Set Theory

CPT Section D Quantitative

Aptitude Chapter 7
Brijeshwar Prasad Gupta
Learning Objectives

Number system

Set Theory

Set operations

Product of Sets

MCQ
Number system
Natural numbers:- N

N = {1,2,3..}

0 N, -3 N, N,2 N

Whole numbers:- W

W = {0,1,2,3.}
Number system
Integers:- I or Z
I = {----- -3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3..}

Positive integers:- I+
I+ = {1,2,3}

Negative integers:- I-
I- = {-1,-2,-3}

Remark:- 0 I+, 0 I- but 0 I

Number system

Prime numbers :- P
P = {x:x is divisible by either one or
itself not by any other number
except 1}
or
P = {2,3,5,7,11,13,17.}
Number system

Rational numbers:- Q
Q = {x:x can be expressed in the form

of P/q, where p & q I but q 0, p & q
are prime to each other}
Irrational numbers:- Q
Q = {x:x can not be expressed in the
form of P/q}
Number system

Real numbers :- R
R = A set of all rational and all
irrational numbers are real
numbers
i.e.
R = Q U Q
Set Theory

A Collection of Well defined

objects
A set of vowels of English alphabet
A set of even numbers less than
100
A set of multiple of 5
Set Theory

A set of vowels of English alphabet

A = {a,e,i,o,u}
Set Theory

A set of even numbers less than 100

B = {2,4,698}
 Set Theory

A set of multiple of 5
C = {5,10,15..}
 Set Theory

Representation of sets :- A,B,C

And members are placed only in { }

Methods of describing a set

Tabular (Roster, Enumeration ) Method
Selector ( Builder , Rule ) Method
Venn Diagram
 Set Theory

A = { a, e, i, o, u}
Tabular B = {2,4,6,898}
method C = {5,10,15}
Set Theory
Set Theory
Venn Diagram :- Diagrammatical
representation by closed polygon
usually by Circle & Rectangle
Types of sets
Finite & infinite set

Singleton set

Null or void set

Equal set

Equivalent set
Types of Sets
Joint & disjoint set

Sub set

Family of sets

Power set

Universal set

Cardinal number
Finite set

A set whose elements are countable

A = {p, q, r, s}
B = {1,3,5,7..1000}

C = {x:x = 5n where n N}
Infinite set

A set whose elements

are uncountable.
A = {2,4,6,8..}
B = {x:x is n odd number}
n
C = {x:x = 2 where n R}
Singleton set

A set in which there is only single

element.

A = {p}
B = {x:x is a perfect square where 20<x <30}
C = {x:x is neither positive nor negative}
D= {x:x is an even prime number }
Null or void set
Equal set

Two sets are said to be equal if

they have same elements
A = {a, e, i, o, u}
B = {a, i, u, o, e}
C = {a, e, e, e, i, i, o, u}
A=B=C
Contd.
Equal set:Continued

P = {x:x is a letter of word march}

Q = {x:x is a letter of word charm}

P=Q

Remark:- Repetation and arrangement of element

does not effect equality of sets.
Equivalent set

Two sets are said to be equivalent if

they have same number of elements

A = {a, e, i, o, u}
B = {1,3,5,7,9,}
AB
Joint set

If two sets have

some common
elements than they
are joint sets
A = {a, e, i, o, u}
B = { a, b, c, d, e, f}
i.e. A B
Disjoint Set

Two sets are

disjoint if they
have no common
element
A = { a, e, i, o, u}
B = { p, q, r, s}
i.e. A B =
Cardinal number

Representation of number of elements

in a given set. It is represented by n (A)
A = {a, e, i, o, u}
n (A) = 5
Sub Set
Sub Set: Remarks
 Sub set: Remarks

6. All possible sub sets of a given set

contains n elements are 2n.

Number of elements Number of sub sets

1. 21 = 2
2. 22 = 4
3. 23 = 8 etc.
Sub Set
A = {a, b, c}

Total subsets are 8

{a},{b},{c},{a, b},{b, c},{c, a},{a, b, c},

Family of Sets

A set of sets is family of set

A = {{a, b}, {2,4,6}, {p, q, r, s}}
Power set

A family of set contains all

possible subsets of a given
set
A = {1,3,5}
P(A) =
{{1},{3},{5},{1,3},{3,5},{5,1},{1,3,5} ,}
Universal set

A set contains all the elements of

concerning sets. It is represented by
either U or E
A = {2,4,6,8}
B = {1,3,5,7,9}
C = {5,10,15,20}
E = {1,2,3,..20}
Set Operations
Union operation

Intersection operation

Compliment operation

Difference of sets

Symmetric difference

Product of sets
Union Operation

Union of two sets is represented by A U B, and

is consist of all the elements of A or B or Both

(Tabular method)
A = {a, e, i, o, u}
B = {a, b, c, d, e, f}
A U B = {a, b, c, d, e, f, i, o, u}
Union operation
(Selector method)
A = {x:x is an even number}

B = {x:x is an odd number}

A U B = {x:x is a natural number}

P = {x:x is multiple of 5100}

Q = {x:x is multiple of 4100}

P U Q = {x:x N where x is divisible by 4 or 5}

i.e. x A U B than x A, or x B
contd........
Venn Diagram: Union operation
Properties of Union operation

AUE=E

If A B than A U B = B

Idempotent law
AUA=A
Properties of Union operation
Commutative law
AUB=BUA

Associative law
A U (B U C) = (A U B) U C

Identity law
AU=A
contd.
Tabular method
A = {a,e,i,o,u}

B = {a,b,c,d,e,f}

C = {p,q,r,s}

A B = {a,e}

AC=
Intersection operation

Intersection of two sets is represented

by A B and its common elements of
A & B.
i.e. any element of A B is an element of A & B
both
Selector Method

