History Section II

Q.1 Causes of annulment of partition of Bengal were more important than the causes for partition. Do you
agree or disagree with the statement. Explain your answer. [14]

Ans. Bengal was partitioned by the British in 1905 but was later annulled in 1911 due to various reasons.
The Hindus opposed partition decision. They tried to add nationalistic color to it. They turned it as an exercise of the
British policy of divide and rule and a step against Bengali nationalism and democracy. They believed that the British
wanted to reduce Hindu influence in Bengal by dividing it.
INC, which was dominated by the Hindu community, reacted violently. They organized vast protests and campaigns. They
declared partition day as The Day of Mourning. A series of strikes were began by the INC workers especially in Calcutta t
show their opposition. Muslims were not organized enough to counter Hindu agitation.
INC launched the Saudeshi (Own Homeland) Movement, which aimed at boycott of British manufactured goods especially
cotton cloth, British titles, and complete institutional boycott. Hindus stressed to buy Indian manufactured goods and it a
matter of honor to wear local clothes, British cloths were thrown on bonfires. Sale of British goods dropped dramatically
and more assassination attempts on Lord Minto were made.
British used forces to suppress protests, for example arrest of Indian Revolutionists, restriction on newspapers, public
meetings were restricted but all their measures could not crash Hindu sentiments. So, in 1911 King George V, announced
reversal of partition at crowning ceremony at Delhi Durbar.
Bengal was partitioned due to various reasons. Bengal was the largest province of India in terms of both population and
size. It had an area of almost 189,000 km2 and a population of about 85 million (54 million in western part and 42 million
in eastern part). Furthermore, the area had a poor communication system. It was difficult to be administrated by a single
governor. By dividing Bengal it was thought that the province could be administrated efficiently and easily especially at the
time of new British govt. similar divisions have been made in the past by the British govt. for their communication so they
did the same thing this time.
There was a Hindu majority in the west and Muslim majority in east in Bengal. There was economic and political disparity
among the Muslims and Hindus. Hindus dominated politics and economy of Bengal. The Muslims were also far behind them
in education, as British had denied them proper education after WOI in 1857. The eastern part was also isolated by the
western part. The Hindus had gained all the advantage and replaced Urdu with Hindi. The partition was also aimed at
benefitting the Muslims and giving them equal chance in economy, politics, employment and education. The Muslims
believed that they would enjoy true recognition in a province where they were in majority. They would be able to escape
from the oppression of the Hindu landlords. Due to growing between west and east Bengal it was essential and sensible to
divide Bengal on religious lines.
Hence, the causes for partition were more important than the causes for its annulment as the partition decision
was a constructive decision whereas the annulment was a destructive decision.
Q.2 Bengal was partitioned in 1905 due to geographical factors. Do you agree or disagree with the
statement? Explain your answer. [14]

Ans. Bengal was partitioned in 1905 by Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon. The partition was made for a no. of reasons.
Bengal was the largest province of India in population and size. It had an area of 189,000 km 2. With a population of about
85 million in western part and 42 million in eastern part. Furthermore, the area had a poor communication network. It was
difficult to be governed by a single governor. It was thought that by dividing Bengal, the province could be administered
efficiently and easily.
Similar decisions had been made by the British for their convenience, so they did the same. This province faced natural
climates in the form of floods every-year which had to be dealt with an efficient administrative set up which could urgently
solve their problems, for that purpose there was necessary to divide it into two parts.
There was a visible Hindu majority in the west and Muslim majority in west Bengal and Muslim majority in east Bengal.
There was economic and political disparity between Hindus and Muslims. Hindus dominated politics and economy of
Bengal, whereas Muslims were far behind in education as British had denied them proper education. The eastern part was
isolated by western part because of poor communication network. The Hindus had gained all the adv. of tried to replace
Urdu with Hindi. To benefit Muslims and to give them equal chance in politics, economy, employment, education, this
partition was announced.
Muslims believed they could enjoy true recognition in a province where they were in majority and could enjoy true
recognition and would be able to escape oppression of Hindu landlords. Due to growing differences between west and east
Bengal, it was essential and sensible to divide Bengal on religious lines.
Hindu landlords and businessmen used to do businessmen with the EIC and after that with the British govt. they got heavy
profits from the trade and became so powerful in this region. Their growing strength was a great/constant threat for
British govt. to break their economic control it was necessary to divide Bengal into two parts.
Before partition, Bengal was having one active port of sea that was in Calcutta. In order to reduce the burden on Calcutta
port, there was a need to develop another port and was only feasible on the coast of Chittagong which was in East Bengal.
For development of a new port, infrastructure facilities, means of communication and big markets were required, which
could only be developed by dividing Bengal into two parts.
 1870 onwards, Hindus demanded more and more freedom from the British govt. INC leader Bal Gangadhar Tilak delivered
impressive speeches for freedom. British had to restrict such activities by distracting attention from its mission.
Hence, geographical factors are by far, the most valid reasons for the partition of Bengal as it is quite different to
govern such a large province with such a great population and dividing such a province leads to more efficient
governing and administration.
Q.3 The Muslim league was established in 1906 because Hindus had their own political party. Do you agree
or disagree? Explain your answer. [14]

Ans. In 1906, prominent Muslim leaders met at 20th session of Mohammad Educational Conference at Dhaka. After the
session, a meeting under Nawab Vigor-ul-Mulk in which AIML was formed on 30 Dec 1906, this happened due to
several reasons.
INC was formed in 1885 to represent all communities of India but it gradually became a Hindu majority party. It
adopted pro-Hindu policies attitude e.g., they demanded joint electorates, competitive exams for civil services, Hindi to
replace Urdu as official language; they demanded that India should be treated as political and cultural whole.
Congress reacted to the partition of Bengal violently and organized country wide protest. This came as a shock to
Muslims and they realized that political difference between two communities was immense. Muslims were also not
organized enough to counter protests of this kind.
These all policies were against Muslim interests and rights. Muslims realized that by not organizing a Muslim group,
they would continue to be disorganized which they could not afford. They realized they needed to represent Muslim
concerning views of Muslims to British through an organized political party.
They begin to consider making Muslim organization to counter the influence of Hindus as they still felt insecure inspite
of steps taken by British, e.g. partition of Bengal and separate electorate. They saw it a way to increase their influence
with British and gain better terms for Muslims (because British saw Indians divided on religious lines).
Lord Minto gave a reassuring reply to Simla deputation which encouraged the Muslims to form a political party. Simla
deputation guaranteed Muslims an independent role in political process after which it became a political necessity to
make political party.
Rise of extreme Hindu nationalist parties e.g. Arya Samaj which were very active and reported of forcibly conversion of
Muslims into Hinduism. This created a sense of insecurity among Muslims and they felt the need of party to protect
Muslim rights.
The newly elected Liberal govt. in England declared to include more Indians in Gov. through elections. This alarmed
Muslims tis they did not have an organized political party to fight elections and they feared to be sidelined.
Q.4 Of all the events in the period 1906-1920, were the Minto-Morley reforms the most important attempt
by the Muslims, Hindus or British in seeking the solution of problems in India? Give reasons for your
answer. [14] Answer:
Minto Morley reforms.
Simla deputation
ML formation
Annulment of Partition of Bengal
World War I
Mont-ford reforms
Khilafat Movement

