also be followed by (one) of + group of two:

Either of us could do it Either one of us could do it
Either of you should know Either one of you should know

 Not... either... or denies two possibilities:

I don't think either Mike or Lisa will be there. He doesn't speak either English or French.

 Not... either is used after a negative statement.

I don't speak French. You don't either.
He isn't ready to go. We aren't either.

Neither ( not 1 and not 1) It means "not one and not the other"

 Neither…nor are used together when we want to link two negative ideas:
When I spoke to him, he neither smiled nor looked at me.
Neither the chairman nor the treasurer was / were able to attend the meeting.
Don't bother preparing dessert because neither Jane nor Julie eat / eats anything sweet.

 Neither... nor is equivalent to not... either... or.

Neither Mike nor Lisa will be there. He speaks neither English nor French.
We brought neither coffee nor tea. I will neither help you nor go to my room.

 Neither can also be followed by (one) of + group of two:

Neither of them is ready. Neither one of them is ready.
Neither of us has any money. Neither one of us has any money.

 Neither is used like not... either.

I don't speak French. Neither do I.
(informal): Me neither. He isn't ready to go. Neither are we.

Note that when singular subjects are connected with neither…nor, the verb which follows can be
either singular or plural.
Either means one, neither means none, and not either equals neither. Or goes with either and nor
goes with neither.
 98

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES WITH SO / TOO

1. Soccer has been a very popular sport in America, ……………………… ………………………

2. We need to go to the dentist, ……………………… ………………………
3. Mary and Paul went to the opera yesterday, ……………………… ………………………
4. This company was created in 1999, ……………………… ………………………
5. The Sydney Opera House is a very popular building, ……………………… ……………………
6. Shakespeare was born in United Kingdom, ……………………… ………………………
7. Reading will expand your knowledge of the topic, ……………………… ………………………
8. Rock became popular in the 50’s, ……………………… ………………………
9. She’s always speaking on the cell phone, ……………………… ………………………
10. Driving in the rain could be dangerous, ……………………… ………………………
11. Personal stereos were very popular in the 80’s, ……………………… ………………………

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING CHART ACCORDING TO THE EXAMPLE

1. A bird can’t swim Neither can a cat A cat can’t either

2. I hate chocolates ………….………….. ………….…………..
3. We didn’t attend the conference ………….………….. ………….…………..
4. You won’t have vacations ………….………….. ………….…………..
5. Soccer hasn’t been popular in Chile ………….………….. ………….…………..
6. We don’t need to go to the dentist, ………….………….. ………….…………..
7. Mary and Paul didn’t go to the opera yesterday , ………….………….. ………….…………..
8. This company wasn’t created in 1999, ………….………….. ………….…………..
9. The Sydney Opera House isn’t a very popular building, ………….………….. ………….………......
10. Shakespeare wasn’t born in United Kingdom, ………….………….. ………….…………..
11. Reading won’t expand your knowledge of the topic, ………….………… ………….…………..
12. Rock didn’t become popular in the 50’s, ………….………….. ………….…………..
13. She’s not always speaking on the cell phone, ………….………….. ………….…………..
14. Personal stereos weren’t very popular in the 80’s, ………….………….. ………….…………..

COMPLETE WITH EITHER OR NEITHER

1. You must __________ go at once or wait until tomorrow
2. It is urgent so could you __________ phone or telex?
3. You can have __________ soup or fruit juice (but not both)
4. He didn't like the book; I didn't __________
5. __________ threats nor arguments had any effect on him
6. He __________ wrote nor phoned
7. They said the room was large and bright but it was __________ large nor bright
8. He didn't like the book; __________ did I

1. Rodrigo: "I think Mexican food is delicious." Roberto: "_____."

2. Adrián: "I don't think greasy foods are good for you." Susana: "_____."
3. Armando: "I don't like Japanese food very much." Luís: "_____."
4. Paola: "I love chocolate desserts!" Paulina: "_____."
5. Carlos: "I can't go to the movies without eating popcorn." Javier: "_____."
6. Marisa: "I don't always eat healthy food." Paulina: "_____."
7. Laura: "I'm in the mood for something spicy." María: "_____."
8. Carolina: "I can cook a great seafood dinner." Mariel: "_____."
 99

FILL THE GAPS WITH EITHER, NEITHER OR BOTH.

