TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM

NASA
Technical
Paper
2029

1982

Velocity Gradient Method for

Calculating Velocities in an
Axisymmetric Annular Duct

Theodore Ka tsanis
Lewis Research Center
Cleaeland, Ohio

Nailonal Aeronautics
and Space Admtnlstraiion

Scientific and Technical

Information Branch
SUMMARY

A methodhasbeendeveloped for calculating the velocity distribution

a l o n g an a r b i t r a r y l i n e b e t w e e nt h ei n n e r and o u t e r w a l l s o f an a n n u l a ra u c t
w i t ha x i s y m m e t r i cs w i r l i n gf l o w . The v e l o c i t y g r a d i e n t e q u a t i o n i s u s e d w i t h
anassumea v a r i a t i o no fm e r i d i o n a ls t r e a m l i n ec u r v a t u r e .U p s t r e a mf l o w
c o n a i t i o n sc a nv a r yb e t w e e nt h ei n n e r and o u t e r w a l l s , andanassumed total
p r e s s u r ed i s t r i b u t i o nc a n be s p e c i f i e d .

INTRODUCTION

Turbomachinerycomponentsareoftenconnectedbyducts,whichare
u s u a l l ya n n u l a r . The c o n f i g u r a t i o n s andaerodynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e s e
ductsarecrucialtothe o p t i m u mp e r f o r m a n c eo ft h et u r b o m a c h i n e r yb l a d e
rows. One a v a i l a b l em e t h o do fd u c t - f l o wa n a l y s i si s a finite-difference,
s t r e a m - f u n c t i o na n a l y s i s ,s u c ha st h em e r i d i o n a la n a l y s i so fr e f e r e n c e 1.
T h i s i s a goodmethod o fa n a l y s i s ,b u t i t r e q u i r e s a large,complexcoae to
h a n d l ea r b i t r a r yg e o m e t r i e s . Computerstorage and e x e c u t i o n t i m e a r e f a i r l y
l a r g e . A f a s t e r ana e a s i e rm e t h o do fa n a l y z i n gt h ef l o wt h r o u g h a duct with
a x i s y m m e t r i cs w i r l i n gf l o wi st h ev e l o c i t yg r a d i e n t method, a l s o knownas
t h es t r e a mf i l a m e n to rs t r e a m l i n ec u r v a t u r e methoa. Thismethod hasbeen
u s e ae x t e n s i v e l yf o rb l a d ep a s s a g e sb u th a sn o t beenused much f o r a u c t s ,
e x c e p t as t h er a d i a le q u i l i b r i u me q u a t i o n .F o rt n ep r e s e n ta n a l y s i st h e
momentum e q u a t i o n i s u s e d t o d e r i v e a v e l o c i t yg r a d i e n te q u a t i o n ,w h i c hi s
used t o d e t e r m i n e t h e v e l o c i t y v a r i a t i o n a l o n g an a r b i t r a r y s t r a i g h t l i n e
b e t w e e nt h ei n n e r and o u t e r w a l l s o f an a n n u l a rd u c t . The methodworksbest
i n a well-guidedpassage andwhere t h ec u r v a t u r e s of t h e w a l l s a r e s m a i l as
compared w i t h t h e w i d t h o f t h e p a s s a g e .A l t h o u g ho t h e rd u c t - a n a l y s i s
m e t h o d sa r ea v a i l a b l e ,t h i sa n a l y s i si sf a s t e r ana r e q u i r e sl e s sc o m p u t e r
storage.
A computerprogram, ANDUCT, hasbeen w r i t t e n t o s o l v e t h e e q u a t i o n s
i n v o l v e di nt h ea n a l y s i s .S t o r a g er e q u i r e m e n t sa r ea p p r o x i m a t e l y 18 K
words.Computer t i m ei sa p p r o x i m a t e l y 200 msec p e rs t a t i o n onan IBM
370/3033computer.
T h i sr e p o r tg i v e s a d e r i v a t i o no ft h ee q u a t i o n su s e d and d e s c r i b e st h e
s o l u t i o np r o c e d u r e and t h eu s eo ft h ec o m p u t e rp r o g r a m . The computercode
i s a v a i l a b l e f r o m COSMIC, 112BarrowHall, The U n i v e r s i t yo fG e o r g i a ,
Athens, Ga. 30602.

SYMBOLS

a c o e f f i c i e n t , eq. (A10)

b c o e f f i c i e n t , eq. (A10)

C c o e f f i c i e n t , eq. (A10)

cP s p e c i f i ch e a ta tc o n s t a n tp r e s s u r e ,J / k g K
e c o e f f i c i e n t , eq. (A10)

f c o e f f i c i e n t , eq. (A10)
 c

9 coefficient, eq. (A10)

h enthalpy, J/kg
h' total enthalpy, J/kg
m meridional streamline distance, meters
n distance normal to streamline, meters

P pressure, N/meter2
P' total pressure, N/meter2
9 distance along quasi-orthogonal, meters
R gas constant, J/kg K
r radius from axis of rotation, meters

rC radius of curvature of meridional streamiine, meters

rcn radius of curvature of normal to meriaional streamline, meters

S entropy, J/kg K
T temperature, K
T' total temperature, K
t time, sec
V velocity, meters/sec
2 axi a1 coordinate, meters
angle between meriaional streamline and axis o f rotation, raa; f i g . 1
angle between velocity vector ana meriaional plane, raa; f i g . 1
specific heat ratio
angular coordinate, rad; fig. 1
x angular momentum, rv8, meterZ/sec
density, kg/meter3
total density, kg/meter3

