Earth Science Review Answers

Teachers Guide and Answer Key
Reviewing
Earth Science
The Physical Setting
Third Edition
Thomas McGuire
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January 2009, June 2009, and August 2009 exams
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 14 13 12 11 10 09
Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1 Planet Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2 Minerals, Rocks, and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 The Dynamic Crust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4 Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5 Glaciers, Oceans, and Landscapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
6 Interpreting Earths History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
7 Properties of the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
8 Weather Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
9 The Water Cycle and Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
10 Earth in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
11 Beyond Planet Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
12 Environmental Awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Answer Key for Readings in Science,Technology, and Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Skills of Inquiry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Study and Test-Taking Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Sample Examination Answer Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
iii
31. three
Introduction: Welcome to
32. Earths volume, Earths radius (diameter)
Earth Science which allows you to calculate Earths vol-
Questions Page 4 ume.
33.
1. (3) 2. (1) 3. (4) 4. (3) 5. (2) 6. (3)
100
7. (1) 8. (2) 9. (4) 10. (1) 11. (2) X
80
Questions Page 5
12. (1) 13. (3) 14. (4) 15. (2)
Mass (grams)
60
X
Questions Pages 6 and 7
40
16. (3) 17. (2) 18. (4) 19. (1) 20. (1) 21. (4) X
22. (2) 23. (2) 20 X

0
24. (3) 25. (1) 26. (1) 27. (2) 28. (4) 29. (2) 0 10 20 30 40
30. (3) 31. (4) Volume (cm3)
34. Accept answers between 81 g and 83 g.

35. Accept answers in the range of 2.6 to 2.8
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS g/cm3. (The proper units must be included.)
PAGES 1015 36. Note that the accepted value of the distance
from Syracuse to Watertown can be meas-
1. (3) 2. (3) 3. (2) 4. (4) 5. (2) 6. (4) ured on page 3 of the Earth Science Refer-
7. (2) 8. (4) 9. (2) 10. (4) 11. (1) 12. (4) ence Tables.
13. (3) 14. (2) 15. (1) 16. (2) 17. (4) 18. (2)
difference from accepted vallue
19. (3) 20. (3) 21. (1) 22. (4) 23. (4) 24. (3) deviation (%) = 100
25. (2) 26. (1) accepted value
50 km
= 100 = 50%
27. Eris must be larger than Pluto 100 km
28. an astronomer 37.

6
29. 1.65 1022 kg (0.15 1022 kg)
5
Density (grams/cubic centimeter)
30.
50
4
45
40 3
35
2
30
Mass (g)
25 1
20
15 0
Mercury
Saturn
Jupiter
Neptune
Uranus
Earth
Venus
Mars
10
5 Planet
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 The bars may be any thickness as long as
Volume (cm3) their positions and values are correct.
Reviewing Earth Science Answer Key 1

38. (a) (Least dense) C, A, D, B (Most dense) 28.
(b) 1 gram/cubic centimeter (1 g/cm3), the
same density as water. 25 26 27 27 26
24 25 27 28 27
Chapter 1Planet Earth

25 26 28 29 28
1. (1) 2. (3) 3. (4) 4. (1) 5. (4) 6. (4)
25 26 26 25 26
7. (3) 8. (1) 9. (1) 10. (3) 11. (3)
Questions Pages 2325

12. (3) 13. (4) 14. (3) 15. (1) 16. (3) 17. (1) 29.
18. (2) 19. (3) 20. (1) 21. (2) 22. (4) 23. (1)
24. (3) 25. (2) 26. (3) 27. (2) 28. (3)

29. (2) 30. (3) 31. (4) 32. (3) 33. (2) 34. (2)
35. (3) 36. (2) 37. (4) 38. (1) 39. (1) 40. (4)
Questions Page 32
41. (2) 42. (1) 43. (3) 44. (2) change in field value 300 m
30. gradient = =
change in diistance 3 km
Questions Pages 33 and 34 = 100 m/km
45. (1) 46. (4) 47. (4) 48. (2) 49. (4) 50. (2) 31. Local (solar) time and Greenwich time
51. (4) 52. (2) 32. Answers include
1. The different positions of the sun or other
stars in the sky at different locations. (This
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS could be a reference to clock times at dif-
ferent locations.)
PAGES 3438
2. The curved shadow of Earth on the moon
1. (4) 2. (4) 3. (3) 4. (4) 5. (4) 6. (2) during a lunar eclipse.
7. (3) 8. (1) 9. (2) 10. (1) 11. (4) 12. (3)
3. A ship disappearing as it sails over the
13. (3) 14. (2) 15. (3) 16. (2) 17. (1) 18. (4)
horizon.
19. (4) 20. (3) 21. (2) 22. (4) 23. (1) 24. (1)
25. (4) 4. The weight of an object is the same every-
where on Earth.
26. elevation
33. Earths size or circumference
27. northeast corner
34. 12,756 km
35. He was not able to compare his ship time
with the time back in Europe.
2 Reviewing Earth Science Answer Key

36. percent difference from accepted value 43. A diamond can scratch any other mineral.
= 100
deviation accepted value 44. Earth rocks show more (chemical) weather-
15,000 km
= 100 ing
40,000 km
= 37.5% (Accept 0.5%) 45. plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, olivine, and
amphibole (also accept biotite)
37. The angle from the horizon straight up to
46. They formed from molten rock.
Polaris
47. Breccia is made of angular fragments.
48.
Chapter 2Minerals, Rocks,
and Resources
1. (3) 2. (1) 3. (3) 4. (4) 5. (2) 6. (2)
7. (4) 8. (4) 9. (3) 10. (3) 11. (2) 12. (2)
13. (2) 14. (4) 15. (1) 16. (2) 17. (4)

18. (2) 19. (1) 20. (4) 21. (1) 22. (3) 23. (2)
24. (2) 25. (3) 26. (4) 27. (2) 28. (1) 29. (4)
30. (3) 31. (2)
Question Pages 5052

32. (1) 33. (3) 34. (2) 35. (4) 36. (1) 37. (3)
38. (1) 39. (4) 40. (3) 41. (1) 42. (2) 43. (2) 49. Canada and Australia
44. (3)
50. mass and volume
Questions Pages 54 and 55 51. A. Metamorphic because it has banding.
45. (2) 46. (1) 47. (3) 48. (3) 49. (2) 50. (1) E. Metamorphic because the layers are dis-
51. (4) 52. (2) 53. (2) torted.
Questions Pages 56 and 57 52. crystal shape (rhombohedral)

54. (4) 55. (2) 56. (2) 57. (1) 58. (4) 59. (3) 53. Copper is not replaced quickly in Earth.The
60. (3) more copper we use, the less there is avail-
able.
Questions Page 59 54. Granite and gabbro crystallized more
61. (2) 62. (1) 63. (3) 64. (4) 65. (2) slowly. Granite and gabbro probably
formed deeper within Earth.
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS 55. pyrite
PAGES 5964 56. a streak plate
57. luster
1. (2) 2. (2) 3. (1) 4. (3) 5. (4) 6. (3)
7. (2) 8. (1) 9. (4) 10. (3) 11. (3) 12. (4) 58. Find and extract more oil or coal in the
13. (2) 14. (1) 15. (3) 16. (2) 17. (1) 18. (3) United States. Use other geological fuel
19. (4) 20. (1) 21. (4) 22. (2) 23. (3) 24. (1) sources that are available. Use renewable
25. (2) 26. (1) 27. (4) 28. (3) 29. (3) 30. (1) energy sources. Drive smaller, more fuel-
31. (2) 32. (1) 33. (1) 34. (4) 35. (2) 36. (3) efficient cars. Conserve energy (use less
37. (4) 38. (4) 39. (2) 40. (1) 41. (4) 42. (4) fuels, etc.).

59. Responses may include light color, large
crystals (coarse grained), felsic composition, CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
mostly quartz and feldspar. PAGES 8794
1. (1) 2. (2) 3. (3) 4. (1) 5. (3) 6. (3)

7. (2) 8. (4) 9. (3) 10. (2) 11. (4) 12. (3)
Chapter 3The Dynamic 13. (2) 14. (1) 15. (3) 16. (2) 17. (4) 18. (1)
19. (2) 20. (4) 21. (2) 22. (3) 23. (1) 24. (4)
Crust 25. (1) 26. (4) 27. (3) 28. (2) 29. (2) 30. (4)
Questions Pages 7072 31. (3) 32. (2) 33. (1) 34. (3) 35. (1) 36. (2)
37. (4) 38. (2) 39. (2) 40. (1) 41. (4) 42. (3)
1. (3) 2. (2) 3. (2) 4. (2) 5. (3) 6. (4)
43. Houston
7. (2) 8. (2) 9. (3) 10. (3) 11. (4) 12. (2) 44. Seattle is the farthest from the epicenter.
13. (1) 14. (4) 15. (4) 16. (3) 45. Answers include: a more precise location,
confirmation of the initial location, etc.
46. Los Angeles or Seattle
17. (4) 18. (4) 19. (1) 20. (3) 21. (1) 22. (2) 47. Indian-Australian and Eurasian Plates
23. (2) 24. (2) 25. (1) 26. (2) 27. (2)
48.
28. (1) 29. (4) 30. (3) 31. (4) 32. (2) 33. (4)
34. (1) 35. (2) 36. (3) 37. (1)
38. (2) 39. (2) 40. (2) 41. (4) 42. (1) 43. (2)
44. (4) 45. (2) 46. (4) 47. (1) 48. (4) 49. (1) 49. Move to higher ground or away from the
ocean.
Questions Page 8587 50. Answers may include falling structures and
other objects, landslides, floods (from
50. (3) 51. (4) 52. (3) 53. (2) 54. (2) 55. (3) breach of dams, fires, chemical spills, etc.).
56. (1) 57. (2) 58. (1) 51. Faults (Do not accept any type of plate
boundary)

52.
VI
Oshawa
Lake
Ontario
53. The X should be between Rochester and 57. Students should respond with a variety of
Buffalo steps that could minimize damage to build-
ings and other artificial structures and to re-
54. The Richter scale is a logarithmic scale on
duce personal injury.
which each one-step increase in magnitude
represents 10 times the shaking of the next 58. The two reasons complement each other:
lower magnitude.
1. Seismic waves take a shortcut through
55. At a distance of 5000 km from the epicenter, Earths interior. However we measure dis-
the P-wave will be approximately 6 minutes tance around Earths circumference
and 40 seconds ( 10 seconds) ahead of the
2. The deeper seismic waves travel, the faster
S-wave
they go.This is due to the rigidity of the rock
56. California is located on a plate boundary. deep in Earth and not due to density.
59.

60. Observations of earthquake damage or 34. pebble or pebbles
events
35. larger size, more dense, more rounded
36. Stream sediments are layered, sorted (by
Chapter 4Weathering, size). Stream particles are less rounded and
Erosion, and Deposition do not usually have striations (scratches).
Questions Pages 97 and 98 37. Deposit B is the stream deposit because it

has some sorting and contains some large
1. (2) 2. (1) 3. (4) 4. (2) 5. (1) 6. (4) particles.
7. (4) 8. (3) 9. (3) 10. (3) 11. (4) 12. (3)
13. (3) 14. (2) 15. (1) 16. (3) 17. (1) 38. glacial ice
39. sorting of sizes and a lack of large particles
Questions Pages 100 and 101 such as pebbles
18. (3) 19. (1) 20. (3) 21. (4) 22. (3) 23. (1)
40. Accept answers in the range of 0.01 to 0.1
24. (2)
centimeters.
Questions Pages 104 and 105 41. Decayed organic material; primarily the re-
25. (1) 26. (4) 27. (3) 28. (2) 29. (3) 30. (4) mains of plants.
31. (1) 32. (3) 33. (3) 34. (3) 35. (1) 36. (3) 42. Answers may include weathered rock, min-
37. (2) 38. (4) erals, or inorganic content.
Questions Pages 108 and 109 43. solid bedrock
39. (3) 40. (1) 41. (4) 42. (2) 43. (4) 44. (4) 44. water of a stream
45. (3) 46. (2) 47. (1) 48. (3) 49. (2) 45. The water slowed.
46. graded bedding or horizontal grading or
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS horizontal sorting
PAGES 110116 47. 300 cm/sec
1. (1) 2. (3) 3. (2) 4. (4) 5. (2) 6. (2)

