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Ul/ Intermediate

, Min Jin-young, Ahn Jean-myung

* Many grammar points and expressions appearing on the TOPIK


Intermediate Levels 3 and 4!
* Detailed explanations of grammar points and practice exercises for easy
self-study of Korean!
* Comparisons of grammar points with similar meanings and forms to
highlight their differences!
* Grammar patterns and practice exercises specifically designed for
preparation for the TOPIK Intermediate Level!

ir]DARAKWON
Preface . ........ . ... 4 q~ J.}1f~ ~ 0 ]1-J- ~~ ~%W ITll
..... 6
Citing the Speech or Writing of Others
How to Use This Book .
01 -Cfll <M>? ........... .. ' .. 94
02 -Cf.:il ofl::!cil .. 98
03 - Cfi21.A.iR? ..........103
'f-~3!1- ~PJ~ 1-J-El-~ ITll
Expressing Conjecture and Supposition 04 -CfLIR? .......... ""'" '107

01 -O f/Oi !i!.OICf 14
02 -(O)L/E 2.~01Cf ... .......... 17
~{:}3!} ~~ 1-J-El-~ ITll
03 -(0)2 'M)cu . ... ... ... . 21 Expressing Resolution and Intent
04 -( 0 )2 EiiLIJJf .. 25 01 -(0)277f ofc.f . .. . .. .. .. .. .. ... 114
OS -(o)2~R .. . .. 29 117
06 -(2.)L /~/( 0)2 ~~CI{~~tq) .. 34 03 -(2.)2.:j\::! ~to ICf .................... 120
01 -(o)2::X::I ~q .37 04 -(2.)2 f3 -(0)2 f3 ' 124
OS -Of/OiO~::X:: IR 127

qj~~ 1-J-El-~ ITll


Expressing Contrast
{'-~3!} ~ <{! ~ 1-J-El-~ ITll
01 -71~ of::X::I~. -71~ -::x:: l~ 42 Giving Recommendations and Advice
02 - (O)L/E ~121011 . 46 01 - (0)2 ~o fCf...... .. 132
03 -(O)L/ECil .. . . . . . . . 49 02 -~ ofCf . ... .. .. . .. 136
03 -::X::I.:J.cHR? . . .. . . . .. ... .. .. 139

J.i~~~l~ lft~~l ~PJ~ 1-J-El-~ ITll


Narrative and Informal Forms E:~.'pressing Recollection

01 .A.i-~~11 ''' '' . . ..... ' ......... .54 01 -\::! .. ' ' ...... 144
02 ~~~11 . .. . ....... .. ..... ............ 58 02 -C::j2.fll<i=? ' .. .. ........................ 148
ru -1::!~~ .............. 1~

o]%~ 1-J-Et~ ITlJ nJ% ~ 1-J-El-~ ITll


Expressin~ Reasons Passive Expressions
01 -7~ !::R ... .. .. .. .. ..... .. .......... .. 66 01 80i n1~ (- OI/ol/2.1/71-) .... .. ...... 158
02 -fJOfR .. ,. .. .. .. .. 70 02 - Of/Oi::X::ICf 162
03 - !:o.2.f.:il .. .. .. .. ' ''" .. ' ..... 73 03 -711 1Cf 165
04 ~ tlf'2:f011 ' .. . ........ ' .. 77
OS -(O)L/~ ~011 .. .. 81
06 - .:il f>H.A.i . . ''' ''' 85
J.]% ~ 1-J-El-~ ITll
Causative E'Xpressions
07 -(2.)27Jf ~ ............... . 88
01 80i .A.~ (-O I/ oi/ 2.1/ 71/Sf./?-) .170
02 - 711 ofCf . .175
~7.:1 ~ ti-El-~ n:Jl ~{l:i!} ~~ ti-El-~ n:Jl
Expressing Conditions Expressing Discoveries and Results
01 -O f/OiOt .......... 182 01 -.::il !i:!Li ........ .. . 258
02 -7~ .. 186 02 -q !i:!LI 261
03 - q !;:!'2J 265
04 -CiLI .. ...... 268
{=-7~ ti-El-~ n:Jl
Expressing Additional Information OS -9)j<1! c-JLI . ......... ...... ..... 273
06 - Cf7fE ... ' ................. 278
01 --{) 2 ~'2! o fLI2.f ..... ... .. .. ... . 192
07 -{ 0 )L /E {!JO ief ........ , ........... 283
02 -{.2)L/E CiiCf7f ..... . .. .. . 196
03 ~j:~ -- ..... ... .... . . .... 200

04 '2! 5H ....... .. . ..... ... . ....... . .. ..... 203 AJ-Elj ~ t.fE}-~ n:Jl
Expressing Situational States of Being
01 -0 f/Oi ~q . 288
:g ~ ti-El-~ n:Jl
Expressing Mid-Action 02 -O f/ Oi .!f.Cf ... 291
03 -{ 0 )L 5:H 294
01 ~ ~ 01i 208
02 -Cflf .. 04 -{ 0 )L/~ CH . ... ' ., ... 298
211

. . 78 ~ ti-El-~ n:Jl AcP~:i!l- 4fAJ ~ ti-El-~ n:Jl


W' Expressing Degree Expressing Attributes and Characteristics
01 -{ 0 )L k ~ Oi Cf . ......... 304
01 --{0)2 ~5:. .... . 216
02 A~Cf ..... ... 308
02 '2!'5fCf .. . ..................... 218
03 -{) L /~/()2 '2ls . .......... 221
03 gq ... ' .............. '' . ' . 31 1

1!l2lj ~ ti-El-~ n:Jl 7J-~~ ti-El-~ n:Jl


Expressing Choice
Expressing Emphasis

01 OfEf+{OI)Lf I Of.!pt ......... ....... 226 01 ~OfLf -{O) L/~:A i 2....Cf .... .... 316

02 {OI)Lf . .. .. .... ......... 229


02 --{0)2 ~~01i 'il:ief . 320

03 (01)2.f .. . ..... .......................... .. 232 03 -( 0 )2 ~OiCf ... 322


04 (OI)Ot't ....... 325
04 :=:xi :=:xi .. 236
05 -{ 0 ) L/~ CH~01i ..... 239

~~ ~ ti-El-~ n:Jl
6A ;,]:{1-a]t.f ~;t}~ ~ '8 ~ ti-E}-~ n:Jl Expressing Aims and Intentions

W' Expressing Time and Sequential Behavior 01 -7ii ... , .. .. .... ... 330
02 -~ .. . . ' .. ' ...... 333
01 '2!01i ....... ..... ... ......... . . 244
02 -Of/Oi 7f:Ai.::il ....... ..... ... .. ... . . . 247
03 - Of/ OiCf7 f .......... 250
04 -.::il.A.i ............ .................. ..... 253
~.li~ 1-fE}~ 1IJl
Expressing C ompletion
01 _c~.u~q7f ..... .......................... . . 338
02 _cW~'Cl ....... . . 342
03 - Of/01 t:tj2.jq .... . 347
04 - .:il ~q ... 350

%~ g ~ 1-fE}~ 1IJl
Expressing Futility
01 -(.2.)Lf DfLf .. .. -- .... -- 356
02 - 0 f/ 01 ~;q .. ... . .. ... . .. .. ... .. .. .360

. . 7}78 J.J-~ 1-fE}~ 1IJl


U' Expressing Hypothetical Situations
01 -(L} L Cf~ ... ----- . . 366
02 -~/~Ci2.f~ ..... -- .. - . 370
. 373

~~ ~ 1-fE}~ 1IJl
Expressing Regret
01 -( 0)2~ =z.~q - .. -.. ............ 378
02 -W~010 ~ ~ ~ e-ll - ...................... 382

-:; ~j!} Ell ~ 1-fE}~ 1IJl


Expressing Habits and Attitudes
01 ~ -ofq .................. .. - .. 388
02 -71-E:-. . ....... .. . -. .. .. 392
.. 395

Appendix
Answer Key -- ------ ........ .. -400
tH~-t 'L~<>t -intJl.? . -- -412
Grammar Index ...... .. ..... 431
~
[ 01 )
7f o}-=r. -1, ~"o ] ~~<511 .!i!..o:JA.
lf -::_ ~ 'V_ o-J _g_?
Mark, you look tired. Did something happen?

Lf o-J;;z1] ~;z,l] -o}l-2.}.:12. {[~


I wasn't able to sleep yesterday because I was trying to
* 2):7-1 :::Jl.

get my homework done.

Akira, I changed my hairstyle. How does it look?

You look much younger now that you've changed your hairstyle.

Ol IE~~ ?i)Q. ~ ITH Oi't! Af'M2.1 i:J~OILf .gEH ~~ ~?:!O I Lf ~2.1 .gEHOU CHfiH L7~7'17~Lf ?::';1~ -3:!~
.R.~~ ITH Afgg)"LICf.
This expression is used to indicate one's conjecture or feelings based on the outward appearance of a
person, thing, or event.

_:_: -Of/?i !i!Oi:E ::"T w= :==:====: : ::== :=


-QCf ~f() f !i!~Cf
'2-~ 0i !i!~Cf
.... ... - --- -----
A

-QOf !i!~ -3;!01Cf


'2-iJOi !i!~ -3;!01Cf
-------~----------~- ------ -- ---- -----------............... - - -------------- -- --- -~ ---- --- ------ --- ----- ---------------------------

7f wo }Bj ::z.J. 7-.:J t1}::Z.1 <1].2..1J.t:J1il... Grandpa, you're wearing blue jeans.
Lf .78!:1};<,1~ '"?J.2..Y7.71 G1 ~ e>-1 ~ol::Z.l? Don't I look younger now that I'm wearing blue jeans?

7f o1 g -6.1 ~ ~J-o1 uR%J ~01 ::= t=Jl .:@.~~Olil..? This food looks really spicy. Is that okay?
Lf 0 lA
11 uB-&- g .6.1011 Q.j~i>R;z,:jl-1 .:@.~J.o}..fl... I'm used to spicy food by now, so I'll be fine.

14 Korean Grammar ,;b 'lis~ Intermediate


7f <{) ~ ,,]~:11 lf .::_ '?l <j o-j.B..? Did something happen to Yeongjin?
Lf .2Jl.B_? Why?
7f S:.J.-j~ 'i[oj]J.-j ~--:-= -ci] ?J-o] Jf-%'31J.!i!-~o-jA_
I saw him in front of the library, and he looked really sad.

1 Ol 1!.~2 ~-.A.f6fjl'2! M~LI Cf. ITf2.f.A.i -.A.f7f 'ifOll .2.\::! ~iC:) .g:go1~Li ef.
This expression is only used with adjectives, so combining it with verbs results in grammatically incorrect
sentences .

ot-712.} -]7]- "t.RW~ ~-5TI .!rl.o:]ii.. (x)


~ o\-7]2.} -]7]- "t.RW ~ ~-&-H::- ~ ~o}.fi.. ( o)

: ~ofCf'7f ~A.fOIE@. '-Of/01 .!i:i.OI Cf'~ ~12'! ~~Lief.


~ofCf is a verb and thus cannot be combined with -Of/Oi .!i:i.OICf.

2 '-7i].!i!.OICf' .A.f-171~ ~Lief.


-711 .!i:i.OICf is an alternate form of this expression having the same meaning .

:J. J. ~ 'i).Q.y~J- \tJt!-5TI .!rl.o:jii._


= :1. J. ~ 'i).Q.y~]- 'i:[-t\<5]-1]] .!rl.o:j.R,

1 7f ~~ -]7} ... ~ ~~'8ll.!i!. 0 l~Ell ~ (': ~ 9)o-]...?


.!!2.i~~ 11[q
Lf o:j{J ~Oil \:[7-} {l.::r-~EJ]J.l Tic]~.A ~ ~~'Cf].fL_ to receive a marriage proposal

~~'6fef to be hospitalized

!Jj~ ~Oil 'ctAt ~.:r~Eii.A.i g2.-j~~ ~q

OiDiLI7f ~i':JOll ~i':lof.A.Iq

2 7f 7}l:lJo].!f-7-J-?-~ .!i!_o]~Ell ~ o-] :=.1@77}...?


Lf .!i!.7].!i!.q 7}l:J:j~y77} {!l_~o}....

7 f~OI !f.f:Jq I ~OJ E.2.lq 7ft:Ji~LI77t f:!!-t'ict


AI.S:.Oii.A.ie 7f'8'Lf 1 ~omq 0-jLIJJf t:Ji~~ Efe 7il ~~ q
~O I ~q I% .s:.2.f E.2.lc.f ~A I ?;t.2.LI77f 5:t-'?AI 'C~Of.S:. 1q
.
~.
~

7f
(1) q <5rc-~ \fl:lJo1 ~Z}~ \fl:lJ.!il..q G1 HRd.tiH .5!.01.2..
<5rc-~ \fl:lJ~ J-1-J-11..11.

7f ~~1op:Jd -1~ l:lJo1 D]-3. -1l:lJ_!tl_q ~71-..ll?


(2) Lf 01-L.J011..1l, ~1op:Jd -1~ l:lJo1 77HxilHJ-i u]-3. -1~
l:lJ_!tl_q Gj - -- - - --

7f op- *o1 ci L.j-o]-Jl?


(3) Lf 77]-Jt}~ ~ Tij ~ ~ <i:J_2_ L.j 771- Gj - - -- - - - -
771-Jtl-~ ~Tij A~ <i:J_2_J-i1Jl.

7f 0r7'1c.f -1~ 7-1-%:7.1-71- ?cJw %1:J1Jl.


(4)
Lf 0r7'1c.f -1::: ~0 1 _ _ _ _ ___

7f o1 .7-l LQ.. 7\-1ol-


''- 0 2 - - - - - -- -
(5)

7f ,<:.~1 -1 71- 71~01 _______


(6)
Lf
'*
1:]1,
,<:_ ~ 01 'V.L.J- .!i!\-..11.
AJ~~ ~~ti1Jl.

16 Korean Grammar l,b 'lise, Intermediate


7~ q~1 1d -17} _2_~ ~JiLoJ1 ~ ~1.:l1Ji...
Wei Ming didn't come to school today.

q o-]7.11 %0 1 ~ ~q.Jl ~~ci1 W0 1 }~


.5!.oJ=o loJlJl.
Yesterday she said she didn't feel well. It looks like she's really
sick.

There goes Akira!

q ~~~~ ~ ,<:. ~ ~J--17!} ~oJ1 7re .5!.0J=0 loflJl.


Judging from the hiking clothes he's wearing, it looks like he's
heading to the mountains.

'2<y'~ ~f:JAHq 2~ :; .::!:51-E ~. Ol R~Oli.A.i::: .gEH ~f\:'1:; .Q.jol~q.:il ~ =? <ll~Liq. [[r2.r.A.i Ol R~


~ ~;~;H.s?.l Oilt! .g~o 1q -9-~ .g!J, ~?17 1 ~ !2.7-jq ~.:il q.A.-j Oilt! ~0 1 ~Oiq.:il 'U71Lf 011t! .gEH ~ 3:!0I2.r
.:il ~~ . '7'~~ rrH Alru-Liq. Oilt! 3:!:; !2..:il ~~51-E 3:!01~ '-( 0 }L/::: 2~o 1q ~Oll '7'~2.1 2717r
1::: R~<z.) '-( 0 }L /::: ~ !2.LI77r' ~ .A.I-5!-E ~~7 r I'i'~Liq.
Meaning "shape" or "appearance", ~ is used here to express a particular condition or state. This
expression is thus used when attempting to infer or guess the circumstances of a particular situation after
directly seeing it or hearing about it. It is often used together with -(.2.)L/E ~ .5:!.LI77f, which comes earlier in
the sentence and expresses the basis for making the inference or guess.

-(.Q)L/::: ~01q
....... ! ~;~
~q ~~@

IIIE~t!

I ~'"
....... ................ ............. .... - ........ - ................ .
.,..._
~0

A -( O)L

__j :~~ ~~)~~=--~:!_;_:::=mm : :


{!
- (O)L
CH
--, .Q.
,_
.. .............

v
...

0]2./l -(0)2
------ +-----+- ______________:_____ ~C!:________L______ ~~-----------;
~ f2! 2.I.A~o Iq 2.I.A~~ f2!
:i!t7-j
Ol~rc! 2t~OICf 2t{!J O I~rc!
NOICf ..................... .. ....... - .......... .. -
.Q.j.A~OICf 2.].A~~
~i\H
2t~OICf ~{!j~

I heard that Soyeong quit working for the company.

q 1.:J1, ~J-} ~ 0 1 7<j~ ~~ ~~ .!2.0J'0 loflA.


Yeah, apparently the job was really difficult for her.

Has Jena not woken up yet?

q t1JoJ1~~ DVD7} ~~ ~ .!i!.Yll} W~;zJ]ll}:Al ~~ ~ .!2.0J'0 loflA.


Seeing that there are some DVDs in her room, I reckon she watched movies until late at night.

Do you know what Juyeong is doing during vacation?

Judging from the fact that she reserved a plane ticket, I'm guessing that she's going to her hometown.

r
1 Ol It.~~ '7'~2.1 27-17~ 1::::: .g~ .5:!.7-jq ~7-jq ~ 3:!~ 1::1 ~~ 5H.Ai .AI-<5~7 1 rrH-EE-011. ~1-E
.A~i@:tOI ~~ ~~~ ~011 CH5H.Ai::: .AI-<5~/.:I fi~LICf.
Because this expression is used to express the speaker's inference or guess based upon having seen or
heard about the situation being discussed, it cannot be used to describe something the speaker did himself/
herself.

AH~A~.zl6J~oj]Ai gjoj ~~t:i] %6jo] :@.Bt.g...oJ=o]oj].f!.. (x)


- Aij~ A~.zl6J~oJ]Ji gjoj ~~t:i] g6jo] {!1-Qf.g. ~ .:Q-o}.f!.. (o)

18 Korean Grammar n1 C!l.s~ Intermediate


2 .::;<:~2.1 27m ~tt~OIJ:I ~~ rrH. ~ Q.i~5~7il .:1'7-11~zro~7iq ?TI~<2.! ~~~ rrH.s=. .A.~~-'?
~~Liq.
This expression cannot be used when the basis for the inference is not an objective fact, that is, when the
speaker is simply describing something he or she only thinks, or subjectively believes, to be the case.

41 -"~ztoJ1 ;<~71 \'J0 r <V.:::: o:j.AJ-.i::. *--~ ~'6J-.i::. . 0Jo1oJl..ll. (x)


- 41 -"~ztoJ1 .7.171 \'J0 r <V.:::: o:j.AJ-.i::. *-- ~ ~~ 5! ~oJ-Jl. (o)
: 12{~~ !:::.~2.1 ~~~'2.! ~OlE! '-(.2.)L/E YOICf'~ .A.I-ofJ::I '('Jjl '2.t~of~.A.i ~~~'2.! ?~~

LfEfLHE '- (.2.)2 -3;! ~Cf'-~ .A.I-gj"LICf.


Here, because the speaker is expressing a subjective feeling, -(.2.)L/E YOICf cannot be used.
Instead, - (.2.)2 -3;! ~q can be used to express such subjective notions.
- - - - - - - -- -- J

1 7f 0 1 ~-"---~oj] :::= .A}tgo] NJ.:l]..B...


.A.I{;i facilities

Lf .A}'i:f0 l tlf~ ~ ~L-J Al ~ 0 l :l' ~ .2.0J= 0 lOilJl. ~ ~:;VH real estate agency
LHLH throughout (a time period)

Ol ~.6~;gOli.A.fEJ'O I i'ief .A.I~O I ~Cf

~ .UI7f .!of.~~ %7HOll ~:2:~ ofjl ~q O I.A.fof~Cf

2 7f .A~~ -]7} 7]cf~ Al W.JI ~ A~ Q:j.2_cJ1..B...


q 7l cf~ A] W.JI ~A~ Q:j-2_2}::: ~ ~L-] 7!} ~::xj] - .5!.0J=0 ll.:i1Jl.

7ICf2IJ::I Wjl ~J::i Q:l2f.:il ofef ~7ii2.~Cf

cf% 2?-0ll ~Lf:Af.:il <5fef Ol't! ~Oll ~01 t\tef


2.-- of~ %~ ~ 7i 2f.:il <5fef ~IOJI.A.i BtO I TII-2-~Cf
1 '-(.2.)L/~ <llO I CF~ .A.~5H.A.i qg cH~ ~~<5~AiiR.

(1) 7~ 0}7]2.}- -]:: ~~~ :.z}? ~oiJl. (~~~ ~0}<5-}q)


q IJI::Ij~ Jl~ OJ. I;: ~ .5!.1-l IJI::Ij~ i'-Ot~rl;: .0JOIOil.2...

(2) 7~ ~ ~~ -]Qj {l ~oj] -{].go] il"o:J ~l;j]Jl. (o:j~ o:j~ ~ {1:-q)


q

(3) 7~ (5ro-ojJ 7 ~o ] w oJ 7l]oi ~~] Jl. (~o ] ..2..~q)

(4) 7~ ~?:J-oj] .A}~o] Ef~]Jl. (~:"}7} ARu]~q)

(5) 7~ Ell-2- -]Qj ~~ lt?:.:jo] <U- ~~]Jl. (o] ~oj] -6"~~ ~:~q)
q

Jl~ :.z] (5}~ oj].A-j .!2.Lj 7l}.A}~~ o] Ell~?! PC(tabletPC)~ Ef0]7}:A]Jl qt9Jl. Jl~

Ell ~?:! PC7} (1)-l}-~goJ. .2.0JOIOil.2... o}-27- l:i].Ail...f TV, <?JEjl)lo] ~ Jl ~:.z}~ ~ ~ 9
~oi.Ai 0}-? (2) . All ~T 0 }3. -] Ell ~'}! PC~ (5}1-f
{3) . Jl~ 7-ll4f Ell~?:! PC01] -cJl i>R '!0}.!2.2 ~71 ~Jl. ~ ~
~.!J!-1 o} 2l:l}o] E ~ i>R.Ai .. 3!Jl (4) . .::::Ltei1:1] oi~ Al]g ~

.A}o]: W:A] (5) . Al]i-u}q ?:J-~ 31} ~H:jo] q q 27-j ~Jl. :A-j

(5}1-f T-~"(5}Jl ~:A]Ttf o}-31~ 3!Jll:l]-}Jl. .::::Lt!Jj.A-j 7}Zjo]l.}laj~ rrjj7l}:A] ~ Gj 7]qajo]:


~oiJl.

20 Korean Grammar in 'llie Intermediate


7~ l:l}~o] -po] .!f-l=]]Jl.
It's really windy.

q 1:1}~ 01~~ ~~ "'illt:ll ~<)}Jj] <ilJJ. 7}i::- Jll


~~o-]Jl.
If it's windy, it should be cold, so it's good to wear warm clothes
when going out.

Did Wei Ming say she would come to the alumni meeting today?

q ..S~o-]Jl. ~-i 3':.qp~;Jg ~~g "'illt:ll ~~o ]


~l=]] Jl.
I'm not sure. She should have received the invitation, but I
haven't heard from her yet.

Ol R~::: '7'~01 q .Q.j.AI ~ qE~LH::: '-{ 0 )2 EiO ief'OU~~o1q ~.Q.j l:lH~~ qE~LH::: '-( 0 ) L /:::Ci!'7 ~ ~~~
~~Li ef. :c!Wo~Jil ~~<W~ '-( )Lf:::ci l'2.l '7'~ ~:= DI2H~ R~~ rrHA~oi-E ~O ic~.JJ. ~ ~~ Lief.
0 *
-t.!~~ou ::: Oi't! AI{JOiq ~~I cH~ ~~ '7'~ 0 IL~ D I 2.H~ qE~LH::: ~01 2..Jl ~~~ou ::: -t.!~~i!t ~~1
Jiq tt)"CH7 ~ 1::: ~01 ~LICf.
This expression is a combination of -(.)2 EiOICf, which expresses a particular future situation or intention to
do something, and -(.)L/-l::C11, which expresses t he background situation or state of affairs related to what is
to follow in the sentence. As such, it is used to express an expected or intended future state of affairs. In the
first clause of the sentence, a strong intention or expectation about a future event or situation is given, and
in the second clause (following -(.)2 'E!)c11), a statement either related or contrary to t he first clause is given.

-(.Q.) 2 ~ Cil

j]Pi
9:i ~~ ~[fl
A/V .... ............. .. - ---------------------
Qef ~~ ~Cil
~;~;H -( 0 )2 ~Cil
. 9:i ~ ~~
9:ief
-----'--~-~-E-.i)-Ci-1--T--~~~O~C~-----,- - - - !j!:;q~~-~~~------
j]_Pi
Ol~~ ~Cil ~{!JO i ef ~{!JOI~ ~ ~Cil
NOief ... ... ... .... .... -- ------- ---- ........ ... ..........-- ... ... .... ....... ........ -- -- - ------- .. .
!j!.A~O I Cf !j!.A~~ ~Cil
7; ;.1 ~~--~ ~ i>H;,~ -e-~o1011Jl.
I'm in big trouble because I haven't studied for the exam.

4 7--JR . .A1~ g * .!:2_~ ~if-g * W lillt:J1 :z:1.AcJo1011Jl.


Me too. If we don't do well on the test, we won't advance (to the next level/grade), so I'm worried.

I'm expecting a delivery this evening, so please make sure that you receive it.