angle between quasi-orthogonal and radial direction, rad

2
Subscripts:
cr critical
h hub
m m-component
r r-component
t tip
z z-component
8 e-component

METHOD OF ANALYSIS
The objective of this analysis method is to calculate the quasi-
two-dimensional velocity distribution that satisfies a specifiea mass flow
through an annular duct. The velocity variation along a quasi-orthogonal
(ref. 2 ) between the inner and outer walls is aeterminea by the nlonlerltum
equation along the quasi-orthogonal. The quasi-orthogonal is a straight
line between the walls of the annulus. With suitable assumptions, this
leaas to a velocity gradient equation. The velocity gradient equation is an
ordinary differential equation that can be Solved numerically. This aeter-
mines the velocity distribution along the quasi-orthogonal. The analysis
for one quasi-orthgonal is independent of that for other quasi-orthogonals.
When the analysis is done for several lines, a velocity aistribution is
obtained for the entire duct.
The basic simplifying assumptions used to derive the equations ana to
obtain a solution along any quasi-orthogonal arethe following:
(1) The flow in the annulus is steady.
( 2 ) The flow is axisymmetric.
3 The fluid is a perfect gas with constant specfic heat c .
I41 The only forces along a quasi-orthogonal are those due !o momentum
and pressure gradient.
(5) There is linear variation of meridional streamline curvature along a
quasi-orthogonal.
(6) There is linear variation of meridional streamline angle along a
quasi-orthogonal.
The flow may be axial, radial, or mixed. Whirl, stagnation pressure,
and stagnation temperature must be specified but may vary betweenthe inner
and outer walls. Losses and heat transfer are not incluaea in the analysis
but may be simulated by specifying appropriate stagnation temperature and
pressure distributions. Within the given assumptions, no terms are omitted
from the basic velocity gradient equation (A10). Equation (AlO), which is
derived in appendix A, is an Ordinary differential equation with the
meridional component of velocity as the unknown. Equation (A10) is solved
numerically and iteration is used to satisfy global continuity. Appendix B
outlines the solution procedure.

3
 Figure 1. - Cylindrical coordinate system and velocity components.

20121
15/16
10111
1 516 370171
1 3 160161
50151
40141 80
TITLE (first station of each duct)
I BELTRAMI FLOW

0. I.5 I 1.
ZlAMDA array
7.5 I 30. I 67.5 I I I I I
TIP array
288.15 I288.15 I 288.15 I
RHOIP array
L 225 I L225 I 1.225 I I
Figure 2 - Input form.
DESCRIPTION OF INPUT AND OUTPUT

F i g u r e 1 shows t h e c y l i n d r i c a l c o o r d i n a t e s y s t e m and v e l o c i t y com-

ponent s . F i g u r e 2 shows t h ei n p u tr e q u i r e df o r a s i n g l es t a t i o n . Sample
input i s shown w i t ht h en u m e r i c a le x a m p l e .

Input

The i n p u t v a r i a b l e s a r e d e s c r i b e d i n t e r m s o f a c o n s i s t e n ts e t o f t h e
I n t e r n a t i o n a l System o fU n i t s ( S I ) . The program,however, wil r u n w i t h
i n p u t i n any c o n s i s t e n t s e t of u n i t s .

4
 The f i r s t l i n e i s t h e g e n e r a l t i t l e f o r a g i v e ng e o m e t r yc o n s i s t i n go f
s e v e r a ql u a s i - o r t h o g o n a l s i n a sequence.Succeedingquasi-orthogonals do
n o t r e q u i r e a t i t l e , u n l e s s a new g e o m e t r yw i t h a new sequence o f q u a s i -
o r t h o g o n a l s i s d e s i r e d . Thesecond l i n e i s a l a b e lt h a ti sr e q u i r e df o r
e v e r yq u a s i - o r t h o g o n a l .T h er e m a i n i n gl i n e sa r ed a t a :

NHT number o fi n p u tp o i n t sa l o n gq u a s i - o r t h o g o n a lb e t w e e ni n n e r
and o u t e r w a l l s , maximum o f 50

LSFR i n t e g e r (0 o r 1) i n d i c a t i n g w h e t h e r f l o w c o n d i t i o n s a r e g i v e n as a
functionofstreamfunction (0) o rd i s t a n c ef r o mi n n e rw a l l (1)
IPRINT i n t e g e r (0 o r 1) i n d i c a t i n gw h e t h e r a d e t a i l e ds o l u t i o ns h o u l d be
p r i n t e d (1) o r n o t p r i n t e d (0) a t each s t a t i o n
NEXT i n t e g e r (-1, 0, o r 1) i n d i c a t i n g w h e t h e r t h i s i s t h e l a s t i n p u t
s t a t i o n (0). I f more i n p u ts t a t i o n sf o l l o w , i t a l s oi n d i c a t e s
whetherthefollowingstationisstillforthe same d u c t (1) o r
whether a new s e r i e s o f i n p u t s t a t i o n s f o r a n o t h e r d u c t will
f o l l o w( - 1 )

GAM s p e c i f i ch e a tr a t i o , y

AR gasconstant, R, J/kg K

ZMSFL t o t a l mass f l o wt h r o u g ha n n u l u s ,k g / s e c

KHUB r a d i u sa ti n n e rw a l l ,r h ,m e t e r s

RTIP r a d i u sa to u t e rw a l l , rt, meters

ZHUB z c o o r d i n a t ea ti n n e rw a l l ,m e t e r s

Z T IP z c o o r d i n a t ea to u t e rw a l l ,m e t e r s

CURVH m e r i d i o n asl t r e a m l i n ec u r v a t u r e l / r c a it n n e rw a l l l, / m e t e r

CURVT m e r i d i o n asl t r e a m l i n ec u r v a t u r e l / r c a to u t e rh a l l ,l / m e t e r

ALH m e r i d i o n asl t r e a m l i n ea n g l e a a it n n e rw a l l , deg

ALT m e r i d i o n asl t r e a m l i n ea n g l e a ao
t u t e rw a l l , aeg

STRFN arrayofstreamfunctionvaluesforinputpoints where f l o w

c o n d i t i o n sa r es p e c i f i e d . STKFN i s g i v e n when LSFR = 0

QD I ST a r r a yo fd i s t a n c e sf r o mw a l la l o n gq u a s i - o r t h o g o n a l ,m e t e r s .
QDIST i s g i v e n when LSFR = 1

ZLAMDA a r r a yo fv a l u e so fa n g u l a r momentum x c o r r e s p o n d i n gt o STRFN

o r QDIST a r r a y ,m e t e r 2 / s e c

TIP a r r a yo ft o t a lt e m p e r a t u r e s T 1 c o r r e s p o n d i n gt o STRFN o r QDIST

array, K
 RHOIP a r r a yo tf o t adl e n s i t i e s p’ c o r r e s p o n d i n gt o STRFN o r QDIST
array,kgImeter-3

Unitsof Measurement

The I n t e r n a t i o n a lS y s t e mo fU n i t s( r e f . 3 ) i s u s e dt h r o u g h o u tt h i s
r e p o r t . However, t h ep r o g r a m does n o tu s ec o n s t a n t st h a t dependon t h e
s y s t e mo fu n i t sb e i n g u s e d .T h e r e f o r e ,a n yc o n s i s t e n ts e to fu n i t sc a n be
used; i n p a r t i c u l a r U.S. c u s t o m a r yu n i t sc a nb e used.