1. A: Do you want ice cream or apple pie? B: Can I have ____________, please.
2. I'm sorry. There isn't enough to go round. You can only have ____________ ice cream or pie
3. Tony wasn't in class today. ____________ was Caroline. Hmm.
4. How embarrassing! We're ____________ wearing the same jumper.
5. Michael Jackson or Madonna? I don't like ____________ of them.
6. I found two pairs of nice jeans in the sales so I bought ____________.
7. These two streets go to the station. You can take ____________.
8. A: Are you Leo or Virgo? B: ____________. I'm Pisces.
9. So who's bringing a tent, ____________ you or Michael?
 100

HAVE SOMETHING DONE

In Spanish when you say “I’m going to cut my hair” everybody understands that you’re going to the hairdresser’s
and he/she will do the job. However, this is not the same in English.
When you say in English “I’m going to cut my hair” you are actually saying that you yourself will perform the
action of cutting your hair.

SUBJECT + HAVE/GET + OBJECT + PP

I must get my eyes tested

We use the “have something done” form when someone else does s’thing for you.
The hairdresser cut my hair. Therefore, I had my hair done.
A designer will redecorate my house. Therefore, I will have my house redecorated.

She had her nails done.

I need to have my room painted
They are having their school rebuilt
Where did you have this delicious dessert made?

In informal situations you can also say:

I’m going to get my hair done / I got my house redecorated.
When are we going to get our house painted?

This form is also used when something bad happened to someone or something.
Mary had her car crushed by a tree.

EXERCISES

WRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES IN THE CORRECT ORDER

Yesterday, (I / cut / my hair)___________________________________.
Every Friday, (Joe / wash / his car)______________________________.
Tomorrow, (she / repair / her shower)______________________________.
Each Saturday, (we / deliver / a pizza)_____________________________ to our home.
Last year, (Bob / clean / his house)_____________________________ by a charwoman.
As Phil had a broken arm, (he / type / his texts)______________________ by his secretary.
(I / pick up / the goods)_____________________________ tomorrow in the afternoon.
(we / redecorate / our walls)______________________last summer.
Whenever Clara is staying at this hotel, (she / carry / her bags)______________________ into her room.
(we / organise / our last party)_____________________ by professionals.

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE VERBS IN BRACKETS

We___________ the roof___________ last year. It cost us a packet. (repair)

Anne___________ her hair___________ every Friday afternoon. (do)
I___________ the brakes___________ three times a year. (check)
The government___________ the whole town___________ yesterday. (evacuate)
I___________ my hard drive___________ for a bigger one last week. (change)
When did you last___________ the air-conditioning___________ ? (service)
You don't think Liv Tyler's beautiful?! You should___________ your eyes___________ . (test)
After the plague of fleas, the boss___________ the office___________ . (disinfect)
Your cat's coughing. You need to___________ him___________ for parasites. (treat)
Daphne___________ her legs___________ once a fortnight. (do)
I normally___________ my suit dry___________ before a wedding. (clean)
 101

The headmaster___________ all the lockers___________ for the missing footballs yesterday. (search)
Have you___________ your house__________ _? (double-glaze)
Have you___________ that poster I bought you___________ yet? (frame)
The house is in chaos. We're___________ a new kitchen___________ in. (put)
My hair's getting far too long. I need to_______ it_ ______ . (cut)
Noah hates_______ his photo_______ . (take)
I've lost my key so I'd better_______ another one______ _. (make)
My watch isn't working properly. I ought to_______ it_______ . (repair)
I'm going to_______ my suit_______ as there's a coffee stain on the sleeve. (dry-clean)
It's time we_______ our car______ . (service)
Katie can't find a wedding dress she likes so she's considering____ ______ one___________ . (make)
As this summer is expected to be really hot we're planning on___________ air-conditioning___ _______. (install)
Jenny's worried she may have a high cholesterol level so she wants to__________ it______ ____ . (check out)
The police suspected the fugitive was hiding somewhere in the building so they__ ________ it__________
(search)

The film in my camera is finished. I need to get it ______ .