Lf 7--jS:. 7--j ~ 011 ~ ~ 011 ~ ~ Jillt:J1 o-J 1!J -6}7-1Jl?


But I also don't expect to be home this evening, so what should we do?

7~ o-j:A~1 oJ:-2-<51.!:::.2}Jl Bf0 1 Til~~~ Jillt:J1 .2.. ~ ~ ~~ ~o-j7}J-i1Jl.


You must be exhausted after working late yesterday, so please go home early today.

It's okay. I can work late today, too.

I-
I 01 .H.~~ '-( 0 )2 l[i!c-JIR'1 ~EH ~.g i}OU A~~ * ~:::c-11 OI[H::: Wof-E A~iM1 ;;;"~o1q 7~~
.g~~ qE~LH7 1~ ~Liq.
This expression can also be used at the end of a sentence in the form -(.2.)2 'C!JCiiR. but, in this case, it can
also express the speaker's supposition or assumption about the situation being discussed.

7~ 7.-j]L(- -]oj].l]] ~o] o:J-qJ 7]-:Aj-..Jl %[77}Jl?


Shall we ask Jena to go on the trip with us?
q 7.-j]L(- -]:: Jl~ 1:1~ tl)J;j]Jl.
I think Jena is busy these days.

7~ 78-'? -]7]- Jl~ Aj~ ~l:lj '5j-.':::cj- l:lj-lllll:JlJl.


I heard Gyeongsu is busy trying to prepare for his exam.
q oj\'J.oJJ :: .Jif ~Z'l<'>Ho): %)- tl)c-j]Jl.
He really has to pass this time.

7~ EJ1%o] Q}J--j t1]-qJ7]7} .2.-!f- {'l.i:1Si01Jl.


All the flights were canceled because of the typhoon.
I
Lf EJ1%0 ] .2.:A] ?~Gjcj-li'J. 1:1]-qJ7]7} ~_i:l::z.] ~.J:~% Jillc-j]Jl. l
They wouldn't have been canceled if there hadn't been a typhoon.

__j

22 Korean Grammar u" 'lit<~ Intermediate


'-{o }L/~C~I'2~ '-{0)2 iE!!C~I'~ C~:il~ ~:: ~OliAi j:~0 17~ ~Ljq,
The differences between -{)L/-l=Cil and -{2.)2 Fti]Cil are summarized below.

-(.Q.)L C~l

~:AH ~~I CH~ I:IH~ ~~O I Lf .!f!OU L~ LHOII cH~ ~:AHLf Dl211 ~~I cH5H ~IE ).~Qj ~.H.~~~
.~~ Xii.J..I~ [[H .J..I~LI Cf. .J..I'~Lic.f.
Used to provide background information about Used to express the speaker's supposition or
the current topic under discussion or to introduce assumption about a current or future situation .
information about what follows in the next clause.

(:::<]-5-) l:l]7} ..2.~J:i] ..!f-AJ% 7}:7.].Jl 7}!-i]il... (..2.~oJD 1:1]7} % !ffi~:iJ ..!f-AJ% 7}:::<J.JI 7}!-iJil...
It's raining (now), so please take an umbrella It's supposed to rain (in the afternoon), so
with you. please take an umbrella with you.

-+ l:ll7f .2.Jl CX.PI ~goJI '-{.Q.)L/ECil'~ -+ 'i:t l:ll7f ~ ~0 1 7 1 ~gojl '-{2.)2 ~Cil'~
.J..Iof.:LI '1!eLICf. .J..Iof.:Ll '1!gLICf.
-{2.)L/-l=Cil is used because it is currently -{2.)2 Fti]Cil is used because the speaker
raining. expects it to rain later.

1
.~.
q

7~Ill ~B ~A.ICf :AlE- 7iiLI~ ofA.I~ .go1 cr.!' 2.Cf I~~ o fA.~2.f

~WOII ~~011 ~o I 7 fCf Ail~ %OI2.fA.~O I UCf I C~l7f:A f

.!fi!.:A I ~ '%J'::i!f q~ .5=!2.1 7fCf ~ .!fi!.:AI~g ~.uj ~';iq I Cf-E ~~~ S!Af

2 7f _2_~o]l .:Q- 0 1 Ell Y-""- ~ 77}Jl?


q _2_~011 ~ ~-1 7} 3Ql tl ~ '@EllA.

2.~011 ~OI EIILI.6. ~ICf 2.~011-E '!'.UI7f !.!HEJq


2.~g 7~ILigojl7fA.i ~ofCf 7iiii.g. A.ITI'E;1Cf
Of712.f Mli$ ~0 1 ~~~ S!Cf Of712.f .UI-E .Jlg,t'OII 0f~q
l1) ~J-"l-<S-J-ta 1l1l~ ~oJJ Jl. + ~cJ ~oJJ ~c-1 .2."-ilJl.
_. bl~ti.t5ttlj. 1--JI--Ji5-l 'q\'{;11lf.Cl ~JO!I ~Cl .2.1-115L

(2) l:l~ 7} .Jl~ ~oj]Jl. + o]~- E."-i]Jl .


...
(3) ~~o] E{o]% ~oj]Jl. + g~ ~ ~o}Lj- f?l:l] <5~oF <S-};z.]Jl?
...
(4) ;.}. .]7} .!i!_l:j~~ ~~~ ~oj]Jl. + ~'jLJ12.}.:il <5Jlol=3;9_01Jl.
...

2 '-( 0 )2 'Bl Eil'~ .A.~5H.A:j qg EH.~ ~~o ~Ai!R.

(1) 7~ 0 ] ~~ 0 }3. .]~El]-?a].Jl <5~~~ 01rrJlJl? (~~~~Ell 01if1c.})


q oj ~ ~ j~OJtije(j OJ~% 'q\'{;lj c.}~ ~ ~ ).~ :Jj] 01rrJlJl?

(2) 7~ ~~ ~?loJl ~01~ ~l-<5}-E;.}~o] ~Y.Jl?.!8-Q:JW~ 0 ] ~Oi;.iJl. (~01~ ~}c.})


q ~ill] .]7} o]~oj] ).i 1{o};.i ~ill] .]oj] :711 ~<5jj
.!i!_l-i]Jl.

(3) 7~ ;z.i * ~ ~Jti ~ 01 ~77}Jl? (;z.i : ~ -3fc.})


q c.}~ : ~ ~01 .!i!_l-i]Jl.

(4) 7~ 4f-:rr~o}~oj] net %:71]Jl. (~ ~ ~~c.})


q ;z.]i}~ 4f-:rr~o}~o] LJ1~ 7~ :711 ~3;9_01Jl.

(5) 7~ OJ=7J- .]7} 7:J-~~ 1)11:J1Jl. (1j;z_J ?.f~c.})


q ::!;.} ~ <S-}TtJ.;.i -t}.!f-<5}7]7} 7:J~ 1:]1~<58-Jl.

- Korean Grammar in litre Intermediate


c::;:...
( 07 }
7~ 1:1] ~~~1 ~ Jl~J~ ~<Jio]: ~<V_;z] Jl?
Doesn't bibimbap need red pepper paste to taste good?

q 1.:]1, <'>}7-JJ?l- JI~J~ W0 1~.Q_~ oH% Ell till}


~:=jS-1?} ~.Q_J.i]Jl.
Yeah, but it will be spicy if you add a lot of red pepper paste,
so only put in a little.

I wonder if Mark did well on his interview.

I'm sure he did well, so don't worry.

Ol IE~~ WI-E .A.~.Qj .t;S~~ qEfLH~ ~ '.t;S~ojq .Q.IJ:I' ~ qEfLH~ '-( 0 )2 EiOICf'Oll Ol~~ qEfLH~

'-( 0 )LI77Pf ~~ ~~Liq. 1-~~0ll ~ 4- W!-E .A.~O I ;t;ij~f]iq ~~ol-E ~O I 2D=l ~~~Oll ~ ~~lil
;t;ij~f7iq ~~ol-E Ol~~ .t;S~o f'2'!.A.i ~g)-Li ef.
This expression is a combination of -(.)2 EiOICf, which expresses the speaker's supposition or intention,
and -{.)LI77f. which expresses a reason. In a sentence w ith this construction, t he second clause contains
the speaker 's suggestion or statement of advice to the listener, while the first clause provides the speaker's
reason for giving such a suggestion or advice.

\;ilq
A/V ---------.... l ------------------------------------..--
7fq
-( o) 2 EjjLjJJf

OfOIOiq O fO I ~~ EjjLjJJf
2f~Ojq 2f~O I ~~ Ei!LilJf
NO!Cf ----------.. -- ... ......... ... - - - .... .... .
OfOI ~ Ei!LI77f
~AH I DI2.H i ~ EiiL!JJf
-------- -- -----j_ __ ______ __ ______ _ ___ ___ ______ i__ ________~~-~-~-----J.-------~~~ ~~J?7f ------
- ~2~ ~--'5'-~77} .A}~* .A} {l-77]-Jl?
::.- -: =-- s.=~: a,:)ot= s s nee Mary likes fruit?

2.~ ~- ~o' 2} .g-7]7} fill3[<ll ~ Ci] Yll} .g-7] ~ .A} 7}Jl.


=.,:.-a se ~s mwoerry season now, they should be cheap and taste good, so let's buy some strawberries.

;. f'-gi:j ~ 'lft..f.:il ~~ t:l] oJ qoj]7-jj.Aj~.A] 0 }.Ai]Jl?

Nant to meet with the teacher, so do you know where she is?

4 .A}~oJl 7-Jl1l. EilY77} ~7] . 7} .!i:!..Ai]Jl.


She should be in her office, so go and check there.

7t o}~ ::j.Qj rrJ1 gli?'lf -1:1]<5}~ ~77]-Jl?


Do we only need to prepare drinks for the morning meeting?

q t:H"tf ~ 0 }~ ~ ~ 1;!:] 91~ Efly7l} ;.JJ_~~:7.] S:. ~o] -l:IJ-5H=- 71] ~~oJJl.
Most people probably won't have eaten breakfast, so preparing some sandwiches too is probably a good
idea.

1 O I .H.~~ '--( 0 ) 2 Eli LI77~.'2.j ~EH g~ -FIOII .A.I-"6VI~ ~Liq.


This expression can also be used at the end of a sentence in the form of -{2.)2 EiiLI7JfR.

~ ~ ~~i5}Aii.R. -%J..R~ 0 ] 2.)- ~ 0 ] ~~ El]Yllt..fi..


Leave early. There will be a traffic jam since it's Monday.

2 '--( 0 )2 EliLI77F1~~~011 ::: '2.:j~o1q, '.:il~q, 'o lm~q'1 wo1~ -9- ~~Liq.
Expressions such as :z:j~OICf .:il~Cf. and Dl~fCf cannot follow -{2.)2 EiiLI7Jf.

ol:lj-!f!I_1J Ej]t..jllj- 1}6j<5jj "f:-);jJ.i ;g-Aj-~t..Jt:J-. (x)


-l:IJ-!f!I.1J !ffir:i]1}6J"5H ?);jJ.i ;g-Aj-~t..Jt:J-. (o)

.IIJ-E-~ E!]t..jllj- ~~ l-j-..2..e}.:il i>HJ.1 oJ~"5H..fi.. ( x )


- .IIJ~%1" lffir:i ] ~~ 1-j-..2..2.)-.:il i>HJ.i o] ~"5H..fi.. (o)

3 OI.H.~~ WI-E .A.~?:J'OI Oi't! Cl~ <SH:Qq::: 1.Aiq 1~~ qE~LH71~


5f-ECHOlrrH::: ~Oj 7 ~ 1<2..!~
'2!' ~ -9- <ll~ Li q_ ~~~011 ::: ~ ~ ::: .A.~?:J'OIIlil Oi ~lil 5~.xp-Jq Oj ~7il 5~2.1-E LH.g.ol ~Liq.
Ol .H.~ ~ '-(0 )2 EIOICP~ .Q.j.AI~ qE~ LH.:il -FIOII '-( O )LI 77P ~ ~~ W%JLiq. Ol ~~ '-( 0 ) 2
E:liLIJJFCfiOII::: -.A.~'2!' ~ -9- <li 0 Gj j::tpf~~ ~ -9- ~~ Liq_
This expression is a combination of -{2.)2 EiOICf. which states an intention, and -{2.)LI7Jf. and is also
used to state the speaker's will or intention. As such, it can only be used when the subject is in the first
person. The expression is then followed by the speaker's suggestion or request to the listener to do
something. Additionally, only verbs can come before -{.) 2 Ei1LI77f, and they cannot be in the past tense.

26 Korean Grammar ir1 'lise Intermediate


7~ 7.H~ .], ~.... op~!~l '\1~<5}~ ~ll}..ll?
Jaeyeong, how should I contact you from now on?
Lt 7.11 loJ1~ 9-J:: ~ 7}....;7;] E.~ CJ1t..]7l} o:j 7j. '\'!~ 9-;,11..\l..
I'll give you my email address, so you can contact me that way.

7~ e\:Jol .;,1Y7lr ~2.1 ~ ~ ~ 2.15HoJ:~01il...


I've got to clean up the house fast because some guests are coming.

Lt 7.i17r/ii!~ ?.J2.l~Ellt.17lttg--8~ l:lJ~J::%5ll~2Jlil..?


I'll clean up the living room, so will you clean the other rooms?

'-( 0 )2 'E!!Cil'2f '-( 0 )2 EilLl7JF::: ~ q ~~~ [[H '5!-E 'YOl:AI'2! Cf:i!f ~~ ~Oil-"i j:f0l7f 'gLICf.
Although -{.)2 li:!!Cil and -{.)2 EiiLI7Jf are used to express supposition, they differ in the following respects.

-(0)2 'E!!Cij -(2.)2 Ei!Lim

~.Q.j ~~ .Q.jDI~LICf. ~.Q.j Ol~ .Q.jDI~LICf.


Refers to the actual situation related to the Refers to the reason for the speaker's supposition
supposition or assumption. or assumption.

llH7} .TI~ 'ffitil 0 !Ai E.;,i1Jl.. llH7r .:rr~ CJ1t..J7lr 01;,1 E.Ailil...
You must be hungry, so please have (Because) you must be hungry, please have
something to eat. something to eat.

1 7~ ~J..1 :A11Y- -1 ~~7-1 }J.i1..8..?


Lt .s:. ~ -17} ~ Ellti7!t .s:. ~ -1TIEl1 %o-J_l:2_J.i1..8...
A:i!Lt .U.I <c!ill;fj:i 'tq ~ .U.I7~ 'tq I~ .U.I~Eil ~Oi.s:!Cf

'2.! ~7Jl!Ai ~Xi! ~.2.AIE:XI 'I'Cf 5tg ~Oi.2.AICf I .g~.J 7ICf2.1Cf


Af .U.I7~ OiL! '1!-E:XI 'tq ~'8<>11 '1!Cf I 7PI 7~ .s:!q

2 7~ 7-1~011 ~-7-t'J- 0 1=-7- _!:2_~ 7}71. ~o-]..8...


Lt .J.if:l. 7tc.1 :tl ~ 7}7-1JL 7t ~ ~n i=-~o-J.R. 7-1~~ ~~~ C:flt17lt.a..
Xi~OII ~.:r;g 019 .5:!2.i 7~q 7~Cil!~ 7fXI.TI 7fCf I XN~ ~~fC~

LH~ 0~ SAlOl! ~'iofCf Xl -5 ~~ EfCf I~ All!-012.~ ~O I Pt<>l Q,f-51Cf


~'tOll II.fEI~ -5fq ~~~-51 frt:ll-5~q I ~~OI 2.f Afia~OI 't'JOI2Cf
-------------------- ---- ------------l
(1) *~ Ml 7 ~ :;q.:il <ll~q.
(2) LH~~ UO I ~~q,
(3) .:1 ~~ ~lfo~~cL
-----
.

-----@ @ Jt1~ -t!~~ -t!::: .7-11~~OiR
01 [[~7~ ~:2-~~..q q _
.2.~ ~ ~ *-IJ.iiR I

l (4) A.l~~!o~L 2.~ ~~~~q. @ q::: ~ 7~:: : .7-11OjiTHR? J


-------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------....---------------------------------------------------------

(2)

(3)

(4)

2 '-( 0 )2 EfiLim ~ A.I*5HA.i q~ cH~ @~o~J.11R.

(1) 7~ Q}% ~Si~ EJ] 7-J]4:f 0 }E l;j]it. (~ 0 }:A] cf)

q ~i?- ~.2.~ i>-O~'-J ~ILfln ~ -i=-%1"-1 <?Jl-i]it.

(2) 7~ ~.J..J~ :Al-~.2.. %7] ~ lll ~~ o-J it. (..!f{jq)


q ~:A} %7] 7]0il ~ Ai]7} Q} .E. ~ /]] it.

(3) 7~ oJ Jt! %7r0il %i>H. ~77}it, J-1i>H. ~77}it? ("-}%foJ W't:f)


q . -n
"L-
0 0 ""C" "-1t>H. 7}~ lll o-]u:Jlit?

(4) 7~ Q}, 7j]o].3.7} 13!-~~o-]it. (~"B- o]u:f7} ~11 ~ ~q)


~-E-li} c J-i]it.
------------------ -

q ..2..~~ ------------------~:A] ?~ :;;tjoj]it.

(6) 7~ o-jAi] ~~ LJl% ~ ~ -9- ~~77}it? ({f-6:] ~ ~q)


Lf :7.-j {}-6:] ~ ~ t>H"-1 ~2fit. l]]o].:rr. .]7} - -- -- -- -- -----
/]]0].2 .]~Ell % o-J 2i!.l-i]it.

- Korean Grammar U1 tzlse lntermeruate


Did you happen to see Mark?

q o}o} 71II1%oJ1 <V. ~~.fl.. 0 }77} 71II11:foJ1Z}t:}_TI.


~7-1 ~Jl.
He's probably at the coffee shop. I heard him say that he was
going there earlier.

Do you think Yang Gang went to play tennis yesterday?

q o}o} <?} ~~~.ft. o11 ~oJ1 EJ1Y A~ * ~q_TI.


~lfl ~ {{o}Jl.
I doubt he went. I think he once said that he can't play tennis.

OI R~:: o~ ~Ojq;:l Bt:: ~o 1q ~ 2:::: ~011 cHoH 'lo~ .A.~OI ~~~~ ~~~ OIOt71~ rrH ~Liq.
~~Oli.A.i::: .A.If>~;:l ?A.:il ~~Oli.A.i'2.! .A.If>~IJj ~2~ .A.~OIOli .A.Ig,fLiq.
Th is expression is used w hen the speaker st ates an unconfirmed assumption or supposition about a
future event or something he or she is not sure about. It is used only among close friends and appears in
conversational form only, not in written form.

-()2~R

r;!::jq r;!::j~~~R
~1-71
~q E-~~~R
A/V ............................... ------ .......................... .. .

-(o)2~R

- -----------r------- ; - - -- - - - - - - : - - - -- - - - - ; - -- -- - - - - -

0
~::~ E~%i~
~:2..A.~<,a ~ ~R

!-~ OI~~~R
. : : [ ,...... ~:2..A.~~~R

l !-~Oiq 1"-gj~~R
- ;::~-1io; 7~.::1! i>li::-t:l] J+iffo] ?,f~ll}Jl?
- ::>!ann ng to go to the department store, but do you think there will be a lot of people there?

_. ~ ~o]Ljll} ?:[ ~ ~Jl.


:s right before Chuseok, so I bet there will be a lot (of people).

7~ {j ~oj] <V, ~ o}..7]- ~ l-]oj] O:j ~7-] o]-J.i]Jl?


Do you know when the little mart in front of the house opens?

q oJ-oJ-lOl-] ~ <1~..\l. q~ o}E~o ] gj lf ~ lOl-]oj] ~7-l:=Jl.


I think it opens around 10 because most of the other marts open at 10.

7~ <2.f4r l-] {[~ ~ ~~.Jl1{ ,C:. t:1] 7-J-o]: J,1.]7]- *~"9].~7l}Jl?


I want to change our meeting to a later time, but do you think Jaya has already left (her home)?

q ~),1.1 *~~%~Jl. 7-J-o]: J,!.] {jo] ~?if<>J-Jl.


I bet she's already left. Jaya's house is far away.

'Q '-{.)2 ~ .:::J!~~qon.A.-1 '.:::J.~q7f ~?,!'. '-{.)2~.g ~p~on ~~on Clic5H ~~~it !Ill~ ..~..~~Lief. q2.f.A.i ~~ IIIIE- ~
Llf~ !Ill}~~~ Lte.f~ UII2J ~EjPf ~f()fA:~ ~~2.IXI ?J~& ~~5fAjJR (Q-g ~~~ Llf~ UII'2J 01 '-{.)2 ~ .:::J.~Cf'
~)

The expression -(.)2~ can also represent the contracted form of -(.)2 ~ :J.'ll!CI, in which :J.'ll!CI has been omitted. As such, it can also
be used to express the speaker's feeling of regret about a past event. For this reason, you must pay special attention to this form when it is
used informally because it can mean either supposition or regret depending on the situation. (See Chapter 25 Expressing Regret, 01 -(.) 2
1.1 :r'l;l!c.t.)

1 O I R~:: .gcH~1 1?1011<2,to~lll ~cH~ rrH.s:. .A.~~Li ct OlrrH.gcH~O I <t.:il ~:: .A.f11 ~:: .gcH~1
7 ICH 7~ ~ 2.17-Jq ~1-E .A.~'S.i!~ q2q:: 3:! ~ qE~~Liq.
This expression can also be used to softly disagree with the listener, that is, to express the speaker's
belief that the listener's statement or expectation is wrong or different from his or her own.

7~ o}~ 8AioJl ~~%f7l}il..?


Shall we leave at 8 in the morning?
q :::L J-j{l-oJJ:: ~o] woJ t'j-%)~il...
The traffic will probably be bad at that time.

7~ 0}7]2..} -]oj];<J] .78~7:-~ -=jL.7dA]?-j -'7!} 15~ il...


I'm planning to take Akira sightseeing at Gyeongbokgung.

q 0}7]2.}-J:: .78~7:-oJJ:: ~-17} ~%~il... .2.].;::-~ ~ 0 ] "tl-.;::-o]]..2..'B All~ li':!.A17J-.E:-o]{lfo}Jl.


I think Akira has already gone to Gyeongbokgung. It's one of the first places foreigners visit after
coming to Korea.

3C Korean Grammar ,;, 2/se Intermediate


~~fif-E 27~ ~ ~~~ rrH::: .A.~W-* ~~Li q.
This expression is used when only the speaker has knowledge to back up a supposition or assumption.
Accordingly, it can't be used when both the speaker and listener share the same information.

7f ~~71}7.] ~M-i ll~~!r.]~!;Jl.R.


It's already sold out for the entire weekend.

Lf .:Z.cj7j].R. ~~7 ]- .::<Ho]~%~.R. (x)


- .:Z.cj7j].R. ~~}7} .: <Ho]'V_L.} .s!}.R. (o)
Yeah, that movie seems popular.

: ~2.1 27~7f le .A.I-M~.2t .R7f -'?~77f:A I oH~l'Xi!Cf)~ f. .A.fEt cf ~-"2 ~7 1 rrti-OJI '-()2~R~

.A.!-~* ~1:Lic.f.
The basis for the assumption that the movie is popular-that is, the fact that the tickets are sold out
for the entire weekend-is shared by both people, and therefore -()2~. cannot be used.

7f o] ~~7} .::<Jlo] ~g71]'.R?


Do you think this movie is interesting?

Lf .R~ %i5JJ lq.j2}Jlc5}Lj71]" .::<Ho]<V_%~.R.


Well, it's number 1 at the box office these days, so I reckon it's interesting.

: Ol ~~7 f ~~ 1 ~2.f-"I ofe ~!I:!.~ q~ 7f:AI-"2 ~71 rrH-Oll '-()2~.~ .A.!-~* ~Lief.
Here, only Lf (the speaker) knows that the movie is number 1 at the box office, so -() 2 ~R can be
used.

3 Ol If.~~ .A.~W rrH:= g :g ~2.1 Qj~ Q{l!' ~EJ Ljq,


The intonation of sentences using this expression rises slightly at the end.

7f 7Jf:l.s:.:: \;[M-] 7 } ~ttl,7.] op..-j].R?


Do you know what the weather's like in Gangwondo?

q li(~o]2} J-i%.!I!.c} ~%~


Since it's in the north, I bet it's colder than Seoul.

4 '-{o)2~Sl' ::: '-{ 0 )2 7~0liR'.!i:!.c.f-E "}~Ofl cH~ ~~01 Q{~Liq.


In terms of strength of conviction, - () 2 ~R expresses a weaker belief than -() 2 7-j()!IR.

(1) 7f *~ M-]7} ~1l g l;tj ~g71]'.R?


Do you think Suyeong has had lunch?

Lf l;tj~%~.R . .::<]-5' 3A]-Qfo}.R.


I reckon she has. It's already 3 o'clock.
(2) 7~ *~ .]71- ~ {] ~ Qj~~7l}Jl.?
Do you think Suyeong has had lunch?

q Qj~% J1oj]Jl.. 0 }7!} .61~oJ1 ~ Qj..Q..c-j {1-q.:L!. t>J-t:it:!f.:L!.Jl..


Yeah, I'm sure she has. A while ago, she said she was going to the cafeteria to eat.

