Chapter 4 FORMal Words.

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1 Chapter 4 FORMal Words

2 Chapter 4: Grammar Safari

Find a word you dont know and cant find in the dictionary. Identify its part of
speech (form class) Tell us how you knew (form or function)

3 Safari Example Example:

In The Peace War Vernor Vinge introduced the technology of bobbles, originally
used to counter nuclear threat POS: Noun How I knew Follows preposition =
object of the preposition

4 A Rose is a Rose? Whats the Part of Speech (formal class) of:

Bat Slide Plate Home Throw Inning Prototypically Stretching it a bit

5 What POS are slides & swings

I. Anthony turns slides and swings II. Anthony turns, slides, and swings No
Commas Commas Nouns Nouns Nouns Verbs Verbs Nouns Verbs Verbs Eats,
Shoots, and Leaves

6 Form & Function (Revisited)

Parts of Speech = Form Classes _________ Form = Shape = Morphology
Prototypically Function = Behavior = Role in Sentence

7 What POS are These Words?

The androokers plurked gribbly along beside the broofled lumphet. Noun Verb
Adjective Adverb How do you know?

8 Nouns Traditional Definition Linguistic Definition

Person, place, or thing Linguistic Definition Tangible item or intangible concept

9 Know a Noun when you see it...

Formal Clues Has noun-making (derivational) morpheme Takes noun inflection
morphemes _____ or ____ Functional Clues Appears after articles OR
prepositions (may have Adj. before) Replaceable by a pronoun in a tag question
Fits in the Subject position (test frame sentence)
10 Noun Test Frame Sentence
(The) ________ seems all right. NOTE: You may need to change all right to
unacceptable, short, or slow in some cases

11 Missing Nouns Fill in the missing nouns

Identify the (2) nouns that were not deleted Why do you suppose the cartoonist
left these in?

12 Find a Noun in your G & C paper

13 Slots filled by Nominals

Subject My wife is Chinese Direct Object I saw my wife this morning Indirect
Object I gave flowers to my wife on her birthday Object of a preposition Most
anytime the phone rings, its for Yuan Subject complement My wifes name is
Yuan Object Complement I consider Yuan my best friend

14 G&C Paper: Find Examples

Subject Direct Object Indirect Object Object of a preposition Subject
Complement Object Complement

15 To Comma or Not to Comma

Never put a comma between the: subject and verb direct object and object
complement indirect object and direct object verb and subject complement verb
and direct object except in direct quotes like: He said, Ill never forget you.

16 The little comma makes a big difference!

Ive finally decided to cheer up, everybody! Ive finally decided to cheer up
everybody! Eats, Shoots & Leaves (junior edition), Truss & Timmons, 2006

17 Ive finally decided to cheer up everybody!

Without the comma everybody is: Subject Direct object Indirect object Object
complement

18 Whats a comma do? Shows where to take a breath

Separates one idea from another Separates equal grammatical elements All of the
above

19 Any Questions. before we go on?

20 Which is the most prototypical noun?

Potato Refusing Glamorous Sheep
21 Degrees of Nounness Nouns that name people, places & things ________
F D B A C E G Examples? Nouns that name people, places & things ________
Nouns derived from adjectives ________ Nouns derived from verbs ________
Adjectives that are also nouns ________ Verbs that are also nouns ________
Verbs in noun positions ________ Prepositions used as nouns ________

22 Find a Non-Prototypical Noun

in your G & C paper

23 Prepositions as a Nouns

24 Diagramming Nouns Aunt Blabby Your Nouns go on a flat line front; end

25 Did You Get It? Which are Functional Nouns?

Rude Miami drivers have earned the title of worst road rage. drivers, title, rage
Miami, title, road Miami, road, rage earned, worst How do you know?

26 How do these sound? Were shopping for a new furniture

Our furnitures are getting shabby My familys healths are important to me Whats
the problem?

