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Effective Topologies for Large Scale Integration of Renewable Energy with the Grid
A Review
Abstract-The paper addresses several constraints associated regulate the active and reactive power by regulating frequency
with wide scale deployment of grid integrated renewable energy and voltage to maintain the grid stability. But the wide scale
system such as stability, active and reactive power regulation, use of such power electronic converters requires maintaining
LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through) , power factor improvement the power quality due to high frequency switching and
and demand side management. While highlighting its challenges, presence of harmonics due to the non-linear behavior of
potential solutions to the problems are also discussed using converters. In case of wind energy, there lies an additional
different FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission system) family challenge of being non-dispatchable in nature, which means
devices and PHEV (Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicles) . Finally a
the extraction of active power from wind is instantaneous and
typical power system is modeled on Matlab-Simulink showing a
it has to be utilized right at the instant when it is produced
voltage compensation system of a power system using SVC and
which require fast responding generating units. One possibility
the grid integration with active and reactive power control using
is to use the natural gas units in conjunction with the wind
PHEV.
turbine but it has high carbon foot prints. The hybrid
Keywords-Demand Side Management; Energy Policy; generation of wind and solar energy give the good
FACTS; PHEV; Renewable energy; V2G System combination [10]. One of the problems associated with the
solar energy is the requirement of significant irradiance to
produce maximum power output. More research work is
I. INTRODUCTION
needed to maximize the efficiency of solar cells to ensure
With the depleting reserves of fossil fuels and the maximum power conversion.
continuous rise in power demand, the alternate energy
resources are now the primary consideration of today's power
II. GRID INTEGRATION TECHNOLOGIES
engineers. It has been estimated that the total energy demand
of the world will be doubled by 2050 [15]. With this soaring This paper present solutions to connect renewable energy
rise, renewable energy, especially wind and solar energy has sources with the grid while still maintaining the grid stability
become the fastest growing field than any other technology. and power flow. Some of the solutions to the challenges have
Wide scale deployment of renewable energy generation is been addressed along with their possible solutions
subjected to several constraints which restrict it to become a
major competitor against conventional fossil fuel generation. A. Flexible AC Transmission Controller (FACTS)
These constraints resulted primarily due to inherent technical Improved utilization and integration of renewable energy
issues with the renewable sources. However with the ongoing can be made possible by using several power electronic based
research and enhanced incentive based energy policy, much of technologies; one of this is FACTS (Flexible AC
its limitations have been mitigated. This paper investigates Transmission System). STATCOM, one of the types of
some of the constraints along with their possible solutions FACTS controller can be used to maintain the voltage and
provide reactive power compensation. In case of PV or wind
For wind and solar energy generation both distributed and
central large scale technology can be adopted. The major integration with the grid, DC to DC converters are used to
problem is the unavailability of both sources throughout the maintain the DC voltage produced by the PV module and to
day as per requirement [l3]. Since this generation is highly make it reach to the optimal point necessary for grid
stochastic and uncontrollable therefore it is also difficult to integration. The STATCOM can also be used to eliminate the
ensure the stability between the grid and the load all the time. need of DC to DC converter in between voltage source
In wind energy generation system, the increased use of such inverter and the PV module. STATCOM can be used not only
power electronic equipment has shown the better control over to maintain the inherent fluctuation of voltage associated with
grid especially under faulty condition [20-24]. The major renewable energy such as wind and solar but it can also be
challenge which wind energy poses to the grid is the used to maintain the same in event of fault occurrence due to
fluctuation of voltage due to relatively weaker control on nonlinear load. Recent studies have proved that STATCOM
reactive power. Various power electronic devices are used to can be used to deliver reactive power during sudden drop in
voltage due to fault to maintain the system voltage under
acceptable limits [8] [1]. One common fault associated with feeders and transformers [17-19]. In a simulation, the three
the renewable energy is the chain disconnection of Distributed phase dynamic load is also included to show the impact of
Generation (DG). This effect becomes even more critical in voltage drop and losses. After compensation by SVC, the
case of wind energy generation employing Squirrel Cage system voltage remain stabilized to 0.965 V (p.u) as shown in
Induction Generator (SCIG) which tends to disconnect itself Fig. 2. The voltage stabilization also complies with the
from the grid whenever the voltage reduces below its preset acceptable limits of 5% deviation from the unity [16]
operating point. Hence the use of SATCOM can also provide
Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) by providing reactive B. PHEV (Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicle) Charger
power support to the system. Now a days, DFIG (Doubly Fed
Induction Generators) is used which has a greater stability
margin [2]. Under normal condition, while STATCOM
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provides reactive power compensation, the power factor of the
system also get improved.
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III. CONCLUSION
Fig. 5 Active and reactive power without PQ Control
The deployment of grid integrated renewable energy
system possesses several constraints which if remain
unaddressed can pose serious threat to grid stability and
reliability. It is found out that FACTs devices have dependable
performance in grid active and reactive power flow regulation.
Similarly, solar based PHEVs can also provide ancillary
service to the grid such as frequency and voltage regulation
along with DSM. It is estimated that 70% of the oil refined in
the world is used in transportation sector. Due to the depleting
reserves of oil and gas, major automobile companies are now
tending to develop hybrid cars. The development of effective
PHEV system will not only help automobile industry to meet
their current challenges and but also help utility in enhancing
grid stability and demand management.
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