My beard is too long. Do you know where I can get it ______?
I'm having my offices ______ by a famous architect.
I'm going to the dentist to have a tooth ______ out
I'm going to the photographer to have my photo ______ for the company newsletter.
My car is making strange noises. I need to have it ______.
My car's filthy. Do you know where I can get it ______?
Is there a dry cleaning service in this hotel? I need to get my suit ______
My car has broken down.

Peter is kind of lazy and never does anything by himself. His central heating system broke down. He couldn’t fix
it himself so he__________ it ___________ (repair) by a heating engineer. He normally ____________ his car
______________ (service) in a garage. When he bought a new computer he ___________the software
____________ (install) at the shop. His mother visited him last night and asked him a lot of questions.
Mother: Your hair is too long. When did you last___________ it___ ________? (cut)
The cook doesn’t work. Why don’t you___________ it____________? (repair)
And look at this carpet. You should__________ it____________(clean).
 102

LINKING WORDS

AND I like Christmas and new year

We have to buy bread and cheese

BUT I really want to go but I have to study

I like chocolate but I`m diabetic so I can’t eat them

OR Would you like to drink a coke or orange juice?

Are you going to visit Mary tomorrow or during the weekend?

ALTHOUGH Although I studied really hard for the test, I got a 2.0. Contradiction + Sentence
Although I was sick, I went to the soccer game.
I never go to church, although I`m Catholic.

THOUGH I was sick, but I went to the soccer game though Informal

EVEN THOUGH I went to the soccer game, even though I was sick Sentence + Contradiction
I got a 2.0, even though I studied really hard

INSTEAD OF ON THE OTHER HAND ON THE CONTRARY CONVERSELY

BECAUSE SINCE AS BECAUSE OF
DUE TO (the fact) HENCE THEREFORE THEN
SO (AS TO)
HOWEVER MEANWHILE WHILE
ACTUALLY CERTAINLY DEFINETELY CONSIDERING
OBVIOUSLY HIGHLY STRONGLY
MAINLY ESPECIALLY IN ADDITION ALSO
PERHAPS IN MY OPINION FINALLY
FORTUNATELY / UNFORTUNATELY

FOR, SINCE AND UNTIL: These prepositions are used to express for how long something happens

FOR: Focuses on duration and can be used in most tenses. It is followed by a period of time.
I’ve been here for 20 minutes They lived in NY for 2 years

SINCE: Used with perfect tenses and must be followed by a concrete point in time. (Summer, Monday,
January) or an specific point in time.
I’ve lived here since 1992 She’s been in NY since January – She is still in NY
Since she came here I've been very nervous

UNTIL: Tells us how long something happens, but the focus is on the end of the action or situation. It is
followed by a point in time.
She stayed in Barcelona until January - She left Barcelona in January.
IRREGULAR VERBS 103