27 Noun Features Common Countable Non-countable (homework)

Singular (person) Plural (people)

28 Count vs. Non-count Test Frame Sentences He likes ______________.

Words that: Dont fit in A-D Nouns Fit only A & B = Non-count Fit only B, C
& D = Count Count vs. Non-count Test Frame Sentences He likes
______________. The ________ is good He wants a(n) _________. __________
(e)s are good. Try these words, then some of your own: fun light desk home news
chicken cash noise ask lamp amiss dessert

29 Did You Get It? Which cannot be a count noun? Pizza Sheep
Institution Happiness

30 More Noun Features (FYI)

Examples Count & Non-count ________ Common & Proper ________ Animate
& Inanimate ________ Human & Nonhuman ________ Male & female ________
Why?? *The king put the crown on herself

31 Find the Error The babys mother is a king. 1. Find the Error
2. Explain it 3. Fix it The babys mother is a king.
32 Nominal Varieties Appositives (extra information: use commas) Gerunds
My wife, Yuan, loves to watch TV Gerunds Watching is boring for me Infinitives
To watch is boring for me Nominal Clauses Why people watch so much TV is a
mystery to me Delayed Subjects It is amazing what people will watch

33 Appositive Error The third image was Ernst Haeckel's, a German biologist,
drawings of embryos. Whats the problem with the sentence above? How would
you fix it?

34 Do We Have a Problem? The boy showed his interest in American sports

though he was unable to bring his baseball glove to the concentration camp, a
sport that had not yet reached Japan. Yes No More to come

35 The Problem is with: The boy showed his interest in American sports though
he was unable to bring his baseball glove to the concentration camp, a sport that
had not yet reached Japan. An appositive An infinitive A delayed subject Subject
verb agreement

36 Locate the Ambiguity The state of Florida has found and restored what it
believes to be the earliest film of Jim Morrison, shot in the early 60s when he
attended Florida State University, 34 years after his death. (AP Photo/Florida
State University via Florida State Archives)

37 To Be Sophisticated... To look at the definitions, the levels of response, and

the tone of an apology will help evaluate when it is necessary to use these phrases.
Whats the subject of this sentence? Try a tag question Try the Noun Test Frame
Sentence Does the subject agree with the verb?

38 Why Do We Care? Subject Verb Agreement Comma Placement

Our writing reflects our intelligence (in the eyes of those who hold the $$)

39 Whats the Error? Punctuation in the form of exclamation marks are also
evident. Strategy: Subjects must agree with their Verbs Subjects are never inside
prepositional phases

40 Find & Correct the Errors

SubjectVerb Agreement Find & Correct the Errors Which sentence is best?
Often a convention held in big public rooms feel very institutional. Often, a
convention held in big public rooms, feel very institutional. Often a convention,
held in big public rooms, feel very institutional. Often a convention held in big
public rooms feels very institutional.
41 Find & Correct the Errors
Subject Verb Agreement OR Punctuation Problem This building and its
dcor shows that the outside has been brought inside. Decorative touches, such as
the etched front window, signals a trend in newly constructed meeting facilities.
Previously, centers for public gathering, was four walls and a roof.

42 Any Questions before we move on?

43 Verbs Traditional Definition Linguistic Definition

Action & State of Being words Linguistic Definition Convey action or state of
being AND Carry grammatical information about tense (pres, past, etc) person
(1st, 2nd, 3rd) Other (to be discussed in later chapters)

44 Know a Verb when you see it...

Formal Clues Has verb-making morpheme Can take tense-related morphemes
Functional Clues Can be made into a command Can be made negative Can fit a
Verb Frame Sentence

45 Verb Frame Sentences They must ___________ (it).

They must ___________ good (well)

46 How many verbs? 3 4 5 6

47 Diagramming Verbs Verbs go on a flat line after the subject

(you) Play ball Verbs go on a flat line after the subject

48 Functional Shift: Revisited

Noun, Verb, Both or Neither: Why? Rock Sob Pluralize Exercise 4.6

49 Why should we care? Learning is as unique as the individual who is attempting

to do so, and any principles for second language acquisition must be regarded
as tentative suggestions, not absolute rules. Is this acceptable? A = Yes B = No
Why or Why Not?