7. (4) 8. (3) 9. (1) 10. (1) 11. (2) 12. (1)
13. (4) 14. (3) 15. (2) 16. (1) 17. (3) 18. (4)
19. (2) 20. (4) 21. (4) 22. (1) 23. (2) 24. (3) Chapter 5Glaciers,
25. (4) 26. (2) Oceans, and Landscapes
27. B, A, then C Questions Pages 120122
28. calcite 1. (1) 2. (2) 3. (4) 4. (2) 5. (3) 6. (3)
29. chemical weathering 7. (3) 8. (1) 9. (3) 10. (3) 11. (2) 12. (4)
30. soil 13. (3) 14. (2) 15. (1) 16. (2)
31. They fell. They fell from the cliff under the
influence of gravity. Questions Pages 125126
32. They became smaller and more rounded. 17. (3) 18. (1) 19. (4) 20. (4) 21. (3) 22. (4)
33. 23. (1) 24. (2) 25. (1) 26. (3) 27. (2) 28. (4)
29. (3) 30. (2) 31. (2)

32. (2) 33. (4) 34. (2) 35. (1) 36. (3) 37. (1)
38. (2) 39. (1) 40. (4) 41. (4) 42. (1) 43. (1)
44. (3) 45. (2)

when it became thick enough, flowed south-
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS ward.
PAGES 133140 43. glacier, ice sheet, ice
1. (4) 2. (3) 3. (3) 4. (1) 5. (4) 6. (1) 44. U-shape, broad and rounded
7. (3) 8. (2) 9. (1) 10. (3) 11. (1) 12. (4)
45. Allegheny Plateau
13. (3) 14. (3) 15. (2) 16. (4) 17. (1) 18. (4)
19. (4) 20. (3) 21. (1) 22. (3) 23. (2) 24. (1) 46. The beach in front of Hotel A would proba-
25. (1) 26. (2) 27. (3) 28. (1) 29. (1) 30. (2) bly become narrower. If the groin broke
31. (2) apart, the debris would probably wash to-
ward Hotel A.
32. gravity, the weight of ice
47. at the south side of Hotel A
33. gravity
48. the sun
34. Accept either 2300 meters or 7500 feet.
49. The Wildwood beach has many large rocks.
35. Greenland is farther north than most of
The Fire Island beach has better sorted sed-
North America.
iments.
36. The Greenland valleys are mostly U-
50. Students must show streams that radiate,
shaped, whereas unglaciated valleys are
but the streams need not be branched.
generally V-shaped.
37. The Greenland glaciated rock surfaces tend
to be polished, striated (scratched), grooved
and have such streamlined structures as Chapter 6Interpreting
whalebacks (roches moutonnes). Earths History
38. The ice-deposited sediments are not layered Questions Pages 147149
and contain a greater range of particle sizes 1. (2) 2. (2) 3. (3) 4. (1) 5. (3) 6. (2)
mixed together. (Water-deposited sedi- 7. (4) 8. (1) 9. (2) 10. (2) 11. (4) 12. (2)
ments generally show layering and separa- 13. (1) 14. (2) 15. (4) 16. (4)
tion of sediments by sizes.)
39.
4 2
17. (3) 18. (4) 19. (2) 20. (1) 21. (2) 22. (3)
4 Inferred Wisconsin
4 Era Ice Depths 23. (4) 24. (3) 25. (2) 26. (3) 27. (4) 28. (4)
In Kilometers 29. (4) 30. (4) 31. (2) 32. (1) 33. (3) 34. (2)
4 5
5
3 2 35. (1) 36. (2) 37. (4) 38. (1) 39. (4) 40. (2)
41. (3) 42. (2) 43. (4) 44. (2) 45. (4) 46. (4)
2
4 3
2 47. (3) 48. (4) 49. (1) 50. (2)
1
4
3 4 1 Questions Pages 161163
3
1 2
3 51. (1) 52. (4) 53. (3) 54. (2) 55. (4) 56. (4)
1 2 2 Atlantic
57. (3) 58. (3) 59. (3) 60. (1) 61. (1) 62. (4)
Ocean 63. (2) 64. (3) 65. (4)
Never Covered by 1
Earlier Glaciers 0 1000
Glaciated
KILOMETERS
40. a great mix of sizes, or poor sorting CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS

PAGES 163169
41. The hill is blunter on the north.The hill trails
off to the south.
1. (2) 2. (2) 3. (3) 4. (1) 5. (2) 6. (4)
42. Due to colder temperatures, snow built up 7. (3) 8. (2) 9. (1) 10. (4) 11. (4) 12. (3)
year after year and turned to ice, which 13. (4) 14. (3) 15. (1) 16. (3) 17. (2) 18. (3)

19. (4) 20. (3) 21. (2) 22. (2) 23. (3) 24. (1) Inference 2: The sandstone rests on top of the
25. (2) shale.
Inference 3: There is an unconformity (erosion
surface) below the shale. Parts of the gran-
26.
ite and limestone appear to be missing. The
bottom of shale shows no contact metamor-
phism.
Inference 4: The limestone shows contact meta-
morphism
39.
Partial Earth-History Time Line
B C F D A E
500 400 300 200 100 0

Millions of Years Ago
40. Ordovician
41. (1) deposition, (2) folding, (3) erosion (4)
deposition, (5) erosion
42. 400 million years ( 5 million years, must in-
clude units of time [years])
27. an earthquake 43. Elliptocephala
28. (oldest) siltstone limestone granite 44. Paleozoic
shale basalt sandstone (youngest) 45. Appalachian (or Alleghanian) Orogeny
29. Permian 46. f or g
30. hornfels 47. fish
31. The basalt is finer grained. The basalt has 48. Accept answers within the range of 444 to
smaller crystals. 488 million years.
32. erosion
49.
33. The sandstone is not metamorphosed (no
contact metamorphism).The basalt contains
vesicles. The basalt is fine grained.
34. sedimentary
35. Approximately 0 (near the equator). Ac-
cept answers within 20N and 20S.
36. The actual fossil is 11.6 times as large. (Ac-
cept answers in the range of 1014 times as
large.)
37. 60North ( 5), 90West ( 5)
38. Inference 1: The intrusion cuts through the The X must be within the circle identified by
shale. The intrusion metamorphosed the the arrow.
shale.

50. 14.
First Marine Day Breezes
Animals
Origin With Shells
of The
Earth Present
L
The History of Earth H
Night Breezes
Chapter 7Properties of the
Atmosphere
1. (3) 2. (4) 3. (4) 4. (3) 5. (2) 6. (3)
7. (2) 8. (2) 9. (3) 10. (1) 11. (4) 12. (2) H
L
13. (3) 14. (3) 15. (2) 16. (1) 17. (3) 18. (1)
19. (3) 20. (3) 21. (3) 22. (2) 23. (1) 24. (4)
25. (2) 26. (2)
15.
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS

PAGES 188192
1. (1) 2. (4) 3. (1) 4. (3) 5. (3) 6. (4)

7. (2) 8. (4) 9. (2) 10. (2) 11. (2) 12. (1)
13.

16.
17. a barometer 20.

18. (a)
(b) 29.53 inches

(c) 996 mb (millibars) 2 mb (The answer
must include units.)
19. (a) As moist air rises, it expands and cools
below the dew point. That causes a cloud to
form.
(b) Condensation or freezing (crystalliza- 21. Indirect, inverse or as altitude increases, air
tion) pressure decreases.

22. 13. hurricane
14. (a) The cold front must run along or be im-
mediately adjacent to the area of clouds and
precipitation.
Chapter 8Weather Systems

(b) A high is a single, spreading air mass.
1. (3) 2. (4) 3. (1) 4. (1) 5. (2) 6. (2) The pressure gradient is small. Air is gener-
7. (1) 8. (4) 9. (4) 10. (1) 11. (4) 12. (4) ally sinking toward the ground within a
13. (3) high.
(c) Accept eastward; toward the east; west to
east
14. (1) 15. (4) 16. (1) 17. (2) 18. (1) 19. (3)
20. (3) 21. (4) 22. (2) 23. (3) 24. (1) 25. (1) 15. (a) 15 knots, (from the) southwest
26. (3) (b) 1014.6 millibars (mb)
(c) Accept 6 or 7C
Questions Pages 209212 (d) There is smog or air pollution
27. (3) 28. (1) 29. (3) 30. (2) 31. (3) 32. (1) 16. cold and moist, cool and humid
33. (1) 34. (2) 35. (4) 36. (2) 37. (3) 38. (1)
39. (4) 17. As cloud height increases, so does the prob-
ability of hail. Direct
18. stratosphere
19. 1 day
PAGES 212218
20. Acceptable answers include seek shelter,
1. (4) 2. (3) 3. (4) 4. (1) 5. (3) 6. (1) avoid going out in a car, stay away from win-
7. (3) 8. (3) 9. (2) 10. (2) 11. (1) dows.
12.
21.
22. cold front

23. The air is relatively low in density. Conden-
sation warms the air and lowers its density.
24. Condensation or freezing
25. The Atlantic Ocean or the Gulf of Mexico
26. increasing pressure

27. 1020.1 mb (millibars) 34.
28. Accept any two.
The dew point and air temperature are close
together.
The sky is overcast.
Air pressure is relatively low.
Air pressure has been decreasing.
29.
(Note: The wind speed feathers may be

placed on either side of the staff.)
35. The Gulf of Mexico or the (South) Atlantic
30. 999.8 mb and 1001.0 mb three hours before ocean
31. Toward the East or southeast (Accept from change in field value
the west or northwest.) 36. gradient =
change in diistance
1016 mb 1000 mb
change in field value =
32. gradient = 1000 km
distance 16 mb
1600 inches 80 inches =
= 1000 km
20 miles = 0.016 mb/km ( 0.001 mb/km)
80 inches
=
20 miles 37. The isobars are far apart.
= 4 inches/mile ( 0.2 inches/mile) The pressure gradient is low.
It is the center of an anticyclone.
(The correct units must be given.)
38. (Lowest) Albuquerque, New York City,
33. Less water evaporates from Lake Erie after
Chicago (Highest)
it freezes over.
39. inward and counterclockwise
Ice cover reduces the air humidity as it
comes off Lake Erie. curving toward the left
Lake Erie gives the air less energy when it is 40. 1014 mb (1 mb)
frozen.
41. 1022 mb (1 mb)
42. 30 knots from the northwest
43. warm

44.
CHAPTER 9THE WATER CYCLE AND
CLIMATE
1. (3) 2. (4) 3. (3) 4. (2) 5. (1) 6. (4)
7. (3) 8. (1) 9. (1) 10. (3) 11. (2) 12. (4)
13. (4) 14. (3) 15. (3) 16. (2) 17. (3) 18. (2)
19. (3) 20. (1) 21. (1) 22. (4) 23. (4) 24. (2)
25. (1) 26. (4) 27. (3) 28. (2) 29. (3)

30. (1) 31. (4) 32. (4) 33. (1) 34. (2) 35. (4)
36. (1) 37. (2) 38. (3) 39. (4) 40. (2) 41. (3)
42. (1) 43. (4) 44. (3) 45. (3) 46. (3) 47. (4)

48. (3) 49. (3) 50. (3) 51. (4) 52. (2) 53. (4)
54. (1) 55. (3) 56. (4) 57. (2) 58. (4) 59. (3)
60. (2) 61. (1) 62. (4) 63. (2) 64. (1) 65. (2)
66. (3) 67. (2) 68. (4)
45. Precipitation was greatest where air was ris- CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
ing into the Catskills. PAGES 243249
Mountains generally get more snow.
46. Buy extra food and supplies. Be sure they 1. (1) 2. (1) 3. (4) 4. (3) 5. (2) 6. (2)
have enough fuel to heat their homes for 7. (1) 8. (2) 9. (2) 10. (3) 11. (4) 12. (2)
several days. Evacuate anyone likely to 13. (2) 14. (2) 15. (1) 16. (2) 17. (3) 18. (4)
need medical attention. Recharge cell 19. (2) 20. (1)
phones.
47. PART C
21. 5C (The response must include the number

and the units.)
22. City X is inland, far from an ocean or large
body of water. City Y is a coastal city.
23. Both cities have their highest temperatures
during the Northern Hemisphere summer.
24. Water has a higher specific heat than land.

