IAETSD JOURNAL FOR ADVANCED RESEARCH IN APPLIED SCIENCES ISSN NO: 2394-8442

Mathematical Model for Marangoni Convection MHD Flow of Carbon

Nanotubes through a Porous Medium

Ambrish Kumar Tiwari*1, Fauzia Raza#2, Jahan Akhtar#3

*Department of Mathematics, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Patna Campus, Bihar, India
#Department of Mathematics, Shri Venkateshwara University, Gajraula, U.P., India
1aktiwaria@gmail.com, 2rizvi.fauzia766@gmail.com, 3jahn4us@yahoo.com

Abstract- The Mathematical Model for Marangoni Convection MHD Flow of Carbon Nanotubes through a Porous
Medium with radiation is investigated in this paper. Two types of CNTs, namely, single- and multi-wall CNTs are used with
water, kerosene oil as base fluids. The empirical correlations are used for the thermo-physical properties of CNTs in terms
of the solid volume fraction of CNTs. The governing equations in the form of partial differential equations have been
converted into ordinary differential equations through similarity transformations, which is then solved by using the function
“bvp4c’’ of MATLAB. Numerical consequences are acquired for the surface-temperature gradient or the heat transfer rate,
and also on the temperature profiles for the volume fraction of nanofluids, constant exponent, thermal radiation parameter,
skin friction, and Nusselt numbers and these acquired results are further plotted on graphs and depicted in tables for analysis.

Keywords: Marangoni convection, porous medium, MHD, thermal radiation, bvp4c,

INTRODUCTION
Marangoni convection which is induced by the deviation of the surface tension gradients has vital use in the fields of welding
and crystal expansion [Wang (1)]. It happens when the surface tension of an interface (generally liquid-air) governed by the
concentration of a species or on the temperature distribution. In the case of temperature dependence, the Marangoni effect
is also named as thermo-capillary convection. The Marangoni effect is of primary significance in the fields of welding, crystal
growth and electron beam melting of metals. Nazar et al [2] analyzed Marangoni-driven boundary layer flow in nanofluids
and it was observed that nanoparticles with low thermal conductivity have better enhancement on heat transfer. Many
researchers have examined Marangoni convection in various geometry [3-6]. Radiation effect on Marangoni convection
boundary layer flow of a nanofluid was taken into consideration by Arifin et al [7] and it was observed that the enhancement
in thermal radiation parameter lowers the heat transfer rate at the surface.

A nanofluid is a liquid containing a dispersion of sub-micron solid particles through a distinctive length scale of order 1-
100nm. Fluids having elements with dimension less than 100 nm are accepted as Nanofluid. The base fluid or dispersing
medium can be present as aqueous or non-aqueous. Nanoparticles are made up of numerous materials such as Oxide,
Ceramics, Nitride Ceramics, etc. Convective heat transfer in Nanofluid is a matter of consideration in the field of Science
and Engineering. Modern heat-transfer industries are dependent upon high performance heat-transfer accessories. Maxwell
[8] was the first scientist to present the idea of improving heat and mass transfer performance of fluid, with the insertion of
solid particles. Many authors [9-11] did numerical analysis on natural convective heat-transfer in Nanofluid.

Nanofluids have attained an enormous interest owing to their place in the heat transfer processes of real life engineering
applications, as discussed in the publication by Das et al [12] and Wang [13]. Nanofluid perception was first coined by Choi
[14] who showed that the adding up of a small amount (less than 1% by volume) of nanoparticles to conventional heat
transfer liquids enhance the thermal conductivity of the fluid up to approximately two times. The effect of free convective
heat transfer from a vertical surface to a saturated porous medium with an arbitrary varying surface temperature was analyzed
by Gorla and Zinolabedini [15].