output

An exampleofoutput i sg i v e ni nt a b l e I. T h i so u t p u tc o r r e s p o n d st o
t h ei n p u tg i v e ni nf i g u r e 2. The f i r s t o u t p u t i s a l i s t i n go fi n p u tf o r a
g i v e ns t a t i o ni nf o r m a ts i m i l a rt ot h ei n p u ts h e e t .A f t e rt h ei n p u tl i s t -
i n g ,d e t a i l e do u t p u tf o re a c hs t a t i o ni sp r i n t e d i f I P R I N T = 1 i s g i v e n as
i n p u t . A summary o f t h e i n n e r ana o u t e r w a l l r e s u l t s f o r a givengeometry
i sp r i n t e ds e p a r a t e l y .

E r r o r Messages

S e v e r a le r r o r messageshavebeen i n c o r p o r a t e di n t ot h ep r o g r a m . These
messages a r el i s t e dh e r e . Where n e c e s s a r y ,s u g g e s t i o n sf o rf i n a i n g ana
correctingtheerroraregiven.

( 1 ) THE PASSAGE I S CHOKED AT T H I S STATION.

THE CHOKINGMASS FLOW I S X.XXXX.

T h i s message i s s e l f - e x p l a n a t o r y .

( 2 ) SUPERSONIC MERIDIONALVELOCITY COMPONENT AT THIS STATION

I f t h e f l o w has a s u p e r s o n i c m e r i d i o n a l v e l o c i t y component, withoutshocks,

a l l t h e way f r o m t h e hub t o t h e shroud, a r e a s o n a b l es o l u t i o nc a nb e ob-
tained. However, t h i si sn o tt h eu s u a ls i t u a t i o n and c a u t i o ns h o u l d be
exercised.

( 3 ) SONIC MERIDIONALVELOCITY COMPONENT AT T H I S STATION.

T H I S MAY RESULT I N AN INACCURATE SOLUTION

The v e l o c i t y g r a d i e n t e q u a t i o n ( A 1 0 ) i s s i n g u l a r when t h em e r i d i o n a lv e l o c -
i t y component ‘is sonic.Because o ft h i st h es o l u t i o n becomes i n a c c u r a t e
when t h em e r i d i o n a lv e l o c i t yi sn e a rs o n i c .T h i s message i s p r i n t e d when-
e v e rt h em e r i d i o n a lv e l o c i t y component i s w i t h i n 1 p e r c e n t o f t h e s o n i c
v e l o c i t y a t some p o i n t on t h eq u a s i - o r t h o g o n a l .

( 4 ) NO SOLUTION
COULD BE FOUND I N 100 ITERATIONS

T h i s message i s p r i n t e d i f no s o l u t i o nc a nb ef o u n d .M o s tl i k e l y nosolu-
t i o ne x i s t sf o rt h eg i v e ni n p u t . A common d i f f i c u l t y i s an i n p u t d i s t r i -
b u t i o no fw h i r l ,t o t a lt e m p e r a t u r e , and t o t a l d e n s i t y t h a t i s n o t p o s s i b l e
a t t h e g i v e n mass f l o w .

6
 ( 5 ) A FULLY CONVERGED SOLUTION COULD NOT BE OBTAINED I N 1000 ITERATIONS
AT THIS STATION
THE STREAM FUNCTION CHANGED BYX.XXX BETWEEN THE LAST TWO ITERATIONS

E v e nt h o u g ht h ei n n e ri t e r a t i o nc o n v e r g e s , i t may be p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e
c o r r e c t i o n s due t o s t r e a m l i n e s h i f t when LSFR = 0 w i
l notconverge.
( 6 ) ITERATION PROCEDURE HAD TO BE RESTARTED TO A V O I D EITHER A NEGATIVE
TEMPERATURE OR A NEGATIVEVELOCITY
RESTART PROCEDURE WAS ABORTED AFTER 1000 TOTAL NUMBER OF ITERATIONS

Most l i k e l y n o s o l u t i o n e x i s t s f o r t h e g i v e n i n p u t . A common d i f f i c u l t y i s
an i n p u t d i s t r i b u t i o n o f w h i r l , t o t a l t e m p e r a t u r e , and t o t a l d e n s i t y t h a t i s
notpossibleatthegiven mass f l o w .

( 7 ) THE MAXIMUM MASS FLOW FOR WHICH A SOLUTIONCOULD BE OBTAINED WAS

x. xxxx
THE MAXIMUM VALUE OF VSUBM AT THE HUB FOR WHICH A SOLUTIONCOULD BE
OBTAINED WAS X.XXXX
THE M I N I M U M VALUE
OF VSUBM AT THE HUB FOR WHICH A SOLUTIONCOULD BE
OBTAINED WAS X.XXXX
THETOTAL NUMBER OF ITERATIONS WAS X X X
NSUB = XX
NADD = X X

Thesemessages g i v e debug i n f o r m a t i o n when one o f t h e p r e v i o u s e r r o r

messages i s p r i n t e d .

(8) THE L I M I T OF 100 STATIONS PER CASE HAS BEENEXCEEDED

OUTPUT I S G I V E N ONLY
FOR THE FIRST 100 STATIONS

T h i s message i s s e l f - e x p l a n a t o r y .

