Agricultue issue Pakistan new

1. 1. CROP YIELD ANALYSIS

2. 2. Sequence of Presentation Introduction Major Crop Yields Analysis Comparison with
Developed countries Factors Affecting the Crop Yield Reasons Of Low Yield Major
Agricultural Issues A Case study States Responsibility to improve Crop Yield How to
Increase Crop Yield Conclusion & Recommendations
3. 3. Introduction Economic Structure Agriculture Manufacturing Others ( Including
Services & Trade) GDP Contribution 2009-10 0% Agriculture 21% Manufacturing 18% Other
(Inc. 61% Services)
4. 4. Shift in Economic Structure 1949/50- 2009/10706050403020 1949/5010 2009/2010 0
Column1 Sources: 1. Issues in Pakistans Economy by S. Akbar Zaidi. 2. Economics of
Pakistan by Prof. M. Saeed Nasir
5. 5. MAJOR CROPS OF PAKISTAN Wheat Rice Maize Grams Pulses Cotton
Sugarcane Tobacco Mustard
6. 6. Pakistan Agriculture Annual growth rate 1959-60 to 2001-02: 3.7 percent 1999-2000
to 2005-06: 2.6 percent Major crops (35 percent of agric GDP): 2.8 percent Livestock (50
percent of agric GDP): 3.5 percent
7. 7. Contribution of Major and Minor Crops in Agriculture Sector Crop wise contribution 1960-
65 Sugar cane 3% Rice Crop wise contribution 2002/3 Cotton 8% 9% Sugar Cotton All
others others caneAll14% 4% (major+mi (major+ Rice nor) minor) 10% 48% 35% Wheat
32% Wheat 37% Source: Issues in Pakistans Economy by S. Akbar Zaidi
8. 8. Agricultural Sector of Pakistan Total area 79.6 million hectares Population depends
70% Labor force employment 44% Share in GDP 26% Total cultivated land area 22 million
hectares Total exports 80%
9. 9. Agriculture as Mainstay of Pakistan economy Provides foods and nutrition Provides raw
material Provides base for foreign trade and exchange Provides market for industrial
outputs
10. 10. Agriculture Contribution to GDP (%)Description 1980/1 2009/10Major Crops 51.87
40.64Minor Crops 17.22 15.90Livestock 26.36 38.85Fisheries 3.53 3.48Forestry 1.02 1.13
Source: Ministry of food, agriculture and livestock- Federal Bureau of Statistics
11. 11. Yield Comparison (Year wise) Yield of major crops (kg/hectare)Years Wheat Rice Sugar
cane Maize Gram Cotton1950-1955 776.6 878.4 29,180 - - 2121960-65 831.8 929.6 33,580 -
- 254.61971-75 1251 1549 35,508 1,160 544 3461980-85 1,596 1,684 37,460 1,267 476
3431990-95 1,950 1,623 44,000 1,407 452 5942009-2010 2,384 2,012 47,927 1,812 615
621 Source: Pakistan economic survey, 2009
12. 12. Area, Production and Yield of CottonYear Area (000 Production Yield Hec.) (000 bales)
Kgms/Hec.2004-05 3193 14265 7602005-06 3103 13019 7142006-07 3075 13000 7122007-
08 3054 11655 7132008-09 2820 11819 7132009-10 3106 12698 695 Source: Ministry of
Food
13. 13. Area, Production and Yield of RiceYear Area (000 Production Yield Hec.) (000 tons)
Kgms/Hec.2004-05 2519 5025 19952005-06 2620 5547 21162006-07 2581 5438 21072007-
08 2515 5563 22112008-09 2963 6952 23962009-10 2883 6883 2387 Source: Ministry of
Food
14. 14. Crop yield Pakistan has good, abundant sunshine and excellent farmers Yet crop yield
per ha and cubic meter is much lower than international benchmarks
15. 15. Wheat Yield comparison with foreign countries
16. 16. 1. Water logging and Salinity. 38 percent of Pakistans irrigated lands are
waterlogged 14 percent saline Only 45 percent of cultivable land is under cultivation at a
given time Salt accumulation in the Indus basin Saline water intrusion into mined aquifers
17. 17. 2. Inefficiency of agricultureresearch institutes in Pakistan
18. 18. General factorsOvercrowding in agriculture 65% of population depends on Agriculture
Area of cultivated land per cultivator declined Small size of holding, modern techniques
could not be applied.
19. 19. ContSocio-economic factors farmers conservative outlook Illiterate Superstitions
Reluctant to adopt modern technology.