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The physical features namely visco elasticity of the fluid, suction and three dimensional flow and magnetic field was studied
by TakharandNath [16]. The Hankel-Padeexpansion method to study nanofluid MHD boundary layer flows was used by
Abbasbandy and Ghehsareh[17].Kuznetsov and Geng[18] analysed the effect of solid particles in a dilute suspension
containing gyrolactic micro-organism. The written work on nanofluid has been reconsidered by Trisakri and Wongwise [19].
These reviews examined the work done on convective transport in nanofluids. Nanofluids are described by enhanced thermal
conductivity; a phenomenon observed by Masuda et al [20].

By a porous medium, we mean a material consisting of a solid matrix with an interconnected void. The interconnectedness
of the pores allows the flow of one or more fluids through the material. Examples of natural porous are sandstone and
limestone. Fluid flow and heat transfer in porous media is a subject of interest for last several decades because of the
numerous applications of flow through porous medium, such as storage of radioactive nuclear waste, separation processes
in chemical industries, filtration, geothermal extraction, fibre insulation etc.Vafai [21], Pop and Ingham [22], Ingham and
Pop [23] and Bejanet al. [24].Yih [25,26] examined coupled heat and mass transfer by free convection over a truncated cone
in porous media.

The suspension of nanoparticles contained by the base fluid is not enough to improve the thermal conductivity alone, since
the size and shape of particles also matter. Murshed et al[27] considered the effects of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and he
perceived that the CNT provide around six times improved thermal conductivity as equated to other materials at the room
temperature. The CNT are the allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. Carbon Nanotubes, long, thin cylinders
of carbon, were revealed in 1991 by SumioIijima. These are huge macromolecules that are distinctive for their size, shape,
and significant physical properties. They can be supposed of as a sheet of graphite (a hexagonal lattice of carbon) rolled into
a cylinder. These interesting structures have sparked much excitement in recent years and a large amount of research has
been devoted to their understanding. Currently, the physical properties are still being discovered and questioned had
arguments about. Nanotubes have a very wide range of electronic, thermal , and to do with
structure properties that change depending on the different kind of nanotubes (formed by its distance across
circle, length, and chirality , or twist). The three main types of CNT are, single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), double
wall carbon nanotubes (DWCNT) and multiple wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). Carbon nanotubes have an undergone
growth tensile strength than steel and Kevlar. Their strength comes from the sp² bonds between the specific carbon atoms.
This bond is even durable than the sp³ bond found in diamond. Under high pressure, individual nanotubes can bond
together, trading some sp² bonds for sp³ bonds.

This provides the chance ofproducing long nanotube wires. carbon nanotubes are notmerely strong, they are also elastic.
We can pushstrongly on theendbit of a nanotube and cause it to bend without damaging tothe nanotube and the nanotu
be will give in to its first form when the force is took off. Nadeem et al[28] analyzed convective heat transfer in MHD slip
flow over a stretching surface in the presence of CNT and they found that the engine oil based CNT have higher skin friction
and heat transfer rate as compared to water based CNT.

FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM

Consider the two-dimensional laminar Marangoni convection boundary layer flow in water based nanofluid having copper,
titanium, alumina and silver nanoparticles. The interface temperature is supposed to exist as power-law function of the
distance along the interface. We consider a Cartesian coordinate system( , ), where and are the coordinates measured
laterally and along the interface respectively. The governing equations for the steady boundary layer flow for a nanofluid
in non-dimensional form can be written as:
+ =0 (1)
( )
+ = − − (2)

+ = − (3)

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The corresponding boundary conditions are:

= 0, = ( ), = at = 0
⟶ ( ), ⟶ at → ∞. (4)

The last condition of equation (4) represents the Marangoni condition at the interface, having considered for the surface
tension the linear relation
= [1 − ( − )] (5)
Where = − > 0, the temperature coefficient of the surface is tension, and is the constant surface tension at the
origin. The directions of the driving actions influenced upon the orientation of the temperature gradients in
nanofluid,∆ .[29]
is the radiative heat flux, is the kinematic viscosity,μ =( ) .
is the dynamic viscosity of the nanofluid, =
(1 − ) + is the density of the nanofluid,
= is the thermal diffusivity with is the thermal conductivity of the fluid,