25. 31. 60 (above the horizon)
32. The California Current makes point B
May 9
cooler.
May 8
33. 60 North
Average Date of First Ice Breakup
May 7
May 6
34. As air sinks, its relative humidity decreases.
May 5
The winds blow to a lower elevation and be-
May 4
come warmer as they enter the valleys.
May 3
Clouds evaporate as the winds descend into
May 2
the valleys.
May 1
April 30 35. Accept answers in the range from 30 to 35
April 29 inches. (The units must be included.)
April 28
36. As air rises, expansion causes cooling. The
April 27 summit is higher than nearby locations.
1960 1970 1980 1990 37. Death Valley
1969 1979 1989 1999
Decade
38.
26. The climate was getting warmer.
27.
28. Rotation, or spin on its axis

29. Carbon dioxide (The dotted part of the outline is optional.)
30. 39. Allegheny Plateau
40. New York City
41. The St. Lawrence River, Lake Champlain
and the Hudson River
42. Oswego River or St. Lawrence River
43. The Labrador Current makes the tempera-
tures lower, or cooler.
44. The air is sinking; cold air can hold little
water vapor.
45. conduction
46. radiation
47. convection

48. 24.
Hours of Daylight
25. and 26.
Chapter 10Earth in Space
1. (2) 2. (3) 3. (2) 4. (3) 5. (1) 6. (4)
7. (2) 8. (3) 9. (1) 10. (4) 11. (1) 12. (1)
13. (2) 14. (1) 15. (3) 16. (4)
Questions Pages 260, 262265

17. (4) 18. (4) 19. (1) 20. (1) 21. (3) 22. (4)
23. (4) 24. (4) 25. (2) 26. (3) 27. (3) 28. (3)
29. (1) 30. (4) 31. (1) 32. (1) 33. (3) 34. (4)
35. (2) 36. (2) 37. (3) 38. (2) 39. (4) 40. (4)
41. (3) 42. (4) 43. (4) 44. (3) 45. (1)
27. They are all the same.

28. 10 A.M.
PAGES 266271
29. Miami has fewer daylight hours. The days
1. (2) 2. (3) 3. (3) 4. (1) 5. (4) 6. (2) are longer in New York City in late June.
7. (4) 8. (1) 9. (3) 10. (3) 11. (2) 12. (1) 30. The noon sun is higher in the sky in Miami.
13. (3) 14. (3) 15. (2) 16. (2) 17. (4) 18. (2) Miami is closer to the equator.
19. (2) 20. (3) 21. (4) 22. (1)
PART C
23. Longer than at noon and pointed toward

45 east.

31.33. 37.
Sky
12 Noon
Late March
and
September
Late Sun Path
December
Sun Path W
Horizon
S N
Observer
E Horizon
The late June path drawn by the student

must extend from the horizon in the north-
east to a position high in the southern sky
(not straight overhead), and then end at the
horizon in the northwest.
38. North
34. 39. Hercules has moved down and to the west
(left); Counterclockwise around Polaris.
Pin Perseus has moved upward and toward the
8 A.M. east; Counterclockwise around Polaris
10 A.M. 40. 30
2 P.M. Noon
Pin shadows 41. Earths rotation or the spinning of Earth
42. On or very close to the Equator; 0 latitude.
35. The December shadow would also point 43. Accept any date at the equinoxes in late
north and it would be longer; same direc- March or late September.
tion, but longer. 44. 12 hours
45. 15/hour
36.
Chapter 11Beyond Planet

Earth
1. (3) 2. (2) 3. (3) 4. (3) 5. (2) 6. (4)
7. (1) 8. (4) 9. (3) 10. (3) 11. (2) 12. (3)
13. (2) 14. (4) 15. (4)

16. (4) 17. (2) 18. (3) 19. (1) 20. (4) 21. (3)
22. (1) 23. (1) 24. (4) 25. (1) 26. (3) 27. (4)
28. (1) 29. (4) 30. (2) 31. (3) 32. (2) 33. (2)
The isoline should end at the horizon on Questions Pages 290293
each side.
34. (1) 35. (2) 36. (3) 37. (3) 38. (1) 39. (4)
40. (4) 41. (3) 42. (4) 43. (4) 44. (4) 45. (1)
46. (2) 47. (3) 48. (4) 49. (2)

26.
PAGES 293299
1. (3) 2. (1) 3. (3) 4. (2 ) 5. (3) 6. (4)

7. (3) 8. (1) 9. (1) 10. (3) 11. (3) 12. (2)
13. (4) 14. (3)
Orbit of Earth
PART C
15. The impact of a meteorite, or an object

falling from space.
16. The moons revolution around Earth. The
change in relative positions of the Earth,
moon and sun.We can see different portions
of the lighted side of the moon. The orbit of Mars must be roughly circular,
17. centered on the sun and closer to Earths
orbit than to the orbit of Jupiter.
27. Betelgeuse is much larger than the sun.
28.
18. old gibbous

19. The moon is much closer than the sun.
20. Procyon B, 40 Eridani B
21. They repeat. They show the same pattern
over and over.
22. ellipse
23. The moon moves fastest when it is closest to
Earth.
24. Accept answers from 200 to 400
29. Betelgeuse is more red. Rigel is more blue
25. Mercury and Venus or white.
39. The Milky Way
31. As earth revolves in its orbit, Orion is below
the horizon in the summer. Orion would be
in the daytime sky in the summer.

32. Accept answers in the range of 149150 mil- 42. Earth has an elliptical orbit. The distance
lion kilometers between Earth and the sun changes. Earth is
closer to the sun in our winter
33. Accept answers within the range of 150200
K (Kelvin temperatures have no degrees () 43. Accept answers in the range of 1 minute (1)
symbol.) to 1 minute, 20 seconds (1 20)
34. Inverse, indirect, as one increases, the other 44. The sun is always low in the sky in New York
decreases. The farther from the sun, the in January. In January, the Northern Hemi-
lower the temperature. sphere is tilted away from the sun
35. Accept answers in the range of 67 AU 45. Weathering, erosion and deposition are
more active on Earth, so they destroy or
36. Accept any of the following minerals:
cover craters. Plate Tectonics destroys and
feldspar (potassium or plagioclase), mica
creates new Earths crust. Many meteorites
(muscovite or biotite), amphibole, pyrox-
fall into the oceans. Many meteorites burn
ene, augite, or hornblende
up in the atmosphere.
37. The universe is expanding. Light from dis-
tant stars and/or galaxies is redshifted.
38. The error has probably decreased.
Chapter 12Environmental
39. The moons orbit is tilted with respect to
Earths orbit around the sun.The moon usu-
Awareness
ally passes above or below the sun and
Earth. CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
distance between foci
PAGES 308314
40. eccentricity =
length of the major axis
1. (1) 2. (3) 3. (4) 4. (2) 5. (1) 6. (3)
2.8 cm 7. (2) 8. (3) 9. (4) 10. (1) 11. (3) 12. (3)
=
8.1 cm 13. (3) 14. (4) 15. (1) 16. (2) 17. (4) 18. (4)
= 0.35 19. (3) 20. (3) 21. (1) 22. (2) 23. (4) 24. (2)
25. (2) 26. (1) 27. (4) 28. (4) 29. (2)
(Whatever measures are used above, the an-
swer must be between 0.32 and 0.36)
41.

30. (The slices can be shown in any order as
long as the width of each slice is correct.)
36. Accept any two appropriate actions. Use a
smaller car. Take fewer trips by car or other
motor vehicle. Use public transportation.
Set your thermostat lower in winter and/or
higher in the summer. Educate people
about the benefits of not using fossil fuels.
Encourage other forms of energy produc-
tion such as wind, solar and/or nuclear.
37. melting of ice, warming temperatures
38. Accept any of the following: The atmos-
phere of Venus keeps it hot.Venus has an at-
mosphere rich in carbon dioxide. Mercury
has no atmosphere.
39. east wind, from the east, toward the west
40. N.E. winds. northeast winds, northeast trade
winds
41. It reduces the amount of insolation that
reaches Earths surface. It blocks insolation.
31. the gas station 42. Students must provide two characteristics.
32. Accept east, eastward, from the west Particles deposited near the volcano were
larger, more dense, and more rounded.
33. Accept any two valid answers: Use bottled
water or city water. Make the polluter stop 43. sulfur
causing pollution and/or clean up the pollu- 44. Accept any two: deposition, decomposition,
tion. Dig a new well farther from the con- burial, compression or compaction, heating
tamination. Purify or treat the well water.
34. Petroleum 42%, Coal 36%, Natural gas 45.
Estimated Water Use for a Family of Four
18%, Cement production 4% (The % 400
symbols are not required. Answers should
be within 2% of these figures.) 300
Liters per day
35.
200
Global Fossil Carbon Emissions
% of Total
100% 0% 100
Cement Production
Natural
Gas Petroleum
The thickness of the bars is not important as
long as the positions and the lengths of the
Coal
bars are clearly correct.
46. Accept any two: Reduce outdoor use of
water. Stop watering the lawn. Take shorter
showers. Dont wash the car or sidewalks. In-

stall low water use toilets. Water lawns and geothermal power facilities) or other air
outdoor plants at times other than mid-day. pollutants, and does not involve transport
or storage of hazardous substances.
47. Direct, as family size increases, so does the
Drilling of geothermal wells is not
use of water.
considered nearly as destructive or
48. Accept any three: groundwater wells; mu- intrusive as mining operations for coal.
nicipal water supplies; streams, rivers or 4. In both cases, there is an increase in water
lakes; rainwater; treated seawater pressure acting on Earths bedrock; the
increased pressure can force water to enter
49. There will be more fish. There will be an in-
and lubricate fractures and faults in the
crease of fish types that require cleaner
rock, which can trigger earthquakes.
water.
50. Earths (average) temperature would re- 2The Mineral Industry: Where Has It
main constant. Earth would not be getting Gone? (Page 319)
warmer or cooler.
1. The lower transportation costs of using salt
mined in NY to spread on the states
roadways may more than compensate for
Readings in Science, the higher cost of mining the salt in New
York.
Technology, and Society 2. Mining of manganese nodules from the
Answer Key deep ocean floor would be very expensive
and not competitive with existing sources
1Geothermal Energy: Its Hot Down of these metals on land.
There! (Page 317) 3. Answers will vary
4. Answers will vary
1. The Philippines is located near a
subduction zone at a convergent plate
boundary, so it has a lot of volcanic activity. 3Todays Forecast: Light Ash Falls,
2. Decisions about installing geothermal with a Chance of Lava Flows
home heating and cooling systems would Predicting Volcanic Eruptions (Page
likely be affected by the price of oil and 321)
the related price of electricity. When oil is 1. Since late 2008, seismic activity has been
cheap, people would have less incentive to increasing beneath Mt. Redoubt. This
lay out the greater up-front costs for could indicate that magma may be rising
installing a geothermal system; when oil within the volcano. This could lead up to an
prices are high, they would have more eruption.
incentive to do so. 2. Convergent plate boundaries, specifically
3. The burning of coal, oil and natural gas, subduction zones where one plate slides
which are all fossil fuels, releases carbon beneath another plate, since materials that
dioxide, the primary greenhouse gas undergo partial melting in subduction
involved in global warming, as well as zones are rich in water and other volatiles,
substances that cause acid rain and air producing gas-rich magmas.
pollution. In addition, there are major 3. A decrease in gas emissions could indicate
environmental impacts associated with the a volcanic vent is blocked, which could
mining, recovery, transport and storage of cause pressure to build up inside volcano
fossil fuels, particularly coal (strip mining, leading to an explosive eruption.
mountaintop mining) and oil (spills during 4. High costs and disruptions caused by
transport by ship, spills from storage tanks evacuation, possible decrease in property
and pipelines). In contrast, use of values. People may ignore future alerts.
geothermal energy produces no carbon 5. Sketch should show rising magma within
dioxide (although some is produced during volcano, and slopes swelling or bulging due
construction and maintenance of to magma.