50 Key errors to watch for:

Sentence Fragments Comma splices Run-on (fused) sentences

51 Sentence Fragments A sentence missing a Subj. or a Verb

Todays generation does not understand readings benefits. For instance better
spelling, wider vocabulary and appropriate expressions. Often begins with a
conjunction
52 Find the fragment Head down, Lela stared at the textbook on her desk.
She understood the fragment practice that Mrs. Markham was going over in
class. But was too shy to raise her hand and volunteer an answer. She wishes she
had a clicker!

53 Comma splices Joining two full sentences with a comma

Main Clause + , + Main Clause = Lets take a look at a business, that I worked
for in the past, it shall remain anonymous. Can typically be fixed with a
semicolon (;)

54 Run-ons Joining two full sentences without any punctuation

Main Clause + + Main Clause = Yuan is a real hypochondriac when her
stomach hurts, she is certain that she has a bleeding ulcer, and if she has a
backache, she starts to believe that she has cancer of the spine.

55 There is a problem in: Yuan is a real hypochondriac when her stomach hurts,
she is certain that she has a bleeding ulcer, and if she has a backache, she starts to
believe that she has cancer of the spine.

56 Find a Verb Related Error

in your G & C paper

57 MYTH: Never begin a sentence with a conjunction.

And why is that a rule? The device can be overused, sure. But it should not be
banned. When & why can we break this rule? (Youve got to KNOW IT to break
it effectively)

58 MYTH: Always write in complete sentences.

You might wince at the use of fragments as a literary device, but it can be done
well. Really. When & why can we break this rule?

59 Any Questions before we move on?

60 You Tell Me 1. Find the Error 2. Explain it 3. Fix it Three words frequently
use as slang are cool, bad, and sweet. Hint: Verb as Adjectival

61 Adjectives Traditional Definition Linguistic Definition

Modify nouns & other adjectives Linguistic Definition Modifies a nominal or
adjectival (really close to the traditional definition) Modify: To change. To add
information about. X
62 Know an Adj when you see it...
Formal Clues Has adjective-making morpheme Takes comparative/superlative
morphemes Functional Clues Can be compared using more or most Modifies a
nominal or adjectival Can fit the Adjective Frame Sentence

63 Adjective Frame Sentence

The _________ man is very ________. You may need to change man to
another noun

64 Exercise 4.7 Adjective or Not Why? I - only I & II, I & III
Shiny Wicker Calling I - only I & II, I & III I, II & III

65 Adjective Subclasses Examples

Attributive the red wagon - Precedes the noun ____________ Predicative the
sky is blue - Follows the verb - AKA subject complement ____________

66 Adjective Subclasses The sour apple is very sour .

(Attributive) (Predicative) One more subclass Post-Nominal: It hit me like a ton
of bricks. - may come either before or after the verb - prepositional phrase may
be an adjectival

67 Find the Adjective

68 Find the Adjective: Challenge

Whats the ADJ? Once Stick Stays Fetched How did you know?

69 Diagramming Adjectives
pi it stays fetched A pumpkin Use slanted lines for modifiers

70 A Pumpkin Pi Tree NP Det Adj N A pumpkin pi

71 You Tell Me 1. Find the Error 2. Explain it 3. Fix it Animal rights modern
movement can be tracked to the 1970s, which was created by philosophers. Hint:
Adjectivals typically modify close referents

72 To Comma or Not to Comma Between two or more adjectives Example:

When the adjectives are equal and can be inserted between them they can be
reversed No comma before the noun Example: the crabby old dog ( equal) the
bright, curious child = the bright and curious child = the curious, bright child
Traditional Rule: Size Age Color the big old red wagon * the old red big
wagon * the red old big wagon
73 Did You Get It? Which of these should have commas?
I went to a high priced auction. A splendid old table was for sale. A rich famous
movie star bought it. I was quite sad I couldnt have it.

