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ABSTRACT
This paper comprises of the experimental study of eight double skinned concrete filled
steel tubular (DSCFT ) beam columns of concentrically placed circular sections filled with
self compacting concrete. Tests on the specimens were made by applying eccentric
loads. The main experimental parameters for beam-columns were slenderness ratio and
load eccentricity. Testing of specimens investigates the behaviour on load deflection,
confinement effect, and the strength of the columns. The experimental observations were
shown by load-deflection curves. Various characteristics such as strength, stiffness,
ductility and failure mode are discussed. The predicted load versus deformation
relationships are in good agreement with beam-column test results. The DSCFT columns
in-filled with SCC show good strength and ductility. Modified equations are suggested to
find the ultimate compressive strength of DSCFT columns filled with SCC.
Keywords : Composite; Double skinned concrete filled steel tubular columns; D/t
thickness, fabrication and casting, load deflection, ductility.
LIST OF NOTATIONS
C Confinement factor
SI Strength index
DI Ductility index
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Asc Cross-sectional area of the composite section (=Aso + Ac + Asi)
Asco Cross-sectional area of the outer steel tube and the sandwiched concrete
(=Aso + Ac)
1.INTRODUCTION
Cold-formed steel tubular structures are being increasingly used for structural
applications. This is due to the aesthetic appearance, high corrosion resistance, ease of
maintenance and ease of construction. Hollow columns consisting of two concentric
circular thin steel tubes with filler between them have been investigated for different
applications. Figure 1 shows the hollow cold formed steel column.
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In composite construction, the concrete and steel are combined in such a fashion that the
advantages of both the materials are utilized effectively in composite column. The lighter
weight and higher strength of steel permit the use of smaller and lighter foundations. The
subsequent concrete addition enables the building frame to easily limit the sway and
lateral deflections. Hollow column has less self weight and a high flexural stiffness and
hence its usage in seismic zone proves promising. It reduces requirements on labor and
construction time and maintains the construction quality.
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Figure.3 Fabrication of Pipes welding
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Self Compacting Concrete of 1: 1.39
: 3.1 with w/c ratio of 0.5 of coarse
aggregate with maximum size of 6
mm. The companion specimens of
three cubes, three prismatic and
three cylindrical specimens were
made and tested for arriving at the
grade of concrete. During
preparation of the test specimens,
Self Compacting Concrete was
pored for filling the annular space
between the two concentric steel
tubes. For proper filling of the
specimens in the annular space, the
self compaction was keenly
monitored from spilling of the
concrete which occurred
simultaneously on the circumference
of the each of the specimen section.
The excess spilled concrete was
then neatly and gently cleaned and
the specimens were cured for 28
days in controlled humid condition.
The specimens were wiped dry and
cleaned. The top and bottom
surfaces of concrete were inspected for level surface. A slight shrinkage of concrete
around 1 to 2mm was noted and the same was filled with plaster of paris, at least three
days prior to the testing of the specimens. Painting specimens is done for enabling easy
identification of failure pattern. Then, the specimens were subjected to testing.
SPECIMEN DESCRIPTIONS
The specimens are labeled in a fashion that the first two alphabets describe the number
of steel sheaths used were double (DSCFT).There are three numbers followed by the
first two alphabets. Out of which, the first number indicates the outer diameter of the steel
tubes, second number on the right, indicates the inner diameter of the steel tubes, third
number on the right indicates the length of the steel tubes used.
The entire tests were carried out using 1000 kN electronic universal testing machine. The
DSCFT column specimens were hinged at both ends. The specimens were kept at the
eccentricity of (e/b=0.2) from the center. This setup is made to achieve eccentricity of the
applied load. The test arrangement and instrumentation are shown in Figure 6. An initial
load of about 5 KN was applied to hold the specimen to the plumb line. Magnetic type dial
gauges were used to measure the deflections at mid span and at 0.2height of the
specimens from the end.