Q.5 Of all the events in the period 1911-1919, had the Amritsar Massacre the most impact on the relations
between the British and the Indian people? Give reasons for your answer. [14]

Ans. Relations between the British and the Indian people remained strained in the period of 1911 till 1919.
The Amritsar Massacre took place in 1919, following the unpopular Rowlett Act and the Montague-Chelmsford reforms.
There were numerous protests and demonstrations throughout India against the reforms and the act. People numbering
20,000 turned up at the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar for a peaceful protest. The British General, Dyer was agitated by this
and he ordered his troops to seal off all the exits and open fire on the crowd. This resulted in the death of 400 people and
injuries of nearly 1200. Dyer got no punishment for the act and it therefore was an insult for the Indians. This incident
shocked and distrusted the Indians which adversely affected their relations with the British. They willingly took part in
Gandhis non-cooperation movement against the British and with this; tensions emerged on both sides that would take
quite long to cool down.
Another factor which contributed to strained relations was the reversal of the partition of Bengal in 1911 which had a
negative effect on the British relationships with the Indian-Muslim community. The Muslims realized that the British
couldnt be trusted to deliver their promises and they did not care about the Muslims rights. This led to change their policy
of Loyalty with the British to Demand for Self-Rule similar to the INC. This resented in improved relations between the
INC and the ML and both parties untidily began their struggle against the British.
The Montague-Chelmsford reforms of 1919 also negatively affected the relations between the British and the Indians.
These reforms introduced a system of Diarchy which divided areas of subjects into two lists. Transferred subject were
given to the Indian ministers and reserved subjects were entrusted to the Governor and his executive council. More
 provincial powers were given to the provinces. The Sikhs and the Muslims were granted separate electorates. However, the
viceroy could make any law he wished and hence the INC as well as the ML rejected them as the real powers were still in
the hands of the British viceroy and all Indian legislative councils were only advisory in nature. Both the parties were not
satisfied by the concessions offered after Indian participation in the war and wanted more self-rule. Therefore, this period
was known to be another instance of bad British-Indian relations.
The infamous Rowlett Act was passed in the same year to deal with the increasing Revolutionary activity in India. It
introduced extreme measures that were against the central principles of British justice such as arrest without warrant,
distension without bail and the right of the provincial government to order people where to live. INC and ML both
collectively protested against this act. Jinnah resigned from the central legislative council on protest and Gandhi launched a
hartal. There were numerous strikes, protests and mass demonstrations throughout India but the viceroy ignored them
and passed the act. This later led to the Amritsar Massacre and thus proposed to be a low paint for British-Indians
relations.
Hence, the Amritsar Massacre indeed had the greatest impact on the relations of the British and the Indian people
as the violence and bloodshed caused in the massacre greatly agitated the Indian population who began a policy of
non-cooperation with the British which later forced the British which later forced the British to leave India.
Q.6 Lucknow Pact of 1916 was the only beacon of hope for the Hindu-Muslim unity between 1914 to 1930.
Do you agree or disagree. Explain your answer. [14]

