Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Nicolas Noiray
D-MAVT, CAPS Lab.
CAPS
Combus+on
and
Acous+cs
for
Power
Systems
Lab.
Nicolas Noiray | 15/10/15 | 1
Thermoacoustics in combustion chambers
Power generation Aeronautics Aerospace
Liquid Rocket
Gas turbine Propellant
combustors
Aero-engine combustors
Boilers, Industrial
furnaces Solid Rocket
Propellant
Afterburners
CAPS
Combus+on
and
Acous+cs
for
Power
Systems
Lab.
Nicolas Noiray | 15/10/15 | 2
Gas Turbine combustors
GT26 Technology
GT: 326 MW, 40.3% efficiency
CCPP: 467MW, 59.5% efficiency Performance and efficiency
closely linked to the
Operating window
HP Turbine LP Turbine
Compressor
Combustion
instabilities
à Pulsations
NOx
EV Combustor
SEV Combustor
CAPS
Combus+on
and
Acous+cs
for
Power
Systems
Lab.
Nicolas Noiray | 15/10/15 | 3
Why does combustion instabilities matter?
Dynamic pressure Pulsations-induced damages
Time
Frequency
Structural vibrations
Time
Frequency
CAPS
Combus+on
and
Acous+cs
for
Power
Systems
Lab.
Nicolas Noiray | 15/10/15 | 4
Thermoacoustic feedback mechanisms
Combustor Acoustics
Emitted acoustic Impedance Reflected acoustic p0
waves 1 at boundaries 2 waves 3
7 3
0 Air feed 4
Coherent fluctuations of reactants c Convected Equivalence modulation
consumption inducing ratio oscillations 6
8
- heat release rate oscillations
- entropy waves 9
u0c Fuel feed 5
Coherent vortex shedding 7
Mixture mass flow oscillations Modulation
0
Stochastic fluctuations of
u0t t
reactants consumption Turbulence
Swing
analogy
R
CAPS
Combus+on
and
Acous+cs
for
Power
Systems
Lab.
Nicolas Noiray | 15/10/15 | 6
Several potential modes
Frequency (Hz)
CAPS
Combus+on
and
Acous+cs
for
Power
Systems
Lab.
Nicolas Noiray | 15/10/15 | 7
Nonlinearities
Acoustic energy budget Loss
Acoustic gain/loss
Gain
Heat release
response
Acoustic amplitude
amplitude
Acoustic
Acoustic amplitude
Time
CAPS
Combus+on
and
Acous+cs
for
Power
Systems
Lab.
Nicolas Noiray | 15/10/15 | 8
Acoustic energy balance
Acoustic losses through Acoustic sources induced
combustor boundaries by the flames
CAPS
Combus+on
and
Acous+cs
for
Power
Systems
Lab.
Nicolas Noiray | 15/10/15 | 9
Mitigation strategy: Reduce source term
Frequency
CAPS
Combus+on
and
Acous+cs
for
Power
Systems
Lab.
Nicolas Noiray | 15/10/15 | 10
Mitigation strategy: Increase damping
Frequency
CAPS
Combus+on
and
Acous+cs
for
Power
Systems
Lab.
Nicolas Noiray | 15/10/15 | 11
Technology drivers
Air pollution
Climate change Burn hotter for higher performance
Increase efficiency for lower CO2 emissions while reducing NOx emissions
New technologies for hydrogen combustion
Oxy-combustion for Carbon Capture
Fuel Flexibility
Standard fuels (NG, fuel oil)
Drive fundamental and applied Syn(thetic)-gas
research to develop new Biofuels (gas, liquid)
Hydrogen
combustion technologies
CAPS
Combus+on
and
Acous+cs
for
Power
Systems
Lab.
Nicolas Noiray | 15/10/15 | 12
How to deal with it?
for different
problems,
Different • Gas/Liquid fuel combustion,
approaches, • Burner aerodynamics,
In the next • slides,
Open/closed loop control,
some
• Analytical solutions • Damping enhancement
examples of upcoming
• Low/high lines of
frequencies,...
• Low order network models
• Helmholtz solversresearch to address these
• CFD challenges
• Experiments at atmospheric
or high pressure conditions
in different contexts
• Solving field issue,
• Developing upgrades,
• Developing a new chamber
CAPS
Combus+on
and
Acous+cs
for
Power
Systems
Lab.
Nicolas Noiray | 15/10/15 | 13
Predict combustion instabilities
Compressible reactive LES Thermoacoustic network
Full annular chamber
Flames:
Acoustics: Negative heat
Positive pressure release fluctuations
fluctuations
Flames:
Positive heat
release fluctuation
Acoustics:
Negative pressure
fluctuations
CAPS
Combus+on
and
Acous+cs
for
Power
Systems
Lab.
Nicolas Noiray | 15/10/15 | 14
Predict combustion instabilities Flame transfer function from
Apply broadband acoustic forcing and cross-correlation between
collect integrated heat release response response and forcing
CAPS
Combus+on
and
Acous+cs
for
Power
Systems
Lab.