INFINITIVE PAST PAST

PARTICIPLE
1 be was, were Been Ser/estar
2 become became become Llegar a ser
3 begin began begun Comenzar
4 break broke broken Romper
5 bring brought Brought Traer
6 build built built Construer
7 buy bought bought Comprar
8 catch caught caught Agarrar
9 choose chose chosen Elegir
10 come came come Venir
11 cost cost cost Costar
12 cut cut cut Cortar
13 do did done Hacer
14 draw drew drawn Dibujar
15 drink drank drunk Beber
16 drive drove driven Manejar
17 eat ate eaten Comer
18 fall fell fallen Caer
19 feel felt felt Sentir
20 fight fought fought Pelear
21 find found Found Encontrar
22 fly flew flown Volar
23 forget forgot forgotten Olvidar
24 get got gotten Obtener
25 give gave given Far
26 go went gone Ir
27 grow grew grown Crecer
28 have Had had Tener, haber
29 hear heard heard Oir
30 hit hit hit Golpear
31 keep kept kept Guarder
32 know knew known Saber, conocer
33 leave left left Partir, dejar
34 lose lost lost Perder
35 make made made Hacer, fabricar
36 Conocer,
meet met met
encontrarse con
37 pay paid paid Pagar
38 put put put Poner
39 read read read Leer
40 ride rode ridden Cabalgar
41 ring rang rung Sonar
42 run ran run Corer
43 say said said Decir
44 see saw seen Ver
45 sell sold sold Vender
46 send sent sent Enviar
47 shut shut shut Cerrar
48 sing sang sung Cantar
49 sit sat sat Sentarse
50 Sleep Slept Slept Dormir
51 Smell Smelt Smelt Oler
52 speak spoke spoken Hablar
53 spend spent spent Gastar, pasar
54 stand stood stood Pararse
55 steal stole stolen Robar
56 swim swam swum Nadar
57 take took taken Tomar, llevar
58 teach taught taught Enseñar
59 tell told told Decir,contar
60 think thought thought Pensar
61 understand understood understood Entender
62 wake woke woken Despertarse
63 wear wore worn Usar (ropa)
64 win won won Ganar
65 write wrote written Escribir
 104

INFINITIVE PAST PAST

PARTICIPLE
1 Accept Accepted Aceptar
2 Add Added Sumar, agregar
3 Agree Agreed Estar de acuerdo
4 Allow Allowed Permitir
5 Answer Answered Responder
6 Argue Argued Discutir
7 Arrive Arrived Llegar
8 Ask Preguntar
9 Attempt Intentar
10 Avoid Evitar
11 Bake Hornear
12 Bathe Bañar
13 Beg Rogar
14 Behave Comportarse
15 Belong Pertencer
16 Call Llamar
17 care Cuidar
18 Cause Causar
19 Change Cambiar
20 Check Revisar
21 Claim Reclamar
22 Clean Limpiar
23 Close Cerrar
24 Compare Comparar
25 Compete Competir
26 Complain Quejar
27 Complete Completar
28 Concentrate Concentrarse
29 Connect Conectar
30 Consist Consistir
31 Contain Contener
32 Continue Continuar
33 Copy Copiar
34 Correct Corregir
35 Count Contar
36 Cover Cubrir
38 Crush Aplastar
39 Cry Llorar
40 Cure Curar
42 Damage Dañar
43 Dance Bailar
45 Decide Decidir
46 Delete Borrar
47 Deliver Entregar, repartir
48 Depend Depender
50 Destroy Destruir
52 Develop Desarrollar
53 Disagree EStar en desacuerdo
54 Disappear Desaparecer
55 Discover Descubrir
56 Dislike Disgustar
57 Divide Dividir
58 Doubt Dudar
59 Dream Soñar
60 Dress Vestir
62 Drown Ahogarse
63 Dry Secar
64 Earn Ganar
65 Embarass Avergonzar
66 Employ Usar
67 Encourage Animar, alentar
68 End Terminar
69 Enjoy Disfrutar
70 Enter Entrar
71 Escape Escaper
72 Examine Examiner
73 Excuse Excusar
74 Exercise Ejercitar
75 Exist Existir
76 Expand Expandir
 105