: (1)g .!i!~ cH~2.1 .A.f'Et~OI 3.A.I~OII-E ~~~ r;!:jg ~EHLillf *~ .u1~ r;!:j~~ 7-J2.fil ~ofil '?10-J.A.i
'-(.2)2~R~ ~~.Q.IJ:j (2)-E '*~ .UI7f ~ Qj.Q.2.-j -t!Cfil ~Cf'2.f-E@ Ci ~j-JI~'r.! ~2.1-27-J~ CHi!
'?1~ '-(.2)2 7iOliR'~ ~~rLICf.
In (1 ), - (.2) 2 ~R is used because Lf (the speaker) is basing her assumption on the fact that most
people have normally eaten lunch by 3 o'clock in the afternoon. In (2), -(.2)2 7iOliR is used because
Lf (the speaker) is basing her assumption on the more concrete fact that Suyeong actually said she
was going to eat.

1 7~ %.:Q:. -]7} :7.]-E" {loj] <V_~7J}Jl?


~Xifg rep roduction
q o] J-]Zl-oJl ~ .!2.~ ,?_ "'8 ~ -&-}1-jll} {]oJl <iji ~ {iJl.

%:2: .UI7f :x1-s ~on <llef Ol A.I?JOII-E .5!~ 5:~ '6fLI7Jf ~01 1 ~q

:Ai .:J.~Oit:ii.Ufef ~:Ai@O I LIJJ~ t:il.uf:AI 'rJCf


~f .:L!.g,l{)ji.S:.~f1!;!C~ .:L!.~77f:AI ~~~ ~.s:. ~2.ILI77f I!.Uj .s:.~~q

2 7~ ~2.] ti1~ J-}~~ ~ li}l ~? -] ..!f- ~7J}Jl?


q ~ ? -]~ J-]{l-o] <ijj ~{IJl. l:lJ-":} t11t11 o}21:l}o]E ~q.:il ~~~Jl.

A.l-l!OI ~q I~~ LHLH Ofsl::lfO I.. E!"Cf.:L!. a-~q


OfD f 'r.!" 7 ~Cf I Oli{!OII A.f~Oiq .:J.~OIIE- ~1=10 1 ~Cf.Jl '6fC~

.:L!.g,l{)jl ~mq I :A it:!~OII.:i!.~OII:c.!"Cf.JI '6fCf

.. Korean Grammar Ul/ Us~ Intermediate


,---------------- -------------

G J..lnEJq 77H3:-o~:A:I cr.tq ~q o ~:; Oll ~ q ~;..~7 ~ o~~ 8"1l~q


---------- ----------- - - - - - ------]
l- .- . . . . ._ ........................_. ----------- - .................. ..... . ........... -- . . - ------ . -- . .
7~~<'-1 ~~ .1, 0 1-2-j,1oJ1-"i -"}it:A1Jl? .2.~
7.~1 7} 0 1-2-j,1 }IrfE_ 0 1-"~ _2.C;j_ll. -&-H::-t:-J1 D1~ 0 }IrfE ~ o-jl!JlJl?
u1~o}Irj-E ~ ?~oJ1 '%{lo1 ?J-o}-"i :A~ ~ oJ1~ (1)f..I1!.CI%'i51..
.::J.~Jl? .::J.~ ~?o}Irj-E ~ o-jl!JlJl?

~?o}Irj-E :::= A-J1 -"}'1' 0 11f71 oJ1 ~ {11 (2)


- - - - -
.=L ~ ~Jl. .::J. ~ A-J1J.:11 0}Irf E ::: o-j Jill Jl?
A-J1J.:11}IrfE ~ :A1~ :A1 _2.~Ql l-i (3)_ _ _ _ _ _ __
A11J.:11o}Irj-.5:. ~..~..9... .=L~ ~7Jo]-ILJ-E ~ o-j~77rJl?

7-j 71::: .:Q-\1--E-J -)!71 -"1.:Q-~71 Jill.g.oJ1 (4)_ _ _ __ _ _ _ __

q :A1.2.C4tB -"1{}0 1 :jJ ~2.J19.!;]1Jl.


f.C-1}Ir]-E oJ1 ~Jti 7} .!2Ji1Jl. :7-]71 ~ :A1~ :A1 ~u} ~ Ql-"i llR:-<5}2 {].
'ifi1 :7-J := Jl. .=L {] ~ (5)
------------ -
7~ :7.} 0 ~ -], 9l1 ~:A1] <{}- i>}1)_~.R?
Jaya, why didn't you do your homework?

q _2_~ ~:A1] 7} ~~~Jl? Al ~ ~:A1] 7} ~ ~ ~


~~Ol.R. ~:A1]7} ~ ~ ~ ~<V:Ol.R.
Did we have homework for today? I didn't know we had
homework. I thought we didn't have any.

7~ ~i>il -1 \:t~ ~11~.R? ~a~ '3:l~~E1J.R.


Did you see Eunhye's husband? He's really handsome.

q ~ i>i] -]7} ~_g.~ ~ ~ Jl? Al ~ ~ i>i] -]7}


~.g.~ ~ ~~Ol.R. ~.g. <{}- ~ ~ ~<llOlJl.
Did Eunhye get married? I didn't know she got married. I was
under the impression she wasn't married.

'--(O)L/:::/(0)2 ~ ~~q::: ~1-E .A.fWOI ~~~2.j OIOPIOll CHoH ~~7-jq ou.g E:E.::: 7 ICH~ <5'~XI ~~:i
rrH .A.fg,t-Liq .:12.1~ '-(o)L/:::/(0)2 ~ ~cF ::: ~~~Sll LH~OI ~qjl ~2,1'~c~1 .:J.~OI .A.~OI O~'cl :i

~711 1~ :i [H .A.I~Li q.
The expression -(2)L/f=/(2.)2 ~ ~q is used to end a clause stating something the speaker was not aware
of or did not anticipate. -(2)L/E/(2)2 ~ ~~q, on the other hand, is used to end a clause stating what
the speaker had assumed to be the case; therefore, it expresses the speaker's realization that his or her
assumption was incorrect.

- (o)L/:::/(0)2 ~ ~~q(~.Jcn

ouuuq Oil ~
-(O)L
~q :A~.Q.
-, .._
A .. .... ...
Ollllllq Oil~
?~ -(0)2
:A~.2.
~q -, e

7 ~q I! + ~~~q
- (O)L
Q:jq Oi.Q.
-, .._ ~q

7 ~q 7~ :::
v Oi.!::.
-, .._
-

-(0)2
i!
Dl2/l I?~
- -- - - - - - - - - -- - _ .. - ------ ___ .....--
...,
Oi.2.
-, e
_ _
........... ........ ....- ....- ....... - .... - ............ ..

Korean Grammar ut lise Intermediate


.
-----------------------
. --------- ----- ------- -~----- .

IN I.A~~::
- ..... ..... .. - ..
2)-~ '5~AH OI + ~~~q
- , C> '-'

2.j)..l 2.j.A~~ ~~q


L. --- ..
'5~AH t{!j ~
I
___j_____----'--
01
2
_:
- . C>

____ ______________:__________________ _____________


1.A~ 1.A~~ ..........:..

<W_cj -V-]7} _2_~ ~.JiLoj].g_ ~ ~,J<>JA. ~.JiLoj] .2..7-] ?J~ ~ %'$9:<>JA.


I thought Andy came to school today. I didn't know he didn't come.

t1}i%J-o] 1fo] ~<>J).-j ~-V-]7} 4-&- ~ ~,J<>JA. .=l~t:-Jll;J.foj]l-j-_2_L.j7!} ~7-] '(o}Jl.


The wind was blowing so hard I thought it was cold. But now that I am outside, it's not cold.

I didn't know Juyeong was Chinese. I thought she was Korean.

~
[ 12)
1 7~ ~* l g Q{ :5::~ ~ ~~ ~).i]Jl. 0}7]7} 7-}Jl <V_~Jl.

q o}, ~~tsHJl. 0}7]7} 7-H::- ~ ~~<>l.ft.


%2f ."-I~~Oief
to turn down the volume (sound) of music

0~717~ J;:fC.~ I ~2.1~ ~Oiq

.A.I~~!f-5fC.~ I ~2:ill::ll~--nq

~F?-21- ~~ golq I ~-515~q

2 7~ o]~ -]. ~-]7tm~"GJ12H ~J~ 7}7-]Jl~~Jl?

q o}{Joj] ~-]7} <5aj.A-j 1:1]7} ~ ~ ~~<>lA .

og.up~ ~g.Cil.211 ~-- 7 ~AI~ .2.q O~Oil 'g.UI/~ ~2.~ .A.i 1::1 1 7 ~ .2.~q

~R~Oil-l= ~.li!. ~'aOI ~ @-l=Cil.211 7~q ~R~Oil Bi-E!-01 ~Qi.A.i ~'a.S:. ~ ~q

~* .UI2.J {!j~ Ilj-EI-l= LH~<c.!Cil 211l!IOI.::i~ o~7Jf 2.f2.f .upf ~* AAIOillll ~~ %1.A.i
)..~ .2.q {!l~ II.fEI7f .2.--0iq
-~- =o 2 ~ ~'}.{q(~~c~)' ~ ,q~c5HAi Ci-%~ ~::: ;:01 1-& 1:1 ~AiiR.

= ~'<)l q.x'5JJJl. .=L~t:J1 :A-1 :::= .EJLAJs:. ).-1%7.-1~ *t:f.::il ;,~zr9l~Jl.


..... Jil..jOI Uf~c5,t ~ ..lf-~.2... J-f..~ f..i%;.i'1! ~ ~ 0 i<'J01.2...

2 ..~ -17} :[J-~ 0 1oJ1Jl . .=L~t:11 :A-1 :::= 4-~ -17} ~).~ 0 1 }1-]c}.::il ;,~zr9l~Jl.
-+

(3) .!f- ;.}~0 1 <5J1~~~Jl . .=L~t:11 :A-1 :::= !f- At~ 0 1 7-l14f ;.}"ilt:f.::il ;,~zr~o-1Jl.
-+

(4) 'i:!''i:!' -17} o1~oJ1 n-~Jl . .=L~t:11 :A-1 :::= 'i:!'~ -17} ~RoJ1 ~q.::il ;,~zt9l~Jl.

-+

2 '-(O} L /~/(0)2 ~ ~'}.{q(~~q)' ~ A~c5HAi Cl-% CH~ ~~i'>~AiiR.

(1) 7~ o-j:A11 ~E-j -17} :rr}EloJ1 ~ ~.A1Jl?


q l=j1, Al :::= ~E-j -17} :rr}El AJ-5::_~ %~~).i :rr}EloJ1 % ~ 0i<'J01.2_,

(2) 7~ 0}3.. -17} ~{! ~ ~ ~o-j).i HB7} .::ilE.t:JlJl. 12:j ~ 7-1 ~.9_J-11Jl?
q 0}1-]Jl, 0}77} 0}3.. -1~ ~~oj1).i ~).i 0}3.. -17} ~{! ~

(3) 7~ ~::] -1.2} ~.A1 -17} .A}uBClJJl.


q .=LeljJl? !f- ).}~01
-&-J-J-J- ~0 1 t:ft..=Pi ~-=r-~ ~ ~~~Jl.

(4) 7~ .2111'%/11 ~~ ..2.11,~Jl?


q Jl ~o1 c} :-Qo1 ~~ ~~9l~ !:Jl.
.=L~t:11 7fl 01 il}l-}.5:. ~ ~-&J;.i ~~ .-3)-~~Jl.

36 Korean Grammar ut Use- Intermediate


-(.2..) 2:Al. 9 2 ct

Honey, take an umbrella with you.

q ~A.Z17l- ~{ ~ Ci1.R. But the weather's fine.

7~ :AJul-~ 0 1Bf0 l-.R. :AJul-~011 ~ {f::Z.l-71 1:1171- %::Z.l.


%etA.
It's the rainy season. In the rainy season, it might start raining
suddenly.

7~ Ul-3. A.Z17l- ~ul- ~011 --8- ~ ~ q ~~~::Z.1.R?


:Ai1 7} ~ ~ a:J.Ai ~.Q_a:J.:il.R.
Don't you think Mark has finished reading that book he bought
recently?

q .R~ ~ 0 1 W0 r"'i q *
There's so much to do these days that he may not have finished
~ ~~::Z.l. %ct.R.
reading it yet.

Oi .R~:= Ojif! 9;101 ~1:) 7f-6~:= ~i1:1'2J .:J. 9;101 9;10j' -'?~ ~:;~ ~~~ ITJl AI-~Liq. '-( 0 )2il:l
..q~ w~ * ~~Liq_
This expression is used to indicate the speaker's view that something might happen or could possibly occur.
The form -{)2:AIq is also used.

A/V
rr --:p~
~;~:HI DI2H ... -~(~-)~il:-1~ ... ; ........ Jf~-f ... -- . ----
:U~J:I
~~~J:I

-!- : :
~q : a ~J:I~
- -------- , --------+------~-~:i:i~----------:------~~-;-,-~~-------+----- ~~~-~A~~----i + 2q
:t!P~
NOiq I OI~~AI~
--
~EJ"OICf ~EJ"OI~~il:l~

j ~;~:H ~J:I ~.y.o Iq l ~-=?-~J:I


_______j _________________.,__________________________ _c___ -
~go1q ~"9;1J:I
- - - -- - --- - - - - - ----- - --- - - --
'
-------
J 1..)-~ .Mj7} e>icJ ~=.AJ ~J-j 0 }.AiJ.B.?
:Jo you happen to know where Sato is?

'-I J-}~ -1::::: .!2.~ ~ oJJ ~~ 7}-Aj~ 41~ J-j~oj ~~L.j77} J-i~J ~ ~.Al. %etA.
Sato normally goes home early, but he's got a test tomorrow, so he might be in the library.

J 4-AJrJ' Hj~~ cr 1il:JJ.B.. 41 ~ o}EoJJ ncr .2fot~e>i.B..


We're all out of toilet paper and soap. It looks like we'll have to go to the mart tomorrow.

4 41~--El ~ ~%etJ-i ~ ~ <?.} 'i-Al. %etA. ..2..~ ncr ..2..::::: llJ ~ ~ ~ :Q-o}.fl..
Tomorrow's the first day of the Chuseok holiday, so it might be closed. I think we should go today.

Jt :AiJ7} 9~ .J ~ ~5:!:::10J1 r:Hlfl'~ <?.} '8'}Gjc.fjljl. .A-J~Ell :{7} )::t~llt.B.?


I tried to get Sujin's attention, but she didn't answer. Do you think she's mad at me?

q :~.Fr ~ 0 1rJ' 0 1F7J '8'}~c}JI * ~ ~~.Al %et.B.. l;P? --878 -.AJ a}.AiJ.B..
She likely didn't hear you because she's busy talking with her friends. Don't get too worked up about it.

1 Ol .H.~:= 7f-5~:= 7~2.1 ~:AI'2.! ::J. ~01 ~~tg *.s:. <LlCf::: ~01.9.. ~['! %.~ ~~ Cft~j]_ :z:J~
of~ <Ll::: )..f'SOlllil A~of'i:! ~~ll7f ~ * <Ll~LICf.
Because this expression indicates something that is possible, but unlikely, to happen, it can come across
as rude to a person who is worried about an event that is important to him or her.

Jt 0 ]~ -"]~oj] ~ ~z:j"8jjo]: ~ Jillt:l].R.


I've really got to pass this exam.
q '11J-t1 i?-.!f.~..Q..l-j7.1} ~.zoj~7-]S:. ~c.t..a..
You've studied really hard, so maybe you 'll pass.

7~ lf~er.Jl.R? ~]7r ~oJ~ 71-ifAJo] t:-j Efcf!:::: 0 fl 7]cxj].R?


What? Are you saying it's more likely that I'll fail?

: ~~~;~; l.s:. ~2.~R'2.f2 ~~o f~ ~~~ Jf-5{:101 0~~ ~;~;1'2..1' &AI 2ELI77f 7 ICH~ ilH .!i!.2.fE ~01 !1Ai ~~
Af'M1 7 1~01 L~ *~~ Li ef. OIUIIE .::J.~ 7f-6-{JOI Of~ ]i-cfe ~~~ 7iOliR'2.f2 ~~ o~ 3;!01 C-j ~
Lief.
The phrase ~~~;~;1.5:. ~2{. means that the speaker thinks the hearer might pass even though the
chances of doing so are slim. Naturally, the hearer would feel bad upon hearing such a statement. In
this case, therefore, it is better to use the phrase ~~~ 7iOliR, which expresses the speaker's belief
that there is a very high probability that the hearer will pass.

2 Ol .H.~2.1 .llP~~:= '-CU/9l~:AI.S:. --2.fR'~LICf. '--2.fR'~ .g~~R'2.fj]_ ':of'i:! ~'EJLICf.


The past tense form of this expression is -~/'X;!~;I; IS:. ~2.fR. It is incorrect to change ~2.fR to ~'HOiR.

7j]o]5! -]7} n}E1oJ1 Z}r:f.:t!. ~7-]~ ~ 5:.(%7-]S:. ~5:toJ.R. (x )


- 7jJo]5! -]7} ntE1oJ1 :tlr:f.:t!. ~7-]~ ~ 5:.(%7-]S:. ~2f.R. (o)

38 Korean Grammar ,;, U"e Intermediate


1 .~
q l:lj.Al-Ol:
01
1.21 ~ 1"\.l Jl?
o""'~l .
~ topackabag - - - . ....
l::l l~ first-aid medicine

~7-}7] o}- ~ 7-l.S:. .2.EJ--l7!} Q.j=.S:. .:Jt ~~7] "'i] Jl. ~71Cf to tidy up; put things i~

t! l ~-{. ~ q -f,fXf71 Ofq I 2.t. ~ ~7lq


Ef-771.g~. ~q 'E:l"Oii-E ~q I .!:f.lll.g ~ ~ ~71q
Xl.~q ~.A.I ~~ ~OWJ 2.Iq I XI.~ ~7l q

2 7f 79llti -] 7}- ~~ ~ i>}E J-}-1fo] 0 }\!r:i] ..2.~ 211 ~.:uLo]] <?} ~~71}-Jl?

q l:l];;z~ ~AJ-<'>HF ~q.Jl ~..2..y7!}- ~<?J~~~J-}~~o]] ~ ~7-l.S:. ~c}Jl..

l:l i X~ <c!~HO ~ ~q.::il ~.Q.LIJJf


~'fl~B2.I.A.f!f..Oil 7fCl
2.t~~ 9.!01tl-J2.1-E .A.~OI Of'L::!Cil 01J:il21i 2.t~~ R-8- OI.A.f5f~2.f.::il ~-t!O I ~01.A.i
9.!01tl-J 2.Iq 2.t~~ 9.!01tl-J 2.Iq

~\';tO I ~E .A.~OI Of'L::!Cil21i ~.Uj -EO I oItt:! 'gOil ~~Oii.A.i xiE~ ~~2.f.::il
q ~01x1q ~q~q

(1) 7f Oi :A~1 .g;;z} .!i!.~ ~ t:J1 ~ t9-AJ- <?1 <S-H10iii.? (7-}t:f)


q Oi~W ~ll1 .g;;z~ ~rl :=ii.. J -"1Zl-oJl -&Jl? -]7} ?..fJ.I %c.tf-i ej ~~ii..
(2) 7f ~ ~ <;:!~ -t'-<t!oJ1 q~ ~ 7-}~ ~ a:j1<2.f<S-}Jtl ~~7-1ii.? (* ..2.q)
q 7.~1 1-J- -1 ~ o}2 1:l}o 1E rrJ1.goJ1 t:f-"1 ~Jt! ~<ji>H

.!i!."'i]ii..
(3) 7f o1 g-6.] ~ ..2.~ ~..Q.y 7l}- WoJ1 f-Oi. {]!?tf~7-1ii.? (.AJ<S-}q)

q o:j ~ o12f g~o1 . t.;;>;J-.Jioj] ~~ 711 ~~ Oi ii. .


(4) 7f ~ ~ ~.liloJ1 7}Jtl % {1-"~\:l ~ ~\t 9 'V_~:A1 ii.? (Cj- Lf..2.-"1t:f)

q l:lJ~ rrJ1 ~ 0 1~ ~~ E..C;j .!i!."'i1ii..


(5) 7f .f-7} o1 ~/\}!-}~ ~ ~.Jl {l.-1.:]1ii.. (~.Jl {1.-q)
q o}-3. -]7} . o}-3_ -]7} %7,:! ~ ~ ~.Jl qy~l-o}ii..
1

CD :31l g VJ-o1-wo r<'>Hit ~ :3lJ g VJ-o1 ~i Y- li!J-iL


@ :31l g ;.J-:= ~ %59_-ojJi.. @ :31J g W0 ] ~i g A] _ %2.}Ji._
2

CD ~~oj ~ AJW ~<'>Hit ~ ~~oj ~ ~<'>}.TI -iio.joHit


@ ~~oj ~ ~o}C:j .TI -E-Jf-o}.TI ~ 0-j Ji.. @ ~~oj ~ ~~q.TI -"~ Zf~~t:i] o]-y oj]Ji..

3 7f .8 ,qEJ"~ O I Ol ~~~ 'C,NI ~.:ll qLIL:liR


Lf .:J.2.illiR Ol ~~OI ___________

G) ~7]7} w- g ~Ji._ ~ ~7] 7} w-g Aj. %2.fJi..


@ ~7]7]- W~ .2_0Jo]oj]Ji.. @ ~7]7} w-~ ~ ~'V:-0-j Ji..

4 7f LH~ ~~3-0ll 7 ~2.~.:ll oHR


Lf .:::L2.H.? ~~oU ::: . ~ ~ ::: cil ~ %011 :::: o~~ * 1:::: 'OI ~Oi R
LH ~ 01 2.1~~o-H !I!"'iiR

G).g.g ~ ~ till~] ~~ g ~ ~ EJJL.J 77r


@ _g.g ~~A] . .2_ 2 L.j 7Jj- @ .g. g ~ o:J :=AJ %59_-.Q..L.jllj-
5 7f LH ~ ~IE~ rrH ~*~m ~~ ~~0 IO!IR
Lf ~~o~J:I D~J,.iiR ~~o l frl:i i~ 0 LI 77~
-----------------------
CD ~w 71o:Jlit ~ ~<'>H .5!. e:J it
~w .2.oJo 1e>ilit @ ~WA] . %2.fit

G) u] ~ -]7]- oj7-i] ;.] ~ g ~A] .%59_-0iit.


~ ~-] 7]- "8" 2=1 ;_1 .2..~oj] ::= i!:- 0 ] -& ~ ~'V:"Oiit.
0 r~ e>il

woJt~J-.!!!!1J tJlt:il .AiJ uJY-e>il ;g~<'>H 9 J1;_1 .:tf;.}ifL.J l:f.


@ ~AJ- <ifoj] ;.pg-o] W ~ ~ .5l_L.j77]- q:)~7} 7-H u]~% .2_0Jo]oj]Ji...

40
7~ '8 e>i 7,:] J.i q~ :- ~ JJ:!J_?3fo}Jl?
Is the place where you hurt yourself when you fell okay?

q o}JI 7l ~ 8}Alli!- %g ~ <V.e>i.R.


It hurts, but I can bear it.

7~ e>i :A~] -'~:~il'~ ~ 0 1 ~l~- 2fJl tr}-B ~ g q ~ ~ e>i Jl?


Have you read the book that the teacher told you to read yesterday?

q ~~ 71~ ~ ~Alli!- LH ~ ~ .2.. 2 3)l,e>iJl.


I read it, but I didn't quite understand it (the content).

Ol .!!~~ cH~QI 5::~ qE~~ UH A.fg,t-Liq. '-71::: "5~:A I'2..!"'~ A.f%"5Piq '-71::: -:A I'2.!-'~i'El ~~ A.~q

~gA.~ !f. ttl A.f%"5~7 1~ ~Li q. OI[[H::: ~~~2.1 LH~ <2.)~"5~:AI'2..!" q::: 2.1~01 <1!~ ~ qE~LH::: ?:3~011
A.fg,t-Liq.
This expression of contrast can be expressed with two forms: -7IE <5fJ;:I'2J and - 711::: -J;:I'2J. Note that the
latter form uses the same verb or adjective twice. The expression is used when the speaker recognizes or
acknowledges t he content of the first clause but then wants to express a different view or stance in the
following clause.

-7 1::: 5~:AI'2..!". -71::: - :AI'2..!"


.3.q .3.71::: ~:AI'2..!"
ll 71::: ~:AI'2..!"

.3.71::: ~:AI'2..!"
ll71::: Q:J ~:AI'2..!"
A/V
.3.71::: 5~:A I '2..!"
ll 71::: 5~:AI'2..!"

.3.71::: .3.:AI'2..!"
ll 71::: ll :AI'2..!"

42 Korean Grammar Ul et.,e . Intermediate


- - -- ------- --- ----------------------------- -- - -
.3.71::: <5~~AI~
~ 71::: <5~~AI~
A/V
.3.71::: .3.~A I ~
~ 71::: ~ ~A I ~
-------~-- -..-.:.----------------- ------ - - - -

::I --8~ 0 ] i'-7] ~ i:-:Allfr tl.!f- l:l]hi-}.A-1 * .A}~o-j._


Those shoes are good, but I don't think I can buy them because they're too expensive.

~7~ ~1-f7l ~ ~:Allfr ..2..~ 0 ] 0 ~7] -o}:A]~ ~~~Y LJ-.


I met my friends, but we didn't talk for very long.

o] ..Q...)..l..Q..
0 I 2
D-1
I
7].!=.
"1..-.
-Qj--:tll:Aj
')..)..
n} u}o] D-1:7.].!:::=.
'\..,!. 1:(5 I
o}..Q..
'l..- U'5 2..
-z.l.-.1]. .
F Jf

I will have some of this food, but I won't eat very much.

------ - ---- -

1 O I.H.~~ W~ [[H ::: '-7 1::: <5~AI 12.Y. '-7 1::: -AI~~ ~O=i),i '--(J o~AI'2._1-', '- -(J -AI~' 'C'iOI AI
~Liq.
This expression is often used in its contracted forms in conversation. -71-E Of:AI\:I contracts to - {.! 6f:AI\:I,
and -71-E -:AI\:! contracts to-{.! - :AI\:!.

2 :i:!m~ W~ [H::: '- 71::: ~AI~' AI-Q~j]_. -~/~71::: ~AI'2.Y AloVI <(.{~ Li q.
The past tense form of this expression is -71-E ~:A I \:!, not -~/'1t 7 1-E %!:AI\:!.

ojAl] ~7 ~ ~7]-E- -9l-'-]'?_}.2..2jj-Q}.AJ :::: ?,f~-;;;- yq_ (x)


- ojA1l ~ 7 ~ -o}7J-E- ~.AJ'?l .2..2Jl -o}.AJ:::: u~-;;;-y q_ (o)
'-:AII2!'.l!J- '-71:::: o~:AII2!':= cffi.l!j- ~:= j:l-017~ <1!~Liq.
The two forms -A:I'2! and -7lf: o~A:I'2! are different in the following ways.

(1) ~~~:!!~ ~~~_Qj .2?0Pf 'g2.~~ ~Li ef. (1) ~~~:i!f ~~ ~Qj .2?0j7~ '~ ~ ~Lief.
The subject of the preceding c lause can be The subject of both the preceding and following
different from that of the following clause. clauses must be the same .

'(1 t.j-:::: 7]7} 3.:Aj~ %J-~ ~ 7]7} 'dt.J:: 7]7}3.7]~3.:A]~%A~~ 7]7}


~o}.R. ~}.R. (x)
- 'dt..J:: 7]7}3.:A]~%;.~~ 7]7}~}.. (o)

(2) 8~~ CH~ ~CH~ Ll1\llLIC~. (2) ~~~21 LH~ ?J.JI <2J~g o~A:I'2! ~~~21 cH35.
Used when the speaker wants to express a {t~ c1~ :Y35.aH.A:1 ?J~ IIH AI~Lief.
simple contrast. Used when emphasizing a contrast. In the
preceding clause, the speaker states something
that he or she acknowledges or knows to be true,
-+ CH35.QJ QJDI7 ~ '1-!f: 8~.f A~'2!~ OIOPI and then in the following clause emphasizes a
o~.Jl '1-!Lief. contrasting fact or situation.
The speaker is only stating the simple
contrasting facts about the subject under
discussion. -+ ~21 LH% ~.JI 'r.J~o~~A1 A:f~QJ ~:z.t~ ~~OjAi
:Y35.o~.Jl
'1-!Lief.
While acknowledging the preceding statement,
the speaker emphasizes his or her belief about
the subject under discussion.

1 7~ e>iA~] ~ ~~7} e>i!Jle>iA?


q ABu]CX},7] !"::: ~A] 'i} .2..!f- oJ<5R<'>}A] !"::: *~e>iA.

01J;il.g ~~m 01'E!Cf ;~;Hol~~q 1 .sw OloHofA:If: ~~q


:Ai ~?~ .A.j-E lil Oi~Cf D~l ~q I L-j.!f. .3.Cf

.2.~ 'g.UI7~ 01~q ~q I OiJ;il!t!.qf: ~ ~q

44 Korean Grammar ,;, 'll.fe- Intermediate


t!T-7f [[iLfA.-j ~_g q
Ol~ Oj--Oii.S:. .jipf ~ A.I~OI ~cf A.I~O I ~q I ~~Oil W7ll Cft..=j 2.~ 1Cf
'8Cf I OiiOit!OI 'llCf

(1) 7f :A]il-S:. ~ ~J-.}o]l t:ft1 Ji..?


q l:j], t:I-L-ll l ';::: <)rf.IDt ~J'iOi.Sf...

(2) 7f -"?:Al -loJl/11 ~~<5H ~~ Ji..?


q ~~ <tJ:- ~o}Ji...
-------------------------
(3) 7f --.2.. \:l 0 l ~Jl 11 :A]J:l.?
q

(4) 7f Ai J.,}i:!}_Q_
t:1 2
Ol-7.JlOiJ:l.'f
2M .

2 '-71:: -A I~' ~ .A.~-5H.A.i c~:; [H:~ @~f>~AiiR.

(1) 7f opt1_ ~%~ :Aj W ~:A] Ji..?


q {i-ll ';::: {ff.I0J :iJ!!i-.l<Jr.Sf... :A~] .:il~J= ~ G1 ~~ ~ Ji...

(2) 7f ~ -?- ~ != ~R x~ 7} ~OiJi..?


q ~ * *2:JJ:l..
(3) 7f ~RoJl ;._l ~ cj] l:l ] ~ c c.}o~ :A]-9- ~J-i] Ji..?
q o] <5H~ -?- ~ Oi J:l..

(4) 7f .:Il~J=oJl ;._-is:. ~R~ ~ .:g-.!f-~:Al Ji..?

q ~ROi
'-'- ..s.
2 2. .7-l- A <5HJi..
~
'[ 17 )

How do you like your current company?

q <?J,<?_ lf,<?_ ~Tf!<>ll ~-8-,<?_ -3:j ~ Ai ~ A~ %~77}


t>RJl.
There's a lot of work to do, but the pay is low, so I'm considering
changing jobs.

7f 0 J7J ~1 ~ 7cJW s_ %" g ~-o}l;]l Jl!


Yang Gang is really good at sports!

q -o}-o}! :Ai ~ -&%" ~ ~-or-e ~tt!<>ll if-lf ~ *t>RJl.


Ha-ha! While I am good at sports, I'm not a good student.

01.H.~~ ~~~:c.f -.~~2.1 LH-OI .A.i 'tJ"CH1 ~ ,q~~ ~ LfEf'2\! [ H.A.~grLI Cf. EE~ Oi't! 3:!011 cHaH.A.i
~ ~ ~~ Wof'i:!.A.i Lf~ ~.s:. ~0 1 ~of.JJ. {l ~ llH.S:. .A.~W *~~ Li ef. ~.A.f 'Oil '~ .A.~of:AI 'ri.JJ. '-( 0 )L
/~ 't..!"'i:!'.1 ~EH .A. ~of7I.S:. g)"LICf.
This expression is used to express the fact that two things are opposites. It can also be used to state both
the positive and negative characteristics of something together in the same sentence. It can be used with
the partic le O!i or in the form --(2.)L / E ~~-

L_ _ -( 0 ) L /~ ~~011
~=-~
- --~
-- ~- ~.~
- ~
-"~~=== J
.3.Cf 2 'tl'i:!Oll
A
~q ~~ ~~011
-----~-~--~----"'""';---~- -~---

7fef l! ~~ou
~q ~ ~~~Oil
v --- ------------ ------- --- ------ - .... - --- ----
7f-E ~~Oil
-~ ~~011
:_________ ~q ~ ~~~Oil
... .:...... -- -~------ -- ____________ :___
________ __________ __:......._. .........:_

46 Korean Grammar ut..'ll.re- Intcrmediate


7-1i>l~~ llllr~ lft~ofl *~-2- A1zr011~ J-1-~ 0 1 it~L-lcr.
While the subway is fast, it's crowded during rush hour.

71-~2-1 ,v,1 ~ ~~71~ ~1-i>H::-lft~ofl ~l-8-1-71~ ~*-oR.fl...


Kylie is good at reading, but on the other hand, she's not good at speaking.

While that actor has received a lot of praise for his acting, he has also been criticized a lot.