4On Shaky Ground: Landslide form at that time of year. In the southern
Hazards in New York (Page 323) hemisphere, the late summer and early
1. Heating clay pottery in a kiln removes the autumn months would be February and
moisture from the clay, greatly increasing March, so strong tropical storms would be
the strength of the pottery. most likely to occur during those months.
2. If the map shows a potential real estate
buyer that there is a landslide hazard, he or 6Storm Chasers: Taking You on a
she might not purchase that land, or would Whirlwind Tour? (Page 327)
consider buying that property only with 1. The main ingredients needed for producing
specific limited land uses in mind. a tornado are warm and cold air masses.
3. The common factor is the presence of The collision of the warm and cold air
unusually large amounts of water in the masses touches off thunderstorms, some of
ground, saturating the soil. which may develop into large supercells
4. Find places with a land shape similar to capable of spawning tornadoes.
those that can be seen following a modern 2. Tornadoes are least likely to occur during
landslide. Look for evidence of a block of the winter, since there is little warm air
land that slid down a slope. (latent energy in water vapor) available to
generate these storms.
5Hurricanes: The Long Island Express 3. A person on an exposed mountaintop
(Page 325) during a storm could be subjected to strong
winds, which may cause injury. However, a
1. New York City was located west of the eye
more serious threat is lightning, since
of the 1938 hurricane and the storm was
lightning tends to strike the highest object
rotating counterclockwise. When the storm
or place in a given area.
made landfall, the hurricanes winds in
4. A storm watch means that a dangerous
New York City were blowing in the
storm may affect your area in the near
opposite direction to the storms
future, and you should be alert to further
northward travel direction. This lessened
weather advisories. A storm warning means
the effective speed of the winds in New
that a dangerous storm is occurring and
York City.
will soon affect your area, so you should
2. The air pressure at the center of a
take appropriate safety precautions.
hurricane would be lower than the
[Although this STS feature article does not
standard atmospheric pressure of 29.9
provide any information that could help
inches of mercury, since a hurricane is a
the student answer this question, some
low-pressure system formed by warm,
students may already be aware of the
rising air. Because water is much less dense
difference. It might be a good idea to allow
than mercury, atmospheric pressure can
the students to speculate about the answer,
hold up a much taller column of water than
after which the teacher should explain the
mercury (about 34 feet of water, in fact).
difference.]
3. One of the predicted effects of global
warming is a rise in sea level. This would
make the storm surges that accompany 7Dinosaurs: Our Fine-Feathered
hurricanes when they make landfall even Friends? (Page 329)
more devastating to coastal areas. 1. Student should consult Geologic History
4. Warm ocean water provides the energy that of New York State in the Earth Science
leads to the formation of tropical storms Reference Tables. The Cretaceous lasted
and hurricanes. By late summer and early from 146 million years ago until 65.5
autumn (August and September in the million years ago.
northern hemisphere), the ocean water has 2. Fossils are most likely to be found in
been absorbing heat all during the spring sedimentary rocks. Molten magma, which
and summer and has reached its warmest forms igneous rocks, and the high
temperatures, so major hurricanes tend to temperatures and/or pressures involved in

formation of metamorphic rocks make 10Oil Reserves: Is the World Running
preservation of fossils unlikely. Dry? (Page 335)
3. Newark Basin has Mesozoic age rocks 1. Crystalline igneous and metamorphic rocks
(late Triassic, early Jurassic), as shown in like granite and gneiss are poor reservoir
the Generalized Bedrock Geology of New rocks for petroleum because they are made
York State map in the Earth Science of tightly interlocking crystals and have
Reference Tables. little or no empty spaces that can store and
4. The presence of feathers, which may have transmit oil. Also, it is unlikely that the
helped conserve body heat, suggests that organic materials which are believed to
some dinosaurs may have been warm- develop into petroleum would be found in
blooded. crystalline igneous and metamorphic rocks;
organic remains are far more likely to be
8Pluto: A Planet No More! (Page 331) deposited with sediments that develop into
1. Answers will vary. Some students may sedimentary rocks, and sedimentary rocks
suggest that the objects orbiting KBOs just like sandstone and some types of porous
be called satellites. limestone have abundant void spaces in
2. Nearby objects, including Earth, orbit the which petroleum can collect and be stored.
sun and their relative positions among the 2. If it is true that petroleum is formed
stars change quickly. Stars are so far away inorganically in deep basement rocks, then
that they hold their fixed positions. current estimates of world oil reserves are
3. Answers will vary. much lower than the actual amount of oil
4. The moon could have been knocked out of that exists in the planet. However, it is hard
its orbit during a collision with a large to know how this would affect actual oil
asteroid or comet. production, since it is uncertain if the
technology exists to reach and recover the
9Extra-Solar Planets: The Search for oil from deep basement rocks in a cost-
Other Earths (Page 333) effective manner. If the oil only becomes a
1. Gravity is the force that holds a revolving recoverable resource when it accumulates
planet near its star in shallow sedimentary reservoir rocks,
2. The moons of the possible planet would be then the effect on the timing of peak oil
very cold, because of their distance from production may be negligible.
the star and because of a red dwarf stars 3. The average person and family can reduce
low energy output. The cold temperatures their impact on petroleum reserves by
would make the presence of liquid water recycling plastics (and/or reducing use of
unlikely and make the existence of life plastics), driving more fuel-efficient cars,
extremely unlikely. and conserving energy in our homes,
3. The light-year is a unit of distance, especially by reducing energy use for
specifically, the distance that light travels in heating and air-conditioning.
the time of one Earth year. 4. Since burning petroleum produces carbon
4. The orbital period of a planet is a function dioxide, the principal greenhouse gas
of its distance from its parent star. believed to be involved in human-caused
Gravitational force depends on the mass of global warming, reducing our use of
the planet. If intelligent life is to be found petroleum may help us to avoid a severe
elsewhere in the universe, it seems most warming of Earths climate.
likely on planets with surface conditions
(temperature and gravity) similar to those
on Earth.

Skills of Inquiry
Proficiency in the Earth sciences involves more plies, or if you find broken materials, inform your
than factual knowledge. To be a successful stu- teacher. If you are using matches, do not waste
dent of science, you need to apply a variety of in- them, and ask the teacher about the safe disposal
vestigative skills in the laboratory, as well as on of burnt matches. Pour only water directly into
homework and tests. These skills can be divided sinks. If you have a mixture of water and sand or
into laboratory safety skills, skills of observation other sediment, your teacher will tell you how to
and measurement, graphing skills, mathematical dispose of the water without pouring sediment
and algebraic skills, language skills, and content into sink drains. If you have been using materials
skills. These tools will help you identify, investi- that may be hazardous to the environment, use
gate, and provide solutions to real-world prob- and dispose of them as instructed. Your best
lems.At the end of this appendix,the chapters are guide to laboratory behavior is often your com-
listed in which these skills are introduced and de- mon sense.Think before you act, and plan ahead.
veloped. Many of these skills involve use of the Certain procedures in the Earth Science lab-
Earth Science Reference Tables. It is important for oratory may involve a risk to your eyes.As a gen-
you to be aware of all of the information available eral rule, you should wear laboratory safety
in these tables. Skills marked with an asterisk (*) goggles whenever you are heating anything over
require charts from the Earth Science Reference a Bunsen burner or on a hot plate, and whenever
Tables (printed in the review book). Skills you are working with liquids other than water. If
marked with a carat (^) are needed for labora- goggles are required, everyone at the laboratory
tory work. station, not just the person manipulating materi-
als, needs to wear goggles. If in doubt about the
need for goggles or other safety apparel, seek
the advice of your teacher.
Laboratory Safety (^)
In the laboratory, you will be using a variety of
specialized materials and equipment. While the
risk of personal injury is relatively low, it is, Other Laboratory Safety Issues
nevertheless, important to understand the poten- Know the location of safety equipment
tial risks of laboratory work, and the importance such as the fire extinguisher, fire blanket,
of handling equipment and other materials with and eyewash station.
care. Safe conduct will make the laboratory ex- Use tongs or some form of hand protection
perience more enjoyable and educational. to handle hot objects.
Before you begin any procedure, be sure you If you are heating anything in a test tube,
understand what you are required to do and how point the test tube away from yourself and
to handle equipment and supplies. You should other people.
conduct only those procedures that are assigned. Do not heat any substances in a closed
If you are not familiar with laboratory proce- container.
dures or equipment, ask for help. Figure SI-1 on If you are using electrical devices, keep
page 24 shows some laboratory equipment. Do them dry and protected from water spills.
not interfere with others or toss anything to an- Tell the teacher if you discover frayed
other person. Communication should be clear wiring, damaged electrical connections, or
and courteous. If you break equipment or sup- any other hazards.

Test tube holder Crucible tongs Beaker
Glass Test Erlenmeyer

tubing tube flask
Spatula Forceps Medicine dropper
Goggles
Watch glass
Pipe-stem triangle
Stirring Graduated Thermometer Bunsen burner

rod cylinder
Ring Stand
Wire gauze Screw clamp Ring

Funnel
Figure SI-1. Common Laboratory Equipment.
Questions 2. Of the situations described below, which

1. What is the object below called? one is most important to bring to the atten-
tion of your teacher?
(1) Your laboratory data does not look right.
(2) You are not able to see the clock.
(3) There is broken glass near your labora-
tory station.
(4) You will not have time to finish the
whole lab.
(1) test tube (2) flask (3) graduated cylin-

der (4) beaker

3. What is the most important safety error the
student shown here is making?
cm 1 2 3 4 5
Figure SI-2. A centimeter scale
In general, scientists use only metric meas-

ures. However, you will take some measure-
ments in U.S. customary units (such as inches
and Fahrenheit) because the change to met-
ric measures in the United States is not yet
complete. Sometimes you will need to convert
between U.S. customary units and metric units.
(1) He is sitting near the hot plate. For example, the weather station model in-
(2) He is not wearing safety glasses. cludes temperatures only in U.S. customary
(3) The hot plate is giving off too much heat. units (F). The scales on the atmospheric
(4) He is working alone at his laboratory pressure and temperature diagrams are
station. specifically designed to help you convert be-
4. If you spill a toxic chemical, which of the fol- tween a variety of units. Several other
lowing would be the greatest problem? charts include both metric and U.S. customary
scales.
(1) It got on your clothing. (2) It got on your Converting between measurements in the
skin. (3) It got into the sink. (4) It got into metric system is easier than converting within
your eyes. the U.S. customary units. Metric measures of
the same quantity are related by factors of ten.
5. Which of the following is not a safe way to
This has led to its adoption as the international
work in the lab?
standard. Within the metric system, you con-
(1) After you have finished the regular lab- vert to larger or smaller units by moving the
oratory procedure you do your own unap- decimal point. For example, 0.1 km 100 m
proved experimentation. (2) You insist that 10,000 cm. You should be aware that 1 meter
people around you wear goggles, even if 100 centimeters 1000 millimeters. (You
they are not in your laboratory group. can see this by looking at the divisions on a
(3) You notice that another student has meter stick.)
stolen some materials and you wait until he If you are required to make a measurement
or she has left to tell the teacher. (4) You re- to a stated accuracy, take care in recording your
alize that your laboratory data is not very measurements. For example, if you are asked to
good and you take your measurements find the length of an object to the nearest 0.1 cm
again. (1 mm), be sure to show the tenth of a centime-
ter (millimeter) digit. In this case, if the object is
exactly 11 centimeters long, your answer must be
recorded as 11.0 cm.
Skills of Measurement (*^) Be careful when measuring the volume of a
Many of your laboratory observations will be liquid in a graduated cylinder. The liquids sur-
measurements. A measurement is an observa- face often curves at the edges, forming the shape
tion made with reference to a standard of known as a meniscus. To read the volume accu-
measure, such as a meter stick (Figure SI-2) or rately, you should read it at eye level and you
a thermometer. Most measuring instruments should read the flat part of the liquid surface.
will be relatively easy to use. Making careful (See Figure SI-3.)
measurements is a vital part of laboratory You will use a stopwatch to time laboratory
work. events, and to measure settling times of particles

mL
20C
5 Mass in Grams
50
4
4
0
3 Meniscus
3 5
2
0
1
Figure SI-3. Reading a graduated cylinder (1) 5 grams (2) 5.5 grams (3) 6 grams
(4) 55 grams
7. Why is the United States changing to the

in water. Be sure you know which buttons to de- metric system?
press to start and stop the watch, as well as how
to reset the watch. (See Figure SI-4.) (1) Metric measures are more accurate than
U.S. customary measures. (2) U.S. citizens
are more familiar with the metric system.
(3) Metric measures are easier to use than
U.S. customary measures. (4) The metric sys-
tem was invented in the United States.
8. What is the reading displayed on this elec-

tronic stopwatch?
Figure SI-4. A digital stopwatch
Questions (1) 17.43 seconds (2) 17 minutes (3) 17 min-

utes, 43 seconds (4) 18 minutes, 3 seconds
6. The diagram above shows the reading on
the grams indicator of a balance scale when
the mass of a small object was determined. 9. Which of the following measures is given to
The other riders on the balance are at 0. an accuracy of 1 millimeter?
What is the mass of this object? (1) 2.89 m (2) 7.0 cm (3) 13 cm (4) 4.5 m

