Lesson 7 Symmetrical Short Circuits PDF

Three-phase Short-Circuit on an
Chapter 7: Symmetrical Unloaded Generator

Short Circuits Subtransient and transient AC
Fundamentals currents - Decaying sinusoids
Effects of Network Impedances DC current - Decaying
unidirectional
Examples
Steady-state AC currents
Use of Bus Impedance Matrix
Small double-frequency term
7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 1 7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 2
Subtransient current I
Generator Short Circuit Currents
5 and envelope of AC current
0
Ia(t)
Ia T
k 5
4
10 I
15
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
T
k
3
10
Iac T
5 k
Ib(t)
Ib T
k 2 Iac
0
I''
5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
T
k 1
10
5
Ic(t)
Ic T
k 0
0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
T
5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 time [sec]
k
t [sec]T
k
AC transient and subtransient current

10
Subtransient Current
Peak value of the AC current I"
Iac - I Prefault voltage of generator is E
I" = E/Xd"
Iac T I 1
k
where Xd" is the generator

subtransient reactance (usually
0.1
tabulated)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
T
k
1
Effect of Network Impedances Small Example System
Consider a generator feeding a

transformer feeding a line with G1 T1
L1
T2 G2
a short circuit on it L2
Total impedance to the fault:
13.8 115 kV 14.4
Z = 0 + j (Xd"+Xtransf+Xline) kV kV
where the resistance has been
ignored
Solution of Example System

2) Convert impedances to per unit on a
1) Obtain impedance values: base of 100 MVA:
G1: 50 MVA 13.8 kV Xd" = 20% G1: Xd" = 0.20 100 / 50 = 0.400 pu
G1: 150 MVA 14.4 kV Xd" = 20% G2: Xd" = 0.20 100/150 = 0.1333 pu
T1: 50 MVA 13.8 : 115 kV X = 10% T1: X = 0.10 100 / 50 = 0.200 pu
T2: 150 MVA 14.4 : 115 kV X = 10% T2: X = 0.10 100 / 150 = 0.0667 pu
L1: X = 40 ohms L2: X = 50 ohms Zbase = (115 kV)2 /100 MVA = 132.2
L1: X = 40 /132.2 = 0.302 pu
All resistances are much smaller than L2: X = 50 /132.2 = 0.378 pu
reactances
1) Obtain impedance values

j0.302
2) Convert impedances to per unit on a j0.40 j0.20 j0.0667 j0.1333
base of 100 MVA
j0.378
3) Draw the impedance diagram with a 1.0 1.0
short circuit at the point of the fault
4) Solve the circuit for the currents and

any voltages that may be desired
Circuit diagram (per phase LN)
showing fault
2
Combine impedances in series and j0.60 j0.368
parallel:
X1 = 0.400+0.200 = 0.600 pu I1 I2
1.0 1.0
XLeq = 1/(1/.302+1/.378)
= 0.1679 pu
X2 = 0.1679 + 0.0667 + 0.1333
= 0.368 pu Circuit diagram (per phase LN)
after network reductions
Calculate currents:
X1 = 0.600 pu If = I1 + I2 = 1.67 + 2.72 = 4.39 pu
X2 = 0.368 pu V1 = 1.0 - j 0.400 (-j 1.667)
I1 = 1 / j 0.600 = -j 1.667 pu = 1.0 - 0.667 = 0.333 pu
I2 = 1 / j 0.368 pu = -j 2.72 pu Convert back to amps and volts:
Ibase(HV) = 100 MVA/(1.732115 kV)
j0.60 j0.368 = 502 A
I1 = 1.667 502 A = 837 A
1.0 I1 I2 1.0 I2 = 2.72 502 A = 1365 A
If the currents on the low-voltage side

Sometimes the results are given in of T1 are desired:
MVA (at nominal voltage): Ibase = 100 MVA/(1.732 13.8 kV)
S1 = 1.667 100 MVA = 4.18 kA
= 166.7 MVA I = 1.667 4.18 kA = 6.97 kA
S2 = 2.72 100 MVA If the transformer delta winding
= 272 MVA currents are needed:
Idelta = 6.97 kA / 1.732 = 4.02 kA
3
Multimachine Case 8.3%
W G1 36.8 MVA X = 29%
For a few generators, use 2.6%

P D
T1 42.4 MVA X = 10.6%
Thevenins Theorem:
Replace network with its equivalent 32% 2%
at the point of the fault 7.8% T2 4.32 MVA X = 7.5%
Open-circuit voltage is the prefault Z

G2 3.75 MVA X = 34%
system voltage (usually 1.0 per unit) L
7.2%
Also use Superposition Theorem
115 kV LINES Z IN PER UNIT ON 100 MVA
W 0.026 0.083 W 0.0196