Ans. During British rule in India, the Hindu and Muslim communities tried to cooperate with each other in order to
drive the British out of India. However, despite this effort, this cooperation was short lived and rivalry between
the two groups later increased.
The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was an important step towards promoting Hindu-Muslim unity. The INC and ML both held their
annual session in Lucknow and made joint demands to the British. They also made numerous concessions to each other in
order to win each others trust and support as they knew that they could achieve much more by cooperating with each
other. The INC accepted this idea of separate electorates for the Muslims. It was also agreed that Muslims would be given
1/3rd seats in the councils and that no law shall be passed affecting a community until at least three quarters of the council
did not agreed to it. These were major concessions by the INC which showed that it was eager to gain the MLs support.
Both the parties had presented their joint demands to British. They proposed that the number of elected seats on the
councils should be increased, motions passed by large majorities on the councils should be binding on the British
government, minorities in the provinces should be protected and more autonomy should be given to provinces. This part
marked the high water-mark of the Hindu-Muslim unity and both parties began their struggle to achieve greater self-rule
from the British.
The spirit of Hindu-Muslim unity can also be seen in the Montague-Chelmsford reforms of 1919 as both parties collectively
rejected them. These reforms introduced a system of Diarchy which divided areas of subjects into two lists. Transferred
subject were given to the Indian ministers and reserved subjects were entrusted to the Governor and his executive council.
More provincial powers were given to the provinces. The Sikhs and the Muslims were granted separate electorates.
However, the viceroy could make any law he wished and hence the INC as well as the ML rejected them as the real powers
were still in the hands of the British viceroy and all Indian legislative councils were only advisory in nature. Both the
parties were not satisfied by the concessions offered after Indian participation in the war and wanted more self-rule.
The infamous Rowlett Act was passed in the same year to deal with the increasing Revolutionary activity in India. It
introduced extreme measures that were against the central principles of British justice such as arrest without warrant,
distension without bail and the right of the provincial government to order people where to live. INC and ML both
collectively protested against this act. Jinnah resigned from the central legislative council on protest and Gandhi launched a
hartal against the British. There were numerous strikes, protests and mass demonstrations throughout India but the
viceroy ignored them and passed the act. The enforcement of this act later led to the bloody Amritsar Massacre in which
British soldiers opened fire on 20,000 people who had turned up for a peaceful protest at Jallianwala Bagh. 400 of them
were killed and 1200 wounded. The Indian population was severely devastated by this incident and decided to take part in
Gandhis non-cooperation movement which called for self-rule. Although, Jinnah was against this policy of non-
cooperation, many Muslims willingly took part in it and the essence of Hindu-Muslim unity continued.
The Khilafat Movement of 1920-24 was also an example of Hindu-Muslim unity in which both communities collectively
protected against the British in order to protect the Caliphate at Turkey. However, this cooperation was short lived and
later led to communal rioting that strained the relations between them.
The relations between the two communities reached rock-bottom after the Nehru Report of 1928. In 1928, the congress
arranged an APC and drafted the report in opposition to the Simon Commission report. Jinnah rejected this report as it
asked Muslims to make too many sacrifices. He asked the INC to make the amendments to the report but when meet with
refusal, Jinnah introduced his own set of constitutional formulas in the form of 14 points in 1929. Jinnah termed this as the
final nail in the coffin of Hindu Muslim unity and future cooperation between them seemed highly unlikely.
Hence, in the final analysis, the Lucknow Pact of 1916 was indeed the last beacon of hope for the Hindu-Muslim
unity as it was the first event to start off the good mutual relationship between the two communities which
although short lived was crucial in achieving independence from Britain.
Q.7 Was the introduction of Jinnah's 14 points in 1929, the most important factor in the development of
the Pakistan movement between 1928 and 1935? Do you agree or disagree with the statement. Explain
your answer. [14]
Ans. Between the period 1928 to 1935, a series of negotiations and discussions took place which ultimately contributed
to the Pakistan movement and led to the creation of Pakistan.
One factor which contributed to the Pakistan movement was Jinnah's 14 points. In 1928 INC held an all parties conference
and dropped it out of the Constitution in opposition to the Simon Commission which was called the Nehru Report (NR).
Jinnah rejected this report as I asked Muslims to make unnecessary sacrifices so he gave his own constitution formula
acceptable to the Muslims, I in the form of 14 points. In these he asked for provincial autonomy, federal form of
government, separate electorates for Muslims and 1/3rd reserved seats for Muslims in all assemblies and that Muslims
rights should be safeguarded by the Constitution. Although these points are not accepted by the Congress they formed a
basis for future discussions concerning the Constitution they also formed the foundation of the Pakistan movement and a
separate homeland for Muslims.
The other major factor which contributed was the Round Table Conferences. The RTCs were discussions regarding the
Constitution of India and the Simon Commission report. They took plane in London and all important political bodies were
invited. The first Round Table Conference was held in 1930. It was attended by the Muslim League, the liberals and the
representatives of the princely states. INC refused to attend it until a guarantee was given that whatever would be decided
at the conference would be implemented. As no guarantee was given, the INC boycotted the conference and started the non-
cooperation movement. As it was India's largest party, little was achieved at the conference. The process agreed to join a
future federation of India at long as their rights were recognized. The British also accepted that representative government
should be introduced at provincial level.
The 2nd RTC was held in 1931. The parties who attended the first Round Table Conference urged Gandhi to stop his non-
cooperation movement and agree to attend the next set of talks. He met the viceroy Lord Irwin and signed the Gandhi-Irwin
pact. Lord Irwin agreed to release most political prisoners and also gave back the property seized by the government.
Gandhi also agreed to call off his non-cooperation movement and gave up his call for independence. The Second Round
Table Conference failed for two reasons. Firstly, the Labour Party has lost power and the new correlation movement was
less keen to reach a compromise in India. Secondly, Gandhi showed a stubborn attitude and fails to recognize the demands
of minorities of India. Thus little was achieved other than that NWFP and Sindh encase provinces with their own governors.
The 3rd RTC was held in 1932. Most of the parties except a few Muslims from Muslim league didn't attend it. Congress and
the princes boycotted the conference and the non-cooperation movement was restarted.
In 1935, the British government had denied to make the condition of India themselves after witnessing the failure of the
RTCs. India was to be a federation including the provinces of British India and any princely state which joined. There were
now two houses of Parliament in the central government that is and the upper house and the lower house. Diarchy was
dropped in provincial level and increased Centre. Provinces were given more autonomy. No. of provinces were increased.
The governor-general was the head of the federation and could exert special powers. He child dismiss ministers and even
the whole administration and rule during a period of emergency. This act was rejected by all sides. However, it was crucial
in achieving independence as it formed basis for later negotiations. Our became the future constitution of India and
Pakistan. It led to INC Rule/Raj which united all Muslims under Jinnah's Muslim League.
Hence, the government of India act 1935 was most important in the development of Pakistan movement between
the years 1928 to 1935 as it lead to series of important events such as the day of deliverance and the Lahore
resolution in the creation of Pakistan.
Q.8 Was the Khilafat Movement founded because the Muslims feared the breakup of Turkey, after 1 st War
of Independence? Explain your answer. [14]
Ans. The Khilafat movement was started in 1920 to safeguard the caliphate at Turkey.
After the First World War treaties were drawn up showing how the defeated nations were to be treated. The Treaty of
Versailles was imposed on Germany on which it was given a harsh and humiliating treatment. Its armed forces were
greatly reduced, its colonies were taken away and the country was split into two with the creation of a new country,
Poland. Similar measures were taken against Germanys ally, Austria. The Muslims feared that Turkey would also receive
the same inhuman treatment as it had fought on Germanys side in the war. Despite British promise that Turkey would be
respected and treated fairly. They feared that the Turkish Empire would be divided into many parts and all Muslim holy
places would be lost and would come under non-Muslim control.
The Muslims were quite concerned about their holy places. They thought that if Turkey would be divided, their holy places
would fall under non-Muslim rule and would be desecrated. The holy cities of Makah, Medina and Jerusalem were part of
the Ottoman Empire and were dear to the Muslims and were not ready to bear their loss.
The allies also threatened to abolish the seat of caliphate at Turkey. The caliph was an important Islamic figure and was
known as the leader of Muslim world. He was a symbol of Muslim unity. Hence, he had immense significance for Muslims
all over the world. Abolishment of caliph would hurt Muslim sentiments and would be humiliating for them.
The Muslims were displeased and agitated with anti-Muslim policies. Britain had adopted in India and elsewhere,
Afghanistan and Persia both Muslim countries had been the subject of rivalry between Russia and Britain. The two powers
had agreed on how Afghanistan and Persia were to be run and paid little attention to the views of native Muslim
population. Some Muslims in India considered that the British policy towards Muslims was to build in them a fear of
Hindus so that Muslims would cooperate with British. Although there were many Muslims in the British army fighting
against Turkey, there were numerous desertions by soldiers unwilling to fight fellow Muslims in Turkey.
The Muslims were not ready to bear the humiliation of the Turks so they-Made proposals to the British government
concerning treatment of Turkey. They demanded that Turkey should not be broken up in parts, the institute of caliphate
should not be abolished and Muslim holy places in the Middle East should be protected. Several delegations were sent to
British but no demands ware entertained. Muslims had even gone to the queen and the Viceroy for the acceptance of their
 demands but it was no use. In February 1920, while a delegation was still in Britain, the treaty of Sevres concerning
Turkeys treatment was announced. Among other things, the treaty said that the Turkish Empire was to split up between
allies and Arabia was made independent. The enforcement of treaty and rejection of Muslim demands agitated the Muslims
and stirred up massive demonstrations and protests all around the sub-continent which finally resulted in creation of
Khilafat Movement. Gandhi, along with Congress also gave his support and led this movement. He also demanded self-rule
in this movement. Hence, the Muslims and Hindus untidily started their non-cooperation movement against the British
keeping aside their religious differences.
Hence, in the final analysis, the failure of the British to accept Muslim proposals and imposition of the treaty of
Sevres was the most important factor which contributed to the development of Khilafat as it was the main cause of
triggering it.
Q.9 Was the abolition of Caliphate in 1924 the main reason for the failure of the Khilafat Movement?
Explain your answer. [14] OR
Q.10 Khilafat Movement failed by 1924 because of poor leadership. Do you agree or disagree? Explain your
answer. [14]
Ans. The Khilafat movement was started in 1920 to safeguard the caliphate at Turkey. However, it failed to achieve its
goal due to number of causes.
In 1924, the new Turkish government led by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk banished the last caliph Muhammad VI and abolished
the caliphate. The main aim of the movement ended and further progress with the movement ended and became
unnecessary.
On 8th July 1921, the All-India Khilafat movement met for the third time and passed a series of resolutions that so offended
the British that the Khilafat leaders were arrested. The resolutions stated that no Muslim should attend Muslim
schools/serve in the police or army or offer any form of cooperation to the British. As a result of their sedition, both the Ali
brothers were arrested. With no one to lead it, the movement became unorganized and ineffective which further led to its
decline.
After their release from prison, Abdul Kalam Azad and Maulana Abdul Bari issued a fatwa (religious decree) declaring India
as a Dar-ul-Harb and urging all the Muslims to migrate to Afghanistan, a Muslim country. Senior Muslim leaders tried to
persuade the Muslims to stay and fight but it was no use. In august 1920, 18000 Muslims, after selling their land and
property, migrated to Afghanistan along with their families and little possession they had left. However, the Afghan
government refused to accommodate such a large number of Muslims suddenly descending upon their country. Many of
them died during the return journey and many returned jobless, penniless and landless. This dispirited the Muslims as they
had been riddled and many of thus, withdrew their support.
From 1921 to 1922, riots broke out at various places during the Khilafat Movement. In November 1921, riots broke out in
Nilambur which led to a pitched battle between locals and British soldiers. At Tirur, the police station was set on fire and
arms and ammunition stolen. The most chaotic incident occurred in Feb 1922 at the village of Chaura Chauri in the
Gorakhpur district of the united province in which 21 policemen were killed after they fired on political procession. Gandhi
became worried as the movement had become violent and thus withdrew his support. The loss support greatly weakened
the movement and led to it decline.
By joining hands with the Hindus, the objectives of the movement were made less clear since the Hindus and Gandhi
especially, were using it for their own ends and did not have the interests of Muslims at heart. Even Jinnah spoke against it
as India was not quite ready for self-rule which the Congress wanted to achieve. Without a main unanimous objective, the
movement was doomed to fail as seen afterwards.
Hence, in the final analysis, the abolition of caliphate was the main reason for the failure of Khilafat movement as
the main aim which the movement was striving to achieve i.e. to save the caliphate had ended and further progress
became futile.
Q.11 Which of the following was the most important to the development of the Pakistan Movement?
(i) Jinnahs 14 points 1929;
(ii) Govt. of India Act 1935;
(iii) INC rule 1937-1939?
Explain your answer with reference to all three above. [14]