10. This diagram is a view of part of a graduated using a value without units (such as numbers of
cylinder partially filled with water. What is objects or ratios, like specific gravity), units must
the volume of water? be specified on both axes. In this case, the units
will be time in minutes and mass remaining in
grams.
Your next decision is how to label the axes
with numbers. Count the number of index lines
along each axis. A useful rule of thumb is that
15 your data should extend at least half way along
each axis. Suppose that your greatest shaking
time was 12 minutes and that there are 9 index
lines along the longer axis. (In most cases, your
paper can be positioned either vertically or hor-
izontally, whichever seems better.) If you make
each index line represent an increase of 2 min-
utes, the data would extend two-thirds of the
way along your paper.This is more than half way,
so you can now label the horizontal axis.
10 Note that your data may not need to begin at
zero units. If you are measuring the temperature
of a thermometer as a light shines on it, your
(1) 13 cm3 (2) 14 cm3 (3) 14.5 cm3 (4) 15 cm3 lowest (initial, or starting) temperature might be
21C, room temperature. In this situation, there
11. 1 meter is equal to how many kilometers?
is no reason to start your temperature values at
(1) 0.001 (2) 0.01 (3) 0.1 (4) 1000 0C, the freezing point of water. Your lowest
value on the vertical axis might reasonably be
20C, chosen because it is the closest index
value. If the highest temperature is 29C, the in-
Constructing Graphs (^) terval between 20C and 30C would be a con-
Constructing graphs is a vital skill for anyone venient range for your vertical scale.
doing laboratory work. Graphs provide a way to Having labeled both axes with values and
visualize and understand relationships between units (such as Mass in grams) and with appro-
variables. Once you have collected your data, priate numbers, you are almost ready to plot the
several decisions must be made before data can values on your graph. The next decision is what
be graphed. First, decide which variable belongs kind of graph to draw.A line graph that connects
on the horizontal (bottom) axis. Usually, the in- the points within a single line (usually curved or
dependent variable is placed there. The inde- angled to go through all the points) is the most
pendent variable is the factor that is not changed commonly used graph. These graphs are easy to
by the experiment. For example, time is gener- read between the data points (interpolation), or
ally considered unaffected by experimental con- to read just outside the data points (extrapola-
ditions. For this reason, time is usually placed on tion). Line graphs are used to show values that
the horizontal axis. change continuously, like the mass remaining as
Suppose that you are determining how much rock is shaken in water. You may need to show
weathering by abrasion takes place when you several lines on a single graph, indicating quickly
shake different kinds of rock in a plastic bottle how different kinds of rock wear away in the ex-
with water. The amount of rock remaining is the periment used above.
variable you are investigating. In this case, shak- Occasionally, you may have data that has no
ing time belongs on the horizontal axis, and mass intermediate values, such as rainfall in a 6-hour
should be placed on the vertical axis. As on all period. If each block of 6 hours represents an un-
graphs, units of measure are also important. You related or cumulative measurement, it may be
probably measured the shaking time in minutes best to use a bar graph. Pie, or circle, graphs are
and the mass remaining in grams. Unless you are often used to show portions of a whole, such as

the composition of Earths atmosphere. In Re- ample, suppose you need to calculate the vol-
gents Earth Science you should be prepared to ume of a sample when given its mass and den-
interpret styles of graphs you have never seen sity. You would need to rearrange the density
before by using your understanding of Earth sys- formula to isolate volume. Here is how it is
tems and changes. done:
Cyclic changes can be recognized on a graph
when the data shows a pattern of changes that mass
Density =
repeat, going up and down at regular intervals. volume
You know that seasonal temperatures repeat mass
every year, although the repetition is not exact. Volume =
density
Some summers or winters are warmer or cooler
than others. However, the basic pattern contin- Now you are able to calculate volume when
ues as the cycle of the seasons. you are given the other two values in the equa-
tion.
Questions
12. Which quantity is usually placed on the hor-
Questions
izontal axis of a graph?
15. When you rearrange the formula for den-
(1) mass (2) time (3) volume (4) density sity, what is mass equal to?
13. Which of the following is usually not (1) density (2) density volume (3) volume
marked along the axes of a graph? (4) volume density
(1) the quantity being measured (2) the po- 16. Rearrange the gradient formula from the
sition of each data point (3) the units of Earth Science Reference Tables to isolate the
measure (4) numbers that increase toward change in field value. You may use abbre-
the top viations for the variables, but you must show
14. Why do scientists use graphs? your steps to the solution.
(1) Scientists have been taught to make
graphs during their education. (2) Scientists
need to do more work to justify their salary.
(3) Graphs help everyone understand how Language Skills
one quantity affects another. (4) A scientific Some constructed-response questions will re-
paper cannot be published unless it includes quire you to respond in one or more complete
one or more graphs. sentences. Remember that a complete sentence
must have a subject and a verb, and may also
have a predicate. Some sentences, such as Lets
study, have no predicate, and a few, like the
Mathematic and Algebraic Skills command Study! have an understood subject.
(*^) (You)
A wide range of useful algebraic formulas are Be careful with the word because. It can
given in the Reference Tables, and you will need change a sentence such as Clouds produce
to be able to use them for laboratory reports and precipitation into a phrase that is not a sen-
on tests. Some of these formulas have been given tence. Because clouds produce precipitation
in the chapters of the book.The Introduction has is a phrase, not a complete sentence. However,
sections on using scientific notation, calculating this phrase could be used in a complete sen-
percent error, and calculating density. You may tence, as follows: Because clouds produce pre-
want to review those sections before taking your cipitation, they usually get darker before it
Regents exam. rains. Therefore, if your response begins with
You will need to be able to transpose (re- the word because, it may not be a complete
arrange) equations to isolate unknowns. For ex- sentence.

Questions
Chapter 3
17. What word often changes a sentence into a
phrase? A. Locating an earthquake epicenter from seis-
mic data. (*^)
(1) verb (2) noun (3) however (4) because
B. Calculating the origin time of an earth-
18. A complete sentence must contain quake. (*)
(1) a subject only (2) a subject and a verb (3)
a subject, a verb, and a predicate (4) the
word because Chapter 4
A. Predicting how environmental factors, such
as climate, affect the processes of weather-
Content Skills ing as well as rates of weathering.
The following skills are explained in the main
B. Determining the stream velocity needed to
body of the book. Practice questions can also be
move particles of various sizes. (*)
found in the appropriate chapters. (As in the
previous section, * denotes the use of the Earth C. Measuring and predicting how factors, such
Science Reference Tables and ^ indicates a skill as particle size, density, and shape, influence
needed for the Laboratory Performance Test.) the rate at which particles settle in water.
D. Interpreting the patterns of particle sizes
within sediment, and what those patterns
Chapter 1 tell us about the processes of deposition
A. Using proportions to calculate the size of

Earth. (*)
Chapter 5
B. Determining latitude and longitude by
reading a map or by observations of celes- A. Observing landforms that are the result of
tial objects. (See the Navigation section.) (*) prehistoric glaciation and inferring how
each of them came about.
C. Drawing and reading isoline field diagrams,
including topographic maps. B. Predicting how natural coastal processes
and human intervention will change
D. Drawing and reading topographic profiles. beaches and other oceanfront features.
E. Calculating gradient using data supplied, or C. Understanding why New York State has
by reading the appropriate values on a map. been divided into about a dozen distinct
(*) landscape regions. (*)
D. Establishing relative maturity of landscapes
and identifying the specific stream patterns
Chapter 2 that occupy landscapes shown in diagrams.
A. Using a mineral identification chart to iden-

tify minerals based on properties such as
luster, hardness, streak, cleavage, color, and Chapter 6
density. (*^)
A. Correlating rock strata in different locations
B. Classifying rocks according to their texture based on the sequence of rock types or fos-
and inferred origin. (*^) sils.
C. Classifying sediments according to particle B. Using radioactive decay data to establish
size. (*) numerical ages of rocks. (*)

C. Inferring a sequence of geologic events B. Interpreting and drawing seasonal changes
needed to produce structures in a bedrock in the apparent path of the sun on a trans-
profile. parent hemisphere.
Chapter 7
Chapter 11
A. Calculating the heat energy involved in a
change in the state of water. (*) A. Drawing an ellipse and calculating its ec-
B. Also determining whether the energy is ab- centricity. (* ^)
sorbed or released by the water sample. (*)
Chapter 8 Chapter 12
A. Gathering measurements and using charts A. Recognizing consequences of environmen-

to find dew point and relative humidity. (*) tal pollution and predicting their likelihood.
B. Reading weather station data on a standard
data map. (*)
C. Drawing weather maps from station data, Answers to questions in the Skills of
including isolines and weather fronts. (*) Inquiry Appendix
D. Using weather maps and diagrams to pre-
dict changes in weather at a given location. 1. (4) 2. (3) 3. (2) 4. (4) 5. (1)
6. (2) 7. (3) 8. (3) 9. (2) 10. (2)
Chapter 9 11. (1) 12. (2) 13. (2) 14. (3) 15. (2)
A. Interpreting water budget graphs. 16. c

g =
d
B. Predicting climate based on such factors as
g d=c
altitude, latitude, and nearby geographic
features.
17. (4) 18. (2)
Chapter 10
A. Identifying the most familiar constella-
tions in the night sky.

Study and Test-Taking Tips
correct answers. In fact, if it narrows it

The Best Ways to Study down to one choice, you have probably got
1. Take old Regents exams. The three latest the correct answer.
exams are at the back of the book or you Confine yourself to the choices on the
may be able to get some from your test paper, picking the best choice given.
teacher. Perhaps you know a different answer, even
2. Review the information in the Earth one you think is better. However, the
Science Reference Tables. Know what is directions always instruct you to select the
there and how to use it. (See Appendix A best of the given choices. If you are sure
in the book.) there is a problem with the test item, you
3. For an area in which you feel weak, read can point this out to your teacher. Your
the appropriate parts of your review book, teacher may be able to clarify the
or ask for help when studying. instructions on the exam. However, your
4. Review both factual knowledge and skills teacher cannot help you select an answer.
and any skills sheet. 5. Do not get hung up on the most difficult
5. Make study notes for important questions. If you come to a question you
understandings you may have forgotten. cannot answer with confidence, leave it
blank and come back to it later when you
may have more time to think about it.
Sometimes, a fresh approach will come to
you later. Sometimes, answering a later
The Day of the Test question will jog your memory in regard to
1. Be prepared to take the test. By this time the answer to a question you skipped. If
you have completed your studying. Get a you have time left at the end of the exam,
good nights sleep. Do not let outside stress that is the time to ponder the difficult test
distract you. Things tend to go well when questions.
you are prepared. 6. Do not leave answers blank. If you are in
2. Look at the exam as a challenge or an doubt, stay with your first guess. Some
adventure. A positive attitude will probably students tend to doubt themselves. First
help you concentrate on the task at hand. impressions can be correct. A good rule of
Just do your best. No one can expect more. thumb is never to change an answer unless
3. Write your answers clearly, including the there is a clear reason to change it. If you
numbers of multiple choice answers, do not see a problem with your first
written responses, and diagrams. If your answer, do not change it.
intentions are not clear, the person grading 7. Do not be afraid to ask a proctor if she or
your exam may be forced to guess what he might be able to help you. Proctors
you have written. Let your response be know that they cannot help you find
your own choice, not an uninformed guess answers, but they may be able to clarify the
by someone else. general exam procedures. The State
4. Eliminate the obviously incorrect answers. Education Department publishes
This may narrow down the potential guidelines for proctors.

ANSWER KEY
PHYSICAL SETTING/EARTH SCIENCE JANUARY 2009 (1)
Part A
Allow 1 credit for each correct response.
1. 3 8. 2 15. 3 22. 4 29. 3
2. 1 9. 4 16. 2 23. 2 30. 2
3. 4 10. 2 17. 4 24. 2 31. 3
4. 1 11. 1 18. 1 25. 4 32. 1
5. 1 12. 3 19. 4 26. 3 33. 4
6. 3 13. 4 20. 3 27. 3 34. 1
7. 4 14. 4 21. 1 28. 1 35. 4
Part B---1

36. 3 39. 3 42. 1 45. 2 48. 1
37. 2 40. 1 43. 1 46. 3 49. 4
38. 2 41. 2 44. 2 47. 2 50. 3
ANSWER KEY
Part B 2
Allow a total of 15 credits for this part. The student must answer all questions in this part.
51. [1] Allow 1 credit if the Suns apparent path begins at due east and ends at due west and
is drawn so the altitude of the noon Sun is within the circle shown below.
Example of a 1-credit response:
80 90 80
70
70 60

60
50
50

40
40

30

30

20
20
West
10
10
De
South North
ce
0
0
Observer
m
be
r2
1
East
52. [1] Allow 1 credit for any date from June 19 to June 23.
53. [1] Allow 1 credit if the center of the L is located within the circle shown on the next
page.
ANSWER KEY
PHYSICAL SETTING/EARTH SCIENCEJANUARY 2009 (3)
54. [1] Allow 1 credit. The cP air mass could be located anywhere behind the cold front or
ahead of the warm front. The mT air mass should be located in front of the cold front
and behind the warm front.
Note: Do not allow credit if air-mass letters are reversed, i.e., Pc and Tm.
Example of a 2-credit response for questions 53 and 54:
cP
mT
N
ANSWER KEY
55. [1] Allow 1 credit if the center of the X is placed anywhere within the crosshatched area
shown below.
56. [1] Allow 1 credit for a warm front.