77 Expect Esperar
78 Explain Explicar
79 Face Enfrentar
80 Fell Caer
81 Fail Fallar
82 Fear Temer
83 Fill Llenar
84 Fix Arreglar
85 Fold Doblar
86 Follow Seguir
87 Form Formar
88 Greet Saludar
89 Guess Adivinar
90 Guide Guiar
91 Happen Suceder
92 Harm Dañar
93 Hate Odiar
94 Help Ayudar
95 hope Esperar
96 Hurry Apurar
97 Identify Identificar
98 Imagine Imaginar
99 Improve Mejorar
100 Include Incluir
101 Increase Aumentar
102 Inform Informar
103 Introduce Presentar, introducer
104 Invent Inventar
105 Invite Invitar
107 Joke Bromear
108 Judge Juzgar
109 Jump Saltar
110 Kick Patear
111 Kill Matar
112 Kiss Besar
113 Last Durar
114 Laugh Reír
116 Like Gustar
118 Listen Escuchar
119 Live Vivir
120 Look Mirar
121 Love Amar
123 Measure Medir
124 Need Necesitar
125 Observe Observar
126 Obtain Obtener
127 Offer Ofrecer
128 Open Abrir
129 Order Ordenar
130 Paint Pintar
131 Park Estacionar
134 Perform Actuar, desempeñar
136 Plan Planear
137 Place Colocar
138 Play Jugar
139 Plug Enchufar
140 Practise Practicar
141 Prefere Preferir
142 Prepare Preparer
143 Present Presenter
144 Pretend Finjir
145 Produce Producer
146 Program Programar
147 Provide Proporcionar
148 Pull Tirar
149 Push Empujar
150 Receive Recibir
151 Recognise Reconocer
153 Regret Lamentar
154 Remember Recorder
155 Remind Recorder
 106

156 Remove Remover

157 Repeat Repetir
158 Replace Reemplazar
159 Rule Regular,gobernar
160 Save Ahorrar, salvar
161 Search Buscar
162 Serve Server
163 Shop Comprar
164 Smell Oler
165 Smile Sonreir
166 Sound Sonar
167 Start Empezar
168 Stay Permanecer
169 Stop Parar
171 Suggest Sugerir, aconsejar
172 Support Apoyar
173 Surprise Sorprender
174 Talk Hablar
175 Test Probar, testear
176 Touch Tocar
177 Transport Transporter
178 Try Tartar, probar
179 Turn Doblar
180 Use Usar
181 Visit Visitor
182 Wait Esperar
183 Walk Caminar
184 Want Querer
185 Wash Lavar
186 Waste Desperdiciar
187 Watch Observar
188 Welcome Dar la bienvenida
189 Work Trabajar
190 Worry Preocuparse

Doubles:

Burn burned (Usa) / burnt (Uk) burned (Usa) / burnt (Uk)

Dream dreamed (Usa) / dreamt (Uk) dreamed (Usa) / dreamt (Uk)