A = {x:x, x is divisible by 4}

B = {x:x, x is divisible by 5}

A B = {x:x, x is divisible by 20}

Venn diagram:Intersection
Properties of Intersection

Commutative law
AB=BA

Associative law
A (B C) = (A B) C

Identity law
AE=A
Properties of Intersection

Zero prop.
A =

Idempotent law
AA=A

If A B than A B = A

(A B) A and (A B) B
Common Property of Union and
Intersection

Distributive law
A U (B C) = (A U B) (A U C)
A (B U C) = (A B) U (A C)
Compliment operation

Remark :- To find compliment

knowledge of universal set is
compulsary
Compliment of a set is represented by A or
AC
or A or ~A or U-A.
And is consist of elements which are not in A
Tabular method
A = {2,4,6,8}

E = {1,2,3..10}

A = {1,3,5,7,9,10}
(Selector method)

X A => X A
Venn diagram: Complement
Operation
 Properties of compliment

A A =

A U A = E

E = and = E

(A) = A
 Properties of compliment

A B ,=> B A

DE-MORGANS LAW
(A U B) = A B
(A B) = A U B
 Difference of sets
Difference of two sets is represented by either A B or A~ B and is consist of
all the elements of A which are Not in B

(Tabular method)

A = {a,e,i,o,u}

B = {a,b,c,d,e,f}

A B = {i,o,u}

B A = {b,c,d,f}
Difference of sets
Selector method Venn Diagram
Properties of difference of sets

A-B A and B-A B

A-B, A B and B-A are mutually disjoint sets

DE-MORGANS LAW
A-(B U C) = (A-B) (A-C)
A-(B C) = (A-B) U (A-C)
Symmetric difference
It is Represented by A B and is consist of
union of A-B and B-A

i.e. A B = (A-B) U (B-A)

A = {a,e,i,o,u}
B = {a,b,c,d,e,f}
A B = {i,o,u}
B A = {b,c,d,f}
A B = {b,c,d,f,i,o,u}
Ordered pair

A pair of two elements where first

element belongs to first set and
second element belongs to
second set and is represented by
(a, b) where a A and b B.
Remark :- (a,b) (b,a)
Cartesian product set

If A and B are any two set than the set of

all ordered pair whose first member
belongs to set A and Second member
belongs to set B is called the Cartesian
product of A and B in that order is
denoted by A X B and read as A Cross B
Cartesian product set

A = {a,b,c}

B = {p,q}

A X B = {(a,p),(a,q),(b,p),(b,q),(c,p),(c,q)}

B X A = {(p,a),(p,b),(p,c),(q,a),(q,b),(q,c)}

AXBBXA
Partition of set

Under partition of set a

universal set say U is
subdivided into sub sets
which are disjoint but
make into a union U, we
can say
 Number of elements in a finite set

In case of disjoint sets

n(AUB) = n(A) + n(B)

In case of joint set

n(AUB) = n(A) + n(B) n(A B)
(AUBUC) = n(A) + n(B)+n(C)
n(A B) n(B C) n(A C) + n(A B C)
contd..
.
MCQs
MCQ.1
1. In a group of 20 children, 8 drink tea but not coffee and 13 like tea. The
number of children drinking coffee but not tea is

(a) 6

(b) 7

(c) 1

(d) none of these

Answer:(B)
 MCQ.2

2.If A has 32 elements, B has 42

elements and A B has 62
elements, the number of elements in
A B is
(a) 12
(b) 74
(c) 10 Answer: A

(d) none of these

MCQ.3

3. Given A = {2, 3}, B = {4, 5},

C = {5, 6} then A (B C) is
(a) {(2, 5), (3, 5)}
(b) {(5, 2), (5, 3)}
(c) {(2, 3), (5, 5)} Answer:A

(d) none of these

MCQ.4

4.In a class of 60 students, 40

students like Maths, 36 like Science,
and 24 like both the subjects. Find
the number of students who like
(i) Maths only.
(ii) Science only
(iii) either Maths or Science
(iv) neither Maths nor Science.
Solution

Let M = students who like Maths and S =

students who like Science Then n( M) = 40,
n(S) = 36 and n (M S ) = 24
Hence, (i) n(M) n(M S) = 40 24 = 16 = number of
students like Maths only.
(ii) n( S ) n(M S) = 36 24 = 12 = number of students
like Science only.
(iii) n(M S) = n(M) + n(S) n(M S) = 40 + 36 24 =
52 = number of students who like either Maths or Science.
( iv) n(M S)c = 60 n(M S ) = 60 52 = 8 = number
of students who like neither Maths nor Science.
MCQ.5
5. A A is equal to

(a)

(b) A

(c) E

(d) none of these

Answer:(B)
MCQ.6

A A is equal to
(a)
(b) A,
Answer: A
(c) E,
(d) none of these
MCQ.7

A U A is equal to
(a)
(b) A,
(c) E, Answer:C

(d) none of these

MCQ.8

(A B)' is equal to
(a) (A B)'
(b) A B' Answer:C

(c) A' B'

(d) none of these
MCQ.9
A E is equal to

(a) A

(b) E

(c)

(d) none of these

Answer:(A)
MCQ.10

If E = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, the subset of E satisfying 5 + x > 10 is

(a) {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

(b) {6, 7, 8, 9}

(c) {7, 8, 9},

(d) none of these

Answer:B
MCQ.11

11. Out 2000 staff 48% preferred coffee

54% tea and 64% cocoa. Of the total 28%
used coffee and tea 32% tea and cocoa and
30% coffee and cocoa. Only 6% did none of
these. Find the number having all the three.
(A) 360
(B) 280
(C) 160
(D) None Answer:(A)
Thank you