12/18/2017 Piping - Wikipedia

Piping
Within industry, piping is a system of pipes used to convey fluids (liquids and
gases) from one location to another. The engineering discipline of piping
design studies the efficient transport of fluid.[1][2]

Industrial process piping (and accompanying in-line components) can be

manufactured from wood, fiberglass, glass, steel, aluminum, plastic, copper,
and concrete. The in-line components, known as fittings,[3] valves, and other
devices, typically sense and control the pressure, flow rate and temperature of
the transmitted fluid, and usually are included in the field of piping design (or
piping engineering). Piping systems are documented in piping and
instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs). If necessary, pipes can be cleaned by the
tube cleaning process.

Piping sometimes refers to piping design, the detailed specification of the

physical piping layout within a process plant or commercial building. In earlier
days, this was sometimes called drafting, technical drawing, engineering
Large-scale piping system in an HVAC
drawing, and design, but is today commonly performed by designers that have mechanical room
learned to use automated computer-aided drawing or computer-aided design
(CAD) software.

Plumbing is a piping system with which most people are familiar, as it constitutes the form of fluid transportation that is
used to provide potable water and fuels to their homes and businesses. Plumbing pipes also remove waste in the form of
sewage, and allow venting of sewage gases to the outdoors. Fire sprinkler systems also use piping, and may transport
nonpotable or potable water, or other fire-suppression fluids.

Piping also has many other industrial applications, which are crucial for moving raw and semi-processed fluids for
refining into more useful products. Some of the more exotic materials used in pipe construction are Inconel, titanium,
chrome-moly and various other steel alloys.

Contents
Engineering subelds
Stress analysis
Materials
History
Standards
See also
References
Further reading
External links

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Engineering subfields
Generally, industrial piping engineering has three major subfields:

Piping material
Piping design
Stress analysis

Stress analysis
Process piping and power piping are typically checked by pipe stress engineers to verify that the routing, nozzle loads,
hangers, and supports are properly placed and selected such that allowable pipe stress is not exceeded under different
loads such as sustained loads, operating loads, pressure testing loads, etc., as stipulated by the ASME B31, EN 13480 or
any other applicable codes and standards. It is necessary to evaluate the mechanical behavior of the piping under regular
loads (internal pressure and thermal stresses) as well under occasional and intermittent loading cases such as earthquake,
high wind or special vibration, and water hammer.[4][5] This evaluation is usually performed with the assistance of a
specialized (finite element) pipe stress analysis computer programs such as CAEPIPE[6] and CAESAR.[7]

In cryogenic pipe supports, most steel become more brittle as the temperature decreases from normal operating
conditions, so it is necessary to know the temperature distribution for cryogenic conditions. Steel structures will have
areas of high stress that may be caused by sharp corners in the design, or inclusions in the material.[8]

Materials
The material with which a pipe is manufactured often forms as the basis for choosing any pipe. Materials that are used for
manufacturing pipes include:

Carbon steel
ASTM A252 Spec Grade 1, Grade 2, Grade 3 Steel Pile Pipe
Low temperature service carbon steel
Stainless steel
Nonferrous metals, e.g. cupro-nickel, tantalum lined, etc.
Nonmetallic, e.g. tempered glass, Teon lined, PVC, etc.

History
Early wooden pipes were constructed out of logs that had a large hole bored lengthwise through the center.[9] Later
wooden pipes were constructed with staves and hoops similar to wooden barrel construction. Stave pipes have the
advantage that they are easily transported as a compact pile of parts on a wagon and then assembled as a hollow structure
at the job site. Wooden pipes were especially popular in mountain regions where transport of heavy iron or concrete pipes
would have been difficult.

Wooden pipes were easier to maintain than metal, because the wood did not expand or contract with temperature changes
as much as metal and so consequently expansion joints and bends were not required. The thickness of wood afforded
some insulating properties to the pipes which helped prevent freezing as compared to metal pipes. Wood used for water
pipes also does not rot very easily. Electrolysis doesn't affect wood pipes at all, since wood is a much better electrical
insulator.
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In the Western United States where redwood was used for pipe construction, it was found that redwood had "peculiar
properties" that protected it from weathering, acids, insects, and fungus growths. Redwood pipes stayed smooth and clean
indefinitely while iron pipe by comparison would rapidly begin to scale and corrode and could eventually plug itself up
with the corrosion.[10]

Standards
There are certain standard codes that need to be followed while designing or manufacturing any piping system.
Organizations that promulgate piping standards include:

ASME - The American Society of Mechanical Engineers - B31 series

ASME B31.1 Power piping (steam piping etc.)

