General concept

of
Frequency hopping

By:
Rohit Kumar Singh
EGIL-Ranchi
The Flow……

1) What is FH?

2) Why FH?
1) Multipath fading
2) Interference

3) Different types of FH
1) Baseband FH
2) Synthesizer FH

4) FH Specifications

5) Fractional Loading
FREQUENCY HOPPING

*In frequency hopping systems, each call hops between a

defined set of frequencies. So poor signal quality on any
specific frequency affects only a small portion of the
transmission.

* This makes it much easier to recreate any lost bits and so

preserve overall call quality.

*GSM networks use “slow” frequency hopping;

*A hop occurs before each time slot is transmitted

(every 4.615 millisecond, or 217 hops per second).
 Frequency

Time

* This shows the FH in time frequency domain

* Each block of TDMA frame is transmitted in

different frequencies
 WHY FH?
During a call, a number of physical effects influence the
perceived radio environment between a mobile station and a
base station. One such effect is multipath fading, which
means that transmitted signals reach the receiver via multiple
paths. Depending on the difference in path length.
Another effect is various types of interference. The
dominating type is normally co-channel interference, but
other types, such as adjacent channel interference,
intermodulation products, military sources etc. must be
considered as well.
 Multipath fading
The destructive interference produced by multipath
fading is called “fading-dips”. Fading dips may cause speech
quality degradation.
 For a given position the fading depends on the
transmission frequency.
This multipath fading particularly impacts slow moving
mobiles, as they may stay in one position and hence a fade
long enough to suffer information loss.
Rayleigh Fading
• This phenomenon is due to multipath propagation of the signal.
• The Rayleigh fading is applicable to obstructed propagation paths.
• All the signals are Non-LOS signals and there is no dominant direct path.
• Signals from all paths have comparable signal strengths.
• The instantaneous received power seen by a moving antenna becomes a
random variable depending on the location of the antenna.
Ricean Fading
• This phenomenon is due to multipath propagation of the signal.
• In this case there is a partially scattered field.
• One dominant signal.
• Others are weaker.
 Co-channel interference
The interference situation for a mobile is strongly dependent
on which frequency and time-slot that the mobile happens to
use.
Normally co-channel interference is caused by frequency re-
use
 What can be achived
 Frequency diversity
 Interference averaging
 Frequency diversity
Frequency hopping can reduce the
influence of signal strength variations caused
by multipath fading.
Multipath fading is frequency
dependent. This implies that the fading dips
appear at different locations for different
frequencies.
 Interference averaging
Frequency hopping can also break up persistent
interference into periodic occasions of single burst
interference.
Changing frequency at each burst offers a way to
improve the interference situation described above. The co-
channel interference will change at every burst.
The more frequencies that are used in the hopping, the
more rare such frequency collisions will be.
 Short technical description
 Baseband frequency hopping
 Synthesizer frequency hopping
 Baseband frequency hopping
At baseband hopping each transmitter operates
on a fixed frequency.
The advantage with this mode is that narrow-band

tuneable filter combiners can be used.

The disadvantage is that it is not possible to use a

larger number of frequencies than there are

transmitters.
Baseband frequency hopping

Controller Transmitter
X
TRX1 f1
Controller Transmitter
X
TRX2 f2
Combiner
Controller Transmitter
X
TRX3 f3
Controller Transmitter
X
TRX4 f4

Bus for routing of burst

 Synthesizer frequency
hopping
 The transmitter tunes to correct frequency at
transmission of each burst.
The advantage is that the number of frequencies
that can be used for hopping is not dependent on the
number of transmitters.
The advantage of Synthesizer over Base band is
that we need only as many TRX as the Capacity
 The disadvantage is that wide-band hybrid
combiners have to be used .
 Synthesizer frequency
hopping
Controller Transmitter
TRX1 f1,f2,…,fn
Controller Transmitter
TRX2 f1,f2,…,fn Hybrid
Controller Transmitter Combiner
TRX3 f1,f2,…,fn
Controller Transmitter
TRX4 f1,f2,…,fn
 Algorithm
Hopping sequence
 Cyclic hopping
 Random hopping
 Cyclic hopping
 In cyclic hopping the frequencies are used in a
consecutive order. For instance,the sequence of
frequencies for cyclic hopping between four
frequencies may appear as follows:

... , f 4 , f 1 , f 2 , f 3 , f 4 , f 1 , f 2 , f 3 , f 4 , f 1 , f 2 , ...