~~~.l!f *~~01 't_l-cH 1 ~ ~~ LfEf~ [H '-( 0 )L/~ C~l ~H'~ A.~%/" .::?.s=. ~t:;Liq.
When the preceding and following clauses represent opposites, the form -(.2.)LI~ Cil ~5H can also be used .

::::z. ~ ~ l:IJ-'tf t:il ~-aJJ zr~ ~1 ~ ~<?I~~ ~ :Q--;;t..Jt:f.


That house is expensive, but on the other hand, the surrounding environment doesn't look very good.

.a~ =?'U ~ ~7}15~ ~I ~-aJI .-;-~~ ~~i>}.JI 'V.:Ert..J'Cf.


In contrast to the recent increase in imports, exports are decreasing.

7~ ~~ ~171- l[L"fg W0 1<5~ -3! ~ 0 1-.B...


L;E% worth~
1
Lt .!f-"f g W"0 1<5H"=-lft~ofl .%. W0 1 <r-J.B...
J

~.21 A.l.j7 ~ -~~ i\tO I "O~Cf -~~ i\tOI -o~q 1 --.S:.l'JO I -?c~
7~9:h'::- ~01 'i'JOI ~--~Cf ~--Cf I .!i!Et BI"Cf
!:.::~ ~-=jl-7~ ~~ i\tO~.AICf !:.::~ ~-=?-7~ ~~ 'i'JO~.AICf I ~g. A~g ~~ ~.:il <L!Cf

2 7~ -=z. :&] g 1:.]- ~i ~~.B..?

q 0 1-Y.B.., 0 1:&J~ ~ ~ lft~ofl ~%0 1 ~21%1-"-1 l-~Z{..5!..t:.f .2..cfl ~21..9...

Ol ~g. ~JCf I LH~OI ~2.1.!f.l.A.i ~:z.t.!i!Cf 2.<:H ~2.1Cf

::I 6.J~Oli.A~ 7~q ~O I 9!<L!Cf I Ait:tl~~ 8 ~~Ai 8 7fC.~

7iiOI3~ .A~-? 9:1Cf 7liOI3-E 9!'1!Cf I ~'eJ'OI ~f.A.i .Af-9- 8 Q:jq


7'..;;--'/'"'

"" ~ O) L / ::: ~'21011'~ AI%-BHA-1 C!-* [H:~ ~~'5~AiiR.

-) 7r o) *o1 ojlijjk? (oj)llllq)


q Oil~ Cl,toj.O{I % ~~ ~ :Q-o}-..&.

(2) 7f J %l:J1~~71- e>itr11..&? (71'01 ?i"r.f)


Lf l..oj_!f. B).}k .

(3) 7f J 7}-9-7} Oitr11..&? (xCJ1 ~ ~-o}q)


ft. 0 ~ .!2. *~..& .
Lf 15l::" A -r

(4) 7f J-~%o) Oilijjk? (%7}7} B).}q)


q {{71~ :AB 0 1'V_Oik

(5) 7t \:[l:jj_g.J-):7-Jo) ojlijjk? (%{io) ?q)


q ;,pgo) ?o}-J-~ ~J-oB..&.

2 '-(O}L /::: ~'21011' ~ AI%-BHA-J C!-* [H:~ ~~'5~AiiR.

(1) 7f q;J::j -17} J-1~ ~ ~ ~o]k? (~71 ~ ~ ~q)


q O~ll ';::: '-, .Jt. Cl,toj.O{I - 71~ ~ * ~e>ik.

(2) 7f o}%o) 271~ ~o}-oB..&? (7-B ~~ ~ ~ ~q)


q t:l1. 2 71~ ~ ~ o]k.

(3) 7f ~-9- -17} ~7 ~ ~-oR..&?(~ 7 ~ *<5}q)


~;(1-oB..&
q t:l1, 2 .

(4) 7f Cjl-j 7} :Ajei ~ ~-oR..&? (1-f~ ~ *-o}q)


q t:l1. LP= Ci.... :7.1-<Sjj_&
' - " . 1 -7--1
<?-1 0 22.

(5) 7f ~R2.1 %7}7} W0 1 -&-XJ:-7-1..&? (%~~ Gi 0 ~o}7-1 l:f)


q t:l1. %7}~ wo1 .2..~ ~ :Q-o}..&.

48 Korean Grammar in 'It~e Intermediate


-(2_) L /.CEll

7~ Oi~. <iJ ~
~ ~
*
1 <5}l-}.S:. ~OiJ.l
J.}o]:3QC>iiL.
0
~
( 19 )

Dear, I'm all out of clothes to wear, so I should buy some more.

You've got all these clothes in the closet, but you want to buy
more?

You look tired. Were you not able to sleep last night?

Despite getting a good night's sleep last night, I'm really tired
today.

01 .H.~~ ~~ ~~~ ol-2 '-( 0 )Lf :::c-ti'Oll <y~ ~~ cH~2.1 ~~ J::l'.:! -o ~/OiS:.'7~ ?@gt~ ~~ Liq.

[[f-c~.A.i Ol R~~ ~~~Oll -t:!~~1 ~O iq ~%,f0li.A.i 7 ICH~ 9 <U::: ~:il~ q27-jq tt!CH1 .A.~O I ~ rrH
.A.f~Liq.

- his expression is a combi nation of --{.)L/E:C11. which describes the situation under discussion, and
-0f/Oi.S:., which indicates concession or contrast. Thus, t he expression is used to introduce a clause that
1ndicates an opposite or an unexpected st ate of affairs when compared to the information given in the
preceding c lause.

-( 0) L /::: C-!1
t:i i~:::C-11
~~:::c-tl
A
t:i i.Jt!'C-!1
-( 0) L C-!IS:.
~ ~C-11

:u::::c-11
9:j ~::: C-!1
v
7f-2C-!I
9:j :::c-tl
~-----L--------~-------------------------~---------------
- ---------- - , - - - - - - - - - - - -- -----------------------------------------
~ ::: 1:-j].S:. .2.~o ] q .2.~ ~::: l:fi.S:.
oI ~::: c-fl.s:. .2.~o ] q .2.~ 01~::: 1:-j].S:.
: ......... -- -- ........... ...
.2.~0]q .2.~ 'l! 1:-j].S:.
.2.~ 'l! 1:-j].S:.
----''--------------------------- --------------------------------------------------

1.~] ~ 7-~ ~i}o] ?i- ~ "[;j]S:. ~A~ ~~.!f-Jl ~~<5Ril..


Despite getting a good salary, my friend wants to quit his job.

Although I cleaned my house this morning, t here's still a lot of dust.

Even though it's the weekend, the department store isn 't very busy.

'-( 0 )L/:::I:i].S:.' ~ ~~5HAi .ff.~o~.i!A~ W [ H.!f-10!1~o~.JJ.'~ *O:l '-( 0 )L/:::I:i].S:. ~o~.JJ.'~ ~Ljq_
To further emphasize the contrast or unexpectedness of the situation indicated by -()L/eCii.S:., the phrase
~Q"fj]_ can be added to form -()L/eCii.S:. ~ofjl.

A}~J-e.t:-j] ..S:. N<5}j]_ -6J]oj7<joj: ~OiR.


Even though they were in love, they had to part ways.

1:l}.!!!!1J.t:-JJ..s:. N<5}j]_.2} -"?--9.Ai ~~A~I-1-JL:J-.


Thank you for coming despite being very busy.

1 7f *l 0 -], \:[3!:! J!} If -::_ <1l ~ #.}~ o-j Jl?


q A~j 7} ~ ~ Jjj ~ ~<1l ~ i>}Jl <V_ ~ t;jj
\:t3!:!~ ~cj] l:l] ~~ _!2.~01-Jl.

J::i llf ru~.tll ~~~~ ofjl <1!Cf 1 'aJt'!.g ~Ciltt 1~'2! .!i!Cf
~iftt l7f ~ofef I ~=?@>11711 ~ J::!Jil Af .??Cf
~O I ~~q I ~5f'2'! ~=?~~ ~Oil Cil2.ljl.2.Cf

2 7f -3J7-J- A~~~ ~ 7-] :5!jj ~~..2..1-]771- ~~ ?jo] S'_2_1t3;l).o-JJl.


q o}y oj]Jl, -3J7-J- A~~~ ~ ;zj :5!jj ~ ~~t:-fl ~~ ?joj * .2-'llo-JJl.