Ans. From 1929 to 1939, a no. of important political events occurred which ultimately led to the partition of British
India and the creation of Pakistan in 1947.
One such event was the introduction of Jinnah's 14 points. In 1928 INC held an all parties conference and dropped it out of
the Constitution in opposition to the Simon Commission which was called the Nehru Report (NR). Jinnah rejected this
report as I asked Muslims to make unnecessary sacrifices so he gave his own constitution formula acceptable to the
Muslims, I in the form of 14 points. In these he asked for provincial autonomy, federal form of government, separate
electorates for Muslims and 1/3rd reserved seats for Muslims in all assemblies and that Muslims rights should be
safeguarded by the Constitution. Although these points are not accepted by the Congress they formed a basis for future
discussions concerning the Constitution. They also formed the foundation of the Pakistan movement and a separate
homeland for Muslims.
In 1935, the British government had denied to make the condition of India themselves after witnessing the failure of the
RTCs. India was to be a federation including the provinces of British India and any princely state which joined. There were
now two houses of Parliament in the central government that is and the upper house and the lower house. Diarchy was
 dropped in provincial level and increased Centre. Provinces were given more autonomy. No. of provinces were increased.
The governor-general was the head of the federation and could exert special powers. He could dismiss ministers and even
the whole administration and rule during a period of emergency. This act was rejected by all sides. However, it was crucial
in achieving independence as it formed basis for later negotiations. This also became the future constitution of India and
Pakistan. It led to INC Rule/Raj which united all Muslims under Jinnah's Muslim League.
In 193, elections were held for the provincial assemblies based on the ML both contested the elections. However, the results
proved to be great victory for the INC and a humiliating defeat for the next two years, Muslims had to suffer under the
ministries introduced a series of schemes and reforms which were aimed at lessening Muslim culture and influence such as
Bande Matram, Wardha and Widdia Mandher schemes. Along with these offensive schemes, Muslims were granted no
security and none of their complaints were entertained. Hindu were free to torture Muslims in any area. Planned attempts
were made on the lives, honor and property of Muslims. Many Muslim religious practices like Azan (call for prayer)
slaughtering cows were banned. Pigs were hurled into mosques to create hindrance and music was banged during prayer
hours. After facing the dangers of INC rule, all Muslims were shocked into unity and they realized that the Muslims and
Hindus were two separate nations and it was totally impossible to live together. Thus, the idea of the two nations theory
was proved which later formed the basis for the Pakistan Movement.
Hence, the rule of INC from 1937 to 1939 was the most crucial in the development of the Pakistan movement as it
eventually led to the Lahore Resolution of 1940 which resulted in the creation of the Pakistan Movement.
Q.12 Why Lucknow pact was signed in 1916? (14)

Ans. Lucknow pact was a friendship treaty signed between Congress and Muslim league in 1916 at Lucknow.
British had failed to grant more rights to Indians in the years up to 1915.Both the parties INC and ML realized that they
need to press the British for that by working together and developing co-operation.
Oppressive policies of the British in early years of WW1 e.g. they crushed Silk Letter conspiracy, mutiny party, planned
uprising by Indian nationalists in Punjab and mutiny of Indian troops in defense of Indian act ,exiling and killing
hundreds of alleged revolutionaries and imprisoning without proper trial. All these things brought INC and ML closer
together.
Reversal of partition of Bengal (in 1911 which came as a shock to Muslims) and efforts of Jinnah brought the 2 parties
closer. Jinnah joined ML in 1913 while remaining a member of INC. He played vital role in promoting Hindu-Muslim
unity.
ML changed its policy after 1911 from loyalty towards British to a demand for self-rule and as INC had demanded the
same under the name of Swaraj, this brought 2 parties closer. Also congress realized after demand of self-rule by ML that
ML was not a British front but a party made to represent Muslim interests.
In Oct 1916, some of the British govt. proposals were leaked to both parties i.e. new reforms are coming which will make
majority of elected members in various councils; both parties supported this and agreed on presenting a joint charter of
demands to British to press them.
Q.13 How important was Jinnah to the Pakistan Movement? Explain your answer. [14]

