AC Circut Analysis

Instructor’s Resource Manual
ALTERNATING CURRENT
(AC)
CIRCUITS
2nd Edition
Dale R. Patrick · Stephen W. Fardo

Eastern Kentucky University
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2000
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
BOOK 3
ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) CIRCUITS
Page
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Unit 1 – Basics of Alternating Current (AC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Unit 2 – Measuring AC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Unit 3 – Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance in AC Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Unit 4 – Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Unit 5 – Frequency-Sensitive AC Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
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INTRODUCTION
Use of the Instructor’s Resource Manual
The Instructor’s Resource Manual for Alternating Current (AC) Circuits contains answers
to questions and suggested data for experiments included in the book.
Teaching Tips for Instructors
Alternating Current (AC) Circuits is a book designed for use in vocational-technical

schools, industry-sponsored schools, introductory college and university electronics technol-
ogy programs or for home study. It will serve as a useful reference for electronics technicians
who need an effective guide for understanding various topics in electronics.
This books uses an applications-oriented unit approach for teaching topics of basic elec-
tronics. Students should first be introduced to the fundamental concepts of electronics along
with the mathematical techniques necessary for describing the behavior of electronic circuits.
In this book, the electronic applications are stressed by experiments to provide purpose and
reality. Each unit of this book is organized to include: learning objectives, an easy-to-
understand discussion of a major topic, self-exams (with answers provided), experiments and
a unit examination. A course outline is included at the beginning of the book as well as “Trou-
bleshooting Competencies” for the experiments.
The principle learning objective inherent in this book is that the student may attain an
understanding of basic electronics concepts which form the foundation for a strong knowl-
edge of electronics technology. The text is organized to proceed from elementary topics
needed for beginning concepts in electronics, to the more specialized topics.
The appendices of this book make it even more useful as a reference for future study. The
Appendices include: (1) a comprehensive list of electronic symbols; (2) information on elec-
trical safety; (3) an easy-to-understand reference for using trigonometry and right triangles
for AC circuits; (4) a parts list for performing the experiments at the end of each unit; (5) a
list of selected supplies of electronic equipment and parts and their addresses; (6) informa-
tion on soldering techniques; and (7) information on troubleshooting and testing.
This Instructor’s Resource Manual, along with a Test-Item File and Transparency Masters
booklet, provide a complete instructional package for Alternating Current (AC) Circuits. The
authors hope you will find the book and accompanying instructor’s aids easy to use and
understand for developing student’s understanding of electronics technology.
Dale R. Patrick
Stephen W. Fardo
Technology Department
Richmond, KY 40475
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Unit 1 – Basics of Alternating Current (AC)
Answers to Unit 1 Examination
1. B 11. D
2. B 12. C
3. A 13. D
4. D 14. D
5. A 15. B
6. C 16. T
7. C 17. T
8. D 18. T
9. B 19. T
10. A 20. F
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Unit 2 – Measuring AC
Suggested Data for Experiments
Experiment 2-1 — Measuring AC Voltage
Procedure:
1. This value will vary.
3. 6 VDC (approximately)
7. 6 VAC (approximately)
8. Brightness stays the same.
6V
9. I= , P = 6V ¥ I
R of lamp
10. These are the same as Step 9.
11. They are the same.
12. The current and power values are the same for 6 VDC and 6 VAC (RMS).
14. R1 4.84 V 6.82 V 13.64 V 234 mW 330 mW

R2 10.65 V 15 V 30 V 515 mW 727 mW
R3 14.52 V 20.47 V 40.94 V 703 mW 990 mW
Analysis:
1. (a) unit of frequency measurement

(b) cycles per second
1
(c) time =
F
(d) one complete revolution of 360°
(e) measured or equivalent DC value
(f) value at any instant along a waveform
2. See Figure 2-3
3. 8.46 V, 16.92 V
5.64 V, 11.28 V
14.1 V, 28.2 V
9.87 V, 19.74 V
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4. 8.51 W
70.94 mA
1.42 mW
5. Power converted is the same.
6. 360° is one complete revolution.
7. 0.1 mS = 0.0001 S
0.83 mS = 0.00083 S
1 uS = 0.001 mS = 0.000001 S
16.67 mS = 0.0167 S
8. 60 Hertz
9. Current which constantly changes direction is called alternating current.
10. The 60 Hz frequency rate of change is so rapid that the effect of the voltage appears to
be constant.
Experiment 2-2 — Measuring AC With an Oscilloscope
Procedure:
5.
6. The waveform increases and then decreases in vertical height.
7. decrease in vertical size

increase in vertical size
8. increase in vertical size

decrease in vertical size
9. This alters the horizontal length and number of waveforms.
10. increase the number of waveform

decrease the number of waveform
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15.
16.
17. The number of sine waves increases and decreases as the signal generator frequency is
varied.
18. The trace is a straight line which deflects upward (or downward). DC voltage is
unidirectional.
Analysis:
1. electronic testing and troubleshooting
2. (a) adjusts the vertical height of the waveform

(b) adjusts the horizontal length of the waveform
(c) adjusts the brightness of the waveform
(d) adjusts the brightness of the waveform
(e) adjusts the vertical position of the waveform
(f) adjusts the horizontal position of the waveform
3. This control adjusts the number of waveforms displayed.
4. This affects the stability of the waveform.
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1. C 11. T
2. D 12. T
3. B 13. F
4. D 14. F
5. A 15. F
6. C 16. T
7. D 17. T
8. D 18. F
9. B 19. T
10. C 20. F
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Unit 3 – Resistance, Inductance and Capacitiance in AC Circuits
Experiment 3-1 — Inductance and Inductive Reactance
Procedure:
1. These values will vary.
4. The sum of the voltages is equal to the DC source voltage.
5. This value will vary.
8. The sum of the voltages is greater than the AC source voltage. Voltages of a series
R-L circuit must be added by using vector quantities.
9. The voltage sum of Step 8 is greater. The sum of DC voltages is equal to the source
voltage while the sum of AC voltages is a vector sum.
12. These values will vary. Since XL = 2p f L, VRl will decrease, I will decrease, and XL will
increase as frequency increases.
f VR1 I XL Z
100 Hz 0.96 V 96.2 mA 2,826 W 10,391 W