Get got got / gotten

Hid hid hid / hidden

Learn learned / learnt learned / learnt

Light lit / lighted lit / lighted

Quit quit / quitted quit / quitted

Smell smelled / smelt smelled / smelt

 107

SIZE /saɪz/ (TAMAÑO) FEELING / ‘fi:lɪŋ/ SENTIMIENTOS

S (BAD) /bæd/ (MALOS)
Average /‘ævərɪdʒ/ Promedio Afraid /ə’freɪd/ Tener miedo
Big /bɪɡ/ Grande Angry /‘æŋɡri/ Enojado
Fat /fæt/ grasiento Annoyed /ə’nɔɪd/ enfadado
Giant /‘dʒaɪənt/ Gigante Anxious / ‘æŋkʃəs/ ansioso
Gigantic /dʒaɪ’ɡæntɪ Enorme Ashamed /ə’ʃeɪmd/ Avergonzado
k/
Great /ɡreɪt/ grandioso Awful / ‘ɔ:fəl/ Horrible, espantoso
Huge / ‘hju:dʒ/ enorme Bad /bæd/ Malo
Immense /ɪ’mens/ inmenso Bored /bɔ:rd / Aburrido
Large /lɑ:rdʒ / Grande, extenso Confused /kən’fju:zd/ Confundido
Little / ‘lɪtlʲ/ Pequeño Cruel / ‘kru:əl/ Cruel
Long /lɔ:ŋ / Largo Dangero / Peligroso
us ‘deɪndʒərəs/
Massive / ‘mæsɪv/ Masivo Defeated /dɪ’fi:tid/ Derrrotado
Petite /pə’ti:t/ Pequeñito, Depresse /dɪ’prest/ Deprimido
menudo d
Short /ʃɔ:rt / Corto Disguste /dɪs’ɡʌstəd / Disgustado
d
Small /smɔ:l/ Pequeño, bajo, Disturbed /dɪ’stɜ:rbd / Trastornado
chico
Tall /tɔ:l/ Alto Embarras /ɪm’bærəst/ Embarazoso
sed
Tiny /’taɪni/ Diminuto, Envious / ‘enviəs/ Envidioso
minusculo
Evil / ‘i:vəl/ Malvado
SHAPE /ʃeɪp/ (FORMA) Foolish / ‘fu:lɪʃ/ Tonto (necio,
atontado)
Broad /brɔ:d/ Ancho, grande Frightene / ‘fraɪtnd/ Asustado
d
Chubby / ‘tʃʌbi/ regordete Helpless / ‘helpləs / Indefenso
Crooked / ‘krʊkɪd/ Torcido, chueco Homeles / ‘həʊmləs / Sin hogar
s
Curved /kɜ:rvd / curvado Hungry / ‘hʌŋɡri/ Hambriento
Deep /di:p/ Profundo, hondo Hurt /hɜ:rt / Herido
Flat /flæt/ plano Ill /ɪl/ Enfermo
High /haɪ/ Alto Jealous / ‘dʒeləs/ celoso
Low /ləʊ/ Bajo Lonely / ‘ləʊnli/ Solitario
Narrow / ‘nærəʊ/ Estrecho, angosto Mysteriou /mɪ’stɪriəs / Misterioso
s
Round /raʊnd/ Redondo Naughty / ‘nɔ:ti/ Travieso, pícaro
Shallow / ‘ʃæləʊ/ Poco profundo Nervous / ‘nɜ:rvəs / Nervioso
Skinny / ‘skɪni/ Delgado, flacucho Repulsiv /rɪ’pʌlsɪv/ Repulsivo
e
Square /skwer / Cuadrado Scary / ’skeri / De miedo
Straight /streɪt/ Recto, derecho, Selfish / ‘selfɪʃ/ Egoísta
liso
Wide /waɪd/ ancho Sore /sɔ:r / Adolorido, irritado
Tense /tens/ Tenso
TOUCH /tʌtʃ/ (TOCAR,TACTO) Terrible / ‘terəbəl/ Terrible
Boiling / ‘bɔɪlɪŋ/ Hirviendo Tired /taɪrd / Cansado
Broken / ‘brəʊkən/ Roto, quebrado Upset / ‘ʌp’set/ Disgustado
Bumpy / ‘bʌmpi/ Desigual, Worried / ‘wɜ:rid / Preocupado
desniveles
Chilly / ‘tʃɪli/ Frío, fresquito
Cold /kəʊld/ Frío FEELING / ‘fi:lɪŋ/ɡʊd/ SENTIMIENTOS(B
S UENOS)
(GOOD)
Cool /ku:l/ Fresco Amused /ə’mju:zd/ Divertido
Creepy / ‘kri:pi/ Escalofriante, Brave /breɪv/ Valiente
espeluznante,
Asqueroso,
repulsivo
Cuddly / ‘kʌdli/ Adorable Calm /kɑ:m/ Calmado
Curly / ‘kɜ:rli / Rizado Charming / ‘tʃɑ:rmɪŋ / Precioso,
Encantador
Damage / ‘dæmɪdʒ/ Dañado Comforta / ‘kʌmftərbəl Confortable
d ble /
Dirty /’dɜ:rti / Sucio Cooperati /kəʊ’ɑ:pərətɪ Cooperador
ve v/
Dry /draɪ/ Seco Courage /kə’reɪdʒəs/ Valiente
 108