0.083
0.00478 0.02 D
0.32 P 0.02 D 0.072 L 0.0589 P
0.072 L 0.078 I3
1.038 I2
0.25 0.788 10.81
1.736 9.07
(b) AFTER DELTA-WYE CONVERSION ON W-L-P

(a) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR 3-PHASE SHORT CIRCUIT AT D
1/Zth=(1/0.0823)+(1/1.038)+(1/10.81)
0.0823 Zth = 0.0757 per unit
I3 I1 = 1.0 / 10.81 = 0.0925 per unit
1.038
I2 = 1.0 / 1.038 = 0.963 per unit
10.81 I2 I3 = 1.0 / 0.0823 = 12.15 per unit
+
If = 12.15 + 0.0925 + 0.963
1 = 13.21 pu
If
- Ibase = 100 MVA/(1.732115 kV)
= 502 A
(c) AFTER NETWORK REDUCTIONS.
If = 13.21 502 A = 6630 A
4
I3 = 12.15 pu
Short-Circuit MVA
Current division: Thevenin equivalents of systems
From W: are sometimes given as short-
12.15 .1309 / .2335 circuit MVA values:
= 6.81 per unit ScMVA = Isc(per unit) (Base MVA)
From L: so Xth = E/Isc = 1/Isc
12.15 .1026 / .2335 or
= 5.34 per unit Xth = (Base MVA)/(ScMVA) per unit
Load Currents
Multimachine Study
Neglect load currents for typical
short-circuit studies In practice, there are a large
number of generators and hand
The load currents can be found
calculations are impractical
from a load-flow study and
added to the results of the short- Development of matrix methods
circuit study, if needed is simple as demonstrated next
Matrix Methods Example

For systems with more than a few 1 -j 4.0 2
generators, use matrix methods
to set up the circuits for short- I2
circuit studies I1 -j 5.0 -j 3.0
Bus admittance matrix is easy to -j 0.1
calculate 3
Bus impedance matrix is more -j 0.5
difficult to calculate but gives short- Admittances
circuit currents easily in per unit
5
Example Bus Impedance Matrix
Nodal analysis: Solve for V in terms of I:
I1 = -j 9.0 V1 + j 4.0 V2 + j 5.0 V3 Then V = Ybus-1 I = Zbus I
I2 = j 4.0 V1 j 7.1 V2 + j 3.0 V3 where Zbus is the bus impedance
0 = j 5.0 V1 + j 3.0 V2 j 8.5 V3 matrix
or I = Ybus V
The bus impedance matrix can
where Ybus is the bus admittance
be computed by inverting the
matrix
bus admittance matrix or by
or nodal admittance matrix
direct formation
Another Example Example (continued)

Branch Bus Impedance Admittance Bus Admittance
Number Numbers [per unit] [per unit] Number [per unit]
1 1 2 0.00 + j0.20 0.00 - j5.00 1 0.00 j0.80
2 1 3 0.00 + j0.25 0.00 - j4.00 2 0.00 j0.80
3 0.00 j0.00
3 2 3 0.00 + j0.40 0.00 - j2.50
4 0.00 j0.60
4 3 4 0.00 + j0.10 0.00 - j10.0
-j 9.80 j 5.00 j 4.00 j 0.00

0.5036 0.4357 0.4392 0.4143
j 5.00 -j 8.30 j 2.50 j 0.00
Ybus = 0.4357 0.5117 0.4277 0.4035
j 4.00 j 2.50 -j 16.5 j 10.0 Zbus =j
j 0.00 j 0.00 j 10.0 -j 10.6 0.4392 0.4277 0.5415 0.5108
0.4143 0.4035 0.5108 0.5762
6
Short-Circuit Calculations with Zbus Short-Circuit Calculations with Zbus
4
4
V3
3
Remainder of system
3
1
2 V1
1
Fault
0 4 1 pu
3 If 2
1 2
+
1 V0 = 1.0 pu V2 = 0.0 pu
- 1 pu
+
1
-
V2 = -1 pu
Vi is voltage of node i to 0 node,

V1 Z11 Z12 Z13 0 Vi = 1+Vi is voltage of node i
to ground or neutral
-1 = Z21 Z22 Z23 -If
If = 1/Z22 V1 = - Z12 /Z22
V3 Z31 Z32 Z33 0
V3 =- Z32 /Z22
V4
V1 = 1 - Z12 /Z22
V3 = 1 - Z32 /Z22
Example Fault at bus k is three-phase short circuit

0.5036 0.4357 0.4392 0.4143
k Ik V1 V2 V3 V4
0.4357 0.5117 0.4277 0.4035
Zbus =j
0.4392 0.4277 0.5415 0.5108 1 -j 1.986 0.0 0.1349 0.1278 0.1772
0.4143 0.4035 0.5108 0.5762 2 -j 1.954 0.1487 0.0 0.1643 0.2116

3 -j 1.847 0.1889 0.2102 0.0 0.0566
Fault at bus k:
I k= 1/Zkk 4 -j 1.735 0.2809 0.2998 0.1135 0.0
Vj = 1 - Zjk /Zkk
7
Circuit Breaker Application Circuit Breakers
Interrupt faults
Circuit Breakers
ANSI Simplified Methods
Momentary Duty and
Ratings SF6 SF6 HV Vacuum Air LV
Generator MV Breaker Breaker
Interrupting Duty and Breaker
Breaker
Ratings Not on same scale
Relays (logic elements) Expulsion Fuse Cutout

LINE TERMINAL
BRACKET
Digital Electronic
Electro- Multifunction Relay EXPULSION TUBE
mechanical PORCELAIN
Relay
SUPPORT
Digital Electronic
Relays
OPEN TYPE FUSE CUTOUT
Logic built into most LV breakers LINE TERMINAL
(NOT TO SCALE)
Fusible Link
TIN-PLATED BUTTON HEAD
TIN FUSIBLE ELEMENT
CUTAWAY VIEW OF TYPICAL FUSE LINK

TUBE (NOT TO SCALE)
LEADER
Tin fusible element shown. Link fits

inside expulsion tube
8
Theory E = prefault voltage (rms)
Sudden 3-phase short circuit on a usually 1.0 pu
generator with external reactance Xe Idc(max)(t) = 2 I" e-t/Ta
ia(t) = 2 Iac(t) cos(t+) - 2 I" e-t/Tacos() Irms(t) = [Iac(t)2 + Idc (t) 2]1/2
Iac(t) = (I"-I')e-t/T"d + (I'-I)e-t/T'd + I
This is rigorous:
I"=E/(X"d+Xe)
Momentary duty is Irms at 0.5 cycle and
I'=E/(X'd+Xe)
interrupting duty is Irms at contact
I=E/(Xd+Xe)
parting time of breaker
T"d=T"do(X"d+Xe)/(Xd+Xe)
Usually use simplified methods, discussed
T'd=T'do(X'd+Xe)/(Xd+Xe)
next
Circuit Breakers
Basically, an AC circuit breaker is Sequence of events in AC circuit
switchgear that can breaking:
withstand the momentary short- after relays detect fault and
circuit current energize trip coil,
interrupt the short-circuit current at breaker contacts open,
the current zero following contact
parting arc is established and then
withstand the transient recovery extinguished at a current zero
voltage across its open contacts
Interrupting time Simplified Methods (ANSI)

Contact parting Circuit breakers in the US are
time
Tripping Opening Arcing rated per ANSI standards, by
delay time time
momentary (or first-cycle or
t closing and latching) rating, and
Initiation Trip Primary Arc on interrupting rating on either:
of short circuit contacts primary total current rating (older breakers)
circuit energized part contacts symmetrical current rating (new
extinguished breakers)
9
Simplified Methods (ANSI) Simplified Method
Circuit breakers in the US are
Simplified method method uses
rated per ANSI standards, by
Thevenin reactance Xth at the
momentary (or first-cycle or
closing and latching) rating point of the fault, then I =
interrupting rating E/Xth
compute both first cycle and If resistance is significant,
interrupting duties to compare calculate Zth = (Rth2 + Xth2)1/2,
with ratings and I = E/Zth
First-cycle duties First-cycle duties

Breakers that are rated on a Look up machine reactances from
total current basis tables in ANSI standards
momentary rating must exceed HV (and MV) circuit breakers (above
the calculated first-cycle duty 1000 V) use
ANSI C37.5 (total interrupting rating)
Breakers that are rated on a
ANSI C37.010 (symmetrical int. rating)
symmetrical current basis
LV circuit breakers and fuses use
closing and latching capability
ANSI C37.13
must exceed the first-cycle duty
First-cycle duties for HV and MV circuit

First-cycle duties for HV and MV circuit breakers: Induction motors
breakers
above 1000 hp at 1800 rpm or
Turbo-generators, hydro- less 1.00 Xd"
1.00 Xd"
generators, and condensers above 250 hp at 3600 rpm
Hydro-generators (no damper 50-1000 hp at 1800 rpm or less
0.75 Xd' 1.20 Xd"
windings)
50 - 250 hp at 3600 rpm
Synchronous motors 1.00 Xd"
Below 50 hp neglect
10
First-cycle duty First-cycle duty
Compute I" using the approximates the duty on the
breaker during the first half cycle
appropriate reactances in the
of short-circuit current.
short-circuit study
breaker must be able to close
The first-cycle duty is 1.60 I" and latch, while withstanding the
mechanical forces
compare to breaker momentary
rating
LV CB and Fuses LV CB and Fuses

For LV circuit breakers and LV circuit breakers can be power
circuit breakers or molded-case
fuses, see ANSI C37.13 for
circuit breakers
reactances and multipliers to
LV power CB must close and latch
estimate the momentary into a fault to allow coordination
current with downstream devices
molded-case circuit breakers may
use blow-off contacts that limit
current
System X/R Ratio System X/R

If a fault is near a large generator, Every generator has its own X/R,
the system X/R ratio can be large but a safe approximation is:
Simplified method is modified for Find Thevenin reactance seen from
X/R >15, either: the fault, neglecting all resistances
derate breaker interrupting rating by Find the Thevenin resistance seen
80%, or from the fault, neglecting all
use the method given in ANSI reactances
C37.010
Then X/R ratio = Xth/Rth
11
Interrupting Rating Interrupting Rating
Total current basis (older Symmetrical current basis (new
breakers) breakers)
Interrupting rating based on total Interrupting rating based on
(asymmetrical) current including ac symmetrical current (ac
and dc components. component only)
Symmetrical current basis (new
breakers)
Symmetrical interrupting duties for HV and

Symmetrical interrupting duties for HV and MV circuit breakers: Induction motors
MV circuit breakers above 1000 hp at 1800 rpm or less
1.50 Xd"
Turbo-generators, hydro- above 250 hp at 3600 rpm
1.00 Xd"
generators, and condensers
50-1000 hp at 1800 rpm or less
Hydro-generators (no damper 3.00 Xd"
0.75 Xd' 50 - 250 hp at 3600 rpm
windings)
Synchronous motors 1.50 Xd" Below 50 hp neglect
Symmetrical interrupting rating Symmetrical interrupting rating

Calculate I = E/X for 3-phase and Calculate X/R, if X/R>15 then
1-phase-ground short circuits
Look up multiplying factor from
Circuit breaker is adequate for ANSI C37.010
any X/R if Multiply the factor by I" to estimate
3-phase sc I 80% of interrupting the breaker interrupting duty
rating, and If the interrupting duty
1-phase-ground sc I 70% of the interrupting rating, then the
interrupting rating breaker is adequate
12
Symmetrical interrupting rating Breaker Ratings
ANSI C37.06 has ratings for HV
If X/R 15, then multiplying breakers with symmetrical
factor is 1.00, breaker has interrupting ratings:
interrupting rating based on rated max voltage
current only rated voltage range factor K
rated short-circuit current
plus other ratings
K factor K factor
If K = 1, then interrupting If K > 1, then interrupting
rating = rated short-circuit rating is inversely proportional
current to the operating voltage, up to
a limit of K times the rated
short-circuit current
Breaker has an operating region
with a MVA rating
45
Example IscratedK
40
I [kA]
Vmax = 15 kV, Iscrated = 19 kA,
K=2.27, apply at 13 kV: Iint rated( V ) 35
Vmax/K
kA
Interrupting rating = 19 kA15

30
Isc ratedK
kV/13 kV = 21.9 kA
kA
25
Check maximum int rating = 20
KIscrated = 2.2719 kA = 43.1 kA

15
Interrupting rating = 21.9 kA

0 5 10 15
Vmax V [kV]
V K

kV kV
13
As V decreases from its
maximum, the interrupting
rating increases up to a
maximum of K rated sc
current at Vmax/K
Note that the close and latch
capability is 1.6 K rated
short-circuit current
7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 79
14

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Three-phase Short-Circuit on an

Chapter 7: Symmetrical Unloaded Generator

AC transient and subtransient current

where Xd" is the generator

Consider a generator feeding a

Solution of Example System

1) Obtain impedance values

4) Solve the circuit for the currents and

If the currents on the low-voltage side

For a few generators, use 2.6%

at the point of the fault 7.8% T2 4.32 MVA X = 7.5%

Open-circuit voltage is the prefault Z

W 0.026 0.083 W 0.0196

(b) AFTER DELTA-WYE CONVERSION ON W-L-P

Matrix Methods Example

Another Example Example (continued)

-j 9.80 j 5.00 j 4.00 j 0.00

Vi is voltage of node i to 0 node,

Example Fault at bus k is three-phase short circuit

0.4143 0.4035 0.5108 0.5762 2 -j 1.954 0.1487 0.0 0.1643 0.2116

Relays (logic elements) Expulsion Fuse Cutout

CUTAWAY VIEW OF TYPICAL FUSE LINK

Tin fusible element shown. Link fits

Interrupting time Simplified Methods (ANSI)

First-cycle duties First-cycle duties

First-cycle duties for HV and MV circuit

LV CB and Fuses LV CB and Fuses

System X/R Ratio System X/R

Symmetrical interrupting duties for HV and

Symmetrical interrupting rating Symmetrical interrupting rating

Interrupting rating = 19 kA15

Check maximum int rating = 20

KIscrated = 2.2719 kA = 43.1 kA

Interrupting rating = 21.9 kA

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