200 Hz 0.87 V 87.1 mA 5,652 W 11,487 W
300 Hz 0.76 V 76.3 mA 8,478 W 13,110 W
400 Hz 0.66 V 66.3 mA 11,304 W 15,092 W
500 Hz 0.58 V 57.8 mA 14,130 W 17,311 W
1 K Hz 0.33 V 33.4 mA 28,260 W 29,977 W
10 K Hz 0.035 V 3.5 mA 282,600 W 282,776 W
13. As frequency increases, current decreases.
14. As frequency increases, inductive reactance increases.
15. As inductive reactance increases, current decreases.
Analysis:
1. Inductance is determined by physical properties such as wire diameter and length and
the type of core material.
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2. XL is determined by frequency (f) and inductance (L) values.
3. The counterelectromotive force (CEMF) produced by the magnetic field around an

inductance causes current to lag voltage.
4. LT = 4H + 3H = 7H
1 1 1
5. = + = 1.71H
LT 4H 3H
6. LT = 4H + 3H + 2 (0.6) = 8.2H
7. LT = 4H + 3H - 2 (0.86) = 5.28H
1 1 1
8. = + = 1.82 H
L T 4 + 0.2 3 + 0.2
1 1 1
9. = + = 1.25H
L T 4 - 0.9 3 - 0.9
10. Mutual inductance is the magnetic field interaction or flux linkage between coils.
11. Since XL = 2p f L, a smaller L value (8H) will allow more current to flow.
12. Inductors oppose AC more than DC since XL (2p f L) adds to the total opposition to
current flow of an AC circuit.
Experiment 3-2 — Capacitance and Capacitive Reactance
Procedure:
1. R = 10 KW (approximately)
Infinite
2. The R value is 10 KW and the DC resistance of the capacitor is infinite.
3. The resistor allows DC current to flow while the capacitor offers infinite resistance to
DC current flow.
4. 0.6 mA (approximately)
7. OmA
8. No current is measured in Step 7, while 0.6 mA flows through the 10 K Ohm

resistor.
9. DC current does not flow through the capacitor.
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12. 0.53 V (approximately)
0.53 V
13. I= = 53 mA
10 KW
14. Approximately the same.
15. An AC voltage source is used in Step #13, while DC is used in Step 7.
16. f VR1 I XC Z
300 0.18 V 18.5 mA 53,079 W 54,012 W

500 0.30 V 30.3 mA 31,400 W 32,954 W
700 0.40 V 40.2 mA 22,748 W 24,849 W
900 0.49 V 49.2 mA 17,693 W 20,323 W
1,100 0.57 V 56.8 mA 14,467 W 17,594 W
1,300 0.63 V 63.2 mA 12,249 W 15,813 W
1,500 0.69 V 68.6 mA 10,616 W 14,584 W
1,700 0.73 V 73.0 mA 9,367 W 13,702 W
1,900 0.77 V 76.6 mA 8,381 W 13,048 W
2,500 0.84 V 84.3 mA 6,370 W 11,856 W
3,000 0.88 V 88.3 mA 5,308 W 11,321 W
17. As frequency increases, VR1 increases, I increases, and XL decreases.
Analysis:
1. XC is the opposition to AC current flow caused by capacitance.
2. Working voltage is the maximum DC voltage which can be applied across the plates of
a capacitor without causing damage.
3. Capacitance is determined by the size of the plates, thickness of the dielectric, and the
type of dielectric used.
4. 2 mF
5. 8 mF
6. As frequency increases, XC decreases.
7. As capacitance increases, the phase angle between applied voltage and current
increases.
8. The opposite effect is noted, since an increase in frequency causes XC to decrease and
XL to increase.
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Experiment 3-3 — Series R-L Circuits
Procedure:
2. a. XL = 6.28 ¥ 60 ¥ 4.5 = 1,700 W

b. Z = 10 K 2 + 1.7 K 2 = 1, 972 W
3. a. VR = 7.6 VAC
b. VL = 12.9 VAC
4. IT = 7.6 mA
5. Z = 1,972 W, R = 1,000 W, XL = 1,700 W
6. a. VR = 7.6 VAC
b. VL = 12.9 VAC
2 2
7. VT = VR2 + VL2 = (7.6) + (12.9) = 15 V
8. VT = 15 V, VR = 7.6 VAC, VL = 12.9 V
9. a. 57.8 mW
b. 114 mVA
c. 98 mVAR
10. AP = 114 mVA, TP = 57.8 mW, RP = 98 mVAR
Analysis:
1. VR and VL are vector quantities separated by a 90° phase angle.
2. These values should be approximately equal.
3. Measurement error and component tolerance
X L 1, 700
4. a. q = inv tan = = 1.7 = 59.5∞
R 1, 000
VL 12.9
b. q = inv tan = = 1.7 = 59.5∞
VR 7.6
VAR 98
c. q = inv tan = = 1.7 = 59.5∞
W 57.8
57.8 mW
5. pf = = 0.5 = 50%
114 mVA
R 1, 000 V 7.6 V
6. Cos q = = = 0.5 or Cos q = R = = 0.5
Z 1, 972 VT 15 V
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7. Power factor is the ratio of true power (watts) to apparent power (volt-amps) of an AC
circuit.
Experiment 3-4 — Series R-C Circuits
Procedure:
1
2. a. XC = = 265.4 W
6.28 ¥ 60 ¥ 10 mF
b. Z = 100 2 + 265.4 2 = 283.6 W
3. a. VR = 5.29 V (approximately)
b. VC = 14.04 V (approximately)
15 V
4. I T = = 52.9 mA
283.6
5. R = 100 W, XC = 265.4 W, Z = 283.6 W
6. a. VR = 52.9 mA ¥ 100 W = 5.29 V.

b. VC = 52.9 mA ¥ 265.4 W = 14.04 V.
2 2
7. VT = VR2 + VC2 = (5.29) + (14.04) = 15 V
8. VT = 15 V, VR = 5.29 V, VC = 14.04 V
9. a. T.P. = 52.9 mA ¥ 5.29 V = 279.8 mW

b. A.P. = 52.9 mA ¥ 15 V = 793.5 mVA
c. R.P. = 52.9 mA ¥ 14.04 V = 742.7 mVAR
10. T.P. = 279.8 mW, A.P. = 793.5 mVA, R.P. = 742.7 mVAR
Analysis:
1. These values should be approximately the same.
X C 265.4 W
2. a. q = inv tan = = 2.65 = 69.35∞
R 100 W
VC 14.04 V
b. q = inv tan = = 2.65 = 69.35∞
VR 5.29 V
VAR 742.7 mVAR
c. q = inv tan = = 2.65 = 69.35∞
W 279.8 mW
279.8 mW
3. pf = = 0.35 = 35%
793.5 mVA
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R 100 V 5.29 V
4. cos q = = = 0.35 or cos q = R = = 0.35
Z 283.6 VT 15 V
Experiment 3-5 — Series R-L-C Circuits
Procedure:
1
2. a. XC = = 265.4 W
6.28 ¥ 60 ¥ 10 mF
b. XL = 6.28 ¥ 60 ¥ 4.5 = 1,700 W
c. XT = 1,700 W - 265.4 W = 1,434.6 W
d. Z = 100 2 + 1, 434.6 2 = 1, 438 W
3. a. VC = 2.76 V (approximately)
b. VL = 17.68 V (approximately)
c. VR = 1.04 V (approximately)
15 V
4. I T = = 10.4 mA
1, 438 W
5. R = 100 W, XL = 1,700 W, XC = 265.4 W, Z = 1,438 W, XT = 1,434.6 W
6. a. VR = 10.4 mA ¥ 100 W = 1.04 V

b. VC = 10.4 mA ¥ 265.4 W = 2.76 V
c. VL = 10.4 mA ¥ 1,700 W = 17.68 V
d. VX = 17.68 V - 2.76 V = 14.92 V
2 2 2
7. VT = VR2 + ( VL - VC ) = (1.04) + (14.92) = 15 V
8. VT = 15 V, VR = 1.04 V, VL = 17.68 V, VC = 2.76 V, VX = 14.92 V
9. a. T.P. = 10.4 mA ¥ 1.04 V = 10.8 mW