Nicolas Noiray | 15/10/15 | 15
ent model
1.1. Model description
en following Reynolds decomposition
Optimize burner
U(x, t) = U (x) + u (x, t) design for low flame response
m
0
author
U(t) = Um + u0 (t)
= + i! (1.6)
ate and angular frequency !, the system becomes
SC Um = hUi 2 1
d flow (mean flow), and u are fluctuations such that hu i = 0. Consider (1.7)
N(U
0 m ) = A (u) 0
el u + Navier–Stokes
al (2D) incompressible L(Um )u = 0 equations (1.8)
1.1. Model description
Navier-Stokes == 0 0
equations
@t U + N(U) (1.1) (1.9)
ng Reynolds decomposition ||u|| = 1 (1.10)
U(x, @tt)U=+U Um·(x)rU + +u 0rP
(x, t) Re 1 r2 U = 0 (1.2)
ynolds stress divergence 1 2
is noted
rU +mean rP Re flow r + U is the Navier–Stokes operator, Re = U1 D/⌫
fluctuations
ber, U1 the free-stream (u) = velocity, u⇤ · ru D uthe · ru ⇤
.
cylinder diameter and ⌫ the(1.11)
0
of theU(t)fluid.= The
Um + u (t)
continuity equation r · U = 0 is omitted, as for all
ocity fields in the following. Introducing the Reynolds decomposition
Uupled
m · Linearized
rU +
equations
m rP Navier
m mean flowUand
for Re 1 2Stokes 2 ⇤
r m =fluctuations A (u · ru + u · ru⇤ )
Um = hUi
equations
an flow), and N(U ) = hu0 · ru
u0 aremfluctuations such
0
i that hu0 i1= 0. 2 Consider
(1.3) Flow response at f1
u0 + Um · ru0 + u · rU m 0 + rp Re r u = 0
compressible
@t u + L(U Navier–Stokes
m )u = u0 equations
· ru + hu0 · ru0 i (1.4)
eter A is the real amplitude of the fundamental mode normalised to
@N/@U
L2 norm, Linear
@mt Uiswith
+the
N(U) Navier–Stokes
the L2problem
= 0 norm induced adequate
operator by thefor
linearised (1.1) the
around
Hermitian innermean
product
⇤
a · b d⌦ on the flow domain stability ⌦. ?and have flow shownresponse that the limit cycle amplitude
+ U · 0rU + rP 0 Re 01 r2 U = 0 0 (1.2) Flow response at f2
resm )u
U Umanalysis
the =condition · ru + =u0 ·can rUbe m+ computed
rp Re by1 r 2 0
relaxing
u. (1.9) and solving
(1.5)
1 2
Pmean Re flow r equation
U is the (1.7) Navier–Stokes and the eigenvalue operator, Re = U1 D/⌫
problem (1.8) for increasing
↵ected by fluctuations through the nonlinear forcing term hu0 · ru0 i,
he free-stream
amplitude velocity,
à until the mean D the flow cylinder
saturates diameter and ⌫ from
asUit evolves the the base flow
the di↵erence
CAPS
between the steady mean flow m solution of (1.3) and Nicolas Noiray | 15/10/15 | 16
id.0)
The continuity
Combus+on
and
equation r
Acous+cs
for
Power
· U
Systems
L=
ab.
0 is omitted, as for all
w U solution of N(U ) =m0. In turn, fluctuations are a↵ected by themode
=
b
to the mean flow
b
U (where à = A), while the fundamental
Sequential combustor architectures with auto-
ignition stabilized flames
SEV Burner – Alstom GT26
Inlet vitiated air
1000°C
GT2015-43203
CAPS
Combus+on
and
Acous+cs
for
Power
Systems
Lab.
Nicolas Noiray | 15/10/15 | 17
Sequential combustor architectures with auto-
ignition stabilized flames
Automatic reduction of detailed chemical
OH schemes
HO2
CH4
CAPS
Combus+on
and
Acous+cs
for
Power
Systems
Lab.
Nicolas Noiray | 15/10/15 | 18
Damper development
Pulsation amplitude
time
Estimation of linear growth rate from
stochastically driven limit cycle data
Frequency
CAPS
Combus+on
and
Acous+cs
for
Power
Systems
Lab.
Nicolas Noiray | 15/10/15 | 19
Damper development
Pulsations without dampers Pulsations with dampers
GT2015-42287
Without dampers
Puls. Ampl.
With dampers
CAPS
Combus+on
and
Acous+cs
for
Power
Systems
Lab.
Nicolas Noiray | 15/10/15 | 21
Conclusion and outlook
Ø Lot of progress in the recent years in terms of combustion
instability understanding, modeling and control
CAPS Combus+on and Acous+cs for Power Systems Lab. Nicolas Noiray | 15/10/15 | 22