1. The soil classification is based on USCS, AASHTO, BRITISH!

Answer:

Based on the USCS (Unified Soil Classification System)

Soil classification method using USCS (Unified Soil Classification

System) is a soil classification method that is widely used in the geotechnical
field. This classification was proposed by A. Cassagrande in 1942 and revised
in 1952 by the Corps of engeneers and the US Bureau of Reclamation.
In principle, according to this method, there are two types of soil, namely the
division of coarse grained soil (gravel and sand) and fine-grained soil (silt and
clay). Land classified in coarse if more than 50% retained on sieve no. 200.
Meanwhile, the land classified as fine-grained if more than 50% escapes from
the sieve no. 200. Some of the following symbols commonly used in the
USCS classification methods:

A. The type of soil:

G: gravel (gravel)

S: sand (sand)

M: silt (silt)

C: clay (loam)

B. kinds of gradations:

W: well graded (well graded)

P: poorly graded (poorly graded)

C. consistency plasititas:

H: high plasticity (high plasticity)

L: low plasticity (low plasticity)

 Table 4.4: USCS Soil Classification Based
(source: Bowles)

Based on the AASHTO

AASHTO classification system (AASHTO classification system)

Soil classification system was developed in 1929 by the Public Road
Administration Classification System. With several changes, now has been
used and recommended by the Committee on Classification of Materials
for subgrade and granular type of Roads of the Highway Research Board
in 1945 (ASTM D-3282 using the code and AASHTO method M 145).
AASHTO classification now, the land is classified into seven (7) major
 groups, namely: A-1 through A-7. Soils which are classified as A-1, A-2
and A-3 is a coarse-grained soils in which 35% or less of the grain through
a sieve No. 200.
Lands where 35% or more through a sieve No. 200 are classified as A-4,
A-5, A-6 and A-7. In general, this is a land of mud and clay. Classification
system is based on the following criteria:

A. The grain size.

Gravel: granules through a sieve with holes of 75 mm and left in
top sieve No. 10 with a 2 mm hole.
Sand: granules through sieve No. 10 (2 mm) and left on top
sieve No. 200 to 0,074 mm hole.
Mud and clay: granules through sieve No. 200.

B. Plasticity.
Berlanau, if the soil granules having plasticity index 10. argillaceous, if
the soil granules having the plasticity index 11.

C. Rock (bouldrs), which is bigger than 75 mm are not classified in this

classification.
If the AASHTO classification system used to classify the ground, then the
test result data are matched with the numbers given in the table on the left
column to the right column to find the appropriate figures.

To assess the quality of the soil as highway subgrade material can be

determined by the index number of the group (Group Index = GI) which
determines the group and subgroup ground.
Group index can be calculated by the equation:
GI = (F - 35) [0.2 + 0.005 (LL - 40)] + 0.01 (F - 15) (PI - 10) (1.1)
description :
F = percentage of grains that passed a sieve No. 200.
LL = liquid limit
PI = plasticity index
The first part of equation (1.1) in this case:
(F - 35) [0.2 + 0.005 (LL - 40)] is part of a group index remained liquid limit.
The second part, in this case 0.01 (F - 15) (PI - 10) is part of a group index
remained plasticity index.
The following provisions to determine the index groups:

1. If the equation (3.1) yields a negative GI price, then taken = 0.

2. Group index calculated from equation (2.15) rounded to the nearest integer,
for example: GI = 3.40 rounded to = 3 and GI = 3.50 rounded up to = 4 and
placed in brackets behind the groups and subgroups of land for example: A-2-
6 (3). In general, the greater the value of the index group, the less well the land
is to be used in the construction of a highway, to lands in sub-groups.
3. In this case there is no higher limit for the index group.
4. Index land group are classified into groups A-1-a, A-1-b, A-2-4, A-2-5 and
A-3 will always be zero.
5. When calculating the group index for lands belonging to the groups A-2-6
and A-2-7, then the index of the group to PI can be used equation:
GI = 0.01 (F-15) (PI - 10) (2.16)
In general, the quality of land used for subgrade material can be expressed as
the inverse of the price index of the group.