~:g ~il~ ~ J::l II .X.I~.2.LI77f ~ 'rJO I .2..2.Cf ~:g ~~~~A]~ .jq I-~ 'rJO I ~ .2..2.Cf
~~~ uo1 o-H 1.2.LI77f OIJ::i l ~ ~2.IJ::I uq ~<c!~ BtOI o-H.!i!Cf I Ef.CHOil ~ II/IDfef 'rJOI ~2.1q
~~0-j~ 6E77fJ::I ~.!F-~.2.LI77f Olt!! ~~ A~x1EJ ~~0-l~ 6E77fJ::I ~.!F-i5fef I~~ II/I7f rrJq
~fef

50 Korean Grammar in U;e Intermediate


(3) ~~OIOHR .A.~:!!~ <2! 5HR
(4) ~~ '5~A: I ?i~OiR @ ?F~loP I 7~ Oi2.W=IR

(5) A:~~80 I '[~O ~R ~~01 ~O~R

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

2 '-( 0 )L/~CII'~ .A.~iiH.A.i c.~:; CH~ ~{1'5~AiiR

(1) 7f ~ ~c}o}oJ]!: %~~ l:lH~~o] 1fo] L-}_2_A]Jl? (%~~ l:lH~~o] 1fo] L-}_2_t:.j-)

Lf t:j], "8'}A]li} ~t:gt;_t l::IH~OI ~I 4'.2.-!et=tl ~ 7] !:: EfA] ?Jo}Jl.

Lf ~-E" ~oj]
----------------- ~C;jJl,
(3) 7f '81' .]!:: _2_~. <?J-IQ ~~~<>!Jl? (o]:2~ "8'} t:j-)
Lf t:ll. t:.J-~ "'r~~~ t:.J- '81' -1!:: c5J-J..J- <?J-IQ 71-t:ll..a.

(4) 7f ~"'1- -171- ;<a~?~ .!i!O:J..a. (%t:.J-)


Lf ~Cill]Jl. ~.] 7} o]'fi!J-11 _ __ _ _ _ ~~ :7-]o~ ~.il ~l.:j] Jl.

Lf t:ll. :All ~;..aoJl _______________ -!f-.2.\3 rrJ!.goJJ <>!~ 4- ~o] *lf-"B"}Jl


<V. <>!Jl.
1

G)1-J-017]- ~o} 7]-.A1,l1. 1-J-017} ~~ EJ1l-J77}


@ 1-J-o 17]- ~ ~ -c11s:. Ho]-,l1. @ 1-J-017]- ~~ ~ ~cu-~t=J1

G)ct :=
ct:=
J.-j-~~ ~7.1~
J..1~~ -w71~ oJ-7.1~
q;:: J..1~ ~
@ q;:: J..1~~ ~~
* ~ Jillt=J1
.2_0J<(lt=J1

3 7~ Ol ~~ ~0 1 9-t<UOlR?
q

G) l)t~~t=l1S:. 7]-Z:l 01%59_-o]S 1)!-~71 ~ 15]-7.1~7]-.?:j 01l:l1-]-S


@ 1)!-~~ ~-~oj1 7]-.?:j 01 ~'J:to-] ..9._ @ 1)!-~71 ~ 1)!-~7.1~ 7]-Z:l 01-j-..9_

4 7~ -!fi!-AI~~ ~0 ~5HR?

Lt Lil . .:::l~AI'2..!" - - -- -- - - - - - -- -- - - -- -
G) ~0 }15]-L.j77} J..1Zl-01 ~o-J-"i 7.}2t- * !2}..9_
"*0 }~ Jill-e-n J..1Zl-01 ~o-J-"-l .A}2t- *!;!}..a
@ -woJ- .s!_o1y77} J..1{1-o1 ~ojJ..-j 7.}2t- * !2}..9_
@ ~ 0 }15li::-t=J1S:. HoJ-,lL J..1Zl-01 ~o-J-"-l 7.}2t- * !2}..9_

5 G) ~ ~ l2:J71-e 15]-~7.1~ lf:J:0112:J.A1 ~ ~ ~ ~oJ1S.


:1. ~~7]- ~*71 -e ~~7.1~ :l.cJIS:. ~%~ 0 1~o-J..a.
@ ~ 7 ~ ~Xl71-e ~7.1 ~ 011=71 ~ lfl0115J-.A1 ~cu-o-J..a.
@ _2_ ~ ~-1 7]- {:-~71-e 15]-7.1~ oj:A11.5!-t:.}- ~ ~ {:-~o-J..a.

6 G) 01 ~ 0 1 2 ~ ~q,J..a_
~7f1-&71-e <5]-7.1~ ~
~TI1 ~ ?01 uJ-1f-er=ns:. H15},l1. 7-J14i- ~PJ..a.
@ 7.1 ~ ,l1.71~ ~ -woJ-if lfr~oJ1 7-H~~ ~0 }-6l!S.
@ ~L.j~ oJ1.!!!!-e lfr~oJ1 %A~~~.~ oJ1~ ~ ~o}..a.

52
10-%!_ 1 ~

_2_~ ,:>_ ~F7 ~Jil- w~n c~_V,l-%011 ~r:t.


_=z_x011;,l Jl~J
011 7}7-1.Jl ~ ~ ;g g !.}.Jl ~~~~ u}j1q _ _::]_ti.Jl
~!.}%2-j ~%~ ~1js=. !.}J-l ~ 9lr:t. <j!.}-~ ,:>_ ~7-1
2-j7} Bf<U-7-1~ ~~ !.}~ 0 1 BfO}!.l -2P-J~r:t. 0 1Jti?
W011~ \fqj~J.1:AJ-011 7} ~ ~ 0 lr:l-. ~~011 _g. 7-11\:11
q ~~:A1JI} 0}~5:_ \fqj~J-1:AJ-011 7} ~71 IT11~011 } *
? 71qj7} ;gq._
f'Nei Ming's diary}
October 1 Weather: Sunny
Today, I went to lnsadong with my friends. We bought gifts to take
home and drank some traditional Korean tea. We also tried a special
snack product of lnsadong, hoddeok. There were a lot of things to see
in lnsadong, but it was really confusing with all the foreigners there. This
weekend, I plan to go to Namdaemun Market. Even though a year has
passed since I came to Korea, I still haven't gone to Namdaemun Market,
so I'm really looking forward to going there.

01.H~:= ~go1q 5!....:il.Ad ?:t:= -Oli.Ai -~ AA:: .AfEJ'OI .Af.z:!2-l LH ~~ .zlltl-~.9. qEf~ rrH .A~g,t-Liq.

~~- 'PI~ ~ rrH_s:_ -"i~~~~~ .A~g,t-Liq.


This type of expression is used when writing diaries or reports to describe situat ions and events objectively.
---------------,---- -

~q
A .... .... . . .. . ........ ... . .

..' .
-~-~-~------------1--~--:--------~-~--------'-----------------------~------------------
..'

:' -:-~L7Jl
.l.!.f
':
-~.u~q
7 fq Itq
e:jq e:j ~q

v ~;t;H

.
.-- ...... -'
-(0)2 ~01q
---~---------
: e:jq
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.....,!_______ ____ __ __ ___ _ _ ___ __
, e:j ~
_ _ _~~---~-----------------
~OIC.f

54 Korean Grammar ul/ 'll.re- Intermediate


-- ------- - - -- - - - -- -
~.Y.O iq ~.y.~q
{:!~'cJOiq {:!~'cJOI~q
NOiq --
~.Y.O i q ~.y.q

{:!~'cJO i q {:!~'cJ Oiq


---------- -----'---------------- -- - --

..2.. ~o]c}.A-] ~o] fi:o] ~J-.5]-t:}.


The traffic is bad because it's Saturday.

'-J1 %J'~ ~ ~%~ ~c}j.!i!_t:} --81-f~ ~c}j ~ '?i"O] ~ ~t:}.


My younger brother/sister listens to upbeat, cheerful songs more than soft, quiet ones.

I am a student who studies Korean.

1 '?Jq'::_ ~A~ .!f-1011 ~o~ ~A~~ ~~~~~ 3~jl ~~A~ .!f-1011 ~ 0 ~ ~~A~~ ~~~~ ~Liq.
When '[iq follows a verb, it is conjugated as a verb, but when it follows an adjective, it is conjugated as
an adjective.

2 ~q~ ~q::_ ~~A~OI7 1 rrHg 011 '-q'. ~'B'Li q


Because -,!q and %q are adjectives, they end in - q.

3 Ai~j:il~ AI--~ ITH:: '::t:i /::t:f2j' 2.~jl.R~3~::t:l ?Jjl 'qj~2.1'2.~jl .R~~Liq. .:J.2.Ijl ';:t:f::_ q,
'::t:i::~ q::. '.:X:ii7V:: 'LH7V. '::t:i.9:17V:: ~2.17V AI--~Liq.
In the narrative form, Lf/.sf-2.1is used in place of :Ai/:Ai ~l to express "1/we". Similarly, Lf is used for J\i, Lfe
is used for :Aie . LH7f is used for Xil7f, and .sf-2.17f is used for J\i ~Pf.

4 Ai~j:ii011Ai :: %)g ~ EH :: 7i2.J AI--3~.A:I ?J~ Liq. .:J.2.iq %)g ~~~ ~~ AA!l ~~ rrH:: ~BL
8~1011Ai I: IHg '-( 0 )L7~?' ~EH ~ ~01 AI--~Liq.
Sentences are almost never written in the form of questions in the narrative form. However, to express a
question in this form, you can use the ending -(.)L 7f? that we learned in the beg inning level.

~t:Jl'il ~ ~ .2J1 J!-&~A}~~ol 'af~ 7}?


Why are there so many lonely people today?

~2.]!:: .211 ~73.g.7.i] ~ .:V..~?;Jl 0 J:tli <5J-e7}?


Why should we worry about environmental problems?

Y.!:: .211 ] 9-7-i]oJ] t:Jl -6l''i 1)2)-<5};9] -"~z.j-<5)-.:V.. 'V. !::7}?


Why am I thinking so seriously about this issue?
~
"" !
aru
"K
:Jo
~ K" iJJ
toJ 0 K :!1:!
0 ~J ~
UIIU iii~ 0
:!1:! KIO n
~ Uj rio Kj~ I
()J ......_
0 ~ Lr Lr ~
Kj1~ 0 Kf- ~ ..J
......_ '5
~, iJJ K <ID <In Lr
K" i rr jo fo~ ~~
JIJ ..J
-& iJJ 0
~ r-r or = <lru Kf- <In
:r _._: :nu u @
~ OIO ~
-<Ill j P: ()Ill e 0
IOJ !1: Lr =
~ Ciru 10
-& <In~ JIJ 0
lll- 0 i<O
:r tr r.jo -& ~ fo~ i o KIO Uj
JIJ ti ~JI r
-<Ill J\l :r e nr =t::l ..J
~
::z UIIU
I'
jju Jf ~ <In
710 -<Ill iUiiU Ul r-IO OIIU
-& B:: B"J 0~ "Kill
~~ ~ ~ -& ~ D l:j:j 0 oJ fo~
l}J jl) :r -gru 0
:r 'K IUl lilll _._:
Ll Kf- or 0 ;roo
-<Ill Qll .-1- r-IO iJK ~
tJ .t) rulru 1'-. iK :z _J - u-1r
0~ oJ liru
0 1\-< <IIU ;jO " iUinJ @
~ 0 0 ?) rl Kf-
0 ;::111 rr oon _._ 0
oltU ~ - ......_ ~0 ~
~ r9 CitU
QJll ~f nJ K Ol- L:f
OF ~ Btl w Lr o0 Ul i K"l "5 i<O ~
KI- ~ .-1- _J i<IU :!1:!
.-1- ~ 1'-. ~ "
'i3
QJll 1'-. 0 nr <eJ 0 r..J 110
.-1- OF !':" Oil 0 -:! "
E
rulru p orJ Uj JIJ iJJ nJ ~ IUIIU ~
.
~
Jl oJ UlnJ RW
;r< !':" ~ n l:tj ..5
~ JJ tl-\1 Mru :!1:! !1J ~ 0
oiJ ~ JIJ IO K Iii'~ r-JO
IUl lilll
::z UJI - !':" JIJ Lr Ol ~"
~ ~ 2. w 0 jo n _J OJ ~
......_ 0 Jl $! 0 0 ~{jiM) ......_ _._: iJO "'S
D ;tJ ~ ! J1 'QIU ~~ Ll Ll <ID Kf- 5'J =10
JIJ ......_ nj ~ i\W rr
IUl llll 0 ?) ~ or ~ :z "K 1=1
-
ij!( ..-1-
0 J\l ~~~K <In @ =
Ui -<1- '*
oiJ iK 0 - "K~ "5 IO 0
rulo ..-1- =rtJ
1'-. JltU <IIU r:l 0 "i\< r-r 0
~ ~ :r 0 iiOr :!1:! -H J
ojru t !OJ
~ t ~ !':" CJ UIIU JIJ r-IO or
o[ru K
'?< t ~ t
t OIJ 'QIU Jlru nr iJJ 0~ oJ ~ ~ ~
~ Ul @> o< Kf- CJ ljQJ
~ g @: 00
......_ -
,... ~
li s 6: ~ Ll - L_
co
~ N l()
- ~~Li011:f
2.! Ek :A~2.10ll 2~ Ljq_ ~~ O~~Oll~ ~Oi:::~lJll AijtJH~ o~~c~j Ailt!H~ ~::

l ____________________________,_______________________________________~----------- _)

(3) ~if- 7]J-}

. .~~-;~;~~--~-~;;~;;-;;;; ~---;;;~-~--~;~ ~-;- (i)~L;~;~--~-~-;;-~;-~--~;~~-~ ---------. --~


- OJ_1:f
.A.~~ .A.I'2J~2.IIt~~ ~~ C2:1%t~ ~Ljq .A.-j-~Oll.s=. 7le0ll .A.-j~~:goj ~~jl

l ____. =. . . . ._ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ _ _ _ _ . . . . . ~-------- ------------------------ --------------------------J


(4) 21 ~
.... ')-
~ ;;_;,;---~-~-~~~---~-;~--~;; I ~---~-~~--~7 -;~--~-;11 G)~-LI c~----~2.1;---~;, ~ ;. -~~: '
- 11-;!.1:{-
or. ~~7 ~~. ~7 ~ ~~ ~~Oi.A.-j ~EJ:g~ (?)'2_!-8Ljq, Oj ~EJ:g()jj .:1:_jl7j ~ ~jl

l--------~-------------- - - --
Eunhye, are you doing okay?

q g ,~::z] ~Ol . ~ ~?
Yeah, I'm doing fine. And you?

7~ %~ot. ~-1 {:l{JJ,]Z}o]ol=. {:l{J qj_Q_cj :Q"77t?


Donghyeon, it's already lunchtime. Shall we go to lunch?

There will be a lot of people if we go now. Let's go in a bit.

Okay. Let's do that.

\:!"~:= ~~ ~.::rq ~l-tJH .A~ol, 7 ~ .A~O IO!I.Ai ? .Af~LICf. -of/OiR'.s!Cf ~ ~%of7 1 rrHg.Oll ~cH~OI
012.1c-J2.~~ ~ofAI t>i:= ~~Oil ..v.'C:! ~2.ll7 f ~Lief. cH'T:I -oUOJR'Oli.Ai 'R'~ ~st.AI7~.A1 .AfofAI'2.! g.

:g ~E./lOll f42.f ~2.fAj71~ g)-Lief.


The informal form is used mainly when talking w ith close friends and classmates and among family
members. Because it is less polite than the -Qf/Oi.S?. form, if you use it when speaking to someone with
whom you are not familiar, it can come across as rude even if the person is younger than you. In most cases,
the informal form is made by omitt ing R from -Of/Oi.S?., but there are exceptions depending on the sentence
style.

1 ~.A-jg.J:!f 2.1:Z:Z: ~;_-jg.J:!f .1:Z :Z := ~XH~:i!f :i!f7-J~ .2Ef. -Z,f-Z,f '-O f/OiR'. '-W~OiR'.1 ~EHO!I.Ai 'R'~
~S;I".Aifl ~EH7 f 11Jj DI2.H~ := Oj-c_fOll '--( 0 )2 7-jOf~ *'~ Lief.
Declarative and Interrogative Sentences: The present and past tense forms of declarative and
interrogative sentences in the informal form are made by removing R from the ends of -Qf/OiR and -W"JJ..
01..2. The future tense form is made by adding -{)2 710no the stem.

X Korean Grammar U1 9/se lntermediatc


~~-~;;- ----=~~~~--:-----:~~--: ---:~~
- .. .... .. . - - - .. . .. . . -- ........... .
M~C~ M~
A/V -0~/0i
.. . .. .. ..
:

~.Ad~
Dl;;;~
-(.2.)2 7i Ot
I lj q lj ~ 7-jO ~
r-- f ~---~------~-

~Oi 2-j ),.~O i q


- - --~~--------------- -------------------------
2-jJ,.~~Oj

OI~Oi ~~o 1q 2:,1-~0I~Oi


NOiq
2.1,qo1q
I \'"H (01}0~
-'-----
~~01 q
2.IJ,.f0~

2:,1-~ 0 I O~

-~,t/~Oi?, Mfq ~Oi?. ~LI ?


-<ltf~ LI ? ljq ll ~Oi ?. ll~LI ?
W?. WLI?
I A/V -0~/0i?, -LI?
il0i?. il Ll?
~ 7iOP. ~ 7iLI?
O ICI Cl
~h.LLL

(1) 'OfLiq'1~~ ~AH ~ 'O ~Lior . .J::!Pi~ 'O fLI~Oi'7 f ~Liq. EE~ Cli'B~ rrH'LJI' ~ ~'O ILf 'Oi'. 'OfLI'
~ 'O fLJ'7 f ~ Liq.
O~Liq is written as O~LIO f for the present tense and as O ~LI 'ltOI for the past tense. When answering a
question, '* or 01 is used for Lil. and O~LI is used for O~LIR

7~ 9-~oJl ~::)- ~771-? 7~ LH ~ ~-"i-t!-oJl ::Q- ~t.l ?


Wanna see a movie on the weekend? Are you going to the library tomorrow?

q g' J ell. q o}t.l , <j ::Q- ~oF.


Sure. Sounds good. No, I'm not going.

7~ o)-77} J .A}'Ef B of? 7~ 7]-~t:q -]~ o ].;:--"}'Efojof?


Who was that just now? Is Kylie American?

q LH %-A~ ojoJ:. q o}y , o ].;:- .A}tg-o] o}yo]:, ir~~J!'= .A}tg-ojoJ:.


My little brother/sister. No, she's not American. She's New Zealander.

(2) '-O f/Oi?'~ ~~ %)J,.fWOll lll~ ;,.!~-'? ~ 0 Lf. '-LI?'~ %)J,.fWOll lll ~ J,.IW-'? ~.:LL ~~ ~.:yrq
Of5t!J,.fWOlllll'2.! J,.IW -'? ~~Liq.
While -OUOI? can be used wit h superiors and those older than you if you are on familiar terms with
them , - LI? cannot be used in such cases.
~
~6()[::
- .
.A].::L -iU o h 1?
O=i i!1 '"1 .
1 ol n.J ?
i!l -1 .
Se;u'l: Beomsu, are you reading a book now?

Beomsu: Yeah, I'm reading a book.

(~c!J:i!~ .!:rq AfOI)

AJ ~Lf. .A]i} -! "611? (o) I .A]i} -! i>~'-]? (x)


Little Brother: Sis, what are you doing now?

~Lt ~ ~ <>l .
Big Sister: Reading a book.

2 ~~g 01{_1Qii '--O~I01'~ ~O I 7~q '--0~1012-F~ ~~Lief. !f.~ ~~~:= - AI or Ef.~ -AI D~cP~ -ElLIEl
Imperative Sentences: For imperative sentences, either --0f/Oi or --0f/Oi2.f is added to the verb stem. To
make a negative imperative sentence, either - J::I Of or -J::I Df2.f is used.
- - ------------------ - - - - - - -
-OU01, 7~ef 7 ~. 7 ~e~
=7'1
C> 0
-OU01e~ 9:jef 9:j0i, 9:j0ie~
Dji!'IC
ooi:!:' v .. .. ... ----- - .. .. .. .. ..
-AI o~. 7~ef 7~A I o~. 7~AI D~e~
t::l;>;:-i
"T" O
L__-L.__ -AI D~c~ 9:jef 9:jAI o~. 9:jAI o~e~
------ ---- . -------------~----- ---- -------------

7f 1:1]7~ .2.1-]77} 4-AJ 7~.A].l!. 7~. I 7}-el-.


It's raining, so take an umbrella. Don't be late tomorrow.

q ~'lt<>l, 7~.A].l!. :Q~l. q .:::L?j1 , ~ ~ ~~1.


Okay. I'll take one. Okay. I won't be late .

.:J.iC!Cil '--0~/01 '~ 7~77~ %)A~Oi1Jii.S:. Alw * ~oq '-0~/01cF~ .:::!.~ * ~~ Li ef. ~- '--0~/01cF~
cH~Q "Bf-E ~cH~1 qo1q A~1~ ~I* I~ '-0~/0i'!i!.ef c1 o ~2.H~ LICf.
Note that while -O f/Oi can be used when talking with those older than you or superior in social rank if
they are close acquaintances, - Of/Oi2.f cannot be used in such cases. In other words, -Of/Oi2.f is used
with those younger or of a more inferior social status when compared to those with whom - OU<>i can be
used.

(~c!J:i!~ .2.HH~ A~OI)

AJ _2_1lH~, o] _:;! ~ 7} 2~ -?-1. (o) 1 7~ 2~ ~cr. (x)


Little Sister: Big Brother, teach me (how to do) this.

HHf .:::L?j1 , 7~2 ~ ~~]_


Big Brother: Okay. I'll teach you.

60 Korean Grammar u1 'lise lntennediate


3 ~~~ : ofc_fOil -o~;orq -AF~ ~~ Li q. -{:! ~:::-AI ~A~~ ~~ LicL
Propositive Sentences: For propositive sentences, -OUOl or -:q can be added to the verb stem.
To make a negative propositive sentence, -J:I ~;~:~ is added to the stem.
- - --,----l--------------------.---------:------------------------------------ ------
! I = A-i : -0~/0l -A~ : 7 ~C~ 7 ~. 7 ~A~
i 0 0 : ' : 9:jq 9:l 0l. 9:j :A~
:~~ I v t ... OU 00 oOO OU u u" - HU m U u u uu u u UuU u - - .... OOOHO .. - U OUO -

"---~--'~----- __! _ .!{:! -AI ~~~--------~;~- ~:: :;~-------


Let's go to the beach this summer. Let's not exercise today.

Lf .:1. ttl , -1 W77}?


Okay. Let's do that. In that case, what shall we do?

4 8 0l1 ~.2.~ Word Variation


':Ai/A:il'~ 'Lf/LH'7~ 1.Jl. 2rc!~~ LfE~LH~ ~::: ' L:l/L11'7~ .!Liq.
In informal Korean, t he 1st person pronoun :Ai/J.:il changes to Lf/LH. The 2nd person pronoun is Li/L:ll.

Ai ~ L-j ~

A:il7 ~ L:H 7~
:Ai ~ L-j~

A:il (Ai1) !.:11 (L:j 1)

1~ Lt~ ~F"'J~17B ~ ~ {i-c11t=j ~ -1 ~~ :J-1op


I'm going to have doenjang jjigae to eat. What will you have?

Lf Lf5:. -@.:Z.J~1 7B ~ ~ cJ1 . l'llalsohavedoenjangjjigae.

7~ o1:J-1 l=l] %-ci1~:::} o}yop Isn't this your mobile phone?


Lf '3[o}, 1.fl %-cB~.:::}o]:. 0:]71 'l)_<~F?-L-f. Yep. It's my phone. So this is where it was.

5 q:= APS'10 I ~~ -~ rrH Calling Others by Name


q:= A~'S1 0 1 ~~ -~ rrH ~~ ouo~ ~ 01~ 1011 ~~Liq. O I ~ O I 2~ ~q~ o~~. :A ~

~q~ 'oF ~ ~~ Liq. ~2.i Lf ~~ o1 ~0 1 o~'L::! 2.1~ o l ~ rc! ?:l~Oll 'o~;o~ ~ ~0 1 ~ Oi~-oP-H ~EJLiq_
The particle Of/OF is added to the names of others when calling out to them verbally. However, it sounds
strange to add th is particle to the non-Korean names of foreigners.

~~oJ:, _2_~oJ1 ~\{77}?

i>}~o}, :Q-o1 7-1~ ~7-1-.

3. c.J ~ ~ 0 }, 017-11.:I. c 2fu} 19:01? (X ) - 3. c.J ~ ~, 01 7,11.:I. ~2.}u} 19:01? (0)


: 21~ ).f'S OI~Oli-E- ' Of/Ot'~ ~O I :A I ?,tLicf.
Of/Of is not added to the names of foreigners.
~-=- : ~ =:~eoo e's Names
:-=. rr!l .:J. .A.f<EtOI ~~ .A.f014 4017~ OjiE:]
~--=- :J ~~ ~ ~~ :Af-g-.2.. M4::. 01;; ~Oll or ~ ~():j

~~-=--- =-~4 2R- .A.f<Et Ol;;on::_ or~ ~OI:AI t>i'-;;;;Liq_


;er --aemng to a person by name, if the person is a close acquaintance or is younger than you, then
- :;-o..IC oe added if the name ends in a final consonant. However, Ol is not added to the names of
&;::re-:g'1ers.

.~ ~ (x)- .~o]~ (o) 3.2-j~rt! o] ~ (x)- 3.2-]~rt! ~ (o)


.~ ~ (x)- ~ ~o ] ~ (o) 3.2-]~rt!o]~ (x)-3.2-]~rt!~ (o)

c5~:AII2! ~ .A.f<Et 01;;~ ~~~:A~ Ol;;. t!W-j ~~ rrH::_ or ~ ~~Liq. OU~ ~- '.A.t2Jt!('J~)'1 ~~

~Oj ~~. ~2:AI ?i.JJ. ~~ ~:AI%. ~~ c5~'t! '~'OI 1::.cil '.A.t2It!' .!f-10!1:::. '01'7~ ~:AI ?i.JJ.
'~' Cf%0!1:::. 'OI'~ ~~LIC~. .:J.2.IJJ. Ol;;~ ~~ llH.S:. ~~ ~:Af%2.. ~2Jll 1't! '0 ~/0t' ~ ~~Li q.
Note, however, that for Chinese names in Chinese characters that are pronounced according to the
Korean readings for the characters, Ol is added when the name ends in a final consonant. For example,
the Chinese name ...q2JC:! (,J,~) becomes .::::,.g when read according t o the Korean readings of the two
Chinese characters. Thus, while .A.t2JC:! does not take Ol, .::::,.g does .

.A.t2.Jt!~ (0) ~ol::. (o)


.A.t2.ll!OI:::. (X) :=~ (x)
.A.t2Jt!O~ (x) ~o~ (o)

1 7f tlj~ ot, .2..~ cjA}%01] 7]-Y ?

q g, %5: o] 1.=].: A]Z} ~_Q_~ ~o] 7]-7.}.

EH'2..! I .2.~ '2..!.A.IOil 7fCf


'2..!.2 I nj;q .A.I~Cf
~g I ~~Oil AH~O I '2..!' 7iCf

2 7f 4'-~ o}, 7.]\:J:Jtioj] {!- ~Z} .6!J 7-] u]- ~ ~J:!;j ?-1.
q ~Y . .:z.~ ~ 7]- 0 }77]~ 71t. cr:= 7-JuJ- ~J:!;] ~711 .
~I :AI'cl\!!Oil ~ ~Rt61! ~IDf - ~2.~ ~Cf
1
~LI. .:J.{:! LH7f Of771-E 7iCf I Cf-E ~!Of ~21 ~Cf
-':.2 I :AI-5 fr.lliOil 7f.A.i 2.f~ - .A.f .2.Cf .!rq , :AI-5 q ~:2.f -80ICf I ~-5 Oj[[f7f .A.f .2.Cf
~~ I .2.~0il ~I:IH7f .2.~ Lil7f -~Of ~Cf .2.UUf. .2.~0ii-E Lf ~Oil ~Cf I ~ LI Oil7il !F-~H ~Cf

62 Korean Grammar in <tlse Intermediate


....
1 q~ CH:~ 'r!~ I:I~.JflAiiR.

(1) 7~ -7-1 #.], t.H ~ :Q-o ]Si:.~-oj-2.-j :Q-77]-Jl? 7~ %7-IO~, L!l0 J. IJ.OI Ai:.li6orcl I~:?Jr?

q .=LcjJJl, :Q-o 1 7]-Jl. q ~, IJ.Oilr7-r.


(2) 7~ ~~ #.], ;_l q:J #.1 :rr}Ej oJ1 % 71 oJ1Jl? 7~

q oj-1-] Jl, * :Q- :5)_ :Q-oJ-Jl. q

(3) 7~ %2.1 #.1, 0 1 Jf-AJ %2.1 #.] 71 oJ1Jl? 7~

q oj-1-]Jl, 7-~] 71 oj-yoJ1Jl. q

(4) 7~ _2_~ ~ ~~ -7-f-~ ~7-1 oj-J.i1Jl. 7~

q Q]JJl? _2_~ f!lo] ~ ~ o]: HJi..? q

(5) 7~ _2_-h .A-1Alojj2=


2. 0 D 1-
~9']..Q..
~2
~..Q..;_1q
t:J 7~

q ~#.171- #Y 77J- ~li:! ~ Q:j7-1 W"'1 t:J-. q

(6) 7~ {! .":1 #.], ~ 7-~j I?l q:j #.] ~ J~ Jl? 7~

q t;Jl, ~X{OiJl . .=l~t:i1 Q]JJl? q

~ - -- - - - - ------------- -- - - -- ----------------------- --- ------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------- ----------------- ------------------------\

-i=-q, (1) 2.~ 0~ 2 1:l ~O!E oHAi ~8 ~~OiR. (2) 2.~ :Ai~Oll ~Oll ~~ ~ 7iOliR?
-l::l~J_oj
(3) 2.~ J;:il7 ~ 8~~7-!IR. (4) .!f-1 ~Jl {lOiR? (5) lli:A~ ~S2.2-i ~77fR? (6) Of. R~

L_-:_ _ _ __
_____________ __ ____
__ _ _ _________________________________________________)
1 7~ .!;=-q, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _?
q g , .=:l~Cll 2H?

G)LJl <?J .A]:j- <V_ o-j ~ LJl <?J .A] :j- <V_ y
LJl <?J ~ -=t- 1I1-\t 71o l= @ LJl <?J ~ -=t- I?}\t ~ oj] _g_

2 7~ .2UU~. - - - - -- - - - - - -
q .=:12.H ~~Oi.

G)78 ~ "51-e -3! * .5:..2}?-j ~ 78~"51-e -3! * .5:__2}?).-j]it


@ 78 ~ "51-e -3! * .5:..2}?-]2} @ 78~"51-e 5! * ~ 4- <V.oJ?

3 G) ~2.1 AAI:: ~~OH g :XI 1t:10I 1~::q. ~ 1t:1 ~~ ~~OH ~~:XI'2.! 0~~~ ~~
~~:= -a:x1 <rJ::q_ .=:1~:= ~~~01 o~~ .A.i~27~~q. @ ~~~~ C:J ~~o-1 ~
!:f-<5H.A.i ~~ .A.~Et~~EJ ~0~.:12 ~q.

4 G)R8 'rt:= !:f-.2~01 0~0~~~ 2.1~2... ~2t .s:!.LHq. ~ ~'@ rrH ~2t~ 7~'2::! 2.1~~
~ c-j ~ tlH~ *
~q.:il ~z,t-<5H.A.iq. @ .=:12.H.A.i :XiS:. 01'@ rrH Dl~2... ~2t~ ~q.
-o~:xl'2.! ~7 1 ~2t:= ~~s:. ~:xl'2.! 8~s:. u:=q.

<D ~Y. t:1 ~ .2.~ Brllllr?


~ .2.llllr. .2.~ :=. ~Oil <?J~ 7t~-r.
~~F, o]u:J-7r tJ! "'lOil ~Y.?
@ q;J~oF, ~.A] :Ai] A]{f-.:- 1:<>1?

.... -------

64
~
( 24)'
7~ 7-}0 l= -1, _2_ ~ .5:_ 01 ~ ~011 7}2=] j]_Jl?
Jaya, are you planning to go to this restaurant again today?

q l:JL Oi717t Aaw l)l-~ 71 ~SL.


u}3. -1 ;Q-o1 ~~Jl?
Yes, (because) this place has really good food.
Do you want to go, too, Mark?

Why do you look so tired today?

q e>-l:A11 ~~ .!i!_ L2.}_ll ;g-g * ~71 ~Jl.


I didn't get a lot of sleep yesterday (because I was) trying to
watch a movie.

01 .H.~:= ~cHtg:l"OI ~ ~gojq :A~t!OI ~~ LHg.Oll cHoH01~q .g<2.)2.J ~-2.J"~ ~~ rrH .A.~gJ-Li cL OlrrH2.1
Oj~q .A.I{J:= ~cHtg,l-01 E.:= ~~Ljq_ '-7~~.':= ~~Oli.A.i'2! .A.~"O~~ ~~Oli .A.i:= .A.~"O~:AI ~J~ LI Cf.

Ef.~ ~.H.2~ ~::: ~~~<2.) :A~2.10li.A.i := .A.~-Q~:AI fijl_5:1_~ ~~ .A.~OIOli.A.i'2! .A.~gJ"LjC~.


This expression is used to respond to a question or to add to a statement the speaker has already made to
provide t he reason or thinking behind the answer or statement. The listener has no knowledge of the reason
or facts being stated by the speaker. Note that the form - 71. is used only in conversation, not in w ritten
Korean. Moreover, it is only used among close friends or those on familiar terms with each other. It is not
used in formal situations, such as when giv ing a presentation.

A/V
~ 7-j7~~.
gj ~ 7i7~~.

66 Korean Grammar ;n/llle- Intermediate


-~-- , - - - - - -----,--------------------,-------------------------------------
~7i~R ~-=fl-Oiq ~-=fl~7i~R
OI~Pi~R OH~Oiq OH ~ O I~.Pi~R
.... ....... .. .. .... -- - --- ........ .. ------ --- .....
~-=fl-Oiq ~-=fl7i ~R
(01)7i~R
OH~Oiq OH ~ OI7i ~R
- - -----

7~ :A~J"?S:."il n~ rrJl t.l-c.J-{..}-ojJ-&2f7H1<>1Jl?


Did you go up Mt. Halla when you went to Jeju Island?

q o}-yJl, * ~<>1Jl. \i/,1.]7}- <?]- ~~rj !:A.


No, I didn't. (Because) the weather was bad.

You must be tired, and yet you're going to yoga class?

Yes, (because) I feel so relaxed after yoga class. So I go to yoga class even when I'm tired.

It's really been raining a lot recently.

q A~ AJuJ-~ o] rj !:Jl. ~ 1f %<?l~ 7-l]~% rjoj]Ji..


(You see,) it's currently the rainy season. It will rain for a full month.

1 '0 1~'2.1 2.ID I .AI~ [[H'7i~R'7 f <n~ g~~ CH.2:f0li.Ai Ail~ <,!-011 ~ * ~Jl. W5!-2 .Af'EJOI
w~ g~ C~O I Lf ~cHtg1 ~iE-011 CH~ CH'8~ .AI~* <n~ Liq.
When 7-f R is used to indicate a reason, it cannot appear in the first clause of a new conversation. It must
come either after an initial statement made by the speaker or in response to a question asked by the listener.

7~ ~o}-5")-E 7)-9 'V_~..Il?


Is there a singer that you like?

Lf ~1. ~~ ~ ~}71 !:: ..11. 7)-9'tl]' ~ ~o}iifl..ll. (x)


- ~~ ~ ~ilfl),i 7)-9 'tlj'~ ~O}iifl..ll. ( 0 )
I like the singer Rain, because he sings well.

7f J 7}1" ~ .2J1 ~O}iifl..ll?


Why do you like that singer?

Lf -1) ~ ~~ ~ ~}71-E-..Il. ( 0 )
(Because) he really sings well.

2 o1 IE~ ~ W"51-2 .Af'Etol .Af'Et011lil ~~~ wo1 <n7i Lf olo~7 15fJI ~~ ?-jol <n:; rrH. ::1. w;;
~~
5f71{"!011 ~~. .AI5f7 1~ ~Liq. [[f2.f.Ai ~011lll4r1E O I0~717 f <nq::: ?-j:; ~.A I5fJI <n~Liq.
This expression can also be used to preface, or introduce, something the speaker wants to tell the
listener. Thus, it provides a hint to the listener that the speaker has more to say.
7; ~*~I:il..ll, 0 1-2-_j.~oJI ~~ 0 1 ~t:.joj] ~~.R.?
Excuse me, but do you know if there's a bank nearby?
q o] ~ ~ 7]-J..] ~ Jtl.Qj{jo] t{..2.r ]-Jl. 4l1Qj{l {it.-JJC!oj] ~~o] ~~.R..
If you go straight ahead on this road, you'll see a convenience store. There's a bank across from the
convenience store.

7~ %~ .], .Ai]7]- ..2.~ 9-~ .] ~ 't}t{7] ~7'1-..ll. %~ .] ~o] 7]-1l,2Jl.R.?


Yunho, I've arranged to meet with Juyeong today. Do you want to go, too?

Lf .A~:S:. 9-~ .]7]- .!i!.Jl ~':~t:~:i] ~ ~Li] Jl. ~o] 7]-..ll.

That's great because I also wanted to meet with Juyeong. Let's go to_g_e_th_e_r. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ J

~
7~ -%;3-J-011 7' ~ ~. 7t.Ai1.? ( 25 )1
1
q .2. ~ --.2.. \3 o1 t..R011.2..A1~ !:.a.
~~lOll ~ ~. 7fq 2.-- 2.'aOI ~~I2...A.Iq

2!l O l~lil ~~ 'i'JOI frl:l lofq ~Oil -B~O I 'i'JO I 2.q

7~III~ 2ll <2_1- Df.A.Iq 7~ III ~ Df.A.I'2:! ~~ ~ ;qq

2 7~ 9-W011:J_ E.2.}u~ ~11~.?


to have no empty/available seats
q oty., *~~.. {l-=f-2JQ.j=-4fo1 ~ ~~!:..9... '&~ !:lq to shop at a market

~~Oil ::1. 2.f0~ !;!q

~Xil B 1BOII.A.i ~o fq ~ -ofq 1 AI~ !IIl2.f xf2.l7~ ~q


~Xi! 'c:H~'!:i!l- ~0 I ~~ !i!C~ ~:Ail-E ~Xf ~~ !;!q I 'ct:Jt'!OI ~~ 7~q

68 Korean Grammar,/, Ure- Intermediate


,. - - --. --- . . ... . . . . -. - - - -- .. . .- - - ------ -------J--
I

I fib 7~q ~ o~o~q ,~.qq ~q 7 ~ 5!.2.~.:il o~q ~ 7~ Et!.q


- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - --- - - - - - - -- - --*--- ----------

l;!~IOI~ -?~<>1] !f-1 <'>H1 OiJl.?


0~712.~ ~%<>1] o-jo-Jl-j {21~ J.~cj :n-Oi..R. r:.J-%-?<>1] Jl15-Jojj (1)/fr{J-.2...
!;!JIOI~ -?~ojj Jl15-Jojj 7~J.j ~-irJl.. .::1.~-c-jj I(;:: {-} 1 ~ J.~1:J.OiJl.?
o~7 1 2.~ ~ :7-J ~ ite>i..R. Oio-JL.J7J11 J.-l ~R ~ :7-J ~ (2)_ _ _ __ _ __ _ _

l;!JIOI~ .:Z.~ t;J] .1'1:~ ~ rrJl ~R~ ~ ~ *t>~l-j ll~ ~ ~ .A] ?:J-.2..1:! OiJl.?
0~712.~ l:Jl, ~ ~ .A] ?J-~OiJl. . Jl.~ ~% 7~71]<>1] ~ ~~Oi ~ ~t>H=- J.~'f:}- ~ o]
(3)_ _ _ __ _ _

!;!~IOI~ o~, .:Z.~-irJl. . .::1.~-c-jj ~:7-j ~ J.~1:J.OiJl.?

o~712.~ o~LJ<>ll..R, ~:r ~ ~t:;j.Jl ~Ai *tr ~ ~ ite>i..R. ~RoJ ~~.!i!.q -:-~oJ woJ
(4) . ~~]o] ud .] ~ l:lJ~ rrJl.!f-AJoj] Z}q.Jl "91-A]Jl.?

l;!~IOI~ l:Jl, o~-3] Jf-AJoj] ~ Jt!S:. (5)-------------------


0~7 12.~ .:Z. ~-irJl.. Jf-AJoj] 7~J.j ~ -5H-&r:H<>1l ~ 7~ _!il_J.-j]Jl.. :AJ~ o}%q %1Jl..
l;!~IOI~ l:Jl, .A-j5:. -5H-&r:H <>ll 7~2;j .Jl "'~Zf<'>~Jl 'V,OiJl.. ~ :r ~ 0 ] -5H-&r:H <>ll ~
(6)_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _
7~ :Ai 7}~ .2R -0 }"0Rii.?
Why do you like that singer?

q ~ tl1 5:. ~"0"}Jl 3! S1?t0 } A .


He sings well and (as you know) is good looking, too.

7~ 7}~ 2.J -]7} ~~Oi ~ :AjW ~-o-}~1..9..!


Kylie is really good at Japanese!

q 7}~ 2.] -1 ~ ~~oj]l,i .:g-_!f-'9l?t0 }A. :7.]\:!-Jtioj]


7 }~ 2.] -]7} w~ ~ c1] },~ Zf <?.} L.}.fL?
(As you know,) Kylie stud ied in Japan. Don't you remember she told
us that the last time we saw her?

1 o i.Y.~~ ~::::: "'~~o 1 o1o1~J! ~::::: o1~~ ~w IT/I EE::: .gct~tgol 01~ Af1!~ ~Oitfi2.~Ai .:I?.:! ~ qAI
7 l~qJII 5~2.~.:1! W rrH A~g,fLiq. %JWOliAi'2.!" A~5~[}j ~WOliAi::: A~5~J:I cc.t~Liq. Ef.~ ~61~<2.!
J:~2.10li.A.i ::: .A.~5~J:I l'J~Liq.
This expression is used when the speaker wants to state a reason that the listener should also be aware
of or when the speaker wants to remind the listener of a reason that he or she has apparently forgotten.
It is used only in conversation, and not in written Korean. Also, it is not used in formal speaking situations.

7~q L!"fJO~R
.:l!j-7-j -~/~-flO~R
~ ~q gj~ ~fJO ~R
- ---- -- ... .. ... ... .. ..
7 ~q 7~~JO~R
A/V ~XH --f.tO~R
gJ ~ q gj~ fJO~R
... -- ..
7~q ~ 7-jfJO~R
DI2.H I 1'~ -(0)2 7-JtJom :
gJ ~ q gj ~ 7-jfJO~R
~--------~--------- . ---------------.-----------------~-----------------------.;_ _____~---------------------------

NO IC.~
~-=flOi q ~-=fl=QtO~R

. . OH<2.!0iq .
OH <2.! 0 i fJO ~R
--------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------

70 Korean Grammar u1 Cfl.ve Intermediate


7~ o]l(!oj]. OJ=7J- .]7} 1';; ~ ~t=j]Jl!
Yang Gang got 1st place again this time!

q OJ=7J- .] ~ i>J-.AJ- ~{Ji>] -%--<'>~}A.


(As you know,) Yang Gang always studies hard.

7~ t=j], wo}Jl. OJ=7J- .]~ <?j_7.i]Lf ~{Ji>j -%--<'>}7-]Jl.


You're right. Yang Gang studies hard all the time.

7~ .:?~ -]7} <?:}7.1] Jli>J=~ ~0}7}7.]..9..?


When will Sujin go back to her hometown?

q 7.]\:!--? .Jl ~oj] ~o}:r{~}A.


(You might recall that) she went back last Saturday.

7~ o}, wo}Jl. .:?~ .] BH%<'>}cj -%"8(,1-oJ].S:. ~o] {):~7.]..9..?


Oh, you're right. We went to the airport together to see her off, right?

7~ J-i]~ .]7} ~oj]..g.q.JI t>BJ--1 l!l~o~% iJ:C1.B...


I bought some peaches because Seyeong said she's coming by the house.

q Oi.!i!.., :1. tl7-~ ~~o}~ej] 27]7} ~~}.


Dear, (perhaps you've forgotten that) she's allergic to peaches.

7~ o}, :J.~1i? ?t)-lll!j-~t=j]Jl.


Oh, is that so? I totally forgot.

2 Ol .H.~~ ~cHtgOfllll ~.:i!Lf ~.:il~ ~:::ciL!r_ ~cHtgO I ~ AI ~o~ ;;AI~~ ~01 ~:cl ~~Oil ~cHtgOliJll
Jt!B~ ~;:01 ~W rrtj5:. AI~Liq. OliE:i ~~ .!:2.~ ~:I~~ ~7Jll A~~ ~Liq.
This expression can also be used to scold or rebuke the listener for not heeding the speaker's advice or
for allowing something bad to happen even after being warned about it. In such cases, this expression is
often used together wit h a statement indicating what was previously said or advised.

7~ ~ 0 }, C1~7'll t>R.B..? "&ii!.oJ] ~~C1Jl.


Mom, what should I do? I'm going to be late for school.

q :J.t'jj).-j C17-1] ~~ 7.}2f.Jl ~~t.


Now (you shou ld know) that's why I told you to go to bed early last night.

7~ :1. \:}"7.}7} ~Jl.!i!..y 7-j~ L.f~ ).}'}-o]~C1Jl.


Once I got to know him, I realized that guy was really a bad apple.

q :1.7-j li!}Jl, t.lJ7} .!j'-~2.j-Jl ~C1Jl. :1. J-}'}- Lf~ ).}'}- ~q.Jl ~~}A.
Look, now what did I tell you? (Didn't I say that) he seemed like a bad person.
c.:;;....
1 7 7JJoJ:IL -]7~ _e_~ Jf-%tJRtiR.0 [ 27}

2llll2.f
4 .:1.~ 7l]0 ]:IL -]CJ ~ 0 ] ..2.ll]]% .!i!.Ci 7~--'i] .0 opera

\__ l:liEf'2.! vitamin

7jjoj:IL -] 7~ ..2.ll]]% ~o~"B"~~o]-. 0

JIIOI.I!. JJ.I~ ~OI2.nll 2.~ .!:2.2.i 7.q I JIIOI.I!. JJ.I7. 2.IIil2.~


~ 5q
~7 1011 ~2.~J..i gJ~q 2.~AI 4-.6~ BI"OI Df.A.Iq I 1::1 IEf'2.! C7f ~PIOII ~q
l::l iAf ~~5f-E Jll Li!f. ~lfofe.f 01J..f011~7l q I 01~J..fOII J..i CH~ ;jH 4-q

2 7f J-j~o]] ~oj~oj.0

Lf .:1.~ --'i .Ai] 7~ lf-jc.}Jl ~oj.R? AI~OII <gop: ICf to flunk a test
'elOII always, as part of one's daily routine

~~a]] ~{115] ~.!f-i5~c.}Jl ~~o]-. 0

J.. I~OII ~of~ l q ~.1,011 '1{:!51 ~5 f2.f


tt H ~O I qq Li!f. \tO I t;!:j-2- 3:! ~q
~~1::11~ q JJ.j l::lj2.lq ~--Of~ ~2.f

(1 ) 7f ?WoJJAa%-{loJJ n-cr -&~Jl? (~ rt)

Lf ~%-{1~ t.l..!f- qpo~~.2.0 71-771--&- t;JJ.. 7rtB w39.0iJlo

(2) 7f ~{l oj] ~oo] ~~l:l] ~ lj ~771-Jl? (* Q:jq)

711 w39.0iJlo
(3) 7f l::lJ~-51-tB ~ 7 ~JI} .:Q-o] \fo]{ioj] ~~Jl? (l(q ..2..q)
q .A]\ l:lJ~oj] S:. \fo]{i oj] W.::il q ;::
--------------------0 .:Q-~ ~

x oJl 7rtB w39.oJJlo

L 0}:1]2} .]7} --- - -- - - - - -0 g Q{ CD~ --'1- 9-tB oj~77}Jl?

horean Grammar u1 ll1e o Intermediate


7 7.}F -1, 2R ~:::<~1 ~ <il- ~~Jl?
Jaya, why didn't you do your homework?

Lf ~~WoJl $;-7 ~ .!r!.~~JI ~:::<~] ~ * ~~Jl.


I couldn't do my homework last night because I was watching a
soccer game.

7 ?WoJl -1 <s-}it~Jl?
What did you do over the weekend?

Lf ~;zJ~~Jl. ~:AJ~ ii}~~Jl :AjW ~ ~~~Jl.


I made kimchi. (Because of that,) I was really exhausted.

OI .R~::: ~~~Oil .2.::: ~01 ~~~Oil .2.::: ~2.1 Oli?Lf ~'2JO I @ ~ LfE~'tiJLiq. ~~~Oil ::: -'? ~~'2.!
OIOPI~ OI ~LICl '-L 2f2l:L!. .A.~5H ~Liq.
This expression indicates that the statement given in the preceding clause is the reason for, or cause of, the
'ollow ing clause. In most cases, the following c lause is negative in nature. This expression is sometimes
shortened to - .!:::.2.f.

-.!=.2.~jl

/~q / ~L 2.~.:i!
v -L2.~jl
Qjq Qj L 2.~jl

7f ..fl..~ 7}~ 2..] .]!: op~J1] :Ajt.J1Jl? How's Kylie doing these days?
Lf ~~ t1] ~ il}l-c}J!. :Aj--80] 'ilJ.!: ?>! ~O}Jl.
She seems really busy due to preparing to get married.

7f .Aj ~ 1IJ1-@-ol] -gfo ] l:lpn1 :A]Jl? You're really busy because of all your tests, right?

q t;jJ. Jl~ .AJ~~~ -&-P-ct.:TI. :B 7 ~ ~ ~ * t:frxroJ..fl...


Yeah , these days I haven't been able to meet my friends at all because of my test prep.

7f QJ1 ~ ~ Oi ..fl..? Why are you late?


q ~*tiR..fl... ~-*Ei ~ .:TI.~l el ncr ~ct ~ ~Oi..fl...
I'm sorry. I'm late because I went to get my computer fixed.
1 '-L 2.~.:il ~ ~Q.j ~--01 lll~~l cm .!f-12.1~--O i q ~EH2~ k:f~~ ~ ~ {!~il~ ~~ ~Oj q,
~--0 1 ~:1!~~. --AIOil ~~~l.:il ~g ~ qE~'t:\lLiq.
The phrase -!:::.~~11 expresses the fact that the action or behavior in the preceding clause continued to
occur either partially or completely simultaneously with the action or behavior in the following clause .

