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Ocean Engineering
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art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t
Article history: A simplied method for modeling Jacket Offshore Platform was developed and numerical examples were
Received 15 January 2013 presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method. In this method, a jacket platform was
Accepted 19 February 2014 described as a cantilever beam subjected to an axial compressive load acting at the top-end centre of the
Available online 15 March 2014
jacket. The random seismic responses of the model were derived by using both the pseudo-excitation
Keywords: method and the classical Ritz method. The authors found and demonstrated in this paper that this
Jacket platform proposed method may be used to calculate the random responses accurately and efciently. In particular,
Pseudo-excitation method the responses of a non-uniform beam, in the form of an auto-PSD function, cross-PSD or higher spectral
Random seismic response moments could be solved directly without the need to determine the normal modes. The writers
Simplied method
included an example in which the solution was obtained using the proposed method with a selected Ritz
Ritz method
function. The results were compared with that obtained using the conventional nite element method
Simplied model
(FEM). The ndings of the study showed that the proposed method was effective, practical and useful in
the seismic design of platforms.
& 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction applied with ease because by using this method, the structural
stationary random response analysis may be reduced to the
Although vibration of jacket platforms under seismic excitation analysis of structural harmonic response, while non-stationary
has been studied extensively, the subject is still being investigated random response may be calculated by using a step-by-step
today (Zhou, 2004; Han et al., 2006, 2008; Bargi et al., 2011; Park integration scheme, see Lin et al. (1995). PEM is an accurate
et al., 2011). With the wide-spread use of the nite element software, Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC) method as the cross-
the research focus has been set on three-dimensional modeling of correlation quadratic terms between the participant modes and
the seismic response of the platform. Ideally the more comprehen- that between the excitations have both been considered. In general,
sive and more inclusive are the models, the more accurate the the random responses of a continuous structure may be obtained by
computation results are expected. However, these comprehensive using the orthogonal property of natural modes to reduce the
models are not easily accomplished and acceptable in engineering number of degrees of freedom, see Chopra (2005). Thus some
practice because of their low computational efciency and model normal modes of the continuous structure have to be computed,
complexity. Therefore, the current engineering practice still prefers which may present certain degree of challenge in the analysis of the
simplied structural calculation model in which a reasonable degree non-uniform beam whose normal modes may not be determined
of precisions could be achieved. This paper deals with such a readily.
simplied model and method of computation. In this study, the PEM associated with the classical Ritz method
In a conventional random vibration methods, such as the was used to analyze the random seismic responses of jacket
Square Root of the Sum of Squares (SRSS) and Complete Quadratic platforms, such as auto-PSD function, cross-PSD and higher
Combination (CQC) methods, the combination of modes are either spectral moments, etc., without the need to compute the normal
ignored or they are too complicated if not outright difcult to be modes. A simplied method of modeling jacket platform was
applied. An accurate and efcient method for computing the studied rst, and a simplied calculation model based on beam
random vibration, known as the Pseudo-Excitation Method theory was presented for the analysis of random seismic
(PEM), has been developed since early 1980s. PEM could be responses. Numerical examples were conducted to demonstrate
the validity of the methodology. Then the classical Ritz method
and the pseudo-excitation method were combined to prescribe
n
Corresponding author. Tel.: 65 67906619; fax: 65 67906620. the problem: the pseudo governing differential equation was
E-mail address: zhoubo@ntu.edu.sg (B. Zhou). developed by specifying the pseudo-ground acceleration, and the
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2014.02.013
0029-8018 & 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
86 B. Zhou et al. / Ocean Engineering 82 (2014) 8590
There will be a certain amount of water moving as a result of In terms of dynamic performance jacket platform are complex
the vibration of the offshore platform. The amount and movement and different from ordinary buildings, especially in the distribu-
of water should also be considered for proper dynamic response tion of the stiffness and mass. The main loads are highly concen-
analysis of an offshore platform. This amount of water is treated as trated at the top parts of the structure, and the loads change with
the added mass to the platform leg during the excitation. The the different production stages. Fig. 2 illustrates the simplication
kinetic energy associated with the uid movement per unit length process of a typical jacket platform. The complementary virtual
of a pile is work principle is adopted in the derivation of the equivalent
stiffness, see Lu et al. (1992) and Han (2008).
1 2
T b v2 1 In Fig. 3(a), the virtual displacement i of the beam element jk
2
is subject to a generalized force. Based on the principle of virtual
where is the mass density of the liquid (kg/m3), b is the radius of work, the generalized virtual external force is
the cylinder perpendicular to the direction of motion (m), as
n
shown in Fig. 1; and v is the velocity (m/s). The added mass ma W n F ni i 3
of water moving with the vibrating offshore platforms per unit i1
B. Zhou et al. / Ocean Engineering 82 (2014) 8590 87
where
M
W n the surplus energy
F in virtual force of i;
i the actual displacement of i; Ac
Ac
l
Based on the principle of surplus energy, and omitting the
Ad
Ad
effects of shear, the complementary virtual work of the equivalent
plane beam may be expressed as
W n N n uk uj Q n vk vj M n k j 4 M
n n n
where N , Q and M are virtual axial force, virtual shear force and M M
virtual bending moment respectively. u is the displacement in the h h
x direction, v is displacement in the y direction, and is rotational
h
angle. Details of the various parameters are shown in Fig. 3(b).
The surplus energy per unit is Fig. 4. Moment of equivalent beam element.
n uk uj vk vj k j
W N n Q n M n 5
l l l l Q l Q
h 2 h 2 Ql
Here the coefcients after N n , Q n and M n are equivalent to the Q Q 2
real displacements caused by the equivalent forces N, Q and M. l is 2 2 Q
the length of the beam element. The surplus energy per unit based
on the equivalent forces N, Q and M is
Ac
n uk uj n vk vj n k j
n
Ac
W N Q M 6
l
l l l
Ad
Ad
Q Q
2 2
Transforming Eq. (6) and expressed in the form of a partial
differential equation lead to Q
Ql
n l Q
W uk uj N l Q 2
lim h 2 h 2
N l-0 l EAeq
n
W k j M h
lim
M l-0 l EIeq Fig. 5. Shear of equivalent beam element.
n
W vk vj Q
lim
Q l-0 l GAS eq Combining Eqs.(8) and (9), the equivalent bending stiffness of the
beam is
where 2
h E c Ac
EIeq 10
EAeq Equivalent axial stiffness. 2
EIeq Equivalent bending stiffness. For shear load on the beam as illustrated in Fig. 5, the axial force
GAS eq Equivalent shear rigidity. acting on the diagonal bar is
Qa
The surplus energy of equivalent beam element can be calcu- Fi 7
2h
lated by
where a is the length of the diagonal bar. The surplus energy may
1 1 F2l be written as
W n F i i i i 7 !
2 2 i Ei Ai 1 F 2i li Q 2 a3
W njk 2 2 11
where F i is the force acting on a structural member i; i is the 2 Ed Ad 4h Ed Ad
displacement at the location of F i in the corresponding direction; li
Eq. (11) may be expressed in the form of a partial differential
is the length of the beam element i; Ai is the cross-sectional area
equation,
and Ei is the elastic modulus. The equivalent exural rigidity EIeq
n
and equivalent shear stiffness GAS eq of the beam element are W njk W jk Q
derived from surplus energy. l l 12
Q Q GAS eq
Fig. 4 shows a typical segment of the truss structure between
two oors of a platform subject to a head-on incident wave. The The equivalent shear stiffness is
height is l and the width ish. The surplus energy of the truss 2
2h lEd Ad
structure is GAS eq 13
a3
!
n 1 F 2i li M2 l Assuming each cross layer is rigidly connected, the equivalent
W jk 2 2 8 moment of inertia of a cross layer may be expressed as
2 E c Ac h Ec Ac
2
EIeq h Ec Ac 14
Eq. (8) may be expressed as follows:
n where Ac is cross-sectional area of vertical tubular, and h is the
W njk W jk M
l l 9 distance in the horizontal direction. Considering the effect of shear
M M EIeq translation, the shear area of an equivalent beam may be
88 B. Zhou et al. / Ocean Engineering 82 (2014) 8590
expressed as S/n Mode 3-D FEM Beam model without Beam model with
shape model (Hz) shear effect (Hz) shear effect (Hz)
2
2h lEd Ad
As 15 1 Horizontal 0.73 0.83 0.75
Ga3
2 Horizontal 2.45 2.63 2.51
Substituting Eq. (17) into Eq. (16), the governing differential useful information, i.e.
equation becomes Z 1
p 0;r s2r 2 Sr d
Azu~ czu_~ EIzu
~ N u
~ Az Sa eit 18 0
Z 1
An approximate solution to the problem is obtained with the use
2;r 2 2 Sr d
of the RayleighRitz procedure. In this case, the transverse 0
displacements of the beam uz; t are approximated with the use
of q functions, which should satisfy only the essential conditions at where Sr is PSD of structural responses, and x,r is spectral
z 0 as moment.
q
~ t y~ j tj z fyg
uz; ~ 19
j1
4. Example application
where j z is the eigen function.
Substituting Eq. (19) into Eq. (18), multiplying the left-hand The following example is based on an offshore engineering
side by T , and integrating z from 0 to L leads to project, in which the jacket platform was simulated by using a
p cantilever beam subject to an axial load. Details of the parameters
~ Cfyg
Mfyg _~ Rfyg ~ fg Sa eit
~ K 1 fyg 20
were as described earlier in Section 2.4.
where The PSD of the stationary random process x g t was simulated
Z L using the Kanai-Tajimi ltered-white-noise spectrum, which
M AzT dz might be presented in the following form:
0
Z L
2
C czT dz 1 42g g
0 Sx g 2 2 S 0 25
Z L
2
T 1 g 42g g
R EIzdz 21
0
Let
K R K 1
p
fpg fg Sa
Eq. (22) can be rewritten as:
~ Cfyg
Mfyg _~ Kfyg
~ fpgeit 23
Then the solution of the differential equation of motion is
Fig. 8. PSDs of jacket-top displacement.
~
fytg fy~ r g ify~ i geit 24
Substituting Eq. (24) into Eq. (23), eliminating eit from the
resulting equations, and comparing the real part with the imagin-
ary part of the equation gives
Efy~ r g Dfy~ i g fF r g
Dfy~ r g Efy~ i g fF i g
where
E K 2 M; D C
If fy~ r g and fy~ i g are known, the displacement uz; t can be obtained
according to Eq. (19). Then by virtue of the following expressions,
the PSDs can be derived as
Suu z; juz; ~
~ tj2 ; SMM z; jMz; tj2
After the PSD of structural responses, denoted as Sr , has been
dened, the corresponding spectral moments can be calculated
readily. The zeroth moment and the second moment are the most Fig. 9. PSDs of bending moment at the mud line.
90 B. Zhou et al. / Ocean Engineering 82 (2014) 8590
Table 2 line the maximum difference of the extremum values is less than
Spectral moments and extremums for the displacement at the top of the jacket. 3.8%. Although the results contain some discrepancies but with the
maximum difference of the extremum values less than 4%, the
Method s2r (m2) 2;r (m2s 2) Extremum (m)
spectral moments and extrema are reasonably accurate and meet
FEA 1.420E 4 3.870E 3 5.05E 2 the requirements of engineering precision. Considered the com-
Simplied model 1.486E 4 4.224E 3 5.17E 2 plexity of the jacket platform, the simplied model presented in
the paper is practical in engineering practices.
Table 3
Spectral moments and extremums for the bending moment at the mud line. 6. Conclusions
5. Discussion
References
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2011 (1), 3642.
1.66 10 4 m2s and was observed at 5.21 rad/s, whereas it was Chopra, A., 2005. Dynamics of Structure: Theory and Application to Earthquake
1.73 10 4 and occurred at 5.3 rad/s as determined using the Engineering, second ed. Tsinghua University Press, Beijing, China.
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