ASME B31.3 Process piping
ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transporta on Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids
ASME B31.5 Refrigera on piping and heat transfer components
ASME B31.8 Gas transmission and distribu on piping systems
ASME B31.9 Building services piping
ASME B31.11 Slurry Transporta on Piping Systems (Withdrawn, Superseded by B31.4)
ASME B31.12 Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines
ASTM - American Society for Tes ng and Materials

ASTM A252 Standard Specica on for Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe Piles[11]
API - American Petroleum Ins tute

API 5L Petroleum and natural gas industriesSteel pipe for pipeline transporta on systems[12]
CWB - Canadian Welding Bureau
EN 13480 - European metallic industrial piping code

EN 13480-1 Metallic industrial piping - Part 1: General

EN 13480-2 Metallic industrial piping - Part 2: Materials
EN 13480-3 Metallic industrial piping - Part 3: Design and calcula on
EN 13480-4 Metallic industrial piping - Part 4: Fabrica on and installa on
EN 13480-5 Metallic industrial piping - Part 5: Inspec on and tes ng
EN 13480-6 Metallic industrial piping - Part 6: Addi onal requirements for buried piping
PD TR 13480-7 Metallic industrial piping - Part 7: Guidance on the use of conformity assessment procedures
EN 13480-8 Metallic industrial piping - Part 8: Addi onal requirements for aluminium and aluminium alloy piping
EN 1993-4-3 Eurocode 3 Design of steel structures - Part 4-3: Pipelines
AWS - American Welding Society
AWWA - American Water Works Associa on
MSS Manufacturers' Standardiza on Society
ANSI - American Na onal Standards Ins tute
NFPA - Na onal Fire Protec on Associa on
EJMA - Expansion Joint Manufacturers Associa on
Intro to pipe stress - h p://oakridgebellows.com/metal-expansion-joints/metal-expansion-joints-in-one-minute/part-1-thermal-
growth+(one+minute)

See also
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Firestop Piping and plumbing ngs

Gasket Coupling (piping)
Hydraulic machinery Double-walled pipe
Hydrogen piping Elbow (piping)
Hydrosta c test Nipple (plumbing)
MS Pipe, MS Tube Pipe cap
Pipe network analysis Street elbow
Union (plumbing)
Valve
Victaulic
Pipeline pre-commissioning
Plas c pipework
Plas c Pressure Pipe Systems
Plumbing
Riser clamp
Thermal insula on

References
1. Editors: Perry, R.H. and Green, D.W. (1984). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Book Company. ISBN 0-
07-049479-7.
2. Editor: McKe a, John J. (1992). Piping Design Handbook. Marcel Dekker, Inc. ISBN 0-8247-8570-3.
3. "Pipe ng manufacturer" (h ps://www.yaang.com/). Yaang. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
4. [1] (h p://catalog.asme.org/books/PrintBook/Process_Piping_Complete_Guide.cfm) Archived (h ps://web.archive.org/web/20
060529120337/h p://catalog.asme.org/books/PrintBook/Process_Piping_Complete_Guide.cfm) 29 May 2006 at the Wayback
Machine.
5. Power Piping: ASME B31.1 (h p://catalog.asme.org/Codes/PrintBook/B311_2004_Power_Piping.cfm)
6. h p://www.sstusa.com/caepipe.php
7. "Intergraph CAESAR II - Pipe Stress Analysis" (h p://www.coade.com/products/caesarii/Summary). coade.com.
8. Temperature & Stress Analysis (h p://www.pipingtech.com/technical/pdf/tempstress-cryoshoes.pdf) Piping Technology and
Products, (retrieved February 2012)
9. "BBC - A History of the World - Object : wooden water pipe" (h p://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryo heworld/objects/lg-zKE0ETBSw4I
8O_RHz5A). www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-03-10.
10. "Piping water through miles of Redwood" (h ps://books.google.com/books?id=EikDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA74). Popular Science: 74.
December 1918.
11. H. "ASTM A252 Pipe Pile" (h p://www.hysteelpipe.com/astm-a252-piling-pipe/a252-grade-3-steel-pipe-pile/). China Huayang
Steel Pipe.
12. "API 5L Specica on Line Pipe (1) API Terms and Deni ons" (h p://www.hysteelpipe.com/pipe-standards/api-5l-specica on
-line-pipe-1-api-terms-and-deni ons-part-2/). China Huayang Steel Pipe.

Further reading
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Guide, Revision 2 (h p://engstandards.lanl.gov/esm/pressure_safety/process_piping_guide_R2.pdf)
from Los Alamos Na onal Laboratory Engineering Standards Manual OST220-03-01-ESM
Seismic Design and Retrot of Piping Systems, July 2002 (h p://www.americanlifelinesalliance.org/pdf/Seismic_Design_and_Ret
rot_of_Piping_Systems.pdf) from American Lifelines Alliance website

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Engineering and Design, Liquid Process Piping. Engineer manual, en re document (h p://publica ons.usace.army.mil/publica o
ns/eng-manuals/EM_1110-1-4008_sec/EM_1110-1-4008.pdf) (index page) (h p://publica ons.usace.army.mil/publica ons/e
ng-manuals/EM_1110-1-4008_sec/toc.htm) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, EM 1110-l-4008, May 1999

External links
Building services piping links (h ps://curlie.org//Construc on_and_Maintenance/Materials_and_Supplies/Mechanical/Building
_Services_Piping/) at Curlie (based on DMOZ)

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