NUMERICAL
EXAMPLES

B e l t r a m iF l o ww i t hF o r c e dV o r t e x

A rotationalflowwiththevorticityvectorparalleltothevelocity
v e c t o ri sc a l l e dB e l t r a m if l o w . An example o f t h i s t y p e o f f l o w i s an
a n n u l a rd u c t w i t h b o t h w a l l s o f c o n s t a n t r a d i u s and t h e t a n g e n t i a l v e l o c i t y
Ve p r o p o r t i o n a tl ot h er a d i u s ,t h a ti s , Ve = k r , where k i s an
a r b i t r a r yc o n s t a n t . The t o t a lt e m p e r a t u r ei sc o n s t a n t .T h i sk i n d offlow,
which i s d i s c u s s e d i n r e f e r e n c e 4, i l l u s t r a t e s t h e l i m i t a t i o n s o np o s s i b l e
s o l u t i o n s I. nr e f e r e n c e 4, t h ea x i a l component o fv e l o c i t y Vm i s shown
tovarywithradius as f o l l o w s :

2 2 2 2
Vm = (Vm)2 - 2k (r - ri)
i

w h e r et h es u b s c r i p t i r e f e r st o a n yr e f e r e n c er a d i u s . It canbeseenfrom
t h i se q u a t i o nt h a t a s o l u t i o n does n o t e x i s t f o r l a r g e v a l u e s o f r.
 BELTRAMI FLOW
FORCED VORTEX
NHT LSFR I P R I H T NEXT
1 1 0
Ai ZMSFL
1.400000 2a7.0000 317.0000
RHUB RTIP ZHUB ZTIP CURVH CURVT AlH ALT
0.5000000 1.500000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0 . 0 0 0 0 .000000 0 0 0 0 0.0000000 0.00000c:
POIST ARRAY
0.0000000 0.5000000 1.000000
ZLAMDA ARRAY
7.500000 30.00000 67.50000
T I P ARRAY
2 a a . 1 4 9 9z a a . 1 4 9 92 a a . 1 4 9 9
RHOIP ARRAY
1 . 2 2 4 9 9 9 1 . 2 2 4 9 9 91 . 2 2 4 9 9 9

FORCED V O R l[EX
I V V/VCR VSUBM BETA STATIC PRESSURE STREAM FUHCTION
1 -
6 7 ..9.7. 7.5.
1. 0: 2 0 2 7 5 0 7 61.16515 13.77914 98897.63 0.0000000
3 62.82813 0. 2 0 2 2 6 9 7 60.03325 14.47685 98908.75 0.1019999E-01
5 62.67238 0. 2 0 1 7 6 8 5 60.49181 15.15836 98920.44 0.2080000E-01
7 62.51079
~~ ~~ 0. 2 0 1 2 4 8 1 60.14095 15.a2709 98932.69 0.3179997E-01
9 62.34114 0 . 2007020 59.77t.03 16.48668 98945.44 0.4319999E-01
11 62.16457 0 . 2001335 59.40379 17.13963 98958.69 0.5499995E-01
13 61.98123 0 . 1995432 59.01801 17.78833 98972.44 0.6719995E-01
15 61.79137 0.1989320 58.62042 18.43498 98986.56 0.7979989E-01
17 61.59505 0. 1 9 8 2 9 9 9 58.21066 19.08156 95091.19 0.927999bE-01
19 61.39240 0. 1 9 7 6 4 7 6 57.78831 19.72992 99016.19 0.1061999
21 61.18346 0 . 1969749 57.35295 20.38173 99031.63 0.1199999
23 60.96829 0. 1 9 6 2 8 2 2 56.90407 21.03862 99n47.44 0.1341999
25 60.74690 0 . 1955695 56.44109 21.70213 99063:69 0.1487999
27 60.51926 0 . 1948366 55.96341 22.37373 99080.31 0.1637999
29 60.28534 0. 1940835 55.47037 23.05484 99097.38 0.1791999
31 60.04506 0 . 1933099 54.96126 23.74687 99114.a1 0.1949998
33 59.79839 0 . 1925158 54.43530 24.45123 99132.63 0.2111999
35 59.54523 0 . 1917008 53.a9168 25.16936 9915o.aa 0.2277998
37 59.28546 0. 1 9 0 8 6 4 4 53.32951 25.90260 99169.50 0.2447999
39 59.01892 0. 1 9 0 0 0 6 3 52.74780 26.65247 991a8.50 0.2621998
41 58.74554 0. 1 8 9 1 2 6 3 52.14555 27.42044 99207.94 0.2799999
43 5a.46513 0 . 1882235 51.52162 28.20808 99227.75 0.2981998
45 58.17751 0. 1 8 7 2 9 7 5 50.87479 29.01707 99248.00 0.3167999
47 57.88251 0 . 1863478 50.20377 29.84912 99268.69 0.3357998
49 -5 7. . -5 7. 9.9. -6 0. 1 8 5 3 7 3 7 49.50713 30.70610 99289.75 0.3551998
51 57.27228 0. 1 8 4 3 8 3 0 48.78641 31.58839 99311.31 0.3750000
53 56.95122 0 . 1833495 48.03065 32.50282 99353.25 0.3951998
55 56.62460 0 . 1822981 47.24605 33..44569 99355.69 0,4157999
57 56.28954 0 . 1812193 46.43419 34.41994 99378.50 0.4367998
59 55.94582 0 . 1801127 45.58772 35.42696 99401.81 0.4581999
61 55.5932o 0. 1789775 44.7070a 36.46861 99425.56 0.4799998
63 55.23151 0 . 1778131 43.79062 37.56681 99449.81 0.5021996
65 54.86053 0 . 176618a 42.83636 38.66402 99474.50 0.5247993
67 54.48006 0 . 1753939 41.a4213 39.a2300 99G99.69 4.7.7.9.9.6.
0 ..5.
69 54. 0 8 9 9 4 0. 1 7 4 1 3 7 9 40.80548 41.02698 99525.31 0.5711994
71 53.68993 0 . 1728501 39.72351 42.27974 99551.38 o ,5949998
73 53.27985 0 . 1715299 38.592a6 43.585a2 99577.88 0.6191993
75 52.85950 0. 1 7 0 1 7 6 6 37.40968 44.95035 99604.88 0.6437998
77 52.42868 0 . 16a7a96 36.16936 46.37958 99632.31 0.6667994
79 51.98712 0 . 1673681 34.86632 47.88101 99660.25 0.6941996
81 51.53471 0 . 1659116 33.4938a 49.46376 99688.56 0.7199993
83 51.07115 0 . 1644192 32.04381 51.138~ 99717.38 0.7461996
85 50.59627 0. 1 6 2 8 9 0 3 30.50572 52.92035 99746.63 0.7727995
87 50.10976 0. 1 6 1 3 2 4 0 28.86627 54.12602 99776.31 0.1997994
- 89
91
49.611'42
49.10098
0. 1 5 9 7 1 9 7
0. 1 5 8 0 7 6 4
27.10786
25.20651
56.87935
59.11200
99806.44
99837.00
0.8271995
0 .a549995
93 48.57816 0. 1 5 6 3 9 3 2 23.12801 61.56902 99867.94 o ,8831992
95 48.04266 0 . 1546692 20.82037 64.31a19 99899.31 0.9117994
97 47.49423 0 . 1529036 18.19789 67.47041 99931.06 0.9407992
99 46.93251 0 . 1510952 15.09911 71.23303 99963.25 0,9701996
101 46.3607a 0 . 1492544 11.14995 76.08366 99995.81 1.000000