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Eccentric compressive load was applied with an increment of 10KN. Each load is kept for
around 2 minutes. For each load increment, the deformations were recorded. All
specimens were subjected to load up to failure. Each specimen consumed almost 30
minutes for testing. Figure 7 shows the prepared specimens at the loading state.
Almost all columns fail in the same pattern of overall buckling and local buckling of outer
steel plate in compression flange in the vicinity of mid height leads the failure. It was
followed by the further propagation of local buckling at a distance of almost at equal to
the outer diameter of the specimen. It was found that because of the infill of concrete, the
tested beam-columns behaved in a relatively ductile manner and testing proceeded in a
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smooth and controlled way. The enhanced structural behavior of the composite
specimens can be explained in terms of composite action between the steel tubes and
the filled SCC concrete.
DS-114-78- 78 114 500 2.6 8.3 0.71 30 250 56.16 47.85 1.25
500
DS-114-78- 78 114 300 4.4 13.8 0.71 30 250 56.16 47.85 1.25
300
566
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DS-78-38-300 235 199 0.85 1.18 1.77 248
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5.4 Modes Of Failure
Various failure patterns of hollow columns are in the following figures. In Figure.10
Elephant foot and lateral buckling failure of hollow column are shown. In Figure.11 Local
buckling of steel plates are shown. In Figure.12 Kink failure pattern is shown. In
Figure.13 Folding of plates in hollow column are shown.
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5.5 Theoretical Model
Hollow columns are clearly intermediate between steel and reinforced concrete columns.
However, the design philosophy for each of these two structural members is
fundamentally different. Steel columns are treated as concentric in that they are loaded
through their centroids, but with due allowances being made for residual stresses, initial
out of straightness and slight eccentricities of the load. The basis of the design of steel
column is instability or buckling, and any moment which act at the ends of the column are
then incorporated by reducing the axial load by way of an interaction equation.
The approach for RC Columns is quite different than that for steel columns in that the
loads are considered to be eccentric to the centroid. The failure is generally, but not
always, attributable to cross- section, material failure, and is based on interaction curve
as in IS- 456-2000.
Because of the similarity of hollow columns to both steel and concrete columns, there
has been a great deal of debate by researchers as to which approach should be adopted.
Short or stub columns are clearly governed by cross section failure, while long or slender
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columns are prone to buckling. Perhaps the most logical treatment to date is that
provided by Euro code. The behavior of hollow columns can best treated by a
combination of both approaches.
6.CONCLUSIONS
The following points were concluded from the experimental works carried out:
The SCC of required characteristic strength is found after trial and error procedure.
The fresh and hardened concrete tests are performed to determine the rheoplastic
properties and the strength properties of concrete.
The buckling failure can be avoided and the load carrying capacity can be increased by
lowering the slenderness ratio for hollow columns and RC columns.
It was observed from the tests, that the failure modes of the hollow composite columns
depend on slenderness ratio. When the slenderness ratio is very less, the column fails
due to yielding of steel and crushing of concrete under direct compression. When
slenderness ratio is large, the column fails by elastic buckling.
The deflection is low where L/r ratio is 5. The deflection rate considerably increased
when L/r ratio is 13.8 compared with other ratios.
By increasing the hollowness ratio, the load carrying capacity increases but with the
larger Di/tsi ratio, the failure is due to buckling, so the hollowness ratio should be kept
between 0 and 0.8.
The strength index, confinement factor and ductility index decreases with increase in D/t
ratio (i.e. the composite action of steel tube and core concrete becomes smaller). Hence
D/t ratio should be minimum.
For the increase of slenderness ratio by 3 the ultimate load decreases by 10.5%.
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We are thankful to Sir R.B.KARTHIKA for publishing his research work here on
engineeringcivil.com.We hope this research paper will help many civil engineers around
the world in understanding the behavior of Hollow Double Skinned Steel Concrete
Composite Columns.
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