 A cyclic sequence is specified by setting the

parameter HSN (hopping sequence number) to zero.
 Random hopping
 A random hopping sequence is actually implemented as a
pseudo-random sequence.
 63 independent sequences are defined.
 When random hopping is used, the frequencies will be
used (pseudo-) randomly, and a hopping sequence for four
frequencies may appear as follows:

... , f 1 , f 4 , f 4 , f 3 , f 1 , f 2 , f 4 , f 1 , f 3 , f 3 , f 2 , ...

 The period for a random sequence is 6 minutes.

 Implementation with SFH
 Constrain
 Separate frequency band for BCCH
 Re-use pattern
 MA List
 HSN
 MAIO
 Fraction load
 Constrain
 Coverage overlapping constrain
 Frequency constrain
 Coverage overlapping
constrain
 Due to SFH with 1x1 or 1x3 are tight re-use
patterns then coverage control is major
constrain.
 Homogeneous network is recommended.
 Frequency constrain
 Performance of SFH depends on one factor
which called “Fractional load”
 Maximum fractional load is 50% means
number of frequency required is at least 2
time number of TCH Trxs used.
 Separate frequency band for
BCCH
BCCH cannot handle with high interference as
TCH due to :
 BCCH is not hop with SFH.
 Power control and DTX are not support on BCCH.
 Re-use pattern for SFH
 Standard re-use pattern
1. Re-use 1x1
2. Re-use 1x3
3. Multi re-use pattern for SFH (Adhoc AFP
Plan)
 Re-use 1x1
 Define every frequencies to every BTS.
 Avoid co-channel by MAIO and HSN
 Consider all frequencies assigned as frequency group A re-
use pattern will be as follow:
GroupA GroupA

GroupA GroupA GroupA GroupA

GroupA

GroupA GroupA
 Re-use 1x3
 Separate all frequencies into 3 groups.
 Define 3 frequency groups to every sites.
 Avoid co-channel by MAIO and HSN
 Consider all frequencies assigned as frequency group A,B and C re-
use pattern will be as follow:
GroupA GroupA

GroupB GroupC GroupB GroupC

GroupA

GroupB GroupC
 Multi re-use pattern
 Separate all frequencies into different groups.
 Define these groups to different sites.
 Avoid co-channel by MAIO and HSN
 Consider all frequencies assigned as frequency group G1,G2, G3 and
so on re-use pattern will be as follow:
G1 G4

G3 G2 G6 G5
G7

G9 G8
 Mobile Allocation MA List

 Set of frequencies the mobile is allowed to

hop over. Maximum of 63 frequencies can
be defined in the MA list
 MAL1= f1,f3,f5,f7,f9
 MAL2=f2,f4,f6,f8……
 MAL3=f1,f4,f7,f11…..
 Hopping Sequence Number (HSN)

 Determines the hopping order used in the

cell. It is possible to assign 64 different
HSNs.
 Range: 0 to 63
 Setting HSN = 0 provides cyclic hopping
sequence and HSN = 1 to 63 provide
various pseudo-random hopping
sequences.
 Mobile allocation index offset
 Define the first frequency of group for the first
burst.

Index 0 1 2 3 4 … N-1
Frequency group f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 .. fn
 Example of MAIO setting
 The random sequence of synthesizer hopping will appear
as follows for eight frequencies: (HSN = 0)
Index : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Controller Transmitter f1, f2, f3, f4, f5, f6, f7, f8 (MAIO = 0)
TRX1 f1, f2, .., f8
Controller Transmitter f1, f2, f3, f4, f5, f6, f7, f8 (MAIO = 2)
TRX2 f1, f2, .., f8
f1, f2, f3, f4, f5, f6, f7, f8 (MAIO = 4) Combiner
Controller Transmitter
TRX3 f1, f2, .., f8
Controller Transmitter f1, f2, f3, f4, f5, f6, f7, f8 (MAIO = 6)
TRX4 f1, f2, .., f8

fn : frequency of the first burst

fn : frequency of the second burst
 Fraction load
 Ratio to determine how tight of frequency re-use
for SFH.
 Define by :
Number of frequencies used at a time (per re-use cluster) * 100
Number of frequencies per group
 GSM recommends maximum fraction load = 50%
 Example of fraction load
calculation
 1x3

Number of frequencies : 46
Number of frequencies for BCCH : 16
Number of TCH frequencies per group : 10
Site configuration : 6+6+6 (Tch : 5+5+5)

Fractional load = 5/10 = 50%

 Example of fraction load
calculation
 1x1

Number of frequencies : 46
Number of frequencies for BCCH : 16
Number of TCH frequencies per group : 30
Site configuration : 6+6+6 (Tch : 5+5+5)

Fractional load = 15/30 = 50%

Thank You