ANDUCT , o f course.cannotaet a s o l u t i o n wherenone e x i s t s b u t will o b t a i n a

s o l u t i o n r e a s o n a b i y c l o s e t'o t h e limit.
Table I g i v e s t h e i n p u t f o r an example with hub r a d i u s of 0.5 and t i p
r a d i u so f 1.5. The v a l u eo f k i s 30, and t h ei n p u ti sg i v e ni n SI u n i t s
a ts t a n d a r da t m o s p h e r ec o n d i t i o n s .W i t h a v a l u e o f Vm = 61 a tt h e hub,
Vm equals 11 a tt h eo u t e rw a l l .T h i ss o l u t i o ni so b t a i n e dv e r yc l o s et o
t h e maximum p o s s i b l er a d i u s( 1 . 5 2 2 ) . The c a l c u l a t e dd i s t r i b u t i o n o f Vm
isplottedinfigure 3 and i s i n d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e f r o m t h e t h e o r e t i c a l
distribution.

BoundaryLayerSimulation

Any d e s i r e d b o u n d a r y l a y e r p r o f i l e c a n b e s i m u l a t e d b y s p e c i f y i n g an
a p p r o p r i a t et o t a lp r e s s u r ed i s t r i b u t i o n . The t o t a lp r e s s u r ei ss p e c i f i e d
i n d i r e c t l yb ys p e c i f y i n gb o t ht o t a lt e m p e r a t u r e and t o t a ld e n s i t y . Care

8
 Hub
I
Shroud \
Figure 3. - Beltrami flow solution.
Hub Shroud
Figure 4, - Fully developed laminar flow.

m u s tb et a k e nt h a tt h et o t a lp r e s s u r ev a r i a t i o ni sn o te x c e s s i v e .W a l l
v e l o c i t i e sv e r yc l o s et oz e r oa r ed i f f i c u l tt oa p p r o x i m a t e .A l t h o u g ht h i s
c o u l d be improvedwithmore mesh p o i n t s and d o u b l e - p r e c i s i o n c a l c u l a t i o n s ,
i t i sn o tw a r r a n t e db e c a u s eo ft h ea p p r o x i m a t en a t u r eo ft h ee n t i r e
calculation.
An examplecase i s g i v e n f o r a p a r a b o l i c v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n c o r -
r e s p o n d i n gt of u l l yd e v e l o p e dl a m i n a rf l o w . The c o r r e s p o n d i n gt o t a lp r e s -
s u r e i s c a l c u l a t e d , and f r o m t h i s t h e t o t a l d e n s i t y i s c a l c u l a t e d , w i t h a
u n i f o r mt o t a lt e m p e r a t u r e . The r e s u l t i n gt o t a ld e n s i t y mustbe modified
( i n c r e a s e d )s l i g h t l ya tt h ew a l l st oo b t a i n a n o n - z e r ow a l lv e l o c i t y . A
r e a s o n a b l ei n p u tf o ra p p r o x i m a t i n gf u l l yd e v e l o p e dl a m i n a rf l o wi sg i v e ni n
t a b l e 11. The c a l c u l a t e d v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n i s p l o t t e d i n f i g u r e 4.
T u r b u l e n to ro t h e rb o u n d a r yl a y e rp r o f i l e sc a n be approximated i n a s i m i l a r
manner.

SourceFlow

Becauseone o f t h e f e a t u r e s o f t h i s code i s t h e a b i l i t y t o o b t a i n a
r e a s o n a b l es o l u t i o nf o r a casewherethehub-to-shroud line is not
o r t h o g o n a lt ot h ef l o w , dVm/dm i s i m p o r t a n tt ot h es o l u t i o n .I np r e v i o u s
v e l o c i t yg r a d i e n tc o d e ss e v e r a lh u b - t o - s h r o u dl i n e sm u s tb e Used t o e s t i -
mate dVm/dm (e.g., r e f . 2). T h i si sa v o i d e ab yu s i n gt h ec o n t i n u i t y
e q u a t i o ni nc o n j u n c t i o nw i t ht h e assumed v a r i a t i o n o f t h e m e r i d i o n a l f l o w
a n g l e a and t h em e r i d i o n asl t r e a m l i n ec u r v a t u r e l/rc.

TABLE11. - BOUNDARY LAYERSIMULATION

FULLYDEVELOPED FLOW
LAMINARCASE
HHT L ISPFRRI H T NEXT
3 1 1 0
GAM AR ZMSFL
1.400000 za7. o m 769.6902
RHUB RTIP ZHUB ZTIP CURVH CURVT ALH ALT
1.000000 2.000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
Q D I S T ARRAY
0 . 5 0 000. 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 1.000000
ZLAMDA ARRAY
0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
T I P ARRAY
zaa.2 a a1.419499 9 2aa.1499
R H O I P ARRAY
1 . 2 2 4 9 919. 1 6 9 9 9 9 1.169999
 r
t
lZor source ,rTheoretical flav

9.51
Hub S h roud
Figure 5. - Two-dimensional source flav. Figure 6. - Source flow distribution.

TABLE 111. - SOURCE

FLOW

SOURCE FLOW
3 0 DEGREE ANGLE. EACH S I D E
NHT L S d IPRINT NEXT
3 1 1 0
GAM AR ZMSFL
1.400000 287.0530 16120.S5
RHUB RTIP ZHUB ZTIP CURVH CURVT ALu ALT
1 0 1 . 0 09 09 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 -s0.5
m0w. 10 0 0 0 1
Q D I S T ARRAY
0.0000000 1.000000 2.000000
ZLAWOA ARRAY
0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
T I P ARRAY
2 8 8 . 1 4 9 92 8 8 . 1 4 9 92 8 8 . 1 4 9 9
RHOIP ARRAY
1 . 2 2 4 9 9 19 . 2 2 4 9 9 19 . 2 2 4 9 9 9