74 Find a list of adjectives

in your G & C paper Did you use the appropriate punctuation?

75 Any Questions before we move on?

76 Adverbs Traditional Definition Linguistic Definition

Modifies verbs, adjectives or adverbs w/ info about Time, Place, or Manner
Answer: Where, When, Why? How? Linguistic Definition Modifies non-nominal
items V, Adj, Adv, phrases, clauses, or sentences

77 Know an Adv when you see it...

Formal Clues Has adverb-making morpheme Takes comparative/superlative
morphemes Functional Clues Can be compared using more or most Moveable in
sentence Can fit the Adverb Frame Sentence

78 Adverb Frame Sentence The man told his story _________.

79 Exercise 4.9 Prototypically Adverb or Adjective? Why? Do you see a pattern?

Boldly, shortly, silently, seriously Earthly, beastly, gentlemanly Yearly, leisurely
(Exceptions)

80 Find the Adverbs The ADVs are: suddenly, awkwardly snapping, dirge
suddenly, was, along suddenly, awkwardly, along

81 Diagramming Adverbs Andy realized was snapping along Suddenly

awkwardly Words that modify go on a slanted line - Advs go under the modified
word even if they are separated

82 Adverb Subclasses Manner ________ Time ________ happily, quickly,

well
Examples Manner ________ Time ________ Place ________ Degree ________
Frequency ________ Duration ________ Reason ________ happily, quickly, well
now, soon, next week here, there, everywhere clearly, definitely often, seldom,
never always, still, yet to save money

83 Identify the Adverbials

After breakfast lets take the bus to the shopping center. To save money, we can
take our lunch and eat in the park next door. The park is empty this time of year.
If you agree, we can meet at the corner.

84 To Comma or Not to Comma No Comma Comma

When the adverb is next to the item it modifies Short phrase beginning a sentence
By noon we were all ready to eat. Comma When the adverb has moved away
from the word it modifies. (Suddenly, awkwardly) Long phrase beginning a
sentence Before the dog was able to join his friends again, he was forced to chase
the cat.

85 More Commas Sentence initial Infinitive VPs (function as adverbials)

To find a bone, a dog must work very hard Interruptions A cat, however, seems
never to work at all Parenthetical phrases (comment on whole sentence) I love
pets. Unfortunately, my wife doesnt feel the same way. Ambiguity During the
winter, vacation days are precious.

86 in your G & C paper What type of ADV is it?

Find an Adverb in your G & C paper What type of ADV is it?

87 Any Questions before we move on?

88 Reviewing Form & Function

What a word is (Form: N, V, Adj, Adv) is not always the same as what it does
(Function: nominal, verbal, adjectival, adverbial) Two fresh flowers Two spring
flowers Two wilting flowers Strategy Suggestion: Use substitution to identify
form classes

89 Exercise 4.13 Form vs. Function: Identify each.

I think Carl has lost his electronic ticket I think Carl has lost his parking ticket I
think Carl has lost his theater ticket Prototypical noun acting as an adjective
Prototypical verb as an adjective Prototypical adjective as an adjective
Prototypical adverb as an adjective

90 Find Functional Shift

in your G & C paper Will the meaning be clear to ALL readers?

91 Exercise 4.14 Page 87 Group work

The Review Exercises on pages are also very good

92 Think About It
93 NOTE: While many of the exercises are referenced in this slide show, several
are not Those not reviewed are intended for you to cover on your own.
Remember: The answer keys are posted on my site (& Ill be happy to review
your work w/you outside class)

94 Tomorrow Quiz on Chapter 4 Begin Chapter 7