ous
Filthy / ‘fɪlθi/ Mugriento, roñoso delightful /dɪ’laɪtfəl/ Encantador, muy
agradable
Wet /wet/ Mojado Determin /dɪ’tɜ:rmənd/ Determinado
ed
Energetic /’enər’dʒetɪk energico
/
TIME /taɪm/ (TIEMPO) Enthusia /ɪn’θu:zi’æst entusiasta
stic ɪk/
Ancient / ‘eɪnʃənt/ Antiguo Excited /ɪk’saɪtəd / Entusiasmado
Brief /bri:f/ Breve Exuberan /ɪɡ’zu:bərənt Exuberante
t /
Early / ‘ɜ:rli / Temprano, Fair /fer / Justo, imparcial
Anticipado
Fast /fæst / Rápido Faithful / ‘feɪθfəl/ Fiel
Late /leɪt/ Tarde Fantastic /fæn’tæstɪk/ Fantastico
Long /lɔ:ŋ / Largo, Fine /faɪn/ Excelente,
Prolongado magnífico
Modern / ‘mɑ:dərn / Moderno Friendly / ‘frendli/ Amistoso, Simpático
Old /əʊld/ Viejo Funny / ‘fʌni/ Divertido, gracioso
Old- /əʊld'fæ Anticuado, Gentle /’ dʒentlʲ/ Dulce, tierno
fashione ʃənd/ pasado de moda
d
Quick /kwɪk/ Rápido (prisa) Good /ɡʊd/ Bueno
Rapid / ‘ræpɪd/ Rápido Happy / ‘hæpi/ Feliz
Short /ʃɔ:rt / Corto, breve Healthy / ‘helθi/ Saludable
Slow /sləʊ/ Lento Helpful / ‘helpfəl/ Útil, servicial
Swift /swɪft/ Veloz, rápido Kind /kaɪnd/ Amable
young /jʌŋ/ Joven Lovely / ‘lʌvli/ Amoroso
Lucky / ‘lʌki/ Suertudo,
afortunado
QUANTI / ‘kwɑ:ntəti CANTIDAD Obedient /ə'bɪ:dɪənt/ Obediente
TY /
Abundan /ə’bʌndənt/ Abundante Perfect /’pɜ:rfɪkt/ Perfecto
t
Empty / ‘empti/ Vacío Silly / ‘sɪli/ Tonto
Few /fju:/ Poco Successf /sək’sesfəl/ Exitoso
ul
Heavy / ‘hevi/ Pesado, fuerte
Light /laɪt/ Liviano CONDITI /kənˈdɪʃən/ (CONDICIÓN)
ON
Many / ‘meni/ Mucho (cantidad) Alive /ə’laɪv/ Vivo
Numerou / ‘nu:mərəs Numerosos Busy / ‘bɪzi/ Ocupado
s /
Careful / ‘kerfəl / Cuidadoso,
prudente
SOUND /saʊnd/ (SONIDO) Clever / ‘klevər / Inteligente
Loud /laʊd/ Fuerte Crazy / ‘kreɪzi/ Loco
Mute /mju:t/ Mudo Dead /ded/ Muerto
Noisy / ‘nɔɪzi/ Ruidoso Different / ‘dɪfrənt/ Diferente
Quiet / ‘kwaɪət/ Silencioso, Difficult / ‘dɪfɪkəlt/ Difícil
callado
Silent / ‘saɪlənt/ Silencioso, Easy / ‘i:zi/ Fácil
callado, mudo
Voiceles / ‘vɔɪsləs / Sordo (sin voz) Famous / ‘feɪməs/ Famoso
s
Whisperi / Cuchicheos, Fragile / ‘frædʒəl/ Frágil
ng ‘hwɪspəriɪŋ Susurro
/
Important /ɪm’pɔ:rtnʲt / Importante
TASTE/T /teɪst/ /tʌtʃ/ (GUSTO/TACTO) Impossibl /ɪm’pɒsəbəl/ Imposible
OUCH e
Bitter / ‘bɪtər / Amargo Innocent / ‘ɪnəsənt/ Inocente
Delicious /dɪ’lɪʃəs/ Delicioso Modern / ‘mɑ:dərn / Moderno
Fresh /freʃ/ Fresco Open / ‘əʊpən/ Abierto
Juicy / ‘dʒu:si/ Jugoso Outstandi /aʊt'stændɪɳ Destacado,
ng / pendiente
Salty / ‘sɔ:lti/ Salado Poor /pɔ:r / Pobre
Sour /saʊər / Acido, amargado Powerful / ‘paʊərfəl / Poderoso
Spicy / ‘spaɪsi/ Muy Real /ri:l/ Real, verdadero
condimentado,
Picante
Strong /strɔ:ŋ / Fuerte Rich /rɪtʃ/ Rico
 109