~~~~e.jAJ-.!j!.5:oJI 7}~2}Jl ~.iiLoj] * ~<>J.f:l...


wasn't able to go to school because I went to the immigration office .

...,._ _ _ _..,.*~A In

: -'?~ .A.If! %~ ~~~-E!-~I.A.~.!?-~011 CU'i'i.11 .:J.2.H.A.i -'?~ .A.I:C.fOtl ~ -'? ~'i'i.LI Cf.
I was busy going to the immigration office during class time, so I therefore couldn't attend class.

2 '-L2.~.:il~ A~~ [H 'rJ~ XiiQ{O I ~~ L] q. C~:il~ ~~ 3,'! ~ ?Q.J5HO ~ ~Li q.


There are a number of restrictions on the use of -!:::.~f11. It is important to remember the following points.

(1) '- L 2.~.:il' C~Oil ~ ~~~CZJ OIOP I{t! ~~~q. ~~q II.I~'6~q ~'6~C~. <21' '6~q ~~012.7 1
[H~Oil ~~~Oil ~~~CZJ OIOPI7~ 2.12} 01~~Liq.
Because the clause that follows -!:::.~[11 is negative or undesirable in nature, it sounds unnatural for a
clause that is positive in nature to follow it.

c-j]o ].~ ~}~ 2}Jl 7] ~o ] ~o r.f:l... (x)


- c-j]o].~ -6JIJi 7]~o] ~or.f:l... (o)
- !OJ] o]. ~ ~}~2-\-Jl .fl..~ AJ.no] ';li<>J.f:l... (o)

.!~. '.:il~'6~q', '*.:il'6~q.2.~ ~~ -A~ ~Oj~ ~ -t!~~ '-L 2.~.:il'7 ~ M~ Li q_


In addition, -!:::.~f.':il is also used idiomatically with verbs such as .:i:l:~ofCf and -'?11ofef.

0 ]:-2-~l-~2}2 *2~}1l,<>J.f:l...

.:J..%<d' -?-e.J ~ 7}..~]A] ~2}2 2/.~ '?l.1l,<>j.f:l..,

(2) '-L 2.~.:il' ~Oil~ Aln. ~. ?012.J Q.J.A I7 ~ ~B.~ -Am ~Liq.
Only verb s that require the will of the subject , a force of energy, and time can precede - !:::.2.[11.

.iiL.!8-A}JI7} t.f~2}2 ~AroJl -A]Zf~<>J.f:l... ( x)

o~:l] 7r 'i'oJ .2..~2}2 ~{}% *~<>l.R. (x)

l:l}~2}2 o:j ~~ * ~<>J.R. (x)

: '.iiL~.A.f117 f LfCf'. 'I:JI7f 2.Cf'-E .A.If!OILf ~. ~OiQI 2.J;>;:I7f ~.~ .A.f7f OfLIQj. 'I:Jf.!!!!Cf'-E .A.f7f OfLI71
ITHiEO!I ~* ~Lief.
In .iiL~.A.~117f qq and t:JI7f 2.Cf, the verbs do not require the will of the subject; in the case of I:J ~.!!!!Cf.
it is not a verb.

74 Korean Grammar ut- Zt...e Intermediate


(3) Ol .H.~~ ~ @-~~~ .!fl @-~1 ?OP ~ ~0~~ ~Liq.
The subject must be the same in both the preceding and following clauses.

~-tot -1-e- {)~ A}~e}..ll (A}0 t -1-e-) ~~ * ~~-;:;t..J!:f. (o)

A}ot -1:: {)- ~ A}~e}..ll u}.3. .J-e ~~ * ~~-;:;t..J!:f. (x)

(4) '-L2.~.:il' C~Oll::: ~~~m ~~~01 ~ * ~~Liq.


The propositive and imperative forms cannot follow -~2.f.::il.

-;'!; ~ ~~e}..ll t..}o1 E~~Hl {f;.11:f. I 7}1!).1.2.. (x)


~ '@ ~ ?~ t..J-o1.~'floJI lfA1cf. (0)
.:D:~ ~ <5}~2.j-..TI..g.% ~;.11:f. I !~~_,~;,].2.. (x)
~ .:D:~ ~ -&-}~2-f..TI..g.~ c} ~oJJl. (o)

(5) ~p~ AIA~I -~/)~;!-'~ ~


The past tense form -CUI~-
* ~~Liq.
cannot be used with -~2.f.::il .

oj;(~14;-;(~1~ ~~2.f..ll {)-~ * 1{oJJl. (x)


~ oJ7.114i-A11 ~ -&-}~2-f..TI. {[~ * 1{oJJl. (o )

1 7f .R~ 2Jl o]~l-J]l:l}-llll}-.R?


\ ~~ At~ (schooQ admission forms

Lf 0}-21::1}-0]E-5}-Li!}Jl l::l}llll}.ft. I ~~0 1 ~Cf to be extremely busy; at wit's end

\ !2.:il.A.i report

l:lf.!!!!Cf Of1:lfOI.ofef 1 l:lf.!!!!Cf


~-t!OI ru_q ~e:t -'i-ff~ frl:llofef 1 ~-t!o 1ru_q
AILI-01 ru_q .5!...Jl)..i~ ~q I AI{JOI ru_q

~~]}j4fef
to turn off (power to) a phone

~ofef 1 ~ tgtq
~ofC.f 1 ~~~ 7li ~q
~~ofC.f 1 ~~f ~2.1-1- ~ g.q
} . ol :Ai] 2ll rr.} E1 e>ll <?} g~ it? (~ ~ e>ll n-l:f ..2..q )
-t ~~0\ll~t:t .2J::.~:ll nf~~\ * 1J:e>lit.

(2) 7~ 7-i]t.f -]7} it~ fo]l:l}~7} .!i!}it? (~ #-E-1 ~~e>l] qyq)


q l;j]. :Ai]Lf .] ~ it ~ l:l}1111}it.

(3) 7~ it~ .2j ~ <?} il}A] ~ -3! ~O}it. (0}7] ~ 5!_q)


q l;j]. .21 ~ ~~ * iiTiit.

(4) 7~ oj:Ai] 2Jl oJ:-2-~0iit? (5!_Jl}.i ~ o}.!f-c.li>}q)


q 0l=-2-~ oj it.

(5) 7~ ~~ 3:. J..B -'f-1l ~ it? (\:t:A} ~.:rCJ %::1-i>}q)


q l;j]. ~ ~ ;..B ~~it.

r-- ........... ---------------- - ----------. ------- ------- - ------- ......... -- -------- ------- - --------- - --- ------- - ,
Oi-3t!tg0ll AAI ~Oli.A.i II~EI7~ CU<X;;!~ LIC~. 0~.3. AAI ~ II~EI fr-l::ll [[HgOll ~~~~<X;;!
0 ~.3. I
I ~Liq. n~EI ~ ~:c!:il~ :;~~ ~01 .A.~.A.i
rrH -E q ~~Liq. ~' tg,l-0!1~ n~EIOll
cH-oH I
1 {!J:z_t-o~q .s:!.LI .g 2.A.I-ll"'.f0ll ~ ~~ Li q_ 0 ~.3. AAI~ ~o ~-o~ ~B AAI7~ 2.71 rrHgOll '?;;!B

II~EI~ ~Jl {,!<X;;!~ Liq.

.JiC!c-H II~EI7 ~ .A.I~.r.l;qo~il:~ 0~.3. AAI~ LiEf- IIIEoH.A.i .go1 ~.:il ~<x..t~Liq . .J2.1l.A.i ~B
AAI~ mEl LHLH 0~712.~ AAI;g OIOP I ~ ~~Li q, 0 ~.3. AAI7~ ~Oj';J~ rrH~ 2.~ o ~~O I<X;;!.:iJ.

~7 ~ ~ q ~oP ~.:il ~<X;;!~Liq. o~.3. AAI~ rr~EI [[HgOll i~: li~:-HEoHB ~~ j:l~o~ -oH.A.i ~ii!

Oil ~<X;;!~LICL ~ii!Oll 7~LI7Jf ~-7-~0I ~B AAI;g 0~712.~ AAI7~ A~~PI .A.I~~q~ OPI~
oH "-'?<X;;!~Liq.
' ------ ---------- ------- ----------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------- -------------------- ------------ -

(4) o}.3. .] ~ ------------------- if-~ .]cJ- o] o]:7] ~ * ~;; y q,

76 Korean Grammar in 'lise Intermediate


-
_1...

~
( 30 )1
I hear that Mark is in the hospital.

q Iil, .ii!.-!8-).}Jl7} tf ~ H}'ifofl t:}~ J.i ~-%loJJ


CfJ -%1 ~ ~ _9_,
Yeah, he was injured in a traffic accident and went to the hospital
(as a result).