20. 20. ContNatural factors Agriculture is the gamble of rain Timely rain If no rain, Pests
attack
21. 21. ContLack of adequate finance ZTBL, Cooperative banks loan facilities are not
adequate Hence farmers depend on alternate sources.
22. 22. Institutional factorsDefective pattern of land tenure Zamindari System led to miseries
to tenets Landlords charge high rents. Tenants are not independent to improve
productivity
23. 23. ContTechnological factors High ratio of labour to land Under utilization of
cultivable land Lack of mechanization Inadequate supply of inputs Inadequate agriculture
research Poor extension service Lack of infrastructure facilities Problem of land reforms
24. 24. REASONS OF LOW YIELD Poor moisture conservation practices. Differences in soil
quality, even with in one embanked field. Non-availability of suitable certified seed with
higher germination percentage. Un-scientific methods of sowing instead of improved
methods. Lack of fertilizer application. Un-awareness about insect/pest control.
25. 25. Major Agricultural Issues Scarcity of moisture/rainfall. High temperature. Soil erosion.
Salinity, alkalinity and water logging. Low soil fertility. Poor quality of under-ground water.
Low yielding crop varieties and range management.
26. 26. How to achieve high yield of Wheat Crop by using scientific method. A Case Study
27. 27. 1. Hybrid (High yield) Seeds2. Planting wheat from October 15 to November increased
the yield 50 % over early planting of October.3. Use of mold/disc plough appeared best for
weed control, water conservation and increased the yield of wheat 53 % over traditional
cultivator.4. Drill sowing of wheat increased the yield 50 % over broad- cast.5. The Quality
(bold) seed of wheat increased the yield (33 %) over poor shrinkle seed.
28. 28. 6. Seeding rate in wheat 100 kg ha-1 increased the yield 18 % over 70 kg ha-1.7.
Fertilizer rate of 50-25 kg NP ha-1 was found optimum for maximum grain yield of wheat.8.
Weedicide Buctril-M @ 1 lit ha-1 showed the best broad- leaf weeds control in wheat crop
which increased the yield 28% over control.
29. 29. 9. Recommended package of practices resulted in increased seed yield of wheat (25 %)
over traditional practices.10. Application of 60 kg ha-1 nitrogen when applied in the form of
basal and after 30 days increased the seed yield up to 22.58 % over whole application as
a basal dose.11. Effect of different fertilizer application methods revealed that side bending
application of 60:40:0 (NPK) increased the seed yield up to (21.52 %) of wheat.
30. 30. Responsibilities of State
31. 31. Cont. To provide modern agricultural machinery at subsidized rates To provide
fertilizers at cheaper rates To educate the illiterate farmers To increase the efficiency of
agricultural research institutes
32. 32. Mechanization of Agriculture to increase crop yield Chemical Technology Plant
Protection Measures Hybrid seeds Fertilizers Hydrological Technology Tube wells
Drip Irrigation system Embankment of water channels. (NPIW- national program for
improvement of watercourses) Mechanical Technology Tractor Thrashers Bulldozers.
33. 33. Standard method to achieve better yield Preparation of bed Selection of proper seeds
Sowing methods Watering as per requirements Use of proper fertilizers Use of
recommended pesticides Harvest at the prescribed time Research and development Use
of modern agricultural machinery
34. 34. Green Revolution 1960s- covering three consecutive five year plans New high yielding
varieties of wheat and rice Agricultural growth rate reached 6 percent per annum in the
period of third five year plan (1965-1970) Per acre production increased
35. 35. Cont Wheat and rice production doubled between 1960-1969 West Pakistan
became self-sufficient in food grains Catered to requirements of East Pakistan Started
exporting rice
36. 36. Green Revolution not Sustained Farm practices remained largely unchanged Flood
irrigation methods remained unchanged Poor marketing Low storage capacities for
agricultural produce Agro-based industries not developed Credits and subsides benefited
big farmers and agricultural land ownersSource: Munich Personal RePEc Archive, Why The
Green Revolution WasShort Run Phenomena In the Development Process Of Pakistan:
ALesson For Future, 2004, http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9520
37. 37. Cont.Ways to increase agricultural production and productivity Miracle seeds
Fertilizers Water supply Plant protection Mechanization Agriculture credit
38. 38. Recommendations Management of existing natural resources in such a way to uplift the
livelihood of farmer Identification of problems of the arid areas & under taking research for
their solution.
39. 39. Cont Development of more production technologies and cropping systems for dry land
agriculture. Demonstration and dissemination of developed technologies to the end
users/farmers.
40. 40. Cont Corporate Farming Liquid Fertilizers Laser Machines Hybrid (High Value
Yield) Seeds Proper Land Utilization Harvesting Machines Land per farmer Agriculture
Credit