Based On the British

description of land that is often used, namely British Standard or British Soil
Classification System. There are some things that a benchmark or describe the
basics in soil with BS (British Standard), among others:

A. Relative Mass Meeting

The relative density of the soil obtained from testing in the field. If not
carried out tests on samples, the description of the mass density can not be
included. Tests are simple to land is the land of easy shoveled means the land
has cavities that are not solid or loose and vice versa. Adapaun measures
description relative density among other things, very soft, soft, firm, stiff, very
stiff and hard.
B. Fabric or fissuring (The relationship between the grains making up the
ground)
Boxed or fabric is the relationship between the grains making up ground.
There are 2 possibility, namely containers closed and open containers. Pack
closed means butirbutir constituent touch or intersect each other because the
grain size relatively similar. Pack open means between the grains making up
the ground, there is still a finer grain size than the others so as not to touch
each other. To view this container, can be done by cutting vertically and
perpendicular to the plane of the ground. Cracks should be checked to ensure
granules of different sizes or finer.

C. Color
Color indicates the degree of weathering of the soil. Ground color is observed
can provide information about the characteristics of the soil. This color can be
seen with the naked eye. Moreover, in determining the color of the soil, must
use a certain standard. One of them, based on the Munsell color classification
system is the Geological Society of America 'Rock-Color Chart'

D. Subsidiary Constituents
In practice it is very difficult to estimate the secondary constituents ground
with eye and with feelings, and especially in cohesive soils. Presentation of
the secondary material is not more than 10%. In granular soils, the secondary
material is important to know because the permeability of granular soils
dominated by secondary material that is refined.

E. Form Item
Describe the form of grains in the soil is very easy on the grain size of gravel
and sand. The grain structure is based on roundness grains contained in the
soil. There are several sizes in the form of grain, which is rounded,
subrounded, subangular, and angular.

F. PRINCIPAL SOIL TYPE

Most of the land will consist of a variety of different particle sizes, some of
which may be cohesive. Type of soil particle whose main constituent is the
boulders, cobbles, gravel, sand or mud that is generally considered
representative of soil types. The measures in the types of soil are: clay,
boulders, cobbles, gravel, sand, silt.

G. Detailed Description On Pack (Fabric) and Additional Material

A more detailed description of the container and material-metri additional
constituent can be added to the classification if it is detected during testing of
samples in the field and in the laboratory.
 H. Geological Resources Land
In the classification of BS, also provided one explanation of the origin of the
soil found or the type of soil was first discovered. If the source is not known
geology of the land, then it will not be a problem.

I. Soil Classification Symbol

As an additional option, the soil can also be given a description of symbols
land classification in accordance with established standards.

2. Explain Granules Size Distribution Curve!

Answer:

GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVES

Results of mechanical analysis (sieve analysis and hydrometer), generally
drawn on semi-logarithmic paper, known as the grain size distribution curve.
Of the curve can be distinguished:
- Well graded: graded soil is not uniform
- Uniform graded: uniform graded poorly graded soil
- Gap graded / skip graded: tiered graded soil
To determine the type of gradation there are other parameters, namely:

Uniformity coefficient (Cu):

60
Cu =
10

D60 = grain diameter (mm) which is associated with 60% qualifying

D10 = grain diameter (mm) which is associated with a 10% escape

- Price Cu vanishingly small: more uniform soil

- Cu = 1: ground only have one size
- Land graded very ugly example: sand beach, Cu = 2 or 3
- Land with excellent gradation Cu> 15 or more
- Price Cu up to 1000

Curvature coefficient (Cc):

 (30)2
Cc = (10)(60)

- D30 = grain diameter (mm) of which 30% through sieve

- D60 = Grain diameter (mm) which is associated with 60% qualifying
- D10 = Grain diameter (mm) which is associated with a 10% escape
- Cc between 1 and 3: good gradation
Throughout Cu> 4 for gravel
Cu> 6 for sand

3. Describe the hydrometer to test the ground!

Answer:

Tests purpose hydrometer analysis is required if 90% or more of the tested

sample which passes a sieve No. 200; or to manentukan price of land activity
(if on the ground that escaped exemplarily sieve No. 200 is less than 90%). In
the hydrometer analysis, soil samples were tested dissolved in water; in a state
of dispersed soil grains will drop settles freely into the bottom of the vessel.
Menngendap speed soil grains varies depending on the sizes of the soil grains.
The granular soil will settle first with mengandap greater speed.