7~ J ~~7} ~oJl~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~EJ12ll * :tt.AJ_9_?


I thought that athlete would win the gold medal. I wonder why he
didn't.

q 7cj 7j ~ "0}1:}7} ~~ .A] ~ H}'ifoJl ~ojj ~ ~ *


;a-~ _g_.
He had a fall during the match and didn't get the gold medal (as a
result).

Ol R~:= {:!~~0 1lOll 2.:= ~2.1 -'f:!~O iq Oli?-7~ ~ [H A~~LICL .!i!.~ -t:!~~1 .g~O I .!f-12.1 ~Oil
~ ~ := ~~ -'?7-Jq -'f:!C.H 2.1~~\:::! -3;!:1!1-E q ::: ~:1!~7 ~ {!!~~ [H ;:= -'E:!<5~AI ~:= ~:1!~7 ~ {!!~~ [H A~
~Li q.
This expressio n is used when the preceding c lause describes the cause or reason for t he statement in
the fol lowing c lause. Usually, the preceding clause d escribes a situatio n or circumstance that negatively
influences the following clause or that causes an unexpected or unwanted result.

%-t:Jl ~::j-7} {J-7:}7] .:iLAJ t..H::- l:l}iffojj <;1~g *~e>i iL.


My mobile phone suddenly had a problem , so I couldn't contact you (as a result}.

There was a typhoon, and the flight was cancelled (as a result).

I ate in a rush and got indigestion (as a result}.


~ cai'l precede :: tJf'l"Ojl.

~ -,:. 7,f7.\-71 # 1:1\-1:)-0\1 ~710\1 ~)1.0\.R. (x)


-\ti.I.\7\- 7J:A\-71 ?Sf~~ 1:1\-1:)-0\1 ~710\1 ~)1.0\.R. (o)
: 'Q'-E ~Af2.fA:i ~ -9- 'ai.2.E! ~Af~ ~~AI Q' tJf-=f!OiO ~ ~LICf.

Q cannot be used because it is an adjective. It must be changed into its verb form ~~AIQ.

2 01IE~~ OIDI <1018 ~:i!K>ll cH~ 01~~ ~~'0~71 rrHgOJI' ~ t:J~~Oll' cf-gOJI~ gt.g :il~7f~O I
~Liq.
Because this form is used to describe the reason for something that has already occurred, the following
clause must be in the past tense.

1:117\- ?,fo1 ..2. !::: 1:1]'1:)-0\1 ~7]- 'it -3!. ~or.R. ( x)


~ 1:1171- wo1 ..2.!::: 1:1\-1:)-0\1 %1'7r ;.<>l.R. (o)

3 ~ t:J~~Oll' -1011~ gt.g :il~7~ AIJ\il~ .271 rrHgOll ~~go1q ~~~01 ~ * ~~Liq.
Because only past tense forms can follow :: tJ f'l"Ojl, imperative or propositive clauses cannot be used .

.J..J%7]-~ 1:1]'1:)-0\1 ~ ~0\17]-{j.J-.1..2.. I ~77]-.R? (x )


~<>l ti-J2.J !::

~ {1%7]- ~ ~ojl:i-J2.1!:: l:lj-1:J"oJ1 ~~"11 n~L.J t:f. (o)

4 Ol IE~~ CH.!:f-~ ~~'2.) .g%'0f1Ai~ Alg[Liq . .:J.2.HAi ~~~'2.) .gtfOliAi Alo~~ Oj~g[Liq.
This expression is mostly used in a negative sense, so it sounds unnatural to use it to describe positive
situations.

';:[7.\- ~T-7]-Aj: ~ .J..j- *


l:lj-'i:foJI 71 ~o1 ~ot~ ~ Yt:f. ( x)
~ ';:[7.\- ~T-7\- ~ : g_ J-j- -?<>JJ.-j 71~o1 -t-or~~ Yt:f. ( o)

.::12.iq 71-B ~~~'2.1 .g~OliAi AA71~ oi-ECil. ol rrH ~ ~O:l 7 I CHo~:AI ~~7~ q Oll.g ~;;~~ 2.J ~:il~7 ~
{!Jn ~ rrH AI~.:? ~~ Liq.
However, in some cases, this form can be used to describe positive situations, but they are limited to
cases in which something completely unexpected or unintended has occurred.

7f _.,. .], 71 ~01 i'Or .!i!.01L-J1.R.


Yunju, you seem to be in a good mood.

Lf ~Y7r {[7.\-71.!f-AJ2.. 0 1;_~ 7]-.E ~:~tif:foJI <~J% P r -;>J1 1Si71 ~.R.


My sister suddenly moved to Susan, and I've got a room all to myself (as a result).

78 Korean Grammar ~~~ 'll.fe lntermediate


'-O~/OiAi'2t ' :::::: l:i ~E,foJI':::::: ~ q Oi~~ ~~:A I '2_1- Cf%.1!1- ~;:: Qjoj.gQj .X~O I7~ ~~ Ljq_
While both -0fl0i)..i and :: t!f<50U are used to express reasons, they are different in the following respects.

8-frol ~~~0 1 ~7 1Jil . Ol~~ ~~LI Cf. ~~~01 ~7 1 /1 1 . O l ~1- ~)}jl ~~~~ ~ 2.l.7f
Indicates simply the reason for what follows in the OfLj~~. .QJDI~LICf.
next clause. Indicates not only the reason for what follows
in the next clause but also that the result was
unintended.

~o1 ?l~~,.~.i ~oJI ~~Oi.fl... Qj'4foj ~~!~ tJt'ifoJ1 ~oJ1 'V.~Oi.fl...


I was at home because the appointment was An appointment was canceled, so I was at
canceled. home (as an unintended result).

-+ ~011 ~~'2! O l~~ ~~Lief. -+ ~011 ~~'2! Ol~1- ~)}jl ~2.fle ~011 ~.2.~ '2! 3,-!0I
This statement only provides the reason that O fLI ~~.S::. .QJDiof.Jl ~8LICf.
the speakers was at home. This statement provides not only the reason
that the speaker was at home but also the fact
that he or she had no intention of doing so.
-----------

~
{ 31 )I
1
~ .AI7jl7f \:! ~2.1Cf
(the) alarm clock does not ring

-'?2.1 ~Ei repair center; service station

~01 ~olefi~Cf

~Et .A.Illl7f 't! ~2.1 Cf I ~lil '!OILfCf


.Xf7f jl.g- q q 1 -"?2.1{!!E-1011~q .210~ 5fq

2 7f <J-1 :A~j .2. <iJ oJj 2Jl ~Lf. 2.:~ <J-1 .?


Lf ~-=t-7} ~-;;(}7] ~0}_2. ~ Bt'i:J-ofl * :Q<J-1..
OIXil ~011 211 't! Lf2.Cf ~-T7f fj"Xf71 ~I-Of2.Cf I~ 7fef
oI{JOII .g.5f2.i 2H 't! 2.Cf OfOI7f Cf.XICf 1 ~f:!OII 7f0 ~ 5fef
Xl\:i~ AiiDILfOII 211 ~~5f:AI ~q 8~ '!ol ~71Cf I Y-"? ~q
== ~=- ~ A~4l.Ai q - CH~ ~~'C>~Aii.R.

- o,l'l' -&-tt:f7t -E ~ t:f 1i0i..ll? (~.:;z-t=g- ~~:rj]7J};A] 1 ~ u}J-]t:f)


--' ~-r=r~ \:1&~:-r\\TJ\'t-\ ~~ orHI;: 'd~\ ~~ -q ~01~.

2) 7~ 7tl:lJ~ Oi~:rll "6tt:f7t ~Oil:i-]~Oi..ll? (;7;]-&-t~oJ]J-i ~q)


q 7p:~J ~ \=-.:i1 t.H ~ Oi ..a.

(3) 7~ oj-l:i-j;A]lJj]l:lJ"} rrJ1 O:j~ Zl-t:f~ ~~ g E.~Oi..ll? (o]lct J-]~oj]J-i F ~ ~q)


q 0 fl 7] ~ 7flt.H;A]5:. ~_.~OiJl.

(4) 7~ ~{JJ-]~ ~ ~Oi..ll? (~{j rrJ1 {l:AJ-&-tt:f)


q oj-y..ll, ~o}r.jS:. * "910i..ll.

(5) 7~ *o] 2Jl op~!:rj] GlcJ-%1].0i..ll? (~ oJPi ~Oi;A]q)


q *o] o]'i!:rll ~Oi..ll.

(6) 7~ $_ 1' .] 71- "}.lli. ~ .:::L~.!f-Lj-..ll? (o}CJ1 ;7;] J-j-~o] ocJ--6}t:f)


q l;j], "}.liL ~ .:::1~.!f-7!1 j ~ Gl..ll.

(7) 7~ 4:;'-A~j ~ QjJ * "910i..ll? (4;'-A~j"5}cf7} {foj ~ cf)


q 4:;'-A~j ~ * "91 Oi Jl.

(8) 7~ 2Jl -t?-<tl %Zl-oJl LJ-71-110i..ll? (~;7;}71 ~w~-oJ LJ-t:f)


q -:g-<ti g .!.l!-t:i-71- LJ-ll.-Oi..ll.

80 Korean Grammar u"'ZI&e Intermediate


7~ oJ7J .]7} ..2..~5:. ;.-Hf o}# llll}l:t:Cl.TI. ~~
~q~;.-1Jl?
I understand Yang Gang forgot to bring one of the documents again
today.

Lt l;j], J.j~ 0 ]-B-TI 1J!"ofl 1}*7}9[~ ~ ~o}Jl .


Yes, it seems he frequently makes mistakes due to his hurried
disposition.

7~ 1:1]7} .AjW ~o] ..2..l;j]Jl.


It's really raining hard.

q 1:1] 7} ~o] ..2.. ~ lJ!"ofl TI7J ti-2.1 ~ 7~7} ~;\111~


t:HJl.
Apparently, a number of bridges over the Han River are closed due
to the heavy rain.

-~~ q~ ~01 ~717-11 . Ol~q .![:1'2._! ~ :;::~Li q. .:J.C.H)..i '-{ 0 )!.= ~oll'::: {:!~~OI .-~~QI.!~~'2..! )..~{:!
Olq ~0 1 ~717-11@ .![:1'2._! ~~ Ol~ ~ qE~IJlLiq:; {:!~~ rrH.gOll ~~~01 ~(}j~q::: ~~ QIDig)"Liq .
n e word ~ roughly means the cause or reason why something bad is occurring. Thus, -(.}E 5:-.fOII indicates
mat the preceding clause is the cause or reason why the negative event described in the following clause
occurred. In other words, the following clause happened due to or because of the preceding clause.

tJI~e! ~on

A
1...... ~~7~ ~CUe! ~on

~J::H -(.)L ~(}jl

-- +--- - . - --------- ~' ---~-~~------'------------~


7 ~q .
~ ~on ----- --
l! ~OU
~~7~ -(.)L ~ou
v
7f-E ~Oll
: ::: ~Oll :
. . Q:j q Q:j ::: ~Oll
~----- -------- -~-----------------------7-----------------------------------
: ~e! ~Oll : 3.JJ.Oiq 3.J:I~e! ~Oll
Ol~e! ~Oll 2:,f~O i q ~~OI~e! ~Oll
--
3.JJ.Oiq 3.JJ.'2.! ~Oll
2t~01q ~~'2..! ~Oll
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- --- - -
%~ .1~ ~4-Ellll<?J ~ ~JJJ77r.AJ .sr-e- 5foll .AJ zt~ .sr-e- ~~7r w1:f.
Dongho is often late due to his playing games until late at night.

I had a bad headache this morning because I drank a lot of alcohol yesterday.

It rains often because it's the rainy season.

-l

1 0] .:!!~~ 'N 5,tOJI', 'AtJ-(O)L/~ 5,tO]q'2.] ~ EH.5:. .A.I~-'? <ll~ L] q.


This expression can also be used in the forms N ~OU and AJV-(9.)L/E ~Oict.

\t-]7} 7!-oJl WoJl ~~*:Ali::- A}~go]


~:-J -& ?.fo}.f!...
*
= c-J-& \t-1 7!-oJl WoJl ~~ .-xH::- A}~ go ] "@o}.f!...
A lot of people have trouble sleeping at night due to the hot weather.

::1. t~H-7} nJl~oJl ~iC! ~~ >8-t~H ~ f0 1 nJ-& 7!-<flYJ:f.


= ::1. t~H 'i' ::: >8-t~H ~ 'i\t0 ] nJ-& 7!-oJl nJI~oJI ~ Xi~Yl:f.
That actor got lung cancer from smoking a lot.

2 '-( 0 )L/~ ~ou~ ~:c.p~ q~ ~~011'2.! .A.I~ * <ll71 rrHg011~:ct7~ ~~ ~~ou .A.I<W~ 01~
~L]q.
Because -(9.) L /E ~Oil can only be used in the case of a bad or negative result, it sounds unnatural if
used when the resulting situation is positive.

{.17 g o] .5:.~ 7!-oJI ~R ).~~~ ~~-? ~~oJ.f!...

- {17 g oJ s:.~ ~~oJI ~R ).~~ ~ ~~-? ~~oJ.a. ( o)


(x) I
- {17 go] .5:.~7] n:Jl~oJI ~R ).J:~[~ ~~-? ~~oJ.f!... (o)
Because my friends helped me, I was able to adjust well to life in Korea.
I
_j

82 Korean Grammar u1/ '1Lle Intermediate


Ol~~ qE~LH::: R~~~ P)OI <U;J::I~ c~g.Jlt ~~ ~~ ~~~01 <U~ Liq_
Many expressions are used to express reasons. Here, we note some of the differences between them.

-71 Ufi@Oll
~g~~2f
Lf~~~2.1-'f:l'2.! Lf~ ~:i!f1 -'tl'2.! ~~~2.1-'tl'2.!
~.Jlt2.1 ~<2.! Lf~ ~~2.1 -'tl'2.! Cause of Cause of Cause of
Good vs. Bad Result__'.: ___ Cause of a good a bad result a bad result a good result
or bad result

21-l~. Ofl~f.XI
~<2.!2.1 ~* ~~-'tl'2.!
Cause Type All OK External, unexpected : All OK All OK
cause
:-
~~~ AIJ;il
Tense of Preceding 2.- AI:Ail 71-5 ~:AH - AI:Ail 71-5 2.- AI:Ail 71-5
Clause All tenses OK Past tense All tenses OK All tenses OK
(:i!f7-j - ~:AH . DI2.H)

~~~ AIJ;il
Tense of Following 2.- AIXil 71-5 :i!.f7-j 2.- AI:Ail 71-5 2.- AI:Ail 71-5
Clause All tenses OK Past tense All tenses OK All tenses OK
(~7-j - ~:AH- DI2.H) - ~-

~At
Parts of Speech 2.-9- 71-5 -Aft'._!- 7f5 2.-9- 71-5 -9- 71-5
Used with All OK Verbs only All OK All OK
(~Af - -Af ~~Af)

1 7f ~Cl] -"' ~ t!J-o] ~!:::?!Oil {}7Jo] ~ T,o}~~Jl.


AECII.6.~ ~q to relieve stress

Lf AECjjA~ ~ ~ ~s:_~ ~D j .A~~~ "5jj .!i!__).i]Jl. ~6ji;fC.f to eat an unbalanced diet

~il-'F- evenly; well-balanced

AECJI~~ 'i'JOI ~q I ~~OI '2.]- ~~q AECJI~~ ~ * '1!~ ~DI ~!I~ iiHS!Cf
Oi:Ail ~OI 'QtOI ~-cf I ~OI DITI'EiCf Afj]_7f Lf.XI ?J'~ ~~5H.A.i g~~ 5fCf

OfOI7f ~6l~ 5fCf I 717f ~q

2 7f Jl-6 ~1~}7] 7} ~C;j_g. -3! ~O}Jl.


Lf J{i 7SAi]7} ~ * "J!- 0 1~~-
~7f7f 2.Cf to go up in price

\111 \.'7.1!1 a number of months (in a series)


71- drought
2g ~~5f7 1 7 f Oi~Cf ~:Ail7 f'2.]- ~q

~'.::!S!Cf~5H ~~l::ll7f c; 'ai'OI ~q ~'.::!S!Cf ~7f7f 20%Lf ~'HCf

Ot;i;H~OI 'i'JOII::II.U~q ~ ~P;(H 7~0illl4i-1 ~Cf


+

1-fJl. ~J11 (3)- - - - - -- -- - - - - - - - o}- 21:l}-01EoJ1 7.}? ~o]Jl. o}-21:l}-01EoJ1 7.~

(4)_____________ ~g ?J-o1 ~7-1 *"6~Jl. ~g ?J-o1 (5)________________

+ + +

o:j~ g (3)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ 0 1 ~oj.Ai {]{]~o]Jl. (4)--------------

84 Korean Grammar ,;'" 'lise Intermediate


You're tired, so why don't you take a taxi?

q t:Jl' ~ s:. ~J-o}Jl c511J'i ;zj -o}~ ~ Ef ~ 711


'%-~o-Jii..
Well, there's a lot of traffic and all, so I think taking the subway will
be better.

7~ ;zi ~ ~o] E.{:lcHJl?


Would you like to have dinner together?

q 13 {j S:. ~ 71] ~ Jl <5fl .Ai ;zi ~ ~ ~ ~ _Q_ i:;j J!Jl.


I had a late lunch, and that's (one of the reasons) why I'm planning
to skip dinner.

Ol .R~ ::: ~~~1 LHO I .t?.~~1 ~ ~ 3f-E. ():j 2.i 7 ~J.:I OI-F?- 3 13~q<E:J ~ qE~~Liq, ~3f-E A~'EJ'O I
1?-~~Qj ~ ~ 3f-E q ::: OI-F?-. ~AI~~~~ CI/lOll ~~~Q .:J. ~ ~ ~q::: ~~ QJDI3~.Jl ~~Liq,
7IE~1 q ::: OI-F?-7 ~ ~q::: ~ ::: <6"AI~ ~ ~ OIOPI::: 3~J.: I ?l~Liq,
This expression means that the reason given in the preceding clause is just one of a number of reasons for
the behavior described in the following c lause. The speaker uses this phrase to state the primary reason for
doing t he act ion in the following clause while also indicating t hat there are other reasons. In t his way, the
speaker only hints at the other reasons and does not explicitly state t hem.

III~3~q III~3~.Jl 5HAi


A/V
~qq ~q.Jl 5HAi
- - - - -- - - - - -
~.:ro 1q ~-=?-0 I.Jl 5H Ai
2:[{;ilOiq 2:f{;!JOl.:il 5HAi

:rr.]~-o}.:ll -3JP-i Q.]=~ ~ ~~~~ Yrt.


I was tired (among other things), so I cancelled the appointment.

.s:. ~.:il "31Pi .2_ ~ ::. {l <>11 ~.Q. C1 .:il WYq.


I don't have any money, for one thing, so I plan to stay home today.

~.:g-5:. Ef.:il "3JJAi ~7 ~ <>i1 7'J1 ~l:j ~o-]Jl.


I got paid, and that's (one of the reasons) why I treated my friends to a meal.
1 oI IE~~ 'N.S:. V-:J1. tiH.A.i. A/V-7 1.5:. 5f:JJ.. tiH.A.i'.5:. ~ -9- <1!~LICf.
This expression can also be used in the forms N V-J1 5H.A.i and AIV-71 5fJ1 5H.Ai.

~% t;!JJI ~lVi ;.J~ ~ ~e>-l.R.. = ~:s:. t;!JJI ~~-"i ;.J~ ~ ~e>-lil...


= ~% Qj7] 15t.JI "6ll-"i {!-~~ ~e>-lil...
\;[.]7} *Jl "6Jl-"i ~oj] ~~ %0 }~ojil.._ = \;[.j *Jl "6Jl-"i ~oj] ~~ %0 }~oj..ll..
= ';t-]7t *7] <5}Jl15~-"i ~ oj] ~~ %o}~e>-1Ji..

2 'N.S:. A/V-:J1. N.S:. A/V- :J1. tiH.A.i' ~~ 'A/V-7 1.5:. 5f:JJ.. A/V-71.5:. tiH.A.f~~ ~ .A.f5ff2:! {:!~~0 1 ~~
~.Q.j ~6~ 51-E:- Cil 'Ci~ 0 ]~7 f <1!AI'2! .::J:g ~ 7fA I O l~~ CH.H~. ~5f:JJ.. <1!Cf-E -3:!~ LfEf
i:llLI Cf.
When used in the form N AIV-Jl N.S:. A/V-Jl 5H.A.i or A/V-71.5:. ofJl A/V-71.5:. 5H.A.i, this expression
indicates two representative reasons among many for the action in the following clause.

oj 2.j o]-.E.Jl ~?()- -?]JI{l7] ~~-"i i'-lfi15}r:}7t ~ ej]l:l]~~ ~e>-l.li..


oj2.J7t 0}1!.7] 15t.JI ~?()- -?]JI{l7] "6ll-"i i'-.!Ji<5tr:}7} ~ej] l:l]~% ~e>-l..ll..

: ~i'.iltJ I ~~ g Ol~7 f Oj2.-j 7f:AI7f '?1-ECil .:J. Ol~~ 8 ~2.1 .!=f. 7f:AI~ CHB.~ W5f.:il '?113-LICf.
There were various reasons why the speaker watched TV, but the speaker is only stating two
representative ones.

1 7f u}..oj] 7}J.]l..f ~Jl. DfE. mart; grocery store


:g~ S!.q to go to the market
q l;Jl, e\:l o 1 ..2...Jl t5flJ.i :AJ g 1:2. c-1 7} 2.. 71~..1: the price of gas
Et~H~ ]'iq to quit smoking

e\::IOI2.Cf I :g~ !:2.2.-J 7fQ


7IW.JO I 2.Q I R-- ~~ <2! tifQ
Oil <2! ~q I 'al:lH~ R~Cf

2 7f 0
]Jti %o}c.j MToj] * nt:f 1~/iJl?
q l;j], o}2l:l}o] E. "8}.Jl -tL..!f- t>Hol= ~}.Jl t5flJ.i * 7}2..
~f2.1 (school) club
MT membership training
.A.~ the countryside

Ol't:! ~Of2.1 MTOil ~ 7fcf Of..I:J fOI... tifQ I~ 5HO~ tifQ I~ 7fQ
.AI~. O I.A~ 7fQ ~%5fef I ~7 1. ~q I O I.A~ 7fQ
R ~~--~ Oil CfLI Cf -c!:Y.S:. <2! ~q I~. MIQ I QLIQ

86 Korean Grammar tit 9./.fe- Intermediate


7~ 7~~2-J -1~ j.~;Aj-? CJ.-1~ ~ ~O~Ji_
(1) Lf t:Jl, ?sJOi -t.:il <W-i :A}? D ~J.:j Jl.
%0ii!C. l-.:L!. ll.lt-!C. -to~f.l.:il tiHf..i -A}? o~J.:!Jl.

7~ :A~ot -1~ o-jc.]011-"l 1.1:~ ~ i>~.Ai1Jl?


2) Lf Al~
-----------------------------
%l:J1.g.-"1AJ011 :A}? 7~Jl.

7~ J7J -1 ~
O ~ 1l 011 .!f-<3! ~ C 11_ o-jJl?
3) Lf

7~ 0~71c} -l, ~~011 QjJ %~~011 ~ _2_11_o-jil..?


q

7~ ~ "611 -l, QjJ 01-"~ i>~2;]Jl i>~.Ai]Jl?


q

7~ ~~]0 1 d -l, -A1\:t'ti01] 1{}\:t \f-A~Qj- J.-}-=A2;]JI i>~.Ai1Jl?


Lf t:Jl, ~ \:tfi-}7~ - - - - - -- - - - -
"'t-=A 21 JI t>R il...
7~ ~01 ..2_~1::11 ;~ 7}aj.J2Jl?
Are you planning to go mountain climbing while it's snowing?

q o}yJl, ~ rrJH~o-J1 ~o1 o1TIC1% 7l} !4 ;~~


{]_ Jl 1-}7 }aj JlJl.
No, I put on my mountain climbing boots to go out because I was
afraid the ground would be slippery.

7~ o}3. -1, ;_1~ ~ ~~Jl?


Mark, did you do well on your exam?

q o}yJl, Li.!f- * ~~Jl. A1~o-J1 ~~~7/} !4


~ 7cl 0 1o-J1Jl.
No, I didn't do well at all. I am so worried that I failed it.

Ol .H~::: -t:!~~1 ~~. ~~OILf CjO I ~AI CjOj X;.t7~Lf


Cjo-j' *.s:. <L!q~ ~2.4-@- ~::: ~~ rrHgOll ~~
~2.1 ~:;~ ~7~Lf 0~2 <L!c.~~ ~~ LfE~~Liq. '-{ 0 )2m S!f'1 '.!i!.q'~ 'Oll~o~q. ~.z.ro~c.r~ 1olgjLiq.
'-{ 0)277~ !i!~Ai'..5:. A~~* <L!~ Liq.
This expression indicates that the speaker did, or is doing, the action in the following clause out of worry
or fear that the situat ion or action in the preceding clause has occurred or will occur. The .!i!.Cf of -{.2.)277f !tf
means to guess or think something. This expression can also be used in the form -{.2.)27lf !tf.A.i.