b. A.P. = 10.4 mA ¥ 15 V = 156 mVA
c. VARC = 10.4 mA ¥ 2.76 V = 28.7 mVAR
d. VARL = 10.4 mA ¥ 17.68 V = 183.8 mVAR
e. VART = 183.3 - 28.7 = 155.1 mVAR
10. T.P. = 10.8 mW, A.P. = 156 mVA, VARC = 28.7 mVAR, VARL = 183.8 mVAR,
VART = 155.1 mVAR
Analysis:
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X T 1, 434.6 W
2. a. q = inv tan = = 14.35 = 86∞
R 100 W
VX 14.92 V
b. q = inv tan = = 14.35 = 86∞
VR 1.04 V
VAR T 155.1
c. q = inv tan = = 14.35 = 86∞
W 10.8
10.8 mW
3. pf = = 0.069 = 6.9%
156 mVA
R 100 W
4. Cosine q = = = 0.069 = 6.9% or
Z 1, 438 W
VR 1.04 V
Cosine q = = = 0.069 = 6.9%
VT 15 V
5. Capacitance is used to counteract the effect of inductance to improve power factor.
6. increases
Experiment 3-6 — Parallel R-L Circuits
Procedure:
2. a. XL = 6.28 ¥ 60 ¥ 4.5 = 1,700 W

15 V
b. IR = = 150 mA
100 W
15 V
c. IL = = 8.82 mA
1, 700 W
d. I T = 150 2 + 8.82 2 = 150.25 mA
15 V
e. Z= = 99.8 W
150.25 mA
3. IR = 150 mA, IL = 8.82 mA, IT = 150.25 mA
4. IR = 150 mA (approximately)
IL = 8.82 mA (approximately)
IT = 150.25 mA (approximately)
1
6. a. Y= = 1.002 mSiemen
Z
1
b. G= = 10 mSiemen
R
1
c. BL = = 0.59 mSiemen
XL
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7. Y = 10.02 mSiemen, G = 10 mSiemen, BL = 0.59 mSiemen
8. a. T.P. = 15 V ¥ 150 mA = 2.25 W

b. A.P. = 15 V ¥ 150.25 mA = 2.254 VA
c. R.P. = 15 V ¥ 8.82 mA = 0.13 VAR
9. T.P. = 2.25 W, A.P. = 2.2254 VA, R.P. = 0.13 VAR
Analysis:
1. These should be approximately the same.
IR 150 mA
2. a. q = inv cos = = 3.3∞
I T 150.25 mA
VAR 0.13 VAR
b. q = inv sin = = 3.3∞
VA 2.254 VA
3. pf = 0.99 = 99%
4. pf is equal to sosine q.
5. a. total ability of a circuit to conduct AC current

b. total ability of the resistance of an AC circuit to conduct current
c. total ability of the inductance of an AC circuit to conduct current
d. total ability of the capacitance of an AC circuit to conduct current
Experiment 3-7 — Parallel R-C Circuits
Procedure:
1
2. a. XC = = 265.4 W
6.28 ¥ 60 ¥ 10 mF
15 V
b. IR = = 150 mA
100 W
15 V
c. IC = = 56.5 mA
265.4 W
d. I T = 150 2 + 56.52 = 160.29 mA
15 V
e. Z= = 93.6 W
160.29 mA
3. IT = 160.29 mA, IR = 150 mA, IC = 56.5 mA
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4. a. IR = 150 mA (approximately)
b. IC = 56.5 mA (approximately)
c. IT = 160.29 mA (approximately)
5. a. Y = 10.68 mSiemen
b. G = 10 mSiemen
c. Bc = 3.77 mSiemen
6. Y = 10.68 mSiemen, G = 10 mSiemen, Bc = 3.77 mSiemen
7. a. T.P. = 15 V ¥ 150 mA = 2.25 W

b. A.P. = 15 V ¥ 160.29 mA = 2.4 VA
c. R.P. = 15 V ¥ 56.5 mA = 0.85 VAR
8. T.P. = 2.25 W
A.P. = 2.4 VA
R.P. = 0.85 VAR
Analysis:
IC 56.5 mA
2. a. q = inv sin = = 20.65∞
I T 160.29 mA
VAR 0.85 VAR
b. q = inv tan = = 20.65∞
W 2.25 W
IR
3. a. cos q = = 0.94
IT
2.25 W
b. PF = = 0.94
2.4 VA
4. a. XL = 6.28 ¥ 60 ¥ 5 = 1,884 W
15 V
b. IL = = 7.96 mA
1, 884 W
c. IX = 56.5 mA - 7.96 mA = 48.54 mA
d. I T = 150 2 + 48.54 2 = 157.66 mA
15 V
e. Z= = 95.14 W
157.66 mA
IC 56.5 mA
f. O = inv sin = = 21∞
I T 157.66 mA
g. pf = cos 21° = 0.93
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5. The values of pf are close; however the first circuit is capacitive and the second circuit
is primarily inductive.
6. IT is greater in the first circuit; however, the first circuit is primarily capacitive and the
second is inductive. The current triangles would have phase angles in opposite direc-
tions from the horizontal value of IR.
1. D 14. C
2. B 15. A
3. B 16. C
4. D 17. B
5. C 18. C
6. A 19. B
7. B 20. A
8. C 21. B
9. B 22. E
10. A 23. B
11. A 24. D
12. B 25. D
13. C
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Unit 4 – Transformers
Experiment 4-1 — Transformer Analysis
Procedure:
3. The drawing should be similar to Figure 4–5.
5. These values should be approximately one-half of the Step 4 values.
6. The values will vary.
Analysis:
1. Windings with lower resistance have a higher current capacity.
2. Primary power is approximately equal to secondary power.
3. The ratios should be approximately the same.
4. a. As winding resistance decreases, its current capacity increases.

b. Volt-amp rating is the power (V ¥ A) capacity of a transformer.
c. Core construction is usually of soft iron material.
d. Magnetic coupling allows the transfer of energy from primary to secondary winding.
e. Turns ratio is the ratio of primary turns to secondary turns.
f. Voltage ratio is the ratio of primary voltage to secondary voltage.
5. Step 5 voltages should be approximately one-half of Step 4 voltages.
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1. D 11. C
2. B 12. D
3. C 13. A
4. B 14. A
5. A 15. F
6. C 16. T
7. B 17. T
8. A 18. F
9. C 19. F
10. D 20. F
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Unit 5 – Frequency-Sensitive AC Circuits
Experiment 5-1 — Low-Pass Filters
2. a. RTH = 6,000 Ohms; VTH = 0.8 Volts

