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SUMMARY - Volcanic facies models for andesitic stratovolcanoes have been utilised in volcanological
studies and in exploration for mineral deposits. A four facies model has now been successfully applied to
establish a stratigraphic sequence at Wayang Windu geothermal project where overlapping andesitic
volcanic piles of similar lithological character are present in the wells. Formational boundaries can be
defined where there are rapid non-systematic changes in facies, and the proximity to eruptive centres
defined by lateral gradational changes in facies. Structural data and primary mineralogical indicators of
different stratigraphic units are in agreement with the facies as are K-Ar dating and geochemical analysis
of fresh rocks.
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be predicted. The nature of the border is very Lahars have angular or blocks up to 10
important. In an undisturbed individual volcanic m or so in diameter are intercalated with
sequence, borders are usually gradational. Sharp pyroclastic layers with good sorting and sizes
borders indicate that either there are overlapping mainly in the lapilli to coarse ash range.
volcanic centres, there has been an erosional break, debris is reworked by water; and moderate to
or there is a structural break. shallow initial dips are found. This facies is
located up to 10 to 15 from central vents.
3. FACIES MODELS FOR ANDESITIC
STRATOVOLCANOES Distal Facies Volcanic rocks laid down well
beyond the base of a large volcano tend to have a
A number of facies models, of increasing greater lateral continuity than those of inner zones
complexity, for andesite volcanoes have been put and they conform more closely to conventional
forward. The original model of Williams and stratigraphic criteria, as epiclastics predominate.
(1979) defines three separate facies,
although a multiplicity are possible, for example Proximal and medial facies are deposited on the
the models of and Davies Smith slopes of volcanoes and will form sequences
(1987) and Cas and Wright (1988). However the dipping away from the centre, at the angle of their
more facies that are used, the closer they become repose, whereas distal facies will be relatively flat
to being individual lithological units, with their lying, occurring on the ring plain around the
inherent problems, as discussed above. In making volcanic facies will all relate to one
three dimensional interpretations, for example of a individual eruptive vent, however typically
drilled geothermal field, four facies are adequate; andesite stratovolcanoes are more complex. The
such a model is presented in Figure 1. It is a central vent may move with time, or there may be
composite based on those given by the authors overlapping eruptive centres and parasitic cones.
above, and the observations of the current authors Therefore some care is required to separate out
on stratovolcanoes and their fossil equivalents in separate eruptive vents.
the Philippines,Indonesia and New Zealand.
The same concepts can be applied to silicic and
There is some variety in the facies names between basaltic volcanic centres with appropriate
the models from different authors. The four facies modifications.
used here are: the Central, Medial, and
Distal Facies, as outlined below. 4. APPLICATION TO THE WAYANG
GEOTHERMAL PROJECT
Central Facies- These are volcanic rocks
emplaced closest to volcanic vents and are Wayang Windu geothermal project is located
distinguished by some combination of the 40 km south of Bandung, Indonesia on the
following features: consanguineousdykes; southern slopes of G. Malabar, a large andesitic
consanguineous sills that are concordant with stratovolcano, and on a string of smaller volcanoes
breccia pipes and stocks; coarse agglomerates; trending towards the south, which includes G.
thick, steeply banded siliceous lavas; and coarsely Wayang and G. Windu (Figure 2).
stratified but poorly sorted tephra with steep initial
dips. This facies is found within 0.5 to 2 from Geological data has been gathered from
central vents. examination of cores and cuttings from 22
production and reinjection wells and four
Proximal Facies The rocks laid down at continuously logged slimholes. Representative
increasing distances on the slopes and outer flanks surficial rocks have been geochemically analysed
of a large volcanic complex have many of the for major and trace elements and K-Ar dated
following features: dominated by broad, thick (Tables 1 and 2).