Where = , is the heat capacity at constant pressure and

( ) =( ) (1 − ) + ( )
The radiative heat flux under rosseland approximation [30] has the form:
∗
− (6)
∗
where and are the mean absorption coefficient and the Stefan-Boltzmann constant.
We assume that the temperature difference within the flow is sufficiently small such that can be expressed as a linear
function of temperature. Hence expanding in Taylor series about and neglecting higher order terms, we get
≅4 −3 (7)
Using equations (6) and (7), equation (3) reduces to:
+ = + (8)

Following Golia and Viviani [31], introducing the following similarity transformations
( )
( , )= ′( ) (9)
( )
( , )= [(2 − ) ( ) − (1 + ) ( )] (10)
( , )= −ℎ ( ) (11)
( )
= / (12)
Where , and ℎ are constants. If we takeℎ = 1, then , have the following unique values:
/
/
= (13)
/
/
= (14)
The transformed ordinary differential equations are the following
.
− (1 − ) 1− + ′ − + + ′ =0 (15)

−( )
1− + − =0 (16)

The transformed boundary conditions are

(0) = 0, (0) = −1 − , (0) = 0
(∞) = 1, (∞) = 0 (17)

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Where = is the Prandtl number, = is the parameter of radiation, = , = are the magnetic
and porosity parameter

METHODS OF SOLUTION
The set of non-linear differential equations (15)-(16) with boundary conditions (17) constitute a two–point boundary value
problem. These highly non-linear differential equations cannot be solved analytically. As a result, these equations are solved
by the software MATLAB function “bvp4c”. The function has three vital variables: the name of the M-file enumerating an
ordinary differential equation system of the design, the term of the M-file computing the boundary values, and an initial
approximation of the outcome arranged with the MATLAB function “bvpinit”. The variables are defined as:

= , = , = , = ′′′ (18)

= , = , = ′′ (19)

= , = , = ′′ (20)

Using (18), (19) and (20), the equations (15) - (16) can be written as

.
− (1 − ) 1− + + − − = 0 (21)

−( )
1− + =0 (22)

Bvp4c implements a collocation method for the solution of BVPs subject to general nonlinear, two-point boundary
condition. The approximate solution is a continuous function that is a cubic polynomial on each subinterval of a mesh. It
satisfies the differential equations at both ends and the midpoint of each subinterval and also its boundary conditions. The
solver then estimates the error of the numerical solution on each subinterval. If the solution does not fulfill the tolerance
criteria, the solver adapts the mesh and repeats the procedure.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The Mathematical Model for Marangoni Convection MHD Flow of Carbon Nanotubes through a Porous Medium with
radiation is investigated in this paper. Two types of CNTs, namely, single- and multi-wall CNTs are used with water, kerosene
oil as base fluids. Table2shows computational values of − ′′(0) and − ′(0) and with different values for .

Table 1: Thermophysical properties of different base fluids and CNTs (Hone [32]; Antar et al. [33]; Oztop and
Abu-Nada [34]; EbrahimniaBajestan and Niazmand [35]; Bejan [36])

Base fluids Nanoparticles

Water Kerosene oil SWCNT MWCNT
997 783 2600 1600
4179 2090 425 796
0.613 0.145 6600 3000

Fig1(a) and fig 1(b) exhibits variation in solid volume fraction on temperature profile. The temperature profile decreases
with increase in .This happens due to the existence of solid nano-particles which leads to further thinning of the velocity
boundary layer thickness.

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Fig2 (a) and fig 2(b) are for variation in radiation parameter on temperature profile for water based CNT and kerosene
based CNT. The temperature profile increases with the increase in radiation parameter . This reality make known the
result that the increase in value of for given and means a declination in Rosseland absorptivity . According to
equations (3) and (6), the divergence of the radiative heat flux increases as decreases which in turn increase the rate of
heat transferred to the fluid and therefore the fluid temperature rises and thermal layer also rises with rise in .

Fig3 (a) and fig 3(b) are for variation in constant exponent . Figures itself show that the temperature profile increases with
increase in and it is also noticed that there is an increment in thermal boundary layer thickness as well

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