-(2.)2m S!f

!f.~~~m S!f
~~m !i!~
A/V I.
~ ~ m !i!~
-(0) 277~ !i!~
iim S!f
~~m!i!~ ~F?-Oiq ~.:r~~m !i!~
o1~~m!i!~ owr..!olq OH~O I ~~77~ .5!}

~.:ro 1 q ~.:r Cj ]} ~ .5!}


L
~xH : Cjm !i!~
OH~O iq oH~ Cjm !i!~
--~- - -- - -'- - -

88 Korean Grammar u1clt,e Intermediate


7~ <>J :Ai] .2f:-'{) -]71- -e ~ ~ 'fJ<>J ~~1:-l] ot-'T- ~~tiL.
Yesterday, I tried on the clothes you (Juyeong) gave me, and they fit really well.

q * ol %- ~ ~llt ~ Z:JAa~~c:n ~ ~~r:.tt-1 r:.}-"8"~o J 1.:JliL.


I was worried they'd be a litt le small, so it's great that they fit well.

7~ ;;z.]nj ~ pJ-o] CJ.jl:j]Jl.


You sure do drink a lot of coffee.

q J;j]. o]u:j- ~~ J.]Z}oj] ~7/r ~ atJ.l ~ rjoj]Jl. ~li:! '?I 1~1-iL.


Yeah, I'm drinking it now lest I get drowsy during the meeting later today. I can't get drowsy
(as you know as well).

7~ O:j..5!.J--j]Jl? 't}at, t:H-T-011 7~ 7];7.~ ~ X}:<>JiL.


Hello? Mom, I (successfully) boarded the train to Daegu.

q .:Ltll? r:.}-<5JJ 0 lr:t. ~ 0 1 ~-&lJ.i !;JJ7t 7] ;7.~ **~7/l- ~Ai Z:JAa~:r-1 ~ -


Really? That's good to hear. I was worried you'd miss the train because of the traffic.

-- -~ ----- --~------ - - -- - -

'-{ 0)2 77f !i!.t':: ~~~Oil cH~ -Z:j~ [(jjgOJI Oi't! ~~ ~7~Lf Oi't! ~~ 5f~ cvq:: ry~ .uio~ gtLiq.
DI2.HOil CH~ lll~~ M~ g!":AI CC.{~ Lic.f.
Because -{.2.)27Jf .!il.f refers to the speaker's worry about what is stated in the preceding clause, the following
clause must state the action that is, or will be taken by the speaker. A clause in the future tense about a plan
of action yet to be taken cannot be used.

).j~o] <>1 31%77]- .!ill- ~{1 "8"] .:g.-'f-~ 7-JOl].B.. (x)


~ ).j~o] <>1 31%77]- sq. ~ {1 "8"] .:g.-'f-"9:'1<>1... (o)

~ ).j~o] <>1 31%77]-.!i!}- ~{1 -B"].:g.-'f--B"}Jl ~<>i.B.. (o )


1 7f 9-~011 ~~ 7}{lqqi;,iJl?
Lf l:Jl, .:I~"Gl1 9-~011 ~-17} ~77} ~ ~781011Jl.
(the} tickets sell out

-'?~OU ():j~ 7fef -'?~Oil 'g.UI7f Lf!!!!Cf


Cilttll7f .UI7f ~~ ~.A.I<>il ~~~q ~~ ~I.A.I<>il ~:;~ ~ ofef
.A.i .H.~ ~ 7~Cf .H.7f q ~~q

2 7f *{] 011 "6"J--AJ- uJ1S!:ll}J-jl:j]Jl. ~Oil 0112<514 to write a


q l:Jl. ~.n_~ ~ ~ ~ e>i 1:tJ 'M 77} ~ *{] 011 "6"J-.AJ- uJ].2:5RJl. note in a daily planner
.H~ .:;:tc5fCf to buy a ti cket
7 I~J;:ICf greasy; fatty
-'?~Oil ~~ oUofCf %R~ ~~ 9.:!0il::li 2.1Cf "-------
t!I~7I.H.~ ~~ ouoH~Cf .fp~OI2.f .H.~ ~ -=jl-C;fef
~OI:UICf

90 Korean Grammar ut 'lise Intermediate


(1) 0 ~717~ 7~-* ~OiR ------ ~~ ~~ ~ ~Hi.
(2) ~o I 9.t~ -* ~OiR ------- @ ~~ ~~2.1 ~6HR
(3) tg,I"Oll .g~ ~ ~ -* ~OiR Aio~~~ ~OiR

(4) q2.17~ o~ -* ~OiR @ .WcH~~ 77~ ~9.-tOiR

(5) -*~Oil tg,l6H7~ .g) -* ~OiR

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

2 '-()2m .!i!.l-' ~ ..q~5H.A.i Cj-% cH~ -@!~o~AiiR.

(1) 7~ 'f ~ ~7cj ~.2_).i1.fL? (~lf>j-q)

q :A~] 7]- ~~ -1~EJ1l:l1~ ~ ~1-L.f ~~7~ :=.R. ~~ -171- q~ J.j-~011~1


0
i~.t77~ Ji!t- ~ :Aj 0 1 ~J.l.fL.

(2) 7~ o:j~Ai1.R? ~9 .], 'f ~ ~.. ~.}~]-1!o-].R? (Q}j:; ~ ~o-j tJi511:f)


q tR ~ Q}4f 7]Q:jo]-J.1:fr? ~.l-~e>-l.R .

q .R;; :AJu]-~o 1 ~o}.fL. ~~~ 7]-.A].Jl %~.R.

(4) 7~ o}o17} ~ ~ ~l.:J1 .R. (%o1 Q}i5H.A11:f)


q .::1 CJl }.l ~:Ajo1011.R.

(5) 7~ ~~ ;.17-117} 37BL.f ~l.:Jl.R. (~~ ~2-l ~ * ~q)


q ~~ iio1 .AH::- ~o1c.f ~'it J.l7-11 ~ 01 Ci 1R
~~ '*.Jl 7.]-.R.

4. o)~ L}E~'2 -
1

Q)Ell-% Uil~<>ll ElJ-%ol % l@l-c-n


@ ElJ-%ol _2_.::il i>R J.~ @ ElJ-%0] _2_7] ~ <5j-:A]Jt}

. 2 7~ S:.f-i-t!!Oll 7~AiiR?
q Lil, cl- ~Oll J- I ~OI ~,!7-jR.

Q) J.l~o] 9J. Oi J.~Jl J-1~ 0 1 91~ l@l-ci1Jl


@ J.l~o] 9).~7lj- .!i!}J.~Jl @ J-1~o1 9J.~:A] %c.j-J.~

3 7~ 0 ~0 1 ~ :i?:~ 'Ct"OI A~~LiiR.


q ~OiR.
------------------------ 'CJOI
Q) ~~~ 01 ~7lj- .!i!}J.~ ~~~ 0 1 J.il~i>j-.::il i>R J.~
~~~ 0 1 J-11 ~<5}-E- Jtltt!<>J1 @ ~~{jo] J.ii ~W:A] -@-c.j-J.~

4 7~ ~~~ ~Oll 9:l~~c-H 2H ~~ J-~2.~.:t:!. 5HR?


q 0 1 [[~7~ .2:IQI 7~ 91f10 ~R. .2:12-P~ ~Oi;.t.: l ~ _________________ J-~2.~.:t:!.R.

Q) llfl7j- .::il ~ 7lj-.!;!} llfl7j- Jl~~ ctJ1.


llfl7J- .::ilE..JI.. i>RJ.~ @ llfl7j- JI..nj- 7j-:A].::il

5 Q) ~ ~ .!i!_ Lc.j-J1. ~ 711 Jt}\fJ-1cf.


%I:ll~~7j- ~.::il!J:!-<>11 %~71- :AJ-.? ti7-JJl.
@ ~ llflq_7j- 211 ~7] 7j- B[Lj:JI..Jl? ~-"~XJ_Bf-oJ-Jl.
@ llfl ~o1 y.~ l:lj-~<>Jl ~~ * ~~~ ~ ~oJ-Jl.

6 CD ~711 ~Oit..f~c.j-.::il -&.m.<>J1 :A1Zf~OiJl.


~{1'51 i?-lf'-~ !J:!-<>JI AJ~ ~9).-0iJl.
@ ~-1 71- ~%771-.!;!} ~~ : ~ <fJ ~ 711 OiUilJl?
@ :Aj-%7.j-7j- {f:Aj-7] j]_AJ t..f ~ l:lj-~<>jj .<?J<>jj * 3:1.-0iJl.

92
Hey, it's raining outside.

q tl j7} .,g.q.:IU1.? A7j Efc1 7}e:j.Jl ~ ~ Ell


* 7}~1.:\1Jl.
Did you say it's raining? I was planning to go skiing, but I guess
I can't now.

Let's meet at Shining after class.

Where did you say to meet?

7~ ';_F0 1"8'0 1Jl. ~.ill. <i~1 ~ ~ ~TI1% 0 1~1Jl.


Shining. It's a coffee shop in front of school.

Ol .E~~ ~cH 'g:JOI ~ ~~ q,q ~Oi~ rrH .A.f-~LI Cf. ~cH ~OI ~-5 ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~7i L~ ~~ LH-O I
~7 1 gJ~Oi ~rr..!o~2.~.JJ. ~ rrH .A.f-of-E 3:!Q. ~cH~2.1 ~~ Cf.A.I ~o~'i:!.A.i ~Oi!:I!. :::: 3:!<f:J L ICf. rr~2.~.A.i o 1
.E~~ ~cH ~OI ~ ~2.1 g~ ~-*Oll rr~2.~ ~2.~A i [Jj ~EH :::: -l]-~ rr..! ~Oll '.'~ ~0 1 '2:! ~ Li c.f.
This expression is used when asking for clarification or reconfirmation of what another person has just said.
The speaker repeats what the other person just finished saying as a way of asking for c larification about
something t hat was not und erstood clearly or t hat was hard t o believe. For this reason, t he form of t he
expression depends on t he form in which the first speaker originally made the statement. Then, because t he
speaker is asking the other person for c larification, the particle . is added to the end of the indirect citation
form.

(1) ~cH ~O I ~.A.ig.Q.. ~~~ rrH When the other person uses a declarative sentence:

~Cfl'$??
~ ~cy;H? ?
NV .. -+ .................................
~q ~ ~ 7i 2.~.:i!.?
'---~-----:--~-------~-t-----------~------t-- --------------------- -----------------
Mfc.f MfC~I' R?
A
-Qcr -Qqi'R?

v -(!::::_) L Cf!' 'R?


L

94 Korean Grammar uz, Ure- Inte rmediate


----------~---------:---------:---------- ------ --- - --- ---------------
' ex1q.J2R? 2.1-"rolq ' Ql-"rex1q.J2R?

2.r.J2R? 2.1-"rolq Ql-"r2.r.:ilR?


Ol2.r.J2R? 2:1-~0iq 2:t~OI2.r!lR?

.. **
-.--=;-
''
__.!,. ____ _ _______________.:_~-----~----~--!....----- ------------- ----~--------------------------------------------------

2 {l'cHtgOI Ql~~~ 'gJ'~~ [H When the other person uses an interrogative sentence:

. .
--------------------
i :ilfJ-i ' Cj1q:L!.B.? Ql-"rolcr Ql-"rex1q.J2R?
Ol~q.JIB.? 2:1-~0iq 2:1-~ 0I~q.:ilB.?

Lt:L!.R? Ql-"rolcr 2.1-"rq.:ilB.?


Olq:L!.B.? 2:1-~o1cr 2:1-~0iq.JlB.?

~ ~A.f ~;~:H ~1 ~~ '-Lf~?'2.1- '-Lf~?' 2 7f 7i{s-of0l. -A.f1 ~;~:H ~g '-Lf~?'2.1- '-.!=Lf~?' 27 f 71{s-~LICf.
"or adjectives in the present tense, both -q:L!.R? and -2q:L!.R? are acceptable, while for verbs in the present tense, both - q:L!.R? and
- -"'q:i!.R? are acceptable.

3 {J'CHtgOI ~Bg~ 'gJ'~~ [[H When t he other person uses a propoitive sentence:

7tJ:r.JlR?
~ J:r.JlR?
v
7tJ:I 'gJ'J:t.:ilR?
~ J:I 'gJ'J:t.JlR?

~) {l'CHtgOI ~~g~ 'gJ'~~ [[H When the other person uses an imperative sentence:

.::::L:>:H
7t2.r.:ilR?
00
~ 02.r.:ilR?
v
7rJ:I W2.r!7R?
!
~ J:I W2.r!7R?
--- 1
---- - --'-------------------------'- ----------------------"------- ---- --------------- -- ------ - -

7f ~Cl ~], <5}-~7]- ~] 7]- ~~Jl. All ie, Haruka's here.


Lf f-7]- ~q.Jl.A? Who (did you say) is here?
7f '6]-.!:f-?r ~lii.. Haruka.
1- _.2._~~.7.] .sGLJ..i ~ .!f}--'jo}S:..~ o}-"i]J:l. Please try to finish the report by today.
_. ..2..~ 77}.7.] .!f---'j o}c}Jl..B..? <>1 Ail::: 4-J:l ~77}.7.1 <5}c}.JI <5}11~J.o}J:l?
:Jid you say by today? Didn't you say yesterday that it was due on Wednesday?

7~ 2]1 4-'{l -] ~ J..P~cJ<5RJ:l? Why do you love Suyeong?


4 2ll J..}t:>JO}t.f.Jl.fL? ~~11..9... 11~o}71 ~ ~I:i]J:l.
Why do I love her (you ask)? Well , it's hard to explain.

1 Xil'2!~ [ HA.f-g-3!-E '-( 0 )277~R?'2.1 ~Sf.:: ~775::i!~ ~:= ~EH A.f-g-3~'2'! ~Liq.
The citation form for propositive sentences should be used when responding to a suggestion ending in
- () 2 77fR?

7~ ~c.] .2..::=; '?.l;.J-%"11 :Q-77J-il..? Shall we go to lnsadong today?


Lf '?.l;.J-%"11 7j-7-J-Jlil..? Did you say we should go to lnsadong?

2 o i .R~:= wo~-e "~Etol o1o1 ~v -3:!~ ~<2JA.I 717~Lf -st"~~ [[H A.f-g-3~7l.s.:. ~Liq. o1[ H:: ~g.
~EH7~ O~LI 2.~ ~A.i@ ~EH ~~Liq.
This expression can also be used by a speaker to restate or emphasize what he or she has previously said.

7~ ::9:l--'* .:J..~!f-':d<>Jil... I quit my job.


L~ lf-12.}Jlil..? What did you say?
7~ :::1;.~ .:J..~!f-<;dt:j-Jlil... I said I quit my job.

1 7~ ::1~ 7} ~__Q_ti7l} 3"']7!}.7.] J..i]o]t.f~. _2_J-i]Jl.


(
~
Lf ~ 'C]. _2_ etjUl?
Lf J..i]o]t.f~ o]Jl.

.2.12.17~ ~LI77f 3..A.Il7~:A I AiiD I L~ 2.2.~ OiL! I .2.2.~

.Jl:g t.cl'LI77f ~..A.~71~ ..A.Io~:AI ~2.~ .!f-'3:! I .A..Io ~:AI ~2.~


.:::1.~'2.!' 9-.J:!.- Bs~LI77f ~12 ~Oil 1-6.Jo~:A~ ~Ail 1.2.l-6.lof:Af

2 7~ o s::
uR~ o}{J 5"']oJ] ~~Lf"'l 1.!.. o
0 2
""H.fi.
.

oH'~ o~ 5.A..IOil ~OiLf..A.i 5::5~ ofef ~~ .!:A I~of.A..ICf

O ~Oi~ ~H.. :AI 3t:!OI 1'X;!Cf O~Oi~ ~~.A..I~Cf

Lilt:!Oil CHQ:J"-!:!Oii..A.i ii,"N E~ ~ 7ief LHt:!011-E tl~!!!!AI~Cf

96 Korean Grammar in 'Ike Intermediate


(3) 7~ 0 1:A~1 Al~ll1l:l ojAJ ~Sf"i5r:A1 oj-,\i1Jl.
q l:l 0VJ ? {f:A]-71 .2Jl .:::Lc-j-"~1 Jl?

(4) 7~\t-171- #Y77r ~~ g 611 ~.Jl 1to]Jl.


q ~i;"} .2..Al01
o -,
A ~
'(. .:::Lei0 zl-~A.
2. 1 2
u-1.2..77]-Jl?
..., 2 .

(5) 7~ Jl;;- ~~~ q;J::l- ~ ?~<5R 9--"11..9...


q o:j~
0 2 ? ~-~1Jl. 7--]S:. Jl;;- q;J ~ <{} ~J--1Jl.

(6) 7~ 01 .!!!., 0r01~ ~~<51-~ J-1 ~011 J--1 {[77]-Jl?


q 0r01~ ~~<51-~ J-1 ~011;,-1 ? S:.J-171- {J oj~o-] Jl?

(7) 7~ Ejj~ -171- <{} % :):! ~ 2_-ci1 Jf-cj .:::1.\ f 71-J l.


q .:::1.\ f ? 10~~ r:.-1 71-c.taJ .!!!.~ o-jrrJ1Jl?

(8) 7~ AJ~ ~.::1 71- ~ ;,1011 J-1~t>r:A1Jl?

q AJ* ~JE::j7j- ~ J-1011 ? .2_ ~ o1 o]-y 2} r:f% 9-


::j-Jl ~ 01~01-Jl.

(9) 7~ 0 ........
---rt::" 2. M
Ol Olo-jJl? Tij.Jl<5R
'-
.!i:!.OiJl
7f ~7J-e>il-"l ~ ~ @0 1~All ~ ~r:}Jl tS"}lt!Ell
~ol Cj ~~ Jl?
I heard (from someone) that there's a fireworks display at the Han
River, so would you like to go together?

q t:ll. ~o}Jl . .Aa ~ !):!7-l ~ t:llJl. ~ol 7}Jl.


Yes, that sounds nice. It should be awesome. Let's go.

7f ~7-}--'}~ ~ -"}~Jl <5H=::-r:11 01c10il 7}~ ~ ~7l}Jl?


I'm planning to buy an electronic dictionary, but do you know where
I should go?

q {1-T ~ 01 ~7-} All ~~ -}Jll -"}~~ ---AJC>il


7} 2}Jl 15}1(! Ell 7171 Oil 7} lil_-"ilJl.
My friends said that if you want to buy electronics at a good price,
then go to Yongsan. So you should go there.

Ol R~:::_ <2J::C.1 ' :=q.JJ. '6fCf O{I ~~.g ~ LfEfLH:= '-e! Ci!'Jf ~:::_ ~.. q::: .AfiEtO{Illi.Ai 01~0{1 ~:::_
OIOP!Lf ~5!.~ ~lfof[lj ~<2.1~ [H .A~gtL!q. [[f2.f.Ai Ol R~ Ql.AI OI~Oll ~:::_ @~.! 8WOll [[f2.f ~ EH7f
'2.~Liq. ~~~011 := ~1-E .AfiEt.1 .I ~O!Lf ~@. ~<c!. T:!~'6f-E ~ ~ 01 ~Liq.
This expressio n is a combination of ~ Cf.Jl ofCL indicating a citation, and - \::!C11, indicat ing recollection. It is
used when recal ling or confirming something you heard somebody else say previously. Thus, the co rrect
form of this expression also depends on the sentence type of what was heard previously. The clause that
follows t his expression can indicate the speaker's opinion, q uestion, advice, or invitation with respect to the
topic under discussion.

(1) OI~Oll ~::: @~O I ~.Ai@~ [H


When w hat was heard previously was a declarative sentence:

~Cf.Jl '6f:!Cil
9:J ~q.Jl '6fe!Cil

~ 7i2.f.Jl '6fe!Cil

"----~------'----- ---- _____________ -- ______ -


......
9:J ~ 7i2.f.Jl '6fe!Cil
.. ..... ---

98 Korean Grammar u1 CLise Intermediate


w q.:il <Wc![~l
A ~:AH
~q ~q.:il <W2![~ 1
-----~----- -- ----------------------
.z.tq .:il t5~'2:! [~I
v ll ~ c~.:il t>~'2:! [~I
----, -------:--------------------------------:-----~----~:------- --- -----

.1A~~q.:il t5~'2:![~1

.:........ ..................... .:........................... ......


2.~.:il t>~'2:! [~I .jA~O j q .1A~2.~.:il t5~'2:![~1
NOiq
Ol2.~.:il t>~:![~1 2j-{:!:jO jq 2j-{:!:jOI2.~.:il t5~'2:![~1

QjA~~ 7-j2.~.:il t5~'2:![~1


2j-{:!:jolq 21-{:!:j~ 712.~.:il t>~'2:! [~I
--------. - - - - - - - - - - -----------------------------------------. ----------------------- - - - - --- - - - -

(2) OI~Oll ~~ g~OI .1:::::: ~ ITH


When what was heard previously was an interrogative sentence:

.
---------------------------- --------------------------------~------------------------------------------..
:em
A/V
~~ 7-jq:LI. t5~'2:![~1
DI2HI ='}~
Q:j ~ 7-jq:LI. t5~'2:![~1

~q
A ~:AH
~q
----;-------------- --- ----- -------- --- -----7------~----- -------~-------------

-q.:il t5~'2:![~1.
v ' -Lqi!. t5~'2:![~~ Q:jq Q:j q.:il t;~:![~1, Q:j Lqjl t;~:![~j
-----------~-------~-~-----------------------t----------;--------------------------------
~q.:il t5~'2:![~1 .jA~O j q .jA~~q.:il t5~'2:![~1
2j-{:!:jOI~q:L!. t>~:![~1
NOjq - ' r-.

q :L!. t5~'2:! [JI .jA ~ O j q .IA~q.:il 5~'2:![~1


o1q.:il t>~'2:![~1 2J-{:!:jo jq 2j-{:!:jOiq.:il t5~'2:![~j
- - - - - - -- ' ' - - - - - -
* ~ )..f ~;;H~1 ~~ -q.::il of\::!Cil'2f '-.2.q.::il oft:!Cil' 2..!=i'- 7f-5ofo.j, ~Af1 ~;;H ~g '- q jl oft:!Cil'2f '- .!:::.q.::il oft:!Cil' 2..!=i'-
7f-5~LI Cf.
For adjectives in the present tense, both -q.I!. <'if'i:ICjl and - .'2.q.I!. <Sf'[:!Cjl are acceptable, while for verbs in the present tense, both -q.I!. <Sf'i:!
"II and -.!:q:il <Sf'[:!Cjj are acceptable.

(3) OI~Oll ~~ g~ol ~~~~ rrH


When what was heard previously was a propositive sentence:

7~A~.:il t>~:![~1
Q:j A~.:il 5~'2:! [~I
v ...
1:::1/>d -AI ~A~.:il 5 ~'2:![~1
: .-o Q:jq Q:j:AI ~A~.:il 5~'2:! [~1
-~-----~-j_______~_l ____________~----------------j__-----------------l..---~---------------------------~-
OI~OII ~::: g-OI '6!'e1g~ [[jj
,',"hen what was heard previously was an imperative sentence:

7 ~2.t.:C. 5~f:!r:ll
=:;.;:~
C> C>
~o 2.t.:c. 5tf:! cll

~q ~ J\I ~2.t.:C. 5tf:!c~l


-- - -- - - - --- - --

I'm worried because I've been losing some hair recently.

q ~~.=g-o ] ~01] ~q.Jl i>]-~Ej] ~ ~ =g ~ % gjo-] ..!i!-J-i].fl.._


I heard black beans are good for curing hair loss, so why not try eating some black beans?

7 ~ .2.:~ ~{J ~ o-]~oj] Al gj ~77]-.fl..?


Where shall we eat lunch today?

q ::p.]- ~Oil <U ~tg-o] J-H. ).~J;iq.JI i>]-~nj] /-l 7]oj] ~~ 7]- ~A] t:f.
I heard a new Indian restaurant opened in front of the office building , so let's go there.

7~ .7.iJ'-1 -]7]- 7-J-7] ).~<fJ nJ-~011 .2.:2-f.JI t>]-~1:~ ~ /-l oj].fl..?


Jenny invited us to her birthday party, so are you going?

q .7.11 '-1 -1 ).~'fJ<U1:11 tg-~t>J 7J-oJ:7.J.fl...


Of course I can't miss Jenny's birthday.

--1

1 o i .H~::: -.:c. 5f-'~ ~O:lAi ~~ w*~ cu~ Licr.


The -.::il ot- of this expression can be omitted .
LJl ~ 4-%l~t:J-Jl -5\-Jdt:Jl oJ-o] ~ o] :G-7]oj] !i!J- Z:j.AcJ o]oj]il_
~ ~71}-

= t.Jl ~.!j!-Ej 4-~~~t:J-Jdt:i] o}-o] ~ o] :G-7]oj] ~ ~71}- !i!J- Z:j.A<Jo1oj]il_

~-=(-7}- .:g=.t:J1 'i011 7}-.7.]-Jl '6]-Jdt:i] %~ -1:::: 7}- .g... ~o] ~Oiil?

= ~-=(-7}- .:g:t:J1 'i011 7}-.7.\-Jdt:i] %~ -1:::: 7}- .g... ~o] ~Oiil?

2 O