Ans. Mohammad Ali Jinnah had worked tirelessly for the Pakistan movement and eventually surrenders in his struggle
for a new Muslim homeland on 14th August 1947.
Jinnah first started his political career in 1906 when he became a member of the INC. he then joined the Imperial legislative
council in 1909. He had joined the ML in 1913 and was also a member of the INC. he had persuaded the two parties to
cooperate with each other and this eventually led to the signing of the Lucknow Pact in 1916.
He disagreed with Gandhis radical Hindu approach which he had brought to the INC and also opposed his civil obedience
campaign or non-cooperation movement. He knew that this would strain the relations between the Muslims and the
Hindus in the future. He thus left INC in 1921.
He had also opposed the Simon Commission Report that arrived to India in 1927 as all its members were British. He strictly
disapproved the Nehru Report which was drafted in 1928 following the APC as it asked Muslims to make too many
sacrifices. Jinnah therefore, issued his 14 points which became a basis for later negotiations.
He had also attended the RTCs from 1930-1932 and was disappointed with the lack of progress being made and hence,
resigned from politics but he returned back from England in 1933 and again took charge of the ML.
Following the 1937 elections, the ML had major setback and the Muslims had to bear the harsh anti-Islamic rule of the INC
from 1937 to 1939.
In 1939, when INC withdrew all its members from the provincial govt. Jinnah arranged for a Day of Deliverance in which
the Muslims celebrated the end of INC tyranny.
In the year that followed (1940), Jinnah and other Muslim leaders passed the Lahore/Pakistan Resolution which called for
a separate state for the Muslims. This cleared the way for Jinnah and it was the beginning of the Pakistan Movement.
In the later years that followed, a series of negotiations took place with the British and the INC for transfer of power and
independence. Jinnah rejected all the British proposals that didnt mention Pakistan that were the Cripps Mission
proposals, Wavell Plan, and Cabinet Mission plan. He also took a firm stand against INC in the Gandhi-Jinnah talks (1944)
and didnt accept anything less than Pakistan. He also called for the Direct Action Day in 1946 to show strength and
solidarity.
 At long last, the 3rd June plan was announced in 1947 which called for the Partition of British India into two parts i.e.
Pakistan and India. Due the Pakistan movement had Partition become inevitable. Jinnah then officially became the 1 st
Governor-General of Pakistan in 1947.
Thus, Jinnah was extremely important to the Pak movement as it was due his willpower and extreme
determination that British were forced to announce the Partition of India.
Q.14 14 points were Jinnahs greatest achievements in the years 1929 to 1947. Do you agree? Explain your
answer. [14]

Ans. Mohammad Ali Jinnah made numerous achievements in struggle for independence for the Muslims from 1929 to
1947.
In 1928 INC held an all partys conference in opposition to the Simon Commission called the Nehru Report (NR). Jinnah
rejected this report as it asked Muslims to make unnecessary sacrifices so he appealed to the INC to make three
amendments that separate electorates, 1/3rd seats, and a federal form of govt. But as Jinnah was rejected by INC he gave his
own constitution formula acceptable to the Muslims, I in the form of 14 points. In these he asked for provincial autonomy,
federal form of government, separate electorates for Muslims and 1/3rd reserved seats for Muslims in all assemblies and
that Muslims rights should be safeguarded by the Constitution. Although these points are not accepted by the Congress they
formed a basis for future discussions concerning the Constitution. They also formed the foundation of the Pakistan
movement and a separate homeland for Muslims.
The next of Jinnahs life was spent in establishing the ML as a major political party. He reformed the party from its grass
roots and popularized it among the Muslims. In this way, he was able to unite all the Muslims to one party which
campaigned for safeguarding of their rights and interests. The membership of the party also grew dramatically by mid-
1938. Without this growth. The ml would have struggled to be recognized as a powerful player in Indian politics.
Jinnah also called for a Day of Deliverance on 22nd December 1930 when the congress ministries resigned from the govt. in
protest in the 2nd WW. This for protesting against minor concessions granted to them for participating in the WW. This day
was celebrated by the Muslims for the end of the anti-Muslim rule of INC. Jinnah gained great support and all Muslims
rallied under his political leadership and authority. It enhanced his position with the INC and the British.
The next event that Jinnah organized was the Lahore resolution that was unanimously passe by the ML on 23 rd march 1940.
It called for the partition of India to provide for a separate Muslim state of Pakistan. This resolution united all the Muslims
under a single flag and the struggle for a separate homeland began. This was the peak point of the Pakistan movement and
Jinnah finally realized that the only solution to the Indian problem was partition. Then followed the political negotiations of
the 1940s.
In 1942, Cripps Mission arrived in India to win Indian support for the 2 nd WW. It proposed that an Indian union would be
set up and provinces would be able to opt out of the union and negotiate their own independence. A constituent assembly
would be set up under the present constitution and elections will be held immediately after the war. This plan was
immediately rejected by the INC and the ML as INC wanted immediate control of Indian affairs and was against the division
and mismanagement of India while the ML rejected it as it contained no reference to the establishment of Pakistan. By
rejecting this plan, Jinnah and that the British released the need to protect minority interests.
In Sep, 1944 a series of talks were held between Jinnah and Gandhi to discuss the future of India. However, these talks
achieved little for a no. of reasons, Gandhi requested that INC and the ML should jointly work for the independence from
British and hen the matter of partition would be decided after British departure. Gandhi wanted the central govt. to have
control on areas of common interest such as defense and foreign policy whereas Jinnah wanted them in the hands of the
provinces for Jinnah this denied full provincial autonomy. Gandhi declared that he spoke for all communities of India which
Jinnah condemned by arguing that he was only a spokesman of INC. Gandhi also didnt accept Muslims as a nation which
Jinnah condemned by saying that Muslims were a nation according to any law. Even though the talks broke up without an
argument it showed that the ML was now an equal player to the INC in the Indian politics. Gandhi was left in no doubt that
the ML was the soul representative of the Muslims populace in India.
1944 onwards further negotiations took place with the British (Wavell Plan, Cabinet mission plan). Jinnah took a firm
stance in these negotiations and rejected all the proposals that didnt refer Pakistan. The 1945 elections and the continuous
pressure from Jinnah along with the communal violence that ensured finally forced the British to realize that partition was
inevitable. Thus, finally the 3rd June plan was announced in 1947 calling for the partition of the sub-continent into two
independent states i.e. Pakistan and India. This could not have been accomplished without Jinnahs tireless effort and
devotion towards Pakistan.
Hence, in the final analysis the Lahore Resolution of 1940 is the most important of Jinnahs achievements as it
cleared his aims and obj. for the future as well as paved the way for the establishment of Pakistan.
Q.15 RTCs achieved little. Do you agree or disagree? Explain your answer. [14]