Sweet /swi:t/ Dulce Shy /ʃaɪ/ Tímido, vergonzoso

Tasty / ‘teɪsti/ Sabroso Sleepy / ‘sli:pi/ Somnoliento
Thirsty / ‘θɜ:rsti / Produce sed, Stupid / ‘stju:pɪd/ Estúpido
sediento
Hard /hɑ:rd / Duro Super / ‘su:pər / Super, genial
Hot /hɒt/ Caliente Wild /waɪld/ Salvaje
Icy / ‘aɪsi/ Helado, Wrong /rɔ:ŋ / Equivocado,
congelado incorrecto
Loose /lu:s/ Suelto
APPEAR /ə’pɪrəns / APARIENCIA
ANCE
FEELIN / ‘fi:lɪŋ/ SENTIMIENTOS Adorable /ə’dɔ:rəbəl/ Adorable
GS bæd/ (MALOS)
(BAD)
Afraid /ə’freɪd/ Tener miedo Alert /ə’lɜ:rt / Alerta
Angry /‘æŋɡri/ Enojado Average / ‘ævrɪdʒ / Promedio,
Annoyed /ə’nɔɪd/ enfadado Beautiful / ‘bju:təfəl / Hermoso, bello,
precioso
Anxious / ‘æŋkʃəs/ Ansioso, Blonde /blɒnd/ Rubio
preocupado,
inquito
Ashame /ə’ʃeɪmd/ Avergonzado Bloody / ‘blʌdi/ Sangriento
d
Awful / ‘ɔ:fəl/ Horrible, Bright /braɪt/ Brillante
espantoso
Bad /bæd/ Malo Clean /kli:n/ Limpio
Bored /bɔ:rd / Aburrido Clear /klɪr / Claro
Confuse /kən’fju:zd/ Confundido Cloudy / ‘klaʊdi/ Nublado
d
Cruel / ‘kru:əl/ Cruel Colorful /’kʌlərfəl / Colorido
Dangero / Peligroso Crowded / ‘kraʊdəd / Abarrotado, Lleno
us ‘deɪndʒərə de gente
s/
Defeated /dɪ’fi:tid/ Derrrotado Cute /kju:t/ Guapo, lindo
Depress /dɪ’prest/ Deprimido Dark /dɑ:rk / Oscuro
ed
Disguste /dɪs’ɡʌstəd Disgustado Distinct /dɪ’stɪŋkt/ Distinto
d /
Disturbe /dɪ’stɜ:rbd / Trastornado Elegant / ‘elɪɡənt/ Elegante
d
Embarra /ɪm’bærəst/ Embarazoso Fancy / ‘fænsi/ Extrabagante, lujoso
ssed
Envious / ‘enviəs/ Envidioso Light /laɪt/ Liviano
Evil / ‘i:vəl/ Malvado, maligno Shiny / ‘ʃaɪni/ Brillante
Foolish / ‘fu:lɪʃ/ Tonto (necio, Stormy / ‘stɔ:rmi / Tormentoso
atontado)
Frighten / ‘fraɪtnʲd/ Asustado Strange /streɪndʒ/ Raro, extraño
ed
Helpless / ‘helpləs / Indefenso Ugly / ‘ʌɡli/ Feo
Homeles / ‘həʊmləs / Sin hogar Unusual / ‘ʌn’ju:ʒuəl/ Inusual
s
Hungry / ‘hʌŋɡri/ Hambriento