57. [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:
Rising air expands, cools to the dewpoint, and condensation of water vapor
occurs.
Condensation occurs when the dewpoint is reached.
Water vapor condenses when dewpoint is reached.
Allegheny Plateau
Erie-Ontario Lowlands
Appalachian Plateau
ANSWER KEY
59. [1] Allow 1 credit for rock salt and a correct explanation. Acceptable explanations
include, but are not limited to:
crystals of halite settling in an evaporating sea
precipitation from seawater
chemical deposition
60. [1] Allow 1 credit for any value from 0.035 to 0.045 mi/yr.
61. [1] Allow 1 credit for 1000 ft.
62. [1] Allow 1 credit for two correct responses. Acceptable responses include, but are not
limited to:
U-shaped valleys in the area
parallel scratches in the bedrock
unsorted sediment deposits
moraines
drumlins
The greater the average distance a Jovian planet is from the Sun, the colder
the temperature.
An inverse relationship exists between distance and temperature for the
Jovian planets.
The closer the Jovian planet is to the Sun, the warmer the average surface
temperature.
Carbon dioxide causes a greenhouse effect on Venus.
Carbon dioxide is an excellent absorber of infrared radiation.
Carbon dioxide traps heat and keeps it from escaping.
The carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere absorbs energy in Venus atmosphere
and reradiates it.
65. [1] Allow 1 credit for a graph that shows an inverse relationship.
Examples of 1-credit responses:
Average Orbital Velocity
Average Orbital Velocity
Average Distance from the Sun Average Distance from the Sun
ANSWER KEY
Part C
66. [1] Allow 1 credit if all three isolines are drawn correctly. If more than the three required
isolines are drawn, all isolines must be correct to receive credit. Isolines do not have
to be labeled but must touch all equal value points to receive credit.
67. [1] Allow 1 credit if the center of the X is located within the crosshatched area below.
Albany
4
4
4 4
4
5 5
5
6 6
6
7
4 7
6 5
8 4
5 6
8
7
8 6
7
6 5 4
8
4 7 5
5 6
Atlantic Ocean
4
ANSWER KEY
68. [1] Allow 1 credit for 3 min 0 sec 10 seconds.

The western coast of the United States is near plate boundaries.
More major faults are located on the western coast of the United States.
Fewer active faults are located in the central portion of the United States
compared to the western coast of the United States.
The central portion of the United States is in the middle of a tectonic plate.
70. [1] Allow 1 credit for two correct responses. Acceptable responses include, but are not
limited to:
plan evacuation routes
identify earthquake hazard zones or areas that are subject to damage during an
earthquake
plan emergency communication procedures
develop emergency information brochures
store food, supplies, and fresh water
build earthquake-resistant structures
identify shelter locations
ANSWER KEY
71. [1] Allow 1 credit if the center of seven or eight Xs are correctly plotted within the
circles shown below.
Example of a 1-credit graph:
Maximum Altitude of Sun and Moon

80 80
70 70
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 2 6 10 14 18 22 26
3 7 11 15 19 23 27 31 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
January February
Key
Suns noontime altitude
The Sun and the Moon were at the same altitude on February 3.
The Sun and the Moon were aligned with Earth.
This solar eclipse occurred at the new Moon phase.
The apparent paths of the Sun and the Moon crossed.
ANSWER KEY
73. [1] Allow 1 credit for correctly placing the center of the X between the brackets shown
below.
Moons orbit
Earth
Suns
rays
(Not drawn to scale)
74. [1] Allow 1 credit for March 18 or March 19 or March 20.

75. [1] Allow 1 credit for zone D.
sulfur
hematite
77. [1] Allow 1 credit for any latitude from 40 S to 44 S and any longitude from 65 W to
69 W. The correct units and compass directions must be included.
78. [1] Allow 1 credit for clay.
earliest birds
birds
radioactive dating
identifying an index fossil in the layer containing this fossil
correlating rock layers or fossils
ANSWER KEY
Mountain barriers changed the flow of winds.
The air sinks on the Patagonia side of the Andes.
Patagonia is located on the leeward side of the mountains.
Patagonia is located in the rain shadow.
82. [1] Allow 1 credit for southeast or SE.
83. [1] Allow 1 credit for any elevation between 680 feet and 700 feet.
84. [2] Allow a maximum of 2 credits, allocated as follows:
Allow 2 credits if the centers of ten or eleven student-plotted Xs are within the
circles shown below and the Xs are correctly connected with a line that falls within
the circles.
Allow 1 credit if the centers of only eight or nine student-plotted Xs are within the
circles shown below and the Xs are correctly connected with a line that falls within
the circles.
or
Allow 1 credit if the centers of ten or eleven student-plotted Xs are within the circles
shown below but are not correctly connected with a line that falls within the circles.
Note: Eagle Hill must be greater than 720 feet but less that 740 feet, and Timony
Hill must be greater than 700 feet but less than 720 feet. The low point of the
profile must be less than 660 feet, but greater than 640 feet.
If it recommended that an overlay be used to ensure uniformity in scoring.
760
740
720
Elevation (ft)
700
680 A
660 B
640
620
Distance
Regents Examination in Physical Setting/Earth Science January 2009
Chart for Converting Total Test Raw Scores to Final Examination Scores (Scale Scores)
To determine the students final score, locate the students Total Performance Test Score across the top of the chart and the Total Written Test Score down the side of the
chart. The point where the two scores intersect is the students final examination score. For example, a student receiving a Total Performance Test Score of 10 and Total
Written Test Score of 72 would receive a final examination score of 90.
Total Performance Test Score

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
85 100 99 99 99 98 98 97 96 96 95 94 93 91 90 88 87 85
84 99 99 98 98 98 97 96 96 95 94 93 92 91 89 88 86 84
83 99 99 98 98 98 97 96 96 95 94 93 92 91 89 88 86 84
82 98 98 98 97 97 96 95 95 94 93 92 91 90 88 87 85 83
81 98 98 98 97 97 96 95 95 94 93 92 91 90 88 87 85 83
80 97 97 97 96 96 95 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 86 84 82
79 97 96 96 95 95 94 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 85 83 82
78 97 96 96 95 95 94 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 85 83 82
77 96 95 95 95 94 94 93 92 91 91 89 88 87 86 84 83 81
76 96 95 95 95 94 94 93 92 91 91 89 88 87 86 84 83 81
75 95 95 94 94 93 93 92 91 91 90 89 88 86 85 83 82 80
74 94 94 93 93 92 92 91 90 90 89 88 87 86 84 83 81 79
73 94 94 93 93 92 92 91 90 90 89 88 87 86 84 83 81 79
72 93 93 92 92 92 91 90 90 89 88 87 86 85 83 82 80 78
71 92 92 92 91 91 90 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 82 81 79 77
70 92 92 92 91 91 90 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 82 81 79 77
69 92 91 91 90 90 89 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 80 78 77
68 91 90 90 89 89 88 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 79 77 76
67 90 90 89 89 88 88 87 86 85 85 84 82 81 80 78 77 75
66 89 89 88 88 87 87 86 85 85 84 83 82 80 79 77 76 74
65 89 89 88 88 87 87 86 85 85 84 83 82 80 79 77 76 74
ANSWER KEY
64 88 88 87 87 86 86 85 85 84 83 82 81 80 78 77 75 73
63 87 87 87 86 86 85 84 84 83 82 81 80 79 77 76 74 72
62 86 86 86 85 85 84 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 75 73 71
61 86 85 85 84 84 83 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 74 72 71
60 85 84 84 84 83 82 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 73 72 70
59 84 84 83 83 82 82 81 80 80 79 78 77 75 74 72 71 69
Total Written Test Score

58 83 83 82 82 81 81 80 79 79 78 77 76 74 73 71 70 68
57 82 82 81 81 81 80 79 79 78 77 76 75 74 72 71 69 67
56 81 81 81 80 80 79 78 78 77 76 75 74 73 71 70 68 66
55 81 81 81 80 80 79 78 78 77 76 75 74 73 71 70 68 66
54 80 80 80 79 79 78 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 69 67 65
53 80 79 79 78 78 77 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 68 66 65
52 78 78 77 77 76 76 75 74 74 73 72 71 69 68 66 65 63
51 77 77 76 76 75 75 74 73 73 72 71 70 69 67 66 64 62
50 76 76 75 75 75 74 73 73 72 71 70 69 68 66 65 63 61
49 75 75 75 74 74 73 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 65 64 62 60
48 75 74 74 73 73 72 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 63 61 60
47 74 73 73 72 72 71 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 62 60 59
46 73 73 72 72 71 71 70 69 68 68 67 65 64 63 61 60 58
45 72 72 71 71 70 70 69 68 68 67 66 65 63 62 60 59 57
44 71 71 70 70 69 69 68 68 67 66 65 64 63 61 60 58 56
January 2009 Examination in Physical Setting/Earth Science continued

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
43 70 70 70 69 69 68 67 67 66 65 64 63 62 60 59 57 55
42 69 68 68 67 67 66 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 57 55 54
41 68 67 67 67 66 65 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 56 55 53
40 67 67 66 66 65 65 64 63 63 62 61 60 58 57 55 54 52
39 66 66 65 65 64 64 63 62 62 61 60 59 57 56 54 53 51
38 65 65 64 64 64 63 62 62 61 60 59 58 57 55 54 52 50
37 63 63 63 62 62 61 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 52 50 48
36 63 62 62 61 61 60 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 51 49 48
35 62 61 61 61 60 60 59 58 57 57 55 54 53 52 50 49 47
34 61 61 60 60 59 59 58 57 57 56 55 54 52 51 49 48 46
33 59 59 58 58 58 57 56 56 55 54 53 52 51 49 48 46 44
32 58 58 58 57 57 56 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 48 47 45 43
31 58 57 57 56 56 55 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 46 44 43
30 56 56 55 55 54 54 53 52 51 51 50 48 47 46 44 43 41
29 55 55 54 54 53 53 52 51 51 50 49 48 46 45 43 42 40
28 54 54 53 53 52 52 51 51 50 49 48 47 46 44 43 41 39
27 52 52 52 51 51 50 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 41 39 37
26 52 51 51 50 50 49 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 40 38 37
25 50 50 49 49 48 48 47 46 46 45 44 43 41 40 38 37 35
24 49 49 48 48 47 47 46 45 45 44 43 42 40 39 37 36 34
23 47 47 47 46 46 45 44 44 43 42 41 40 39 37 36 34 32
22 46 46 46 45 45 44 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 35 33 31
21 45 44 44 44 43 43 42 41 40 40 38 37 36 35 33 32 30
20 44 44 43 43 42 42 41 40 40 39 38 37 35 34 32 31 29
ANSWER KEY
19 42 42 41 41 41 40 39 39 38 37 36 35 34 32 31 29 27
18 41 41 41 40 40 39 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 31 30 28 26
17 40 39 39 38 38 37 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 28 26 25

16 39 39 38 38 37 37 36 35 34 34 33 31 30 29 27 26 24
15 37 37 36 36 35 35 34 34 33 32 31 30 29 27 26 24 22
14 35 35 35 34 34 33 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 24 22 20
13 35 34 34 33 33 32 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 23 21 20
12 33 33 32 32 31 31 30 29 29 28 27 26 24 23 21 20 18
11 32 32 31 31 30 30 29 28 28 27 26 25 23 22 20 19 17
10 30 30 30 29 29 28 27 27 26 25 24 23 22 20 19 17 15
9 29 28 28 27 27 26 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 17 15 14
8 27 27 26 26 25 25 24 23 23 22 21 20 18 17 15 14 12
7 26 26 25 25 24 24 23 22 22 21 20 19 18 16 15 13 11
6 24 24 24 23 23 22 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 14 13 11 9
5 23 22 22 21 21 20 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 11 9 8
4 21 21 20 20 19 19 18 17 17 16 15 14 12 11 9 8 6
3 20 20 19 19 18 18 17 17 16 15 14 13 12 10 9 7 5
2 18 18 18 17 17 16 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 7 5 3
1 17 16 16 16 15 14 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 5 4 2
0 15 15 14 14 13 13 12 11 11 10 9 8 6 5 3 2 0
ANSWER KEY
PHYSICAL SETTING/EARTH SCIENCE JUNE 2009 (1)
Part A
1. 1 8. 3 15. 2 22. 4 29. 3
2. 3 9. 2 16. 1 23. 3 30. 4
3. 4 10. 2 17. 2 24. 3 31. 3
4. 3 11. 3 18. 4 25. 4 32. 4
5. 3 12. 1 19. 4 26. 1 33. 2
6. 1 13. 1 20. 3 27. 4 34. 3
7. 3 14. 2 21. 1 28. 1 35. 1
Part B---1

