AC Machine Lecture No.3

AC Electrical Machines
Polyphase Induction Motors

Lecture No. 3
A.L. Mohammed Dyhia Ali
2017-2018
Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
Lecture Topics
The Induction Motor
Construction of Induction Motor
o Rotor Winding
o Squirrel Cage Rotor
Fundamental Principle of Induction Motor
o Slip.
o Rotor Frequency.
o Rotor Current Leakage Reactance and
Resistance.
Mohammed D. Ali
Induction Motor
Why induction motor (IM)?
Robust; No brushes. No contacts on rotor shaft
High (Power/Weight) ratio compared to Dc motor
Lower (Cost/Power) ratio.
Easy to manufacture
Almost maintenance-free, except for bearing and
other mechanical parts.
Disadvantages
Essentially a fixed-speed machine.
Speed is determined by the supply frequency.
To vary its speed need a variable frequency supply.
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Induction Motor
Electrical power is received by induction way in
this motors, so such motors are known as
induction motors.
Induction motor can be treated as a rotating
transformer.
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An induction motor has two main parts
a stationary stator
consisting of a steel frame that supports a hollow,
cylindrical core
core, constructed from stacked laminations (why?),
having a number of evenly spaced slots, providing the
space for the stator winding
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a revolving rotor
composed of punched laminations,
stacked to create a series of rotor slots,
providing space for the rotor winding
one of two types of rotor windings
conventional 3-phase windings made of
insulated wire (wound-rotor) similar to
the winding on the stator. Usually Y-
connected, the ends of the three rotor
wires are connected to 3 slip rings on
the rotor shaft.
aluminum bus bars shorted together at
the ends by two aluminum rings,
forming a squirrel-cage shaped circuit
(squirrel-cage)
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Squirrel-cage Rotor
Almost 90% of IM are squirrel-cage type, because this
type of rotor has the simplest and most rugged
construction imaginable and is almost indestructible.
a cylindrical laminated core with parallel slots for
carrying the rotor conductors.
conductors should be noted are not wires but consist
of heavy bars of copper, aluminium or alloys.
One bar is placed in each slot.
The rotor bars are brazed or electrically welded or
bolted to two heavy and stout short-circuiting end-
rings. Mohammed D. Ali
Squirrel-cage Rotor
rotor bars are permanently short-circuited on
themselves, hence it is not possible to add any external
resistance in series with the rotor circuit for starting
purposes.
The rotor slots are usually not quite parallel to the
shaft but are purposely given a slight skew.
This is useful in two ways it helps to make the motor
run quietly by reducing the magnetic hum, and it helps
in reducing the locking tendency of the rotor.
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Phase Wound Rotor
rotor is build with 3-phase, double-layer, distributed
winding consisting of coils.
The rotor is wound for as many poles as the number of
stator poles and is always wound 3-phase even when
the stator is wound two-phase.
The three phases are starred internally.
The other three winding terminals are brought out and
connected to three insulated slip-rings mounted on the
shaft with brushes resting on them.
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Phase Wound Rotor
These three brushes are further externally connected
to a 3-phase star-connected rheostat.
There is a possible of additional resistance in the rotor
circuit during the starting period for increasing the
starting torque of the motor, and for changing its
speed-torque/current characteristics.
When running under normal conditions, the slip-rings
are automatically short-circuited by means of a metal
collar, then the brushes are automatically lifted from
the slip-rings to reduce the frictional losses and the
wear and tear.
Mohammed D. Ali
Squirrel cage rotor
Wound rotor
Notice the
slip rings
Slip rings
Cutaway in a
typical wound-
rotor IM.
Notice the
brushes and
the slip rings
Brushes
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Rotating Magnetic Field
Balanced three phase windings,
mechanically displaced 120
degrees form each other, fed by
balanced three phase source.
A rotating magnetic field with
constant magnitude is produced,
rotating with a speed.
120 f e
nsync rpm
P
Where fe is the supply frequency and
P is the no. of poles, and nsync is called the synchronous speed
in rpm (revolutions per minute)
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Mohammed D. Ali
Mohammed D. Ali
Mohammed D. Ali
Synchronous speed
P 50 Hz 60 Hz
2 3000 3600
4 1500 1800
6 1000 1200
8 750 900
10 600 720
12 500 600
Principle of operation
This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor windings
and produces an induced voltage in the rotor
windings
Due to the fact that the rotor windings are short
circuited, for both squirrel cage and wound-rotor, and
induced current flows in the rotor windings
The rotor current produces another magnetic field.
A torque is produced as a result of the interaction of
those two magnetic fields. ind kBR Bs
Where ind is the induced torque and BR and BS are the
magnetic flux densities of the rotor and the stator
respectively.
Induction motor speed
At what speed will the IM run?
Can the IM run at the synchronous speed, why?
If rotor runs at the synchronous speed, which is the
same speed of the rotating magnetic field, then the
rotor will appear stationary to the rotating magnetic
field
the rotating magnetic field will not cut the rotor.
no induced current will flow in the rotor
no rotor magnetic flux will be produced
no torque is generated and the rotor speed will fall
below the synchronous speed
When the speed falls, the rotating magnetic field will
cut the rotor windings and a torque is produced
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So, the IM will always run at a speed lower than the
synchronous speed
The difference between the motor speed and the
synchronous speed is called the Slip
nslip nsync nm
Where nslip= slip speed
nsync= speed of the magnetic
field
nm = mechanical shaft speed
of the motor
The Slip
nsync nm
s
nsync
Where s is the slip
Notice that : if the rotor runs at synchronous speed
s=0
if the rotor is stationary
s=1
Slip may be expressed as a percentage by multiplying the above
eq. by 100, notice that the slip is a ratio and doesnt have units.
Rotor Frequency
Both IM and transformer works on the principle
of induced voltage
Transformer: voltage applied to the primary windings
produce an induced voltage in the secondary windings
Induction motor: voltage applied to the stator windings
produce an induced voltage in the rotor windings
The difference is that, in the case of the induction
motor, the secondary windings can move
Due to the rotation of the rotor (the secondary winding
of the IM), the induced voltage in it does not have the
same frequency of the stator (the primary) voltage
Rotor Frequency
The frequency of the voltage induced in the
rotor is given by Pn
fr
120
Where fr = the rotor frequency (Hz)
P = number of stator poles
n = slip speed (rpm)
P (ns nm )
fr
120
P sns
sf e
120
Rotor Frequency
What would be the frequency of the rotors
induced voltage at any speed nm?
fr s fe
When the rotor is blocked (s=1) , the frequency
of the induced voltage is equal to the supply
frequency
On the other hand, if the rotor runs at
synchronous speed (s = 0), the frequency will be
zero
Reactance Under Running Conditions
Let E2 = standstill rotor induced e.m.f./phase
X2 = standstill rotor reactance/phase,
f2 = rotor current frequency at standstill.
When rotor starts running, the relative speed between it
and the rotating stator flux is decreased. Hence, the rotor
induced e.m.f. which is directly proportional to this relative
speed, is also decreased.
Hence, for a slip s, under running conditions.
Er = sE2, and fr = sf2
Due to decrease in frequency of the rotor e.m.f., the rotor
reactance will also decrease.
Xr = sX2
Er = rotor e.m.f. Xr = reactance [at running conditions]
Mohammed D. Ali
Rotor Current
When motor is loaded, the rotor current I2 is
given by
From the above relation, the rotor circuit consists

of a fixed resistance R2 and a variable reactance
sX2, connected across Er = sE2.
Convert the equation of
rotor current, then the
equivalent to a rotor circuit
having a fixed reactance X2,
and variable resistance R2/s
and supplied voltage E2
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Rotor Current
Now the resistance R2/s , it is consist of two parts.
R2 is the rotor resistance itself and represents
the rotor Cu loss.
the second part is R2 (1/s - 1) is known as the
load resistance RL and is the electrical
equivalent of the mechanical load on the
motor.
Mohammed D. Ali
Mohammed D. Ali

AC Machine Lecture No.3

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AC Electrical Machines

Polyphase Induction Motors

From the above relation, the rotor circuit consists

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