partially autobrecciated lavas and intercalated
coarse grained pyroclastics, with poorly sorted In addition there is geological data from downhole
pyroclastic breccias, they may be cut by formation imaging utilising Schlumberger and
consanguineous dykes and they have moderate to F M S tools. In the past formation imaging when
steep initial dips. Siliceous domes may also occur used in geothermal wells, has been used mainly for
on the flanks of stratovolcanoes as part of a obtaining fracture orientations, for example
proximal facies. This facies surrounds the central Komarudin et (1992) although Nagai et
facies, and extends up to 5 to from central (1997) also identify lithologies. Coarser gained
source vents. pyroclastics are readily identifiable by contrasts in
resistivity between clasts and matrix, and lava
Medial Facies These rocks are laid down on the flows are identifiable by their distinctive joint
outer flanks of the volcano: pyroclastics dominate patterns. This allows bed and flow thicknesses,
over lavas, which can be strongly autobrecciated. and clast size distribution in coarser grained
266
Table 1: Major and Trace Element Analysis of Fresh Lavas from Wayang Windu
(Major element oxides in trace elements in ppm)
267
Central
Agglomerate
Intrusive
P roxim ai
Distal
268
readily identifiable quartz xenocrysts and and lavas but is too altered to accurately determine
preserved morphology. phenocryst mineralogy. In the north and near its
base it consists of intercalated fine and medium
grained pyroclastics. In the south in the bottom
G. Puncak Besar 0.23 0.03 half of the formation there are low initial
G. Malabar 0.23 0.03 depositional dips averaging 14". There are
G. Gambung 0.23 0.01 progressively a higher proportion of lavas higher in
G. Bedil 0.19 0.01 the formation and initial dips increase, averaging
G. Wayang 0.49 0.01 22" in the top half of the formation. Hence there is
G. Windu 0.10 0.02 a transition fiom a near-medial proximal facies to a
near central proximal facies going up the volcanic
Table 2: K-Ar Dates pile, reflecting progressive lateral growth of the
volcanic pile a volcanic centre in the south.
The Malabar Formation is also exposed at the
surface, as the large stratovolcano G. Malabar with The Loka Formation, possibly of Pliocene age,
a prominent peak G. Puncak Besar (Figure 2) and consists of crystal tuffs, lapilli tuffs and
is partially overlain by the northern portions of the subordinate lavas and hence is a medial facies.
Wayang Windu Formation. It consists of Dips of to the southwest are too steep to be
interbedded lavas, breccias and lahars of basaltic initial, and an angular exists between
andesite to dacite in composition. All the lavas the Loka Formation and the Waringin Formation.
contain phenocrysts of plagioclase, augite, Insufficient data is available from the Loka
hypersthene and magnetite, with the basaltic Formation to establish any gradation in facies to be
andesites containing olivine and the dacite able to define an eruptive centre, and as this
hornblende and quartz. The rocks have K-Ar dates formation is regional, it will have multiple eruptive
of 0.23 Ma 0.03 (Table 3) and geochemically centres.
form a differentiated series and have similar REE -
-
The Waringin Formation, possibly of Gill, J. (1981). Orogenic Andesites and Plate
Pleistocene age, consists of andesitic pyroclastics Tectonics. Springer Verlag.
269
Komarudin, U., Sunaryo, D., Praynito, R. and Transactions of the Geothermal Resources Council
Hansen, S. (1992). Evaluation of geothermal 309-214.
igneous reservoirs. Proceedings Indonesian
Petroleum Association 2 1 Annual Convention: Vessell, R. K. and Davies, D. K. (1981). Non-
630. marine sedimentation in an active fore-arc basin.
In: Recent and ancient non-marine depositional
Nagai, T., Yamamoto, H., Kato, O., Sakagawa, Y. environments: models for exploration, F. G.
and Uchida, T. (1997). Lithology and fracture Etheridge and R. M. Flores (Eds), SEPM Spec.
analysis with wireline logging tools for geothermal 31: 31-45.
exploration - examples at Kakkonda
geothermal field with and other tools. Walker, G.P.L. (1987). Facies concepts in
Proceedings of the 19th Geothermal volcanology. Proc. Pacrim 87:
Workshop: 134.
FACIES
FORM N
Wayang Windu PN Pangalengan LK Loka MB Malabar Waringin
Figure 3 - North-south cross section of the drilled portion of the Wayang Windu geothermal
system showing the relationshipbetween volcanic facies and formations.
270