When c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y i s n e g l e c t e d , t h e v e l o c i t y f r o m a source i s
i n v e r s e l yp r o p o r t i o n a lt ot h ed i s t a n c ef r o mt h es o u r c e . By c h o o s i n g a l a r g e
r a d i u so f 100, a two-dimensionalsource i s a p p r o x i m a t e d .S i n c et h e r ei s no
w h i r li nt h i s example, Vm = V = k/d,where k i s an a r b i t r a r yc o n s t a n t
and d i st h ed i s t a n c ef r o mt h es o u r c e .F i g u r e 5 shows t h ef l o wc o n f i g u r a -
t i o n chosen f o rt h i s example. The v a l u eo f k was chosen t o be 20. T h i s
resultsinvaluesof V = 10 a t t h e i n n e r and o u t e r w a l l s and
V = 2 0 / G = 11.5470 a t t h e mean r a d i u s . The i n p u t f o r t h i s example i s
g i v e ni nt a b l e 111. F i g u r e 6 compares t h et h e o r e t i c a ls o u r c ev e l o c i t yv a r i -
a t i o nw i t ht h ea p p r o x i m a t es o l u t i o nc a l c u l a t e db y ANDUCT. The d i f f e r e n c e i n
thecalculatedcurveisprimarily due t o t h e a s s u m p t i o n o f l i n e a r v a r i a t i o n
i n a between t h e hub a!d shroud. It canbeseen t h a tt h el o s si na c c u r a c y
i s modesteven w i t h a 60 change i n a acrossthepassage.

T r a n s i t i o nD u c t

T h i se x a m p l ei l l u s t r a t e s a t r a n s i t i o nd u c tb e t w e e nt u r b o m a c h i n e r y com-
ponents. The f l o wc o n d i t i o n sa tt h ed u c te n t r a n c ea r e shown i n f i g u r e 7 and
intable I V . A l i n e a rl o s sv a r i a t i o na l o n gt h el e n g t ho ft h ed u c t is
i n c l u d e d ,b u tt h ew h i r ld i s t r i b u t i o na tt h ei n l e tt ot h ed u c ti s assumed t o be
c o n s t a n ta l o n gt h el e n g t h o f t h ed u c t .F i g u r e 8 shows theductgeometry, and
f i g u r e 9 compares t h e v e l o c i t i e s c a l c u l a t e d b y ANDUCT w i t h t h o s e c a l c u l a t e d b y
MERIDL ( r e f . 1). MERIDL o b t a i n s a f i n i t e - d i f f e r e n c e ,s t r e a m - f u n c t i o ns o l u t i o n
and i sc o n s i d e r e dt o bereasonablyaccurate. ANDUCT r e q u i r e sl e s st h a n 1/3
thecomputertimerequiredby MERIDL f o r t h i s s o l u t i o n .

10
 I
82 84 86 88 90 1
Input array - LAMIN
(a) Inlet absolute whirl. (b) Inlet absolute total temperature.

0 L J L - U
4260 4240 4220 4200
Input array - PRlP
(c) Inletabsolute total pressure.
Figure 7. - Inlet flow conditions for transitionduct.

TABLE 1V. - TRANSITION DUCT

T R A N S I T I O N DUCT
STATION 1
NHT LSFR I P R I N T NEXT
9 0 1 1
GAM Ai ZMSFL
1 .S18999 1716.510 0.4848600E-01
RHUB RTIP ALNZHUB ZTIr
CURVT CURVH ALT
0.1496000 0.1928999 -0.417OOOOE-01 -0.4170000E-01 0.7999998E-01 -0.2000000E-01 -0.1300000 0.4000088E-01
STRFN ARRAY
0.0000000 0.1250000
0.8750000
0.7500000
0.6250000
0.5000000
0.3750100
0.2500000
1.000000
ZLAMOA ARRAY
80.08499 82.16800 83.8900 85.29500 86.42000 87.33408 88.00400 88. S W 1 1
88.37599
T I P ARRAY
2078.900 2075.500 2072.400 200.600 2064.700
2067.000 1062.600 1060.8@1
2059.400
R H O I P ARRAY
0.1179000E-02 0.1183400E-02 0.11874OOE-02 0.11911OOE-02 0.1194400E-02
0.1197500E-02 0.1200400E-02 1.12OJOOOE-02
0.1205000E-02

11
 ?

0 .02 .04 .M .08 .10

Axialcoordinate, z. meters
Figure 8. - Transition duct geometry.

0 Anduct
solution
Meridl solution (ref. 5)

-
>.
..
v
> 0 -
.-=- .3-
c
e
g-
0
.2
a
> (a) Hub.
-
.-.-E
c
L
V

(b) Shroud.
Figure 9. - Velocity distribution along walls of transition duct.

12
CONCLUDING REMARKS

The ANDUCT p r o g r a m c a l c u l a t e s t h e f l o w f i e l d f o r an a r b i t r a r y a n n u l a r
d u c tw i t h a s t r a i g h t c e n t e r l i n e and a x i s y m m e t r i cs w i r l i n gf l o w .T h i s f.low
f i e l dc o u l da l s o be c a l c u l a t e db yt h e MERIDL p r o g r a m( r e f .1 ) . However,
ANDUCT has t h ea d v a n t a g e so f much l e s sc o m p u t e rt i m e( a p p r o x i m a t e l y1 / 3t h e
t i m ef o rt h eg i v e nn u m e r i c a le x a m p l e ) and v e r y much l e s ss t o r a g e . The
storagerequiredfor ANDUCT i s 18 K wordson t h e IBN370/3033computer with
a v i r t u a l memory. S i n c e MERIDL i s a l a r g e ,g e n e r a lc o d ef o r a finite-
d i f f e r e n c e ,s t r e a m - f u n c t i o ns o l u t i o ni n c l u d i n g a b l a d e row, t h es t o r a g e
wouldbevery much l a r g e r ,e v e nw i t hr e d u c e da r r a ys i z e s . Thus t h e ANDUCT
program i s a c o n v e n i e n t p r o g r a m t o u s e f o r a n a l y z i n g an a n n u l a r d u c t w i t h
modestcomputertimeon a c o m p u t e rw i t h a s m a l l memory.