1
b. f3db = = 5, 308 Hz
6.28 ¥ (0.005 ¥ 10 -6 ) ¥ 6 , 000
c. f3db = 5,308 Hz; f9db = 10,616 Hz;
f15db = 21,232 Hz; f21db = 42,464 Hz
6. Yes
7. Yes
8. It does
Analysis:
1. See the discussion in the text
Experiment 5-2 — High-Pass Filters
Procedure:
1
1. f3db = = 2 ,123 Hz
6.28 ¥ 1, 500 ¥ (0.05 ¥ 10 -6 )
f9db = 1,061.5 Hz; f15db = 530.75 Hz
f21db = 265.38 Hz
4. These values should be approximately equal
Analysis:
1. See the discussion in the text.
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Experiment 5-3 — Band-Pass Filters
Procedure:
1
2. flow = = 212 Hz
6.28 ¥ 15, 000 ¥ (0.05 ¥ 10 -6 )
1
fhigh = = 5, 308 Hz
6.28 ¥ 6 , 000 ¥ (0.005 ¥ 10 -6 )
4. Approximately 212 Hz to 5,308 Hz.
5. High-pass section: f3db = 212 Hz; f9db = 106 Hz; f15db = 53 Hz; f21db = 26.5 Hz
Low-pass section: f3db = 5,308 Hz; f9db = 10,616 Hz; f15db = 21,232 Hz; f21db = 42,464 Hz.
Analysis:
1. See the discussion in the text.
Experiment 5-4 — Series Resonant Circuits
Procedure:
2. fr = 1,540 Hz
5. fr = 1,540 Hz (approximately)
7. fr = 710 Hz
8. fr = 710 Hz (approximately)
10. The signal increases in vertical height and then decreases
13. VR = 2.82 P-P, VL = VC = 2.86 V P-P (approximately)
14. f = 710 Hz ¥ 1.4 = 994 Hz
15. VR = 2.3 V P-P; VL = 3.3 V P-P; VC = 1.68 V P-P
16. f = 710 Hz ¥ 0.6 = 426 Hz
17. VR = 1.9 V P-P; VL = 1.16 V P-P; VC = 3.24 V P-P
Analysis:
1. These should be close to 0% difference.

10%–20% tolerance is acceptable.
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2. Equipment and component accuracy and measurement errors account for the
difference.
3. The same as the oscilloscope is used.
1, 035
4. Q= = 3.28
470
1, 540
5. BW = = 470 Hz
3.28
6. above resonance VR is less, VL is more and VC is less

below resonance VR is less, VL is less and VC is more
7. minimum, maximum, 0, Xc, A
8. Changing R will vary the Q and BW, but not the resonant frequency.
Experiment 5-5 — Parallel Resonant Circuits
Procedure:
2. fr = 4,868 Hz
7. fr = 1,540 Hz
9. The values will vary; however, IL should be approximately equal to IC.
10. The values will vary; however, IC should be greater than IL.
11. The values will vary; however, IL should be greater than IC.
Analysis:
1. These should be close to 0% difference.

10%–20% tolerance is acceptable.
2. ZT = 1,000W
3 , 271 W
3. Q= = 3.271
1, 000 W
4, 868 Hz
4. BW = = 1, 488 Hz
3.271
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5. above IR is more, IC is greater and IL is less
below IR is more, IC is less and IL is more
6. maximum, minimum, OO, = XC, = Z
1. A 10. B
2. B 11. C
3. D 12. B
4. B 13. D
5. A 14. B
6. B 15. B
7. B
8. A
9. C
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Instructor’s Test Item File
ALTERNATING CURRENT
(AC)
CIRCUITS
2nd Edition

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
BOOK 3
ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) CIRCUITS
Page
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Unit 1 – Basics of Alternating Current (AC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Unit 2 – Measuring AC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Unit 3 – Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance in AC Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Unit 4 – Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Unit 5 – Frequency-Sensitive AC Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Answers to Instructor’s Test Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
iii
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PREFACE
This Instructor’s Test Item File provides many test questions which can be used in classroom
testing situations. The organization of the test items is the same as that of the book which
they accompany.
Answers to each of the test items are placed at the end of the booklet.
The authors hope that you will find this test item file helpful in your evaluation of instruc-
tion in electronics. The instructional process cannot be complete without some form of eval-
uation. In addition, a Transparency Masters booklet and Instructor’s Resource Manual are
available for this book. These supplements should help you organize a comprehensive course.
Thank you for using our materials to help you in your electronics instruction.
Dale R. Patrick
Stephen W. Fardo
Richmond, KY 40475
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Unit 1
Basics of Alternating Current (AC)
1. The approximate peak-to-peak voltage of an AC voltage of 6 volts RMS is:

a. about 15 volts c. about 19 volts
b. about 17 volts d. about 21 volts
2. The value of AC that would have the same effect in power produced as a similar value
of DC is known as:
a. peak value c. average value
b. RMS value d. peak-to-peak value
3. The approximate peak-to-peak voltage of an AC voltage of 2 volts RMS is:

a. about 6 volts c. about 8 volts
b. about 7 volts d. about 9 volts
4. The peak voltage of the effective value of 120 volts is:

a. 169 volts c. 84 volts
b. 338 volts d. 90 volts
5. The peak-to-peak voltage of an AC voltage equal to 10 volts effective value is:

a. 2.82 volts c. 28.2 volts
b. 14.1 volts d. 141 volts
6. If a wave is found to have a frequency of 250 Hz, its period is:

a. 1/4 second c. 1/250 second
b. 1/25 second d. 1/400 second
7. The maximum value of an AC voltage is called:

a. instantaneous c. average
b. effective d. peak
8. The most practical means of increasing the output voltage of a generator is to in-
crease the:
a. field strength with more current through the field windings
b. diameter of wire in the armature coil
c. resistance of wire in the field coils
d. number of field poles
9. A loop or single turn of wire on the armature of an AC generator produces a changing

voltage during its rotation in the magnetic field. Maximum voltage is produced when
the loop sides are:
a. cutting a maximum number of flux lines
b. moving parallel to the direction of the field
c. remaining still at a position of maximum magnetic flux
d. remaining still at a position of minimum magnetic flux
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10. Four kilohertz is equal to:
a. 400 cycles per second c. 40,000 cycles per second
b. 4,000 cycles per second d. 4000,000 cycles per second
11. An ac voltage has a peak value of 20 V. Its peak-to-peak value is:

a. 20 V c. 7.07 V
b. 10 V d. 40 V
12. The peak-to-peak value of a 120 V rms sine wave is:

a. 303.21 V c. 125.76 V
b. 169.68 V d. 339.36 V
13. The number of ac waves of a 5 MHz frequency is:

a. 5,000,000,000 c. 5,000,000
b. 50,000 d. 500
14. RMS values are used with:

a. square waves c. sine waves
b. triangular waves d. a and c, above
15. A typical value of ac voltage used in the home is:

a. 230 V, 50 Hz c. 120 V, 120 Hz
b. 240 V, 25 Hz d. 120 V, 60 Hz
16. An important reason for the use of AC instead of DC for power systems is:
a. DC is easier to supply
b. AC is easier to supply
c. alternators are able to create a higher level of DC
d. ac cannot be stepped up or stepped down by use of a transformer
17. The term “instantaneous” means:

a. at all times
b. at some times
c. at one specific time
d. at one or two instances in time
18. The number of complete armature rotations of a generator in order to produce a full
ac voltage waveforem is:
a. one c. four
b. two d. multiples of two
19. The alternator requires:

a. a fixed field and fixed armature
b. a rotating field and a rotating armature
c. a fixed field and a rotating armature
d. a rotating field and a fixed armature
e. c and d, above
20. In a delta-connected three phase system, line current is:

a. equal to line voltage c. equal to peak current
b. less than line current d. greater than peak current
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Unit 2
Measuring AC
1. Four values of an ac wave form are peak, instantaneous, average, and effective.The value
that is measured with an ac voltmeter is:
a. peak c. effective
b. average d. instantaneous
2. When the Volts/DIV switch is set at 5 volts, a sine wave of 3 divisions height is observed
on an oscilloscope. The peak-to-peak value of the voltage is:
a. 3/5 volt c. 5 volts
3. Four cycles are displayed on an oscilloscope when the horizontal sweep speed is set at
10 SEC/DIV. The frequency of the displayed voltage is:
a. 4 KHZ c. 400 KHZ
b. 40 KHZ d. 4 MHZ
4. The horizontal sweep speed used to display one cycle of a 1 MHZ signal on an oscil-
loscope is:
a. .05 mSEC/CM c. .5 mSEC/CM
b. .1 mSEC/CM d. 1 mSEC/CM
5. If two complete cycles of 5 KHZ sine waves are displayed on an oscilloscope, the hori-
zontal sweep speed of the oscilloscope is:
a. .4 milliseconds c. 5 milliseconds
b. 2.5 milliseconds d. 10 milliseconds
6. The time of one cycle of a 1 KHZ wave form is:

a. 1 ¥ 103 seconds c. 1 ¥ 10-3 seconds
b. 1 second d. 1 ¥ 10-6 seconds
7. The frequency of the input signal when three complete cycles are observed on an oscil-
loscope with a 10 millisecond horizontal sweep time is:
a. 100 HZ c. 1 KHZ
b. 300 HZ d. 3 KHZ
8. What is the vertical height of a 6.3 V(RMS) signal displayed on an oscilloscope if the
2 Volts/CM position is selected for vertical gain?
a. 3.15 CM c. 8.82 CM
b. 4.41 CM d. 17.6 CM
9. The purpose of the calibration output on an oscilloscope is:

a. calibrate the vertical (Volts/DIV)
b. calibrate the horizontal (Time/DIV)
c. calibrate the rise time
d. calibrate the bandwidth
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10. When measuring AC voltage with a VOM:
a. polarity must be observed
b. the meter must be recalibrated before each measurement
c. polarity is not observed
d. the “DC V 1ts” setting is used to measure RMS values
11. The amplitude value of a voltage refers to its:

a. repetition rate c. shape form
b. frequency d. height
12. A diode is a device which changes:

a. direct current to alternating current
b. alternating current to steady direct current
c. alternating current to pulsating direct current
d. direct current to pulsating direct current
13. A half-wave rectifier circuit:

a. uses only one diode
b. has a ripple frequency one-half the ac input frequency
c. uses a half diode
d. uses two diodes to divide the voltage in half
e. changes direct current to pulsating direct current or to alternating current
14. A “sawtooth” waveform is:

a. either ac or dc
b. positive dc only
c. negative dc only
d. a term used interchangeably for a sine wave
e. has a peak voltage of 1.414 times the effective value
15. An oscilloscope is a device:

a. for measuring ac voltage
b. that plots a graph of the voltage applied to it
c. that uses a cathode-ray tube
d. all the above are correct
e. all the above are incorrect
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Unit 3
Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance in AC Circuits
1. The phase relationship of current and voltage when AC is applied to an inductor is

that the:
a. applied voltage leads the current
b. current leads the applied voltage
c. current and applied voltage are in phase
d. current and applied voltage are 180° out of phase
2. The circuit component that has the property of opposing change of applied voltage
is the:
a. rheostat c. capacitor
b. inductor d. potentiometer
3. A capacitor is useful in ac circuits because:

a. electrons can flow in both directions through its dielectric
b. it can both charge and discharge through a load
c. current flows through it in one direction only
d. it charges instantly
4. The capacitance of a capacitor is determined by:

a. plate area, distance between plates, and dielectric material
b. distance between plates, dielectric material, and frequency
c. dielectric material, frequency, and amplitude
d. frequency, amplitude, and plate area
5. What is the phase relationship between the applied ac voltage and the resulting current
in a purely capacitive circuit?
a. current lags voltage by 90° c. voltage lags current by 180°
b. current leads voltage by 90° d. voltage leads current by 270°
6. The capacitive reactance in a circuit can be decreased by:

a. decreasing the capacitance and decreasing the frequency
b. decreasing the capacitance and increasing the frequency
c. increasing the capacitance and decreasing the frequency
d. increasing the capacitance and increasing the frequency
7. If four capacitors of 2 mf each are connected in parallel, their total capacitance is:
a. 2 mf c. 8 mf
b. 4 mf d. 16 mf
8. Assume that four capacitors of unequal value are connected in series. The total capac-
itance of this circuit is:
a. the sum of the individual values
b. larger than the largest individual value
c. smaller than the smallest individual value
d. the difference between the largest and smallest individual values
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9. The power applied to an AC circuit may be either dissipated or stored, and later
returned to the circuit. The only component that actually dissipates power is:
a. a resistor c. a capacitor
b. an inductor d. a transformer
10. The total power dissipated by a pure inductor in an ac circuit is zero because the:
a. current and voltage are in phase through a pure inductor
b. current through a pure inductor always leads the applied voltage by 90°
c. inductive reactance drops to zero at the instant the AC current drops to zero
d. total power stored in the magnetic flux is returned to the circuit when the field
collapses
11. The rating of a capacitor must be known before using it in a circuit. Its rating is given
in terms of:
a. resistance loss and peak voltage
b. circuit operating voltage and resistance loss
c. capacitance value and circuit operating voltage
d. dielectric absorption and capacitance value
12. Assume that you have four capacitors, with equal capacitance, rated at 300, 400, 500,
and 600 volts. The lowest-rated capacitor to choose for use in a 240-volt ac circuit has
a voltage rating of:
13. The XL in a circuit can be decreased by:

a. increasing the inductance and decreasing the frequency
b. increasing the inductance and increasing the frequency
c. decreasing the inductance and decreasing the frequency
d. decreasing the inductance and increasing the frequency
14. The XL of a 4-henry coil at 400 Hz is approximately:

a. 1,600 ohms c. 10,000 ohms
b. 5,000 ohms d. 15,000 ohms
15. A coil has an inductance of 2.5 millihenries. The XL of this coil at a frequency of
10 MHz is:
a. 3,140 ohms c. 78,500 ohms
b. 15,700 ohms d. 157,000 ohms
16. If a 1-volt, 2.0-MHz signal is placed across a 5.0-microhenry coil, the current flow
through the coil is approximately:
a. 0.016 ampere c. 1.6 amperes
b. 0.080 ampere d. 4.2 amperes
17. The unit of measurement of mutual inductance between two coils is:
a. Mho c. Farad
b. Ohm d. Henry
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18. For mutual inductance to exist between two coils, the coils must be so placed that:
a. they are series aiding
b. they are series opposing
c. the magnetic field of one coil cuts the turns of the other
d. there is no back electromotive force (EMF) developed in either coil
19. In a circuit containing only resistance, the phase angle between the voltage and current
in the circuit is:
a. 0° c. 90°
b. 45° d. 180°
20. The induced back EMF also called counterelectromotive force (CEMF), is greater at
some parts of an ac wave than others. The induced CEMF across a coil is greatest at
the time that the:
a. current changes its direction of flow
b. magnetic flux change is minimum
c. rate of current change is minimum
d. applied voltage is smallest
21. In a circuit containing resistors, inductors and capacitors, the total opposition to AC is
called:
a. capacitive reactance c. resistance
b. inductive reactance d. impedance
22. The impedance of an AC circuit can be represented by the hypotenuse of a right tri-
angle where the other two sides represent reactance and resistance. This representation
shows that in any AC circuit, the impedance is greater than:
a. reactance but smaller than resistance
b. resistance but smaller than reactance
c. the sum of resistance and reactance
d. either resistance or reactance
23. The formula to determine conductance is:

1
a.
R
b. R¥C
c. R
d. R2
24. The unit of admittance is the:

a. ohm d. either b or c above
b. mho e. none of the above
c. siemen
25. When frequency is increased, voltage across a capacitor in a series R–C circuit will:
a. decrease c. remain constant
b. increase d. be infinite
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26. In a series resonant circuit, when XL and XC are equal:
a. line voltage leads line current
b. line current leads line voltage
c. total impedance is minimum
d. total impedance is maximum
27. If an AC source is connected in series with a resistor and a capacitor and a voltage
output is taken across the resistor, the circuit would exhibit the property of a:
a. low pass filter c. band pass filter
b. high pass filter d. parallel resonant circuit
28. A circuit has a decibel gain of 12 db. The power ratio associated with this gain (db =
10 log P1/P2) is:
a. 1.58 c. 15.8
b. 21.2 d. 2.12
29. A 16 Henry inductor is connected in series with a 1 mF capacitor. The resonant fre-
quency is:
a. 40 Hz c. 12.65 Hz
b. 126.5 Hz d. 40 Hz
30. A series resonant circuit has an fr = 10 KHz and a Q of 10. The frequency range is:
a. 9.5 KHz to 10.5 KHz c. 1 KHz to 10 KHz
b. 9 KHz to 11 KHz d. 10 KHz to 11 KHz
31. A series R-C-L circuit is at resonance when:

a. XL = 15, XC = 5 and R = 15
b. XL = 10, XC = 10 and R = 100
c. XL = 100, XC = 5 and R = 5
d. XL = 20, XC = 5 and R = 20
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Unit 4
Transformers
1. The primary winding of a transformer is:

a. the high voltage winding c. the low voltage winding
b. connected to the source d. connected to the load
2. The secondary winding of a transformer is:

a. connected to the load c. connected to the source
b. the low voltage winding d. the high voltage winding
3. Energy is transferred in a transformer by:

a. mutual induction c. an alternating magnetic flux
b. connecting wires d. a rotating magetic field
4. The total induced voltage in each winding of a transformer is directly proportional to:
a. the applied voltage c. the secondary load
b. the number of turns d. the primary current
5. Current in the primary winding of a transformer is determined by:

a. the primary voltage c. the secondary voltage
b. the turns ratio d. the secondary load resistance
6. When connecting single phase transformers in parallel, which of the following condi-
tions is not required:
a. polarities must be correct
b. must have same secondary terminal voltage
c. must have same KVA capacity
d. must have same percent impedance
7. Assume that the turns ratio is 1 : 600 and that the primary current is 3.0 amperes. The
current in the secondary is approximately:
a. 0.005 ampere c. 0.5 ampere
b. 0.05 ampere d. 5.0 amperes
8. The following formula which indicates a correct transformer relationship is:

VP ZS VP N P
a. = c. =
VS ZP VS N S
VP IP VP N S 2
b. = d. =
VS IS VS N P2
9. The purpose of using a transformer that has a turns ratio of 1 : 1 is:

a. step-up c. isolation
b. step-down d. rectification
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10. In a 1 : 3 step-up transformer, the output power of the secondary is approximately:
a. three times the primary input power
b. nine times the primary input power
c. equal to the primary input power
d. one-third the primary input power
11. A transformer will not transform DC voltages because:

a. the resistance of the windings is too low
b. DC does not produce a changing magnetic field
c. DC current is too high to transform
d. the DC voltage is too low to transform
12. A transformer in which one winding is common to both primary and secondary wind-
ings is known as a (an):
a. isolation transformer c. step-up transformer
b. autotransformer d. step-down transformer
13. A transformer with more turns on the primary side than on the secondary side is called:
a. a flexiformer c. a step-up transformer
b. an auto transformer d. a step-down transformer
14. A transformer which has only one winding is known as:

a. a flexiformer c. a step-up transformer
b. an auto transformer d. a step-down transformer
15. Transformers are used in electrical power distribution to reduce:

a. voltage changes c. line loss
b. resistance of wires d. power factor
16. For transformer action to take place, the primary and secondary circuits must be com-
plete, and the transformer must have:
a. two or more closely spaced windings
b. a changing magnetic field
c. a tapped winding
d. a closed core
17. A comparison of step-up and step-down autotransformers indicates that the step-down
transformer:
a. has more turns in the primary than in the secondary
b. has less turns in the primary than in the secondary
c. requires more input voltage to operate
d. requires less input voltage to operate
18. Assume that the primary power input to a transformer having 95-percent efficiency is
100 watts. The secondary output power of the transformer is:
a. 5 watts c. 95 watts
b. 90 watts d. 105 watts
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19. The amount of coupling of a transformer is:
a. increased by turning one coil at a right angle to the other
b. increased with the addition of a soft iron core
c. higher in an air-core transformer than an iron core type
d. almost unity for air core types
20. The principle of operation of a transformer is:

a. electromagnetic induction
b. varying a conductor in a magnetic field
c. mutual induction
d. thermionic emission
21. An AC distribution system which produces 120/208 volts is:

a. a delta system c. a wye system
b. a single phase system d. a combination system
22. In a transformer with a small secondary load, secondary voltage:

a. is 90 out of phase with the applied voltage
b. leads primary current by 90
c. is in phase with secondary current
d. is 180 out of phase with the applied voltage
23. When a transformer secondary is short circuited:

a. secondary current will decrease
b. a small amount of primary current will flow
c. the transformer could be destroyed
d. primary current will decrease
24. The efficiency of a transformer is:

a. generally higher than 99.8%
b. generally lower than 50%
c. generally lower than 70%, but higher than 50%
d. usually higher than 90%
25. A transformer has a 1,200 volt primary winding and a 240 volt secondary. The primary
winding has 2,000 turns of wire. The number of secondary turns is:
a. 400 c. 240
b. 10,000 d. 2,000
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Unit 5
Frequency-Sensitive AC Circuits
1. Resonance may be achieved in an R-L-C circuit by changing certain factors. The factor
that will NOT affect resonance is:
a. frequency c. inductance
b. resistance d. capacitance
2. The statement which best describes the effect of resonance in a series R-C-L circuit is:
a. if the total resistance of the circuit is small, the total current is also small
b. at resonance, the circuit acts like an inductor in series with a resistor
c. at resonance, the circuit acts like a capacitor in series with a resistor
d. the current in the circuit is limited only by the resistance
3. The characteristics of a parallel R-L-C circuit when tuned to resonance are:

a. minimum current and minimum impedance
b. maximum current and maximum impedance
c. minimum current and maximum impedance
d. maximum current and minimum impedance
4. In the four statements below, comparisons are made between characteristics of series
and parallel circuits resonant circuits. The correct statement is:
a. total current of a series circuit is maximum, while total current of a parallel circuit
is maximum
b. total current of a series circuit is maximum, while the total current of a parallel
circuit is minimum
c. impedance of either a series or parallel resonant circuit is minimum
d. the voltage developed across either a series or parallel resonant circuit is maximum
5. The correct formula for calculating resonant frequency is:

1
a. fr =
2p R ◊ C
1
b. fr =
2p R ◊ L
1
c. fr =
2p L ◊ C
1
d. fr =
2p ◊ f ◊ L
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6. The following statement which correctly states the relationship between bandwidth and
Q is:
fr
a. BW =
Q
b. BW = Q ¥ C
c. BW = .707 ¥ Q
d. BW = 1/2 power ¥ Q
7. The resonant frequency of a circuit will remain constant if we:

a. keep the ratio of L to C constant
b. increase C
c. decrease either L or C
d. keep the product of L and C constant
8. The impedance of resonant circuits at frequencies off resonance is:

a. low for parallel circuits and high for series circuits
b. high for parallel circuits and low for series circuits
c. low for both series and parallel circuits
d. high for both series and parallel circuits
9. In RLC circuits, resonance occurs when:

a. XL is larger than XC
b. XL is smaller than XC
c. XL equals XC
d. the current leads the voltage by 90
10. In a series RLC circuit, across a voltage source, at the resonant frequency the:
a. current is minimum
b. voltage across C is minimum
c. voltage across L is minimum
d. current is maximum
11. To increase the resonant frequency of a circuit, you would:

a. make L larger and C smaller
b. make C larger and L smaller
c. make C or L or both larger
d. make C or L or both smaller
12. In a series LCR circuit at resonance, the capacitive and inductive reactances cancel each
other. Hence, the current flowing in the circuit is determined by the circuit:
a. resistance c. XL
b. reactance d. XC
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13. If 150 V at 30 kHz is applied to a series LCR circuit at resonance whose resistance is
6 W and XL = XC = 3,000 W, the current flowing in the circuit is:
a. 0.05 A c. 25 A
b. 12 A d. 40 A
14. The power dissipated by the circuit of Question 13 is:

a. 0.15 W c. 750 W
b. 37.5 W d. 3,750 W
15. The formula P = V ¥ I ¥ pf, where V is the applied voltage and I is the line current, can
be used to find the power dissipated in a parallel LCR circuit:
a. at all frequencies
b. only below the resonant frequency
c. only above the resonant frequency
d. only at or very near the resonant frequency
16. In a parallel LCR circuit at resonance, the current through resistance is equal to:
a. line current
b. circulating tank current
c. sum of the line current and circulating tank current
d. difference between the circulating tank current and the line current
17. The following statement is true:

a. impedance is the total opposition to current flow and it is made up of resistance
and reactance
b. reactance is the total opposition to current flow and it is made up of impedance
and resistance
c. resistance is the total opposition to current flow and it is made up of reactance and
impedance
d. none of the above
18. If an AC source is connected in series with a resistor and a capacitor and a voltage
output is taken across the capacitor, the circuit would exhibit the property of a:
a. low pass filter c. band pass filter
b. high pass filter d. parallel resonant circuit
19. When frequency is increased in a low-pass filter circuit, the current flow will:
a. increase because of greater XL
b. increase because of less XL
c. decrease because of greater XL
d. decrease because of less XL
20. At resonance, a series RCL circuit characteristically develops:

a. maximum voltage across the input terminals
b. minimum current through the circuit
c. maximum reactance of the coil and capacitor
d. minimum impedance between the imput terminals
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21. Capacitive reactance is said to be frequency sensitive. This statement means that capac-
itive reactance:
a. is independent of frequency
b. decreases as frequency increases
c. increases with a rise of frequency
d. increases with a rise in capacitance
22. It is possible to pass a specific frequency through a resonant circuit by the proper selec-
tion of:
a. C and R c. R and L
b. C and L d. R and Z
23. At resonance, a parallel resonant circuit characteristically develops:

a. maximum voltage across the input terminals
b. minimum current through the circuit
c. maximum reactance of the coil and capacitor
d. minimum impedance between the input terminals
24. The effective voltage of an AC waveform whose peak value is 340 volts is:
a. 170 V c. 300 V
b. 240 V d. 340 V
25. The period of a sine wave is the time required for the sine wave to complete:
a. 1 cycle c. 1/4 cycle
b. 1/2 cycle d. 3/4 cycle
26. If a sine wave of ac voltage contains 220 reversals of polarity per second, what is the
frequency of the sine wave?
a. 55 Hz c. 220 Hz
b. 110 Hz d. 440 Hz
27. What is the approximate peak voltage of a 120-volt ac wave?

28. The voltage generated due to electromagnetic induction:

a. can only occur when the conductor is wound in the form of a coil
b. cannot occur in a DC circuit
c. can be produced only when the coil is stationary and the magnetic field moves
d. is produced by moving a conductor through a magnetic field
29. An advantage of 3 phase power over single phase power is:

a. smoother power output
b. 3 phase motors have simple construction features
c. fewer conductors per kilowatt are required for distribution
d. all of the above
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30. The line voltage of a delta connected transformer is equal to:
a. 0 volts
b. phase voltage
c. phase voltage ¥ 1.73
d. 58.8 volts for 100 volts operation
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Answers to Instructor’s Test Items
1. B 11. D
2. B 12. B
3. A 13. C
4. A 14. C
5. C 15. D
6. C 16. D
7. D 17. C
8. A 18. A
9. A 19. E
10. B 20. D
1. C 9. B
2. D 10. C
3. C 11. D
4. D 12. C
5. A 13. A
6. C 14. A
7. B 15. D
8. C
Unit 3 – Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance in AC Circuits
1. A 11. C 21. D
2. B 12. C 22. D
3. B 13. C 23. A
4. A 14. C 24. D
5. B 15. D 25. B
6. D 16. A 26. C
7. C 17. D 27. B
8. C 18. C 28. C
9. A 19. A 29. A
10. D 20. A 30. B
31. B
1. B 9. C 17. A
2. A 10. C 18. C
3. C 11. B 19. B
4. A 12. B 20. C
5. D 13. D 21. C
6. D 14. B 22. D
7. A 15. C 23. C
8. C 16. B 24. D
25. A
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Unit 5 – Frequency-Sensitive AC Circuits
1. B 9. C 17. A
2. D 10. D 18. A
3. C 11. D 19. C
4. B 12. A 20. D
5. C 13. C 21. B
6. A 14. D 22. B
7. D 15. A 23. B
8. A 16. A
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Instructor’s Transparency Masters
ALTERNATING CURRENT
(AC)
CIRCUITS
2nd Edition

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LIST OF TRANSPARENCY MASTERS
Figure 1-5 Two AC voltages that are in phase 1

Figure 1-6 Two AC voltages that are out of phase 2
Figure 1-7 Comparison of single phase and three phase AC voltages 3
Figure 1-9 Basic AC generator 4
Figure 1-10 Generation of an AC sine wave 5
Figure 1-11 Diagram of a three-phase alternator 6
Figure 1-12 Three phase connections: (a) wye connection; (b) delta connection 7
Figure 2-3 AC waveform displayed on the screen of an oscilloscope 8

Figure 2-4 Functional parts of an oscilloscope 9
Figure 2-5 CRT construction 10
Figure 2-6 Electron gun assembly 11
Figure 2-10 Sawtooth waveform of the horizontal time-base generator 12
Figure 2-11 Time-varying signals simultaneously applied to the horizontal and
vertical deflection plates 13
Figure 2-12 Display of Fig. 2-11 with horizontal deflection frequency doubled 14
Figure 2-13 Synchronized vertical and horizontal sweep signals and resulting CRT
display 15
Figure 2-14 Oscilloscope probe diagram 16
Figure 2-15 Block diagram of the vertical sweep section 17
Figure 2-16 Horizontal sweep section 18
Figure 2-17 VOM scale 19
Unit 3 – Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance in AC Circuits
Figure 3-1 Resistive AC circuit 20

Figure 3-2 Voltage and current waveforms of a resistive AC circuit 21
Figure 3-3 Power curve for a resistive AC circuit 22
Figure 3-4 Voltage and current waveform of a purely inductive AC circuit 23
Figure 3-5 Power curve for a purely inductive circuit 24
Figure 3-6 Resistive-Inductive (RL) circuit and its waveforms 25
Figure 3-7 Capacitive AC circuit 26
Figure 3-8 Voltage and current waveforms of a purely AC circuit 27
Figure 3-9 Power curves for a purely caoacitive AC circuit 28
Figure 3-10 Resistive-Capacitive (RC) circuit 29
Figure 3-11 Waveforms of an RC circuit 30
Figure 3-12 Vector diagrams showing voltage and current relationships of AC circuits 31
Figure 3-13 Series RL circuit example 32
Figure 3-14 Series RC circuit example 33
Figure 3-15 Series RLC circuit example 34
Figure 3-16 Parallel RL circuit example 35
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Figure 3-17 Parallel RC circuit example 36
Figure 3-18 Parallel RLC circuit example 37
Figure 3-19 Power triangles for AC circuits 38
Figure 4-2 Transformer: (a) pictorial; (b) schematic symbol 39

Figure 4-3 Transformers: (a) step-up; (b) step-down 40
Figure 4-4 Transformer current ratio 41
Unit 5 – Frequency-Sensitive AC Circuit
Figure 5-1 Three types of filter circuits 42

Figure 5-2 Circuits used to filter AC frequencies and their response curves 43
Figure 5-3 Series and parallel resonant circuits and their frequency response
curves 44
Figure 5-4 Sample resonant circuit problem 45
Figure 5-5 Effect of resistance on bandwidth of a series resonant circuit 46
Figure 5-6 Series resonant circuit problem 47
Figure 5-7 Parallel resonant circuit problem 48
Figure 5-10 Comparison of attenuator and amplifier circuits 49
Figure 5-11 Decibel values used to plot frequency response 50
Figure 5-12 Frequency response of a low-pass filter circuit 51
Figure 5-13 Decibel table 52
Figure 5-14 Frequency response of a high-pass filter circuit 55
Figure 5-15 Frequency response for a band-pass filter circuit 56
Figure 5-16 Square for rectangular waveforms and sawtooth waveforms 57
Figure 5-17 RC waveshaping circuits 58
Appendices
Figure B-2 Illustration of trigonometric relationships 59

Figure B-3 Standard graph illustrating how trigonometric functions for angles
greater than 90° are divided 60
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PREFACE
These transparency masters may be used with ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) CIR-
CUITS by Patrick and Fardo and are provided as an aid to effective teaching. All of the
figures are from the text and are those the authors feel to be most helpful to the instructor.
The transparencies are labeled the same as the text so easy cross reference can be made.
The figure numbers of the transparencies are the same as the figure numbers in the text.
These should provide a valuable learning supplement.
We hope that you will benefit from using these transparency masters in your classes. Elec-
tronics is an exciting area of study and good instruction is important for student learning to
occur. Should you have any questions in the use of this material, feel free to contact us.
Dale R. Patrick
Stephen W. Fardo
Richmond, Kentucky 40475
(606) 622-3232
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Alternating Current (AC) Circuits by Dale R. Patrick and Stephen W. Fardo
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AC Circut Analysis

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Instructor’s Resource Manual

Dale R. Patrick · Stephen W. Fardo

Copyright © 2000 by Butterworth–Heinemann

A member of the Reed Elsevier group

All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted

Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Butterworth–Heinemann

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

The publisher offers special discounts on bulk orders of this book.

Printed in the United States of America

ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) CIRCUITS

Unit 1 – Basics of Alternating Current (AC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Unit 3 – Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance in AC Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Unit 5 – Frequency-Sensitive AC Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Use of the Instructor’s Resource Manual

Teaching Tips for Instructors

Alternating Current (AC) Circuits is a book designed for use in vocational-technical

Answers to Unit 1 Examination

Suggested Data for Experiments

Experiment 2-1 — Measuring AC Voltage

1. This value will vary.

8. Brightness stays the same.

10. These are the same as Step 9.

11. They are the same.

14. R1 4.84 V 6.82 V 13.64 V 234 mW 330 mW

1. (a) unit of frequency measurement

2. See Figure 2-3

5. Power converted is the same.

6. 360° is one complete revolution.

9. Current which constantly changes direction is called alternating current.

Experiment 2-2 — Measuring AC With an Oscilloscope

6. The waveform increases and then decreases in vertical height.

7. decrease in vertical size

8. increase in vertical size

9. This alters the horizontal length and number of waveforms.

10. increase the number of waveform

1. electronic testing and troubleshooting

2. (a) adjusts the vertical height of the waveform

3. This control adjusts the number of waveforms displayed.

4. This affects the stability of the waveform.

Suggested Data for Experiments

Experiment 3-1 — Inductance and Inductive Reactance

1. These values will vary.

3. These values will vary.

4. The sum of the voltages is equal to the DC source voltage.

5. This value will vary.

7. These values will vary.

100 Hz 0.96 V 96.2 mA 2,826 W 10,391 W

13. As frequency increases, current decreases.

14. As frequency increases, inductive reactance increases.

15. As inductive reactance increases, current decreases.

3. The counterelectromotive force (CEMF) produced by the magnetic field around an

Experiment 3-2 — Capacitance and Capacitive Reactance

2. The R value is 10 KW and the DC resistance of the capacitor is infinite.

8. No current is measured in Step 7, while 0.6 mA flows through the 10 K Ohm

9. DC current does not flow through the capacitor.

14. Approximately the same.

15. An AC voltage source is used in Step #13, while DC is used in Step 7.

300 0.18 V 18.5 mA 53,079 W 54,012 W

17. As frequency increases, VR1 increases, I increases, and XL decreases.

1. XC is the opposition to AC current flow caused by capacitance.

6. As frequency increases, XC decreases.

2. a. XL = 6.28 ¥ 60 ¥ 4.5 = 1,700 W