36. 2 39. 4 42. 4 45. 2 48. 4
37. 4 40. 3 43. 2 46. 2 49. 2
38. 2 41. 1 44. 4 47. 1 50. 2
ANSWER KEY
Part B 2
The Sun has a greater gravitational attraction for particles than Earth does.
The Sun has a larger mass than Earth.
The more massive object has more gravity.
52. [1] Allow 1 credit for thermosphere.
53. [1] Allow 1 credit for any response between 227.9 and 778.3 million kilometers.
54. [1] Allow 1 credit if the center of all Xs are plotted within the circles shown and are
correctly connected with a smooth, curved line that passes through the circles.
Note: It is recommended that an overlay be used to ensure uniformity in scoring.
ANSWER KEY
PHYSICAL SETTING/EARTH SCIENCEJUNE 2009 (3)
As latitude increases, the duration of daylight decreases.
Higher latitudes have shorter daylight periods. Lower latitudes have longer
daylight periods.
It is an inverse relationship.
56. [1] Allow 1 credit for a correct answer 1 based on the student-drawn graph. For
example, on the graph shown, the answer should be 56 1 N.
57. [1] Allow 1 credit for winter.
wide geographic distribution
existed for a short period of geologic time
59. [1] Allow 1 credit for placing the symbol between the layers shown below.
ANSWER KEY
60. [1] Allow 1 credit for the correct sequence shown below.
61. [1] Allow 1 credit for C and G.

62. [1] Allow 1 credit for any value from 29 to 30 days.
63. [1] Allow 1 credit for E or full Moon.
As temperature increases, luminosity increases.
This is a direct relationship.
65. [1] Allow 1 credit for red giants or giants.
Part C
Gulf of Mexico
a warm ocean surface
67. [1] Allow 1 credit for warm front.
condensation
expansion
cooling
deposition/sublimation
ANSWER KEY
69. [1] Allow 1 credit if the centers of ten to twelve Xs are within the circles shown below
and are correctly connected with a smooth, curved line that passes through the circles
and extends above 120 feet below 140 feet.
Note: It is recommended that an overlay be used to ensure uniformity in scoring.
70. [1] Allow 1 credit for any value from 18 to 22 with the correct units. Acceptable units
ft/mi
feet/mile
southeast
SE
northwest to southeast
The contour lines are closer together.
More closely spaced contour lines indicate a steeper gradient.
73. [1] Allow 1 credit for Jupiter.
Earths rotation causes day and night.
The daily change from day to night results from Earths spin on its axis.
ANSWER KEY
75. [1] Allow 1 credit for a line graph which shows a direct relationship.
The geocentric model has Earth in the center.
In a geocentric model Earth does not rotate.
Planets revolve around Earth instead of the Sun.
transform boundary
transform fault
subduction of Arabian Plate
convergence
ANSWER KEY
PHYSICAL SETTING/EARTH SCIENCEJUNE 2009 (7)
79. [1] Allow 1 credit if both arrows show correct directions, even if the arrows do not pass
through the points.
80. [1] Allow 1 credit for a correctly drawn 70F isotherm. The isotherm must extend to the
edges of the continent. If additional isotherms are drawn, all isotherms must be
correct to receive credit.
ANSWER KEY
81. [1] Allow 1 credit for cP or cA. Allow credit for either uppercase or lowercase letters.
Note: Do not allow credit if the letters are reversed, such as, Pc.
The dangers of asbestos fibers were realized.
Concern over the health risk of asbestos resulted in less use.
Exposure to high concentrations of asbestos leads to health problems.
83. [1] Allow 1 credit for Adirondacks or Adirondack Mountains or Grenville Province.
the internal arrangement of atoms
chemical composition
the environment in which they form
chains of silicate tetrahedra
85. [1] Allow 1 credit for talc.
Regents Examination in Physical Setting/Earth Science June 2009
(Not to be Used for the Braille Edition)
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
85 100 99 99 99 98 98 97 96 96 95 94 93 91 90 88 87 85
84 99 99 98 98 98 97 96 96 95 94 93 92 91 89 88 86 84
83 99 99 98 98 98 97 96 96 95 94 93 92 91 89 88 86 84
82 98 98 98 97 97 96 95 95 94 93 92 91 90 88 87 85 83
81 98 98 98 97 97 96 95 95 94 93 92 91 90 88 87 85 83
80 97 97 97 96 96 95 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 86 84 82
79 97 96 96 95 95 94 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 85 83 82
78 97 96 96 95 95 94 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 85 83 82
77 96 95 95 95 94 94 93 92 91 91 89 88 87 86 84 83 81
76 96 95 95 95 94 94 93 92 91 91 89 88 87 86 84 83 81
75 95 95 94 94 93 93 92 91 91 90 89 88 86 85 83 82 80
74 94 94 93 93 92 92 91 90 90 89 88 87 86 84 83 81 79
73 94 94 93 93 92 92 91 90 90 89 88 87 86 84 83 81 79
72 93 93 92 92 92 91 90 90 89 88 87 86 85 83 82 80 78
71 92 92 92 91 91 90 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 82 81 79 77
70 92 91 91 90 90 89 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 80 78 77
69 92 91 91 90 90 89 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 80 78 77
68 91 90 90 89 89 88 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 79 77 76
67 90 90 89 89 88 88 87 86 85 85 84 82 81 80 78 77 75
66 89 89 88 88 87 87 86 85 85 84 83 82 80 79 77 76 74
65 89 89 88 88 87 87 86 85 85 84 83 82 80 79 77 76 74
ANSWER KEY
64 88 88 87 87 86 86 85 85 84 83 82 81 80 78 77 75 73
63 87 87 87 86 86 85 84 84 83 82 81 80 79 77 76 74 72
62 86 86 86 85 85 84 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 75 73 71
61 86 85 85 84 84 83 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 74 72 71
60 85 84 84 84 83 82 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 73 72 70
59 85 84 84 84 83 82 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 73 72 70

58 84 84 83 83 82 82 81 80 80 79 78 77 75 74 72 71 69
57 83 83 82 82 81 81 80 79 79 78 77 76 74 73 71 70 68
56 82 82 81 81 81 80 79 79 78 77 76 75 74 72 71 69 67
55 81 81 81 80 80 79 78 78 77 76 75 74 73 71 70 68 66
54 80 80 80 79 79 78 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 69 67 65
53 80 79 79 78 78 77 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 68 66 65
52 79 78 78 78 77 77 76 75 74 74 72 71 70 69 67 66 64
51 78 78 77 77 76 76 75 74 74 73 72 71 69 68 66 65 63
50 77 77 76 76 75 75 74 73 73 72 71 70 69 67 66 64 62
49 76 76 75 75 75 74 73 73 72 71 70 69 68 66 65 63 61
48 75 75 75 74 74 73 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 65 64 62 60
47 75 74 74 73 73 72 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 63 61 60
46 74 73 73 72 72 71 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 62 60 59
45 73 73 72 72 71 71 70 69 68 68 67 65 64 63 61 60 58
44 72 72 71 71 70 70 69 68 68 67 66 65 63 62 60 59 57
Final Examination Scores
June 2009 Examination in Physical Setting/Earth Science continued

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
43 71 71 70 70 69 69 68 68 67 66 65 64 63 61 60 58 56
42 70 70 70 69 69 68 67 67 66 65 64 63 62 60 59 57 55
41 69 68 68 67 67 66 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 57 55 54
40 68 67 67 67 66 65 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 56 55 53
39 67 67 66 66 65 65 64 63 63 62 61 60 58 57 55 54 52
38 66 66 65 65 64 64 63 62 62 61 60 59 57 56 54 53 51
37 65 65 64 64 64 63 62 62 61 60 59 58 57 55 54 52 50
36 64 64 64 63 63 62 61 61 60 59 58 57 56 54 53 51 49
35 63 62 62 61 61 60 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 51 49 48
34 62 61 61 61 60 60 59 58 57 57 55 54 53 52 50 49 47
33 61 61 60 60 59 59 58 57 57 56 55 54 52 51 49 48 46
32 59 59 58 58 58 57 56 56 55 54 53 52 51 49 48 46 44
31 58 58 58 57 57 56 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 48 47 45 43
30 58 57 57 56 56 55 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 46 44 43
29 57 56 56 55 55 54 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 45 43 42
28 55 55 54 54 53 53 52 51 51 50 49 48 46 45 43 42 40
27 54 54 53 53 52 52 51 51 50 49 48 47 46 44 43 41 39
26 52 52 52 51 51 50 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 41 39 37
25 52 51 51 50 50 49 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 40 38 37
24 51 50 50 50 49 48 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 39 38 36
23 49 49 48 48 47 47 46 45 45 44 43 42 40 39 37 36 34
22 48 48 47 47 47 46 45 45 44 43 42 41 40 38 37 35 33
21 46 46 46 45 45 44 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 35 33 31
20 45 44 44 44 43 43 42 41 40 40 38 37 36 35 33 32 30
ANSWER KEY
19 44 44 43 43 42 42 41 40 40 39 38 37 35 34 32 31 29
18 42 42 41 41 41 40 39 39 38 37 36 35 34 32 31 29 27
17 41 41 41 40 40 39 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 31 30 28 26

16 40 39 39 38 38 37 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 28 26 25
15 39 39 38 38 37 37 36 35 34 34 33 31 30 29 27 26 24
14 37 37 36 36 35 35 34 34 33 32 31 30 29 27 26 24 22
13 35 35 35 34 34 33 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 24 22 20
12 34 33 33 33 32 31 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 22 21 19
11 33 33 32 32 31 31 30 29 29 28 27 26 24 23 21 20 18
10 31 31 30 30 30 29 28 28 27 26 25 24 23 21 20 18 16
9 29 29 29 28 28 27 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 18 16 14
8 28 27 27 27 26 26 25 24 23 23 21 20 19 18 16 15 13
7 27 27 26 26 25 25 24 23 23 22 21 20 18 17 15 14 12
6 25 25 24 24 24 23 22 22 21 20 19 18 17 15 14 12 10
5 24 23 23 22 22 21 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 12 10 9
4 22 22 21 21 20 20 19 18 17 17 16 14 13 12 10 9 7
3 20 20 19 19 18 18 17 17 16 15 14 13 12 10 9 7 5
2 18 18 18 17 17 16 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 7 5 3
1 17 16 16 16 15 14 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 5 4 2
0 15 15 14 14 13 13 12 11 11 10 9 8 6 5 3 2 0
ANSWER KEY
PHYSICAL SETTING/EARTH SCIENCE AUGUST 2009 (1)
Part A
1. 2 8. 1 15. 2 22. 4 29. 2
2. 3 9. 2 16. 3 23. 1 30. 2
3. 2 10. 1 17. 4 24. 1 31. 3
4. 1 11. 3 18. 4 25. 2 32. 1
5. 3 12. 4 19. 2 26. 4 33. 1
6. 4 13. 3 20. 1 27. 4 34. 3
7. 2 14. 2 21. 3 28. 1 35. 2
Part B---1