LewisResearchCenter
N a t i o n a lA e r o n a u t i c s andSpace A d m i n i s t r a t i o n
Cleveland,Ohio,February 11, 1982

13
 APPENDIX A

DERIVATION OF VELOCITYGRADIENT EQUATION

The v e l o c i t y g r a d i e n t e q u a t i o n d e s i r e d i s f o r t h e m e r i d i o n a l v e l o c i t y
component Vm as a f u n c t i o no f q, t h ed i s t a n c ea l o n g a quasi-
o r t h o g o n a lT. h em e r i d i o n avl e l o c i t y component Vm i s used as t h e depena-
e n tv a r i a b l es i n c et h et a n g e n t i a l component i s known f r o m t h e s p e c i f i e d
whirl x distribution. It i sd e s i r e dt oo b t a i n an e q u a t i o nf o r dVm/aq
where ,V i st h eo n l y unknown. A l q u a n t i t i e so t h e trh a n V, a r e
known asa f u n c t i o no fe i t h e r q o rt h es t r e a mf u n c t i o n . The v e l o c i t y
g r a d i e n t e q u a t i o n i s basedonthe momentum e q u a t i o n i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e
quasi-orthogonal.

- $ = ( at-'z,)r
dVr dr
a-ii
+ d V dz
dtzj
~

E q u a t i o n( A l )i so b t a i n e df r o me q u a t i o n( B 7 )o fr e f e r e n c e 2 w i t h w = 0.
The p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t i s r e l a t e d t o t h e v e l o c i t y g r a d i e n t b y assuming t h a t
t h ee n t r o p yv a r i a t i o ni s known. By combining

-dP
= dh - T ds
P

with

2 2
h = h'
"m ",
-2-2
and

dh' = c dT'
P

we g e t

S o l v i n gf o r dVm/dq b uy s i n g equations (Al) and ( A 2 )g i v e s

dVm
q=Va
1 ( ':,)
dVr dr
, t-r * + v p T d q - ~ ~ + ~ w - v p z j
1 d V dz
~ 'Q dVe 'p dT' T ds

14
It is assumed that the whirl a and meridional streamline angle a are
known functions. Therefore Vr, VQ, and Vz can be expressed in
terms of Vm:

V
r = Vm sin u

vz = vm cos a

By differentiating these last two expressions and noting that d d d m = l/rc

(where rc is the radius of curvature of the meridional streamline), we
obtain

i
m'
a d m

COS a -"m
dm

The angle between the radial direction and the quasi-orthogonal is aenotea
by $ (fig. l o ) , SO - $ is the angle between the quasi-orthognal
and the true streamline orthogonal. We can use

1
VI
L
0
E Arbitrary
L-
quasi-orthcgonal-'
.-c
5-
3
0,
L
0
.-x
VI

m
E
e
L
VI
.-
U
x

B
c
Axialcoordinate, 2. meters
Figure 10. - Streamline and quasi-orthogonal angles.

15
 When t h e s e r e l a t i o n s a r e a l l u s e d i n e q u a t i o n ( A 3 ) and t r i g o n o m e t r i c
e x p r e s s i o n sf o rt h ed i f f e r e n c eo fa n g l e sa r e used, we o b t a i n

S i n c et h ee n t r o p yv a r i a t i o ni su s u a l l y knownasa t o t a lt e m p e r a t u r e ana
t o t a lp r e s s u r ev a r i a t i o n , we use

T' P'

to obtain

T h i se x p r e s s i o nc a n be s u b s t i t u t e d i n t o e q u a t i o n ( A 4 ) t o o b t a i n

+ dT'
A2 n
r'
+" dT' +" RT dp'
2r2T'Vm
dq
2T'
dq Vp
,' dq

A l t h ec o e f f i c i e n t s of V a r e known, e x c e pf to r dVm/dm. However,

dV,/dm can be c a l c u l a t e d Trom t h e c o n t i n u i t y e q u a t i o n s i n c e t h e f l o w
a n g l e sa n dt h es t r e a m l i n ec u r v a t u r ea r e assumed t o be known. I n termsof m
and e v e l o c i t y components, t h ec o n t i n u i t ye q u a t i o ni s

(Seeeq.A3(34) i n r e f . 4, where V3 = Vn = 0.) The c u r v a t u r eo ft h e

normal l / r c n i s aa/an ana can be c a l c u l a t e df r o mt h e known q u a n t i t i e s
aa/aq
and aa/am. We have

16
o r b, ys o l v i n gf o r aa/dn

au
"

an -
1
cos ( a - $ 1 aq
- t a n (a - $1 am
aa

N o t et h a t a a / a m = l/rc, a r l a m = s i n a, and a(pV,)/ae = 0, s u b s t i t u t e

i n e q u a t i o n (A6), expand t h ed e r i v a t i v e s , and s o l v ef o r aV,/am t oo b t a i n

-=
am
vm [ tan (a -
rC
$1 sin a
r COS a - $
-
P
-1
am

The o n l yq u a n t i t yt h a ti sn o ti m m e d i a t e l y known i s ap/am. T h i sq u a n t i t y ,

however,canbe c a l c u l a t e df r o m aVm/am:

where

T = I -
v02 + vm2
-
T' 2c T '
P

and

Whe.n*these are
used a n da n ys t r e a m w i s ev a r i a t i o no f p' and T I is
neglected, we f i n d t h a t

S u b s t i t u t ee q u a t i o n (A8) i n e q u a t i o n (A7) and s o l v e f o r dVm t o o b t a i n

 "
a "m -
am
Y RTVm

YRT - Vm 2
t a n ( a - $1 - s i n
C
r
a aalaq
COS ( a - $1 -
x2 s i n
3
r yRT
a

1
When e q u a t i o n (A9) i s substituted i n e q u a t i o n (A5), we g e t

e dx + f dT' + g dp'
dVm = V, ( ad q . + b da + c dT') +

"m

where

c =- 1
2T I

x
e = - r2

f =-
x2
2 r2T I

2
x2 "m
T = TI
-x- P
2c
P

18
APPENDIX t3

SOLUTION PROCEDURE

The v e l o c i t y g r a d i e n t e q u a t i o n ( A 1 0 ) i s an o r d i n a r y a i f f e r e n t i a l equa-
t i o n t h a t canbe r e a d i l ys o l v e db yn u m e r i c a lm e t h o a sf o r a giveninitial
v a l u eo f Vm a tt h e hub. As a s o l u t i o nt oe q u a t i o n( A 1 0 )i sb e i n g
computea, a c o r r e s p o n d i n g mass f l o w i s computedfrom