Ans. Round Table Conferences (RTCs) were held from 1930 to 1932 to discuss Simon Commission report on the future
constitution of British India.
The 1st RTC was held in 1930 in London which was attended by the ML, liberals and the representatives of the princely
states. INC refused to attend it until a guarantee was given that whatever will be agreed would be implemented. As no
guarantee was given it did not attend the RTC. Little progress was made in this conference as INC; Indias biggest party was
not present. In this conference, the princes declared that they would join the future federation of India if their rights were
recognized whereas the British agreed that the representatives for the government would be introduced at provincial level.
 The 2nd RTC was held in London in 1931. It was attended by all parties of British India including INC as Gandhi-Irwin pact
was signed by Gandhi in which most of the prisoners of the Salt March were released and the non-cooperation movement
ended. The demand for full independence was also given up and an agreement was made that INC would attend the next
conference. However, if failed as the labor party had lost power in Britain and the new coalition party was less
compromising. Gandhi showed a stubborn attitude and refused to recognize the problems of minorities in India. Thus, little
was achieved as a dead-lock was reached amongst Jinnah and Gandhi. But, Sindh and NWFP were made separate provinces
with appropriate governors.
The 3rd RTC was held in 1932 in London. But, none of the parties attended it except a few Muslims who were led by Agha
Khan. INC didnt attend it as it restarted its non-cooperation movement which led to the arrest of prominent leaders. Many
Muslim leaders like Jinnah also didnt attend it along with all the princes. Thus, nothing was achieved at the 3 rd RTC.
As a result of the 3rd RTC, the Communal awards were awarded in 1932 by British Prime Minister, Ramsey MacDonald
which gave separate electorates to all of the small and minority communities in the particular province due to which ML
lost election of 1937 and INC even took over the Muslim majority provinces.
In 1935, the British government made constitution themselves after failure of RTCs. India was to be a federation including
the provinces of British India and any princely state which joined. Diarchy was dropped in provincial level and increased
Centre. The governor-general was the head of the federation and could exert special powers. This act was rejected by all
sides. Elections of 1937 were conducted on this act.
Therefore, it can be observed in the light of the above events, little was achieved at the RTCs. However, they were
little steps towards independence and formation of Pakistan.
Q.16 The main reason why INC Rule was hated so much by Muslims was the introduction of the 3 colored
flag. Do you agree or disagree? Explain your answer. [14] OR
Q.17 Day of Deliverance was justified. Do you agree or disagree? Explain your answer. [14]

Ans. Indian National Congress won the 1937 election and formed the government in five provinces and collisions
government was formed in 3 provinces. OR
Day of Deliverance was celebrated by Indian Muslims on the call of Jinnah on 22 December, 1939.
nd

The INC govt. aimed at lessoning Muslim culture, identity and influence by promoting Hindu nationalism and anti-Muslim
policies. They introduced the three-colored flag with union jack to show that there were only two political powers in India,
INC and British threatening Muslims about their political identity. Hindus oppressed the Muslims in every way. They
organized anti-Muslim riots which slaughtered Muslims and set their houses and properties on fire. They humiliated and
insulted the Muslims and their honor. There was no one to stop them. They were free to assort Muslims in any area.
Muslim massacre and plundering were scenes of everyday.
INC gave power to party workers to influence local administration. Local authorities were biased against the Muslims. No
complaints of Muslims were entertained.
There was no religious liberty in INC Raj. There was a ban on azan (Call for Prayer). Disturbances were created outside
mosques during azan time with music. Muslims were not allowed to slaughter cows and eat beef. Harsh punishments were
given to those who disobeyed these orders. Pigs were rushed into mosques to create hindrance and they used to bang
music during prayer time.
INC ministries had introduced Bande Matram. It was a Hindu nationalist song written by a Bengali novelist Bankim
Chatterjee with anti-Muslim and anti-Islamic expressions. It urged Hindus o drive out the Muslims from Hindustan.
Muslims were urged to convert to Hinduism. INC made this song the national anthem and it was compulsory to sing it in
assemblies before starting the day in order to promote Hindu nationalism. Muslims were deeply offended and worried
about their future.
Vidya Mandher and Wardha schemes were introduced by INC ministries. They were educational schemes, aimed at
creating high respect among young minds about Hindu heroes and religious leaders. Under this scheme, spinning of cotton
by hand was made part of the curriculum. No religious education was given in schools. Hindi language was used as a
medium of instruction. All students were to bow before a portrait of Gandhi, which was against Muslim teachings as they
were only to bow towards Allah and no one else. In Vidya Mandher scheme, Muslims were tortured by imposing anti-
Muslim schemes. Their aim was to subvert the love for Islam among Muslim children and isolate them from their religious
practices, culture and civilization.
Therefore, all above mentioned schemes and practices developed hatred amongst the Muslims for INC rule as they
were against Islamic fundamentals.
To be included in Q.17

Second World War was started, and Viceroy Linlithgow declared India at war with Germany but INC objected strongly to
the declaration of war without prior consultation with Indians. INC had resigned from the assemblies in protest partly
because Britains stated that India was on war with Germany. Therefore, the ML was able to celebrate the Day of
Deliverance by the call of Jinnah on 22nd December, 1939 as the Hindus who were ruling over them and insulting their
religion and culture were gone for good.
Hence, Day of Deliverance was justified as INC rule who was proving to be a mark of relief that the Congress
regime who was hurting Muslims mentally, physically, and even religiously.
Q.18 Was Allamah Iqbal more important to the Pakistan Movement than that of Chaudhari Rehmat Ali?
Explain your answer. [14]

Ans. During British rule in India, a no. of Muslim leaders was born who contributed to the Pak Movement and finally led
to the creation of Pakistan.
 One such leader was Allamah Iqbal, who through his poetry and philosophy encouraged the Muslims to strive hard for a
separate homeland. He was against British rule and saw the Hindus as a separate nation trying to achieve their own as
aims. Thus, this compelled him to give the idea in his famous Allahabad Address in 1930 in which he proposed that the
Punjab, NWFP, Sindh and Balochistan should be consolidated into a single state with full provincial autonomy. As a result
of his address, was seriously considered by many Muslims during the 1930s. This laid down the foundation of the Pakistan
Movement. Even though the ML didnt adopt this policy for another ten years, Allamah Iqbal can rightly be called the
architect of Pakistan. He persuaded many Muslims that the ML had to build an effective mass political party to challenge
the domination of the INC. this argument was adopted by Jinnah who went on to lead the ML as a highly effective political
party. His marked a sense of nationhood among Muslims and he urged them to be active in progress-making. This progress
needed to be along a distinctive Islamic path and not a capitalist in mature. Again this vision was adopted by Muslims as a
view of the future.
Chaudhari Rehmat Ali was another Muslims Nationalist leader who contributed to the formation of Pakistan Movement. He
was present in London at the time of the RTCs and suggested that the Muslims should ask for nothing more than a separate
state but the Jinnah still believed that the Muslims would be better off in a federation with special rights. Chaudhary
Rehmat Ali was frustrated and disappointed by the failure of the Muslims to support his views but still didnt give up. He
and his fellow students wrote a pamphlet titled Now or Never in 1933 to the Muslims living in the north-west of sub-
continent. It called for the partition of the sub-continent to provide for a new Muslim homeland by the name of Pakistan. In
1933, he launched a campaign named Pakistan National Movement for establishment of Pakistan and criticized Jinnah for
accepting the unjust terms of partition in 1947. Being a student at that time, he was not shown any importance and that is
why his idea was regarded as too premature. His views were different from Allamah Iqbal as he wanted a separate
independent state of Pakistan whereas Iqbal just wanted a separate state. He was also considered less important than
Iqbal, since Jinnah took up many of his ideas and refused to meet Ali, but nevertheless his views were adopted eventually.
Hence, Allamah Iqbals work was more important to Pakistan Movement than Rehmat Alis work as Rehmat Alis
ideas and views were merely an offspring of Iqbals ideology of striving for a separate homeland.
Q.19 Was the work of Allamah Iqbal the most important than that of Chaudhari Rehmat Ali and Jinnah?
Explain your Answer. [14]