36. 4 39. 3 42. 2 45. 3 48. 2
37. 3 40. 3 43. 2 46. 1 49. 1
38. 2 41. 4 44. 4 47. 1 50. 4
ANSWER KEY
Part B 2
Allow a total of 15 credits for this part. The student must answer all questions in this
part.
The distance from the Sun varies.
There are two foci instead of one center.
The orbit is an oval shape.
Earths eccentricity of orbit is 0.017.
The force of gravity decreases, then increases.
Gravity becomes less, then becomes greater.
The orbit would become more eccentric.
The eccentricity would increase.
The eccentricity value would be closer to 1.0.
The path would be more elliptical.
54. [1] Allow 1 credit for either 30 N or 30 S.
Location B is located high in the mountains.
Location A is located at a lower elevation.
Location C is located in air that is sinking, compressing, and warming.
Location C is on the leeward side of a mountain.
Location D is near a large body of water.
Air traveling over the mountains loses its moisture at D.
57. [1] Allow 1 credit for:
universe
____________ galaxy
____________ star
____________
Largest Smallest
58. [1] Allow 1 credit if all six boxes are correctly marked as shown.
ANSWER KEY
PHYSICAL SETTING/EARTH SCIENCEAUGUST 2009 (3)
Betelgeuse is larger.
Betelgeuse is more massive than Aldebaran.
Aldebaran has less volume.
60. [1] Allow 1 credit for A.
the larger the sediment size, the greater the permeability
the smaller the particles, the slower the water flows through
There is a direct relationship.
62. [1] Allow 1 credit for a line that shows water retention increasing from column A to
column D.
tectonic plate movement
movement along a fault
volcanic eruption
P-wave
primary wave
compressional wave
65. [1] Allow 1 credit for any response from 12 min 30 sec to 12 min 50 sec.
ANSWER KEY
Part C
66. [1] Allow 1 credit if the centers of five or six student-plotted Xs are correctly plotted
within the circles shown and connected with a line that passes through the circles.
67. [1] Allow 1 credit for a shadow band between position 1 and the student-located position
2 that falls within the disignated shaded width shown below.
ANSWER KEY
68. [1] Allow 1 credit if the center of the students X is within the bracketed area shown on
the Moons orbit.
69. [1] Allow 1 credit for any value from 182 to 187 days.
70. [1] Allow 1 credit for winter.
71. [1] Allow 1 credit if all four Xs are plotted within the circles shown and are connected
with a line that passes through the circles.
Example of a 1-credit graph:
ANSWER KEY
sedimentary
any clastic sedimentary rock or specific clastic sedimentary rock name
Form of coal:
anthracite
hard coal
metamorphic coal
Explanation:
It forms under greater pressures, which increases density.
Anthracite is the metamorphic form of coal.
Earliest land plants did not occur until the Silurian.
Extensive coal-forming forests didnt exist until the Carboniferous Period.
75. [1] Allow 1 credit for an arrow beginning at the L and pointing in any direction from
due east to north northeast.
ANSWER KEY
PHYSICAL SETTING/EARTH SCIENCEAUGUST 2009 (7)
B is being affected by a warm front.
Precipitation often occurs ahead of a warm front.
B is located close to a frontal boundary.
77. [1] Allow 1 credit for mT. Allow credit for either uppercase or lowercase letters. Do not
allow credit if the letters are reversed, such as Tm.
C is between isobars that are closely spaced.
A is located in an area with a small pressure gradient.
The isobars are closer together at C.
79. [1] Allow 1 credit if the centers of all seven Xs are plotted within the circles shown
below and are connected with a line that passes through the circles. The line must
extend below the 2900-foot line, and above the 2800-foot line.
SE
south southeast
south
81. [1] Allow 1 credit for any value from 277 to 313 with correct units. Acceptable units
ft/mi
feet per mile
ANSWER KEY
82. [1] Allow 1 credit for correctly drawing the line of unconformity as shown below.
83. [1] Allow 1 credit for Silurian Period.

The graywacke layers are tilted.
The layers are now vertical.
The unconformity indicates that the graywacke layers were uplifted and
eroded.
85. [1] Allow 1 credit for two acceptable responses. Acceptable responses include, but are
not limited to:
uplift
weathering
erosion
tilting
submergence
burial
depositon
Regents Examination in Physical Setting/Earth Science August 2009
(Not to be used for the Braille Edition)
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
85 100 99 99 99 99 98 97 97 96 95 94 93 92 90 89 87 85
84 99 99 98 98 98 97 96 96 95 94 93 92 91 89 88 86 84
83 99 99 98 98 97 97 96 96 95 94 93 92 91 89 88 86 84
82 99 98 98 98 97 96 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 87 86 84
81 98 98 98 97 97 96 95 95 94 93 92 91 90 88 87 85 83
80 98 98 97 97 96 96 95 94 93 93 92 90 89 88 86 85 83
79 97 97 97 96 96 95 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 87 86 84 82
78 97 97 96 96 95 95 94 93 93 92 91 90 88 87 85 84 82
77 96 96 96 95 95 94 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 86 85 83 81
76 96 96 95 95 94 94 93 92 92 91 90 89 87 86 84 83 81
75 95 95 95 94 94 93 92 92 91 90 89 88 87 85 84 82 80
74 95 94 94 94 93 93 92 91 90 90 88 87 86 85 83 82 80
73 94 94 93 93 93 92 91 91 90 89 88 87 86 84 83 81 79
72 94 93 93 92 92 91 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 82 80 79
71 93 93 92 92 91 91 90 89 89 88 87 86 84 83 81 80 78
70 92 92 92 91 91 90 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 81 79 77
69 92 92 91 91 90 90 89 88 87 87 86 84 83 82 80 79 77
68 91 91 90 90 90 89 88 88 87 86 85 84 83 81 80 78 76
67 90 90 90 89 89 88 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 79 77 75
66 90 90 89 89 88 88 87 86 85 85 84 82 81 80 78 77 75
65 89 89 88 88 88 87 86 86 85 84 83 82 81 79 78 76 74
64 89 88 88 87 87 86 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 77 75 74
ANSWER KEY
63 88 88 87 87 86 86 85 84 83 83 82 80 79 78 76 75 73
62 87 87 86 86 85 85 84 83 83 82 81 80 79 77 76 74 72
61 86 86 86 85 85 84 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 76 75 73 71
60 86 85 85 84 84 83 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 74 72 71
59 85 85 84 84 83 83 82 81 81 80 79 78 76 75 73 72 70

58 84 84 83 83 82 82 81 81 80 79 78 77 76 74 73 71 69
57 83 83 83 82 82 81 80 80 79 78 77 76 75 73 72 70 68
56 83 82 82 81 81 80 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 71 69 68
55 82 81 81 81 80 79 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 70 69 67
54 81 81 80 80 79 79 78 77 77 76 75 74 72 71 69 68 66
53 80 80 79 79 78 78 77 77 76 75 74 73 72 70 69 67 65
52 79 79 79 78 78 77 76 76 75 74 73 72 71 69 68 66 64
51 78 78 78 77 77 76 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 67 65 63
50 78 77 77 76 76 75 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 66 64 63
49 77 76 76 76 75 74 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 65 64 62
48 76 75 75 75 74 74 73 72 71 71 69 68 67 66 64 63 61
47 75 75 74 74 73 73 72 71 71 70 69 68 66 65 63 62 60
46 74 74 73 73 72 72 71 70 70 69 68 67 65 64 62 61 59
45 73 73 72 72 71 71 70 69 69 68 67 66 65 63 62 60 58
44 72 72 71 71 70 70 69 69 68 67 66 65 64 62 61 59 57
Final Examination Scores
August 2009 Examination in Physical Setting/Earth Science continued

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
43 71 71 70 70 69 69 68 67 67 66 65 64 63 61 60 58 56
42 70 70 69 69 68 68 67 67 66 65 64 63 62 60 59 57 55
41 69 69 68 68 67 67 66 66 65 64 63 62 61 59 58 56 54
40 68 68 67 67 66 66 65 65 64 63 62 61 60 58 57 55 53
39 67 67 66 66 65 65 64 64 63 62 61 60 59 57 56 54 52
38 66 66 65 65 64 64 63 62 62 61 60 59 58 56 55 53 51
37 65 65 64 64 63 63 62 61 61 60 59 58 56 55 53 52 50
36 64 64 63 63 62 62 61 60 60 59 58 57 55 54 52 51 49
35 63 63 62 62 61 61 60 59 59 58 57 56 54 53 51 50 48
34 62 61 61 61 60 60 59 58 57 57 55 54 53 52 50 49 47
33 61 60 60 59 59 58 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 49 47 46
32 60 59 59 58 58 57 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 48 46 45
31 58 58 58 57 57 56 55 55 54 53 52 51 50 48 47 45 43
30 57 57 56 56 56 55 54 54 53 52 51 50 49 47 46 44 42
29 56 56 55 55 54 54 53 52 52 51 50 49 47 46 44 43 41
28 55 55 54 54 53 53 52 51 50 50 49 47 46 45 43 42 40
27 54 53 53 52 52 51 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 42 40 39
26 52 52 52 51 51 50 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 42 41 39 37
25 51 51 50 50 49 49 48 48 47 46 45 44 43 41 40 38 36
24 50 50 49 49 48 48 47 46 46 45 44 43 41 40 38 37 35
23 49 48 48 47 47 46 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 37 35 34
22 47 47 47 46 46 45 44 44 43 42 41 40 39 37 36 34 32
21 46 46 45 45 44 44 43 42 42 41 40 39 37 36 34 33 31
20 45 44 44 43 43 42 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 33 31 30
ANSWER KEY
19 43 43 42 42 42 41 40 40 39 38 37 36 35 33 32 30 28
18 42 42 41 41 40 40 39 38 38 37 36 35 33 32 30 29 27
17 41 40 40 39 39 38 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 29 27 26

16 39 39 38 38 37 37 36 36 35 34 33 32 31 29 28 26 24
15 38 37 37 36 36 35 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 26 24 23
14 36 36 35 35 35 34 33 33 32 31 30 29 28 26 25 23 21
13 35 34 34 34 33 33 32 31 30 30 28 27 26 25 23 22 20
12 33 33 33 32 32 31 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 23 22 20 18
11 32 32 31 31 30 30 29 28 28 27 26 25 23 22 20 19 17
10 30 30 30 29 29 28 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 19 17 15
9 29 29 28 28 27 27 26 25 25 24 23 22 20 19 17 16 14
8 27 27 27 26 26 25 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 16 14 12
7 26 26 25 25 24 24 23 22 22 21 20 19 17 16 14 13 11
6 24 24 24 23 23 22 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 14 13 11 9
5 23 23 22 22 21 21 20 19 18 18 17 15 14 13 11 10 8
4 21 21 21 20 20 19 18 18 17 16 15 14 13 11 10 8 6
3 20 19 19 19 18 17 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 8 7 5
2 18 18 17 17 17 16 15 15 14 13 12 11 10 8 7 5 3
1 17 16 16 15 15 14 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 5 3 2
0 15 15 14 14 13 13 12 11 11 10 9 8 6 5 3 2 0

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Teachers Guide and Answer Key

Amsco School Publications, Inc.

Production Manager: Joseph Campanella

Please visit our Web site at: www.amscopub.com

Copyright 2010 by Amsco School Publications, Inc.

Printed in the United States of America

2 Minerals, Rocks, and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3 The Dynamic Crust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4 Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

5 Glaciers, Oceans, and Landscapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

6 Interpreting Earths History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

7 Properties of the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

9 The Water Cycle and Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

11 Beyond Planet Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Answer Key for Readings in Science,Technology, and Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

Skills of Inquiry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

Study and Test-Taking Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

Sample Examination Answer Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

Questions Pages 9 and 10

34. Accept answers between 81 g and 83 g.

28. an astronomer 37.

Reviewing Earth Science Answer Key 1

Chapter 1Planet Earth

Questions Pages 2325

Questions Pages 29 and 30

2 Reviewing Earth Science Answer Key

Questions Pages 48 and 49

Question Pages 5052

Questions Pages 56 and 57 52. crystal shape (rhombohedral)

Reviewing Earth Science Answer Key 3

1. (1) 2. (2) 3. (3) 4. (1) 5. (3) 6. (3)

Questions Pages 83 and 84

4 Reviewing Earth Science Answer Key

Reviewing Earth Science Answer Key 5

Questions Pages 97 and 98 37. Deposit B is the stream deposit because it

1. (1) 2. (3) 3. (2) 4. (4) 5. (2) 6. (2)

Questions Pages 131133

6 Reviewing Earth Science Answer Key

40. a great mix of sizes, or poor sorting CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS

Reviewing Earth Science Answer Key 7

500 400 300 200 100 0

8 Reviewing Earth Science Answer Key

CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. (1) 2. (4) 3. (1) 4. (3) 5. (3) 6. (4)

Reviewing Earth Science Answer Key 9

17. a barometer 20.

(b) 29.53 inches

10 Reviewing Earth Science Answer Key

Chapter 8Weather Systems

22. cold front

Reviewing Earth Science Answer Key 11

(Note: The wind speed feathers may be

12 Reviewing Earth Science Answer Key

Questions Pages 234236

Questions Pages 240243

21. 5C (The response must include the number

Reviewing Earth Science Answer Key 13

28. Rotation, or spin on its axis

14 Reviewing Earth Science Answer Key

Questions Pages 260, 262265

27. They are all the same.

23. Longer than at noon and pointed toward

Reviewing Earth Science Answer Key 15

The late June path drawn by the student