where

The d e s i r e ds o l u t i o ni so b t a i n e db yv a r y i n g( v m ) hu n t i l a s o l u t i o nt o
equation(A10) i s f o u n dt h a t will s a t i s f ye q u a t i o n( B l ) .T h i sr e q u i r e s an
i t e r a t i v ep r o c e d u r e ,w h i c hi sd e s c r i b e db e l o w .
F o rt h ei n i t i a ls o l u t i o nt oe q u a t i o n( A l O ) , (Vm) i s estimatedon
t h eb a s i so fo n e - d i m e n s i o n a il n c o m p r e s s i b l ef l o w .T k en u m e r i c a sl o l u t i o n is
c a l c u l a t e d b y t h e Heun method ( r e f . 5 ) f o r 100 mesh s p a c e sf r o mi n n e rw a l l
t oo u t e rw a l l . I f ZLAMDA, TIP, and RHOIP a r ea l lg i v e n as a f u n c t i o no f
p o s i t i o n (LSFR = l ) , a l l t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s i n e q u a t i o n (A10)canbecalcu-
l a t e dw i t ht h es o l u t i o n . However, i f ZLAMDA, TIP,and RHOIP a r eg i v e n as a
functionofthestreamfunction (LSFR = 0), t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s c a n o n l y be
a p p r o x i m a t e du n t i l a s o l u t i o n i s computed.Thusan o u t e ri t e r a t i o n mustbe
added t o c o r r e c t t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s . U s u a l l y o n l y one o r t w oo u t e ri t e r a t i o n s
a r er e q u i r e d W . i t h i nt h ei n n e irt e r a t i o n e, s t i m a t e sf o r (Vm)h are
made b ys u b r o u t i n e CONTIN, on t h eb a s i so fp r e v i o u sc a l c u l a t i o n s .A f t e r
t h r e ee s t i m a t e sa r e made, CONTIN will f i t a p a r a b o l a t h r o u g h t h e t h r e e
p o i n t s t o make t h en e x te s t i m a t e .T h i sq u i c k l yl e a d st o a s o l u t i o nf o r
s u b s o n i cf l o w . I f t h e mass f l o ws p e c i f i e d (ZMSFL) i s t o ol a r g e , a solution
does n o te x i s t . However, CONTIN will make e s t i m a t e st oc a l c u l a t et h e
l a r g e s t p o s s i b l e mass f l o w ( w h i c h i s t h e c h o k i n g mass f l o w f o r t h a t
s t a t i o n ) .S u b r o u t i n e CONTIN i s more c o m p l e t e l yd e s c r i b e di nr e f e r e n c e 6.
Afterthecorrect mass f l o w s o l u t i o n h a sb e e no b t a i n e dw i t ht h ea i d of
CONTIN, t h ei n n e ri t e r a t i o n hasconverged. I f LSFR = 0 f o ri n p u t , an o u t e r
i t e r a t i o n mustbe done t o c o r r e c t t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s t h a t i n v o l v e ZLAMDA, T I P ,
o r RHOIP, as m e n t i o n e dp r e v i o u s l y .
I f d i f f i c u l t y i s encountered s o t h a t a v a l i d s o l u t i o n c a n n o t be
obtained, an a p p r o p r i a t e message i s p r i n t e d , as d i s c u s s e di nt h em a i n - t e x t
s e c t i o n on E r r o r Messages.

19
 REFERENCES

1. Katsanis,Theodore;andMcNally,William D.: R e v i s e d FORTRAN Program

f o r C a l c u l a t i n g V e l o c i t i e s ana StreamlinesontheHub-ShroudIvliachannel
S t r e a mS u r f a c eo f an Axial-,Radial-,orMixed-FlowTurbomachineor
A n n u l aDr uct. I - Users Ivlanual. NASA TN D-8430, 1977.

2. Katsanis,Theoaore: Use o f A r b i t r a r yQ u a s i - O r t h o g o n a l sf o rC a l c u l a t i n g
F l o wD i s t r i b u t i o ni nt h eM e r i d i o n a lP l a n eo f a Turbomachine. NASA
TN D-2546, 1964.

3. Ivlechtly, E. A.: The I n t e r n a t i o n a lS y s t e mo fU n i t s ,P h y s i c a lC o n s t a v t s

ana C o n v e r s i o nF a c t o r s . NASA SP-7012, 2na rev.,1973.

4. Vavra,Michael H.: Aero-ThermoaynamicsandFlow i n Turbomachines.

R o b e r t E. K r i e g e rP u b l . Co., 1974.

5. Carnahan,Brice;Luther, H. A.; andWilkes, James 0 . : A p p l i e aN u m e r i c a l

Methods.JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.,1969.

6. Katsanis,Theodore;andMcNal ly, Wi 11iam D. : R e v i s e d FORTRAN Program

forCalculatingVelocities and S t r e a m l i n e so nt h e Hub-ShrouaCliachannel
S t r e a mS u r f a c eo fa nA x i a l - ,R a d i a l - , or Mixed-FlowTurbomachineor
AnnularDuct. I 1 - ProgrammersManual. NASA TN D-8431, 1577.

20
 -

I 1. Report No.
NASA TP-2029 I
I
2. Government Accession No.
I
1
3. Recipient's Catalog No.

4. Title and Subtitle I 5. Report Date

July 1982
1
VELOCITY GRADIENT METHOD FOR CALCULATING
6. Performing Organization Code
VELOCITIES IN AN AXISYMMETRIC ANNULAR DUCT 505-32- 52
7. Author(s1

Theodore Katsanis
1 8. Performing Organization Report No.
E-1104
10. Work Unit No.
9. Performing Organization Name and Address
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 11. Contract or Grant No.
Lewis Research Center
Cleveland,Ohio 44135 _"
12. Sponsoring AgencyName and Address
Technical Paper
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Washington, D oC. 20546
14. Sponsoring Agency Code

I
-1
I
15. Supplementary Notes

16. Abstract
A method has been developed for calculating the velocity distribution along an arbitrary line
between the inner and outer walls of an annular duct with axisymmetric swirling flow. The
velocity gradient equation is used with an assumed variation of meridional streamline curvature.
Upstream flow conditions can vary between the inner and outer walls, and an assumed total
pressure distribution can be specified.

I- ." "

Duct; Annular duct; Velocity gradient; Unclassified - unlimited

Flow analysis; Axisymmetric flow STAR Category 02

. __ J
1
...
"" .- -~ "-1~.. . --
.- . _. " - ..
20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price'

Unclassified A02
"" ~ .. . . __ ._ ~~ _" . ~..
*For sale by the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161
NASA-Lanql ey , 1982