Ans. During British rule in India, a no, of Muslim leaders were born who contributed to the Pakistan Movement which
finally led to the partition of India and the creation of the independent state of Pakistan.
One such leader was Allamah Iqbal, who thought through his poetry and philosophy inspired and encouraged the Muslims
to strive hard for a separate homeland. He was against British rule and saw the Hindus as a separate nation trying to
achieve its own aims. Thus gave the ideas of partition of India into separate sovereign states. He gave this idea in his
famous Allahabad Address in 1930 in which he stated that the Punjab, NWFP, Sindh and Balochistan should be consolidate
into a single state which Muslims were given provincial autonomy. Although the ML didnt adopt this policy for another ten
years, Allamah Iqbal can rightly be called the Architect of Pakistan.
Chaudhari Rehmat Ali was another nationalist who was present in London at the time of round table conference and
suggested the Muslims should asked for nothing more than a separate state but the Quaid still believed that it didnt be
better if Muslims would be a part of a federation with special rights. Chaudhari Rehmat Ali was disappointed and
frustrated by the failure of the mules to support his views but he didnt give up. He wrote the pamphlet Now Or Never in
1933 to the Muslims living in North-West of India. It called for the partition of the sub-continent top provide for a new
Muslim homeland called Pakistan. In 1933 Chaudhari Rehmat Ali launched then Pakistan national movement which
campaigned for his idea of Pakistan. He also published a work entitled Pakistan, the further land of Pak nation which
continued all his writings on his subject. He continuously criticized the Muslim leaders including Jinnah for not supporting
his views and not going far in their demands and the ML also adopted his policy of separate homeland in 1940. But even
then there was disagreement. He disapproved of the way land was allocated to Pakistan and criticized Jinnah for accepting
the terms of partition in 1947.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah is rightfully the Father of Pakistan as he was the main driving force which led to its creation in
1947. He joined both the INC and ML and supported cooperation b/w the two parties. He thus organized the Lucknow Pact
in 1916. However, he left the INC as it had become a Hindu-dominant party and worked for Hindu interests. He
disapproved of Gandhis non-cooperation movement and his support for the Khilafat movement. He disagreed with the
Nehru Report which asked to the Muslims to make unnecessary sacrifices and gave his own constitutional formula in form
of 14 points which called for a federation in India where Muslims had separate electorates and were given 1/3 rd seats in all
central assemblies. This formula based for all future discussions.
Jinnah attended the RTCs in 1930 and was disappointed by their failure and decided to give up politics. However, he
returned to politics in 1933 and saw the humiliating defeat in 1937 elections. So, he recognized the ML from its grass roots
and prepared it for the 1945 elections. He was now undisputed leader of the ML and started the Pakistan Movement in
1945 elections by calling for the Lahore Resolution. He finally won the fight for Pakistan in 1947.
Thus, it can be observed that Jinnahs work was the most important as he was the main driving force which led to
the creation of Pakistan in 1947.
Q.20 Which of the following contributed the most to the Pakistan National Movement:
(i)Allama Iqbals Address of 1930;(ii)Chaudhry Rehmat Alis Scheme of Pakistan;(iii)Jinnahs Lahore
Resolution 1940? Explain your answer with reference to all three above. [14]

Ans. Between the periods 1930 to 1940, a series of major events took place that ultimately led to the development of
Pakistan movement.
 One such event took place in 1930, when the renowned philosopher and poet Dr. Allama Muhammad Iqbal held a meeting
of the Muslim League at Allahabad and gave his famous Allahabad Address. In this address, he called for a consolidated
Muslim state with full autonomy consisting of the Punjab, Sindh, NWFP, and Balochistan in an Indian federation; this
formed the foundation of the ideology of Pakistan. Chaudhari Muhammad Alis scheme of Pakistan was also led to the
Lahore Resolution of 1940 in which the Muslim League adopted this idea and started its struggle for Pakistan.
Chaudhary Rehmat Ali also played a vital role in the development of Pakistan Movement. He was of the idea that the sub-
continent should be partitioned to provide Muslims a separate homeland. He suggested that idea in his pamphlet Now Or
Never in 1934 and also named the separate homeland Pakistan. However, Jinnah and other Muslim leaders of that time
disagreed to this idea as it was thought too premature at the time. Nonetheless, it was the first call for partition and this
idea along with the name of the country was after wards adopted in the Lahore Resolution of 1940.
The Pakistan Movement became fully developed with the Lahore resolution of 1940. This resolution called for a separate
Muslim homeland by the name of Pakistan, on the basis of the Two-Nation Theory given by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. This
resolution was unanimously passed by all Muslims and provided a rallying call for them. With the passing of this
resolution, Jinnah and the Muslim League started their struggle for Pakistan and soon achieved their goal after just seven
years in August, 1947. 23rd March 1940, the day this resolution was officially passed is still of immense national
importance to Pakistanis and is celebrated as a holiday.
Hence, Lahore Resolution of 1940 contributed the most to the Pakistan Movement as it proclaimed the start for
the struggle of Pakistan and was the peak point of Pakistani nationalism.
Q.21 Which of the following contributed the most to the establishment of a separate homeland for Muslims?
(i) Gandhi-Jinnah talks 1944;
(ii) Simla Conference 1945;
(iii) Cabinet Mission Plan 1946?
Explain your answer. [14]

Ans. During the 1940s, as series of negotiations took place between the ML, INC, and the British which ultimately led to
the partition of India and creation of the separate state of Pakistan.
In Sep 1944, Gandhi and Jinnah had a series of talks at Jinnahs house at Bombay to discuss the future of India as British
departure was now inevitable. However, these talks achieved nothing as there were several disagreements between the
two leaders. Gandhi requested that the ML and the INC should jointly work together to drive the British out of India and
that the matter of partition would be settled after British departure. Jinnah disapproved as there was no guarantee that the
INC would accept partition after the British left. Gandhi was the view that Central Govt. should have power over key areas
whereas Jinnah wanted these matters to be in the hands of provinces. Furthermore, Gandhi did not accept the Muslims as a
nation and took them as body of local converts. He thus argued that they had no right to demand a separate state. Jinnah
complained that muslins were another nation according to any law. As a result, the talks failed and achieved nothing.
In 1945, Lord Wavell Plan was introduced by the Viceroy, Lord Wavell and was discussed at a conference at Simla from
June to July. It started that an interim govt. would be setup while the British departure was being organized. It would have
dominion status and all ministries except Defense and foreign policy would be given to local ministers. This plan was also
rejected as Muslims would be a minority in the councils because of the scheduled castes who would likely vote for the INC
in every election. It was also rejected because the INC could also pick Muslim minister and this was unacceptable to the ML.
thus, the Simla conference ended without a result.
The Cabinet Mission plan was announced in March 1946. His plan rejected the idea of establishing Pakistan. Instead, there
would be three parts to a post British India; the Hindu majority areas; the western Muslim provinces; Bengal and Assam.
Each part would have local autonomy and would be able to draw up its own constitution. Foreign affairs, defense and
communication would be managed by a central Indian union. INC loosely accepted this plan and was not willing to abide by
it after British left. For this very reason, the Muslim League rejected it and the plan was turned down. However, it is
important to acknowledge the fact that full provincial autonomy was given to provinces and the India was classified into
states according to their Hindu or Muslim majority, meaning that was necessary for a post-British India. This plan
eventually evolved the 3rd June plan of 1947 which resulted in the partition of the sub-continent and the creation of
Pakistan.
Hence, the Cabinet Mission plan of 1946 contributed the most to the establishment of a separate state for Muslims
as the British had indirectly accepted the idea of partition in India.
Q.22 Negotiations from 1940 to 1945 achieved little. Do you agree or disagree with the statement? Explain
your answer. [14] OR
Q.23 Lahore Resolution was the most important political development from the years 1940 to 1947. Do you
agree or disagree with the statement? Explain your answer. [14]

Ans. During the period 1940 to 1947/1945, a series of political negotiations were held between the Indians and the
British that eventually led to partition of the sub-continent and the creation of Pakistan.
In March 1940, the Muslim League had its annual session at Minto Park Lahore and passed the Lahore which called for the
partition of the sub-continent to provide for a separate Muslim homeland by the name of Pakistan. All Muslims rallied to
this cause with great enthusiasm and Jinnah became the undisputed leader of the Muslim league as well as the Muslim
population. Moreover, it was the peak point of the Pakistan movement and it set a basis for all future negotiations with the
INC and the British government.
 In March 1942, the Cripps Mission Plan was introduced in the subcontinent to win Indian support for the Second World
War. It proposed that an Indian union with dominion status would be setup and individual provinces could opt out of the
union and negotiate its own independence. A constituent assembly would be formed which draft the new constitution and
elections would be held immediately after the war. This plan was readily rejected by both ML and INC. The INC rejected it
as it wanted immediate control of Indian affairs and was against the division of India while the ML rejected it because it
had no clear indication of the establishment of Pakistan. This showed the firm stance taken by Jinnah and the ML that it
was not going to accept anything else than Pakistan and would reject all such proposals that didnt mention Pakistan.
However, soon afterwards the INC started its Quit India Movement in order to forcefully drive the British out of India. This
led to wide space unrest and rioting all over india and as a result, many INC leaders were arrested and the INC was banned.
The INC knew that the British were in a weak position and it intended to exploit it by demanding them to leave
immediately.
In Sep 1944, Gandhi and Jinnah had a series of talks which are known as Gandhi-Jinnah talks to discuss the future of India.
However, these talks failed due to many reasons. Gandhi proposed that the INC and the ML should jointly work together
and that the matter of partition would be settled after British departure. Jinnah rejected this idea as there was no
guarantee that INC would agree to it after the British had left. Furthermore, Gandhi wanted the central government to have
control over areas of common interest such as defense and foreign policies whereas Jinnah wanted these to be in the hands
of provinces and thus, it denied him full provincial autonomy. Gandhi declared that he spoke for all Indians which Jinnah
condemned by saying that the Muslims were a nation according to any law. Even though the talks broke up without an
argument, it showed that ML was now an equal player to the INC in Indian politics. Gandhi was left in no doubt that the ML
was the only sole representative of the Muslim community, residing in India. However, relations between the two parties
Note: The paragraphs in Italic are part of Q.23 only

deteriorated and any future cooperation between them seemed very unlikely.
In July 1945, Wavell Plan came in the sub-continent and discussed at Simla. It stated that an interim govt. would be formed
until British departure was being organized. It would have dominion status and all ministries except defense and foreign
policy would be given to local ministers. This plan was accepted by INC but rejected by ML, as Muslims were a minority in
the councils because of the scheduled castes who would likely vote for the INC in every election. It was also rejected
because INC could pick Muslim ministers which were unacceptable to ML. This led the British to hold new elections later in
the year in which ML won the majority of Muslim votes further proving its claim of representing the whole Muslim
population in India.
In March 1946, the Cabinet Mission Plan was announced which rejected the idea of creating Pakistan and instead proposed
three parts to a post British India; the Hindu majority areas; western Muslim provinces; Bengal and Assam. Each part would
have local autonomy and would be able to draw up its own constitution. Foreign affairs, defense and communication would be
managed by a central Indian Union. INC loosely accepted it and wasnt willing to abide by it. For this very reason, ML rejected
it and the plan was turned down. This was the final plan which aimed at keeping India united and avoiding partition.
Therefore, even after several negotiations the British had failed to persuade Jinnah to agree on a united India.
In June 1947, the 3rd June plan was announced which called for the partition of the sub-continent into two states, Pakistan and
India. The interim constitution of both states would be Government of India Act 1935. Both will have Dominion status, and an
executive responsible to a constituent assembly. The 1945 elections results and continuous pressure from Jinnah an ML along
with the subsequent communal violence in the Punjab had finally convinced the British that partition was the only solution to
the Indian problem. Thus, in the end, Jinnah and ML emerged victorious and achieved their aim.
Hence in the final analysis, 3rd June plan was the most the most important factor in the 1940s as it led to the
Conclusion for Q.22

creation of Pakistan and thus fulfilled Jinnahs mission, Iqbals dream and Chaudhary Rehmat Alis idea.
Hence, it can be observed in the light of the above event and their results that negotiations that held from 1940 to
1945 achieved little but were small steps towards independence and creation of Pakistan.