Glass cylinder and hydrometer measuring instrument

In this method of soil particle considered to form spheres (spherical), and the
theory used to determine the speed down (settles) of droplets of water in the
soil is based on the law of stroke
If the measuring instrument silenced in a solution of water + ground where the
droplets land in a state dispersed (Figure 3.3), hydrometer measuring
instrument will measure specific garavity of said solution to the state of the
depth L; depth Ldinamakan effective depth (effective depth). At the time t = t
mr = Enit calculated from the time the test begins, grains of soil will settle
diluardaerah measurement (ie outside the effective depth, L) will have a
central line.

4. Explain Atterberg Limits!

Answer:

Atterberg Limits

If the fine-grained soil contains clay minerals, then the land can knead without
causing cracks. The cohesive nature caused by the presence of water adsorbed
on the surface of clay particles around. In the early 1900s a scientist from
Sweden called Atterberg explain the effect of variations in moisture content to
the consistency of fine-grained soil. When the water content is very high, the
soil and water mixture will become very soft like a liquid. Therefore, on the
basis of the water content in the soil, can be separated into four basic state, ie:
solid, semi-solid, and liquid plastic. As shown in the figure below.

The water content is expressed in the process, where there is a transition from
the solid state to semi-solid boundary is defined as shrinkage (shrinkage
limits). The water content in which the transition from a semi-solid state to a
plastic state occurs is called the plastic limit (plastic limits), and from a plastic
state to liquid state called liquid limit (liquid limits).

LIMIT CAIR (LL)

To adjust the water content of the soil is concerned that met the above
requirements was very difficult. Therefore, if the liquid limit test done at
least four times on the same ground, but the water content varies so that
the number of strokes N, needed varies between 15 and 35. The water
content of the soil, in percent, and the number of strokes each each test
described above semi-log graph paper .Hubungan between water content
and log N can be regarded as a straight line. The straight line is called as
the flow curve (flow curve). The water content corresponding to N = 25,
which is determined from the flow curve, is the liquid limit of the land
concerned.
The slope of the line flow (flow line) is defined as the flow index (flow
index) and can be written as:

Where :
If = flow index
w1 = water content, in percent of tanh corresponding to the number of
strokes N1
w2 = water content, in percent, of the land of the corresponding to the
number of strokes N2

Plastic limit (PL)

The plastic limit is defined as the moisture content, expressed as a percent,

where soil when rolled up to a diameter of 1/8 in (3.2 mm) becomes
cracked. The plastic limit is the lower limit of the level of plasticity of the
soil. Way The test is very simple, that is by measuring the ground roll
elipsoida with palms flat on the glass Plasticity index (plasticity index
(PI)) is the difference between the liquid limit and plastic limit of the soil,
or: PI =LL PL

Shrinkage limit (SL)

A soil will shrink if the water it contains is slowly lost from the soil. With
the loss of water continuously, the water will reach equilibrium level
where the addition will not cause the water loss changes in volume .
Moisture content, expressed as a percent where changes the volume of a
land mass called shrinkage limit stops. Shrinkage limit tests in laboratories
conducted in the laboratory using bowl poselin with a diameter of about -
about 1.75 in (44.4 mm) and a height of approximately 0.5 in (12.7mm).
The inside of the bowl smeared with vaseline and then filled with soil
moist until full. Ground level in the bowl and then leveled using
lurussehingga-edged ruler of the land surface into the same height with a
side bowl. Weight of wet soil in the bowl is determined. soil in bowl then
dried in an oven. Volume of soil samples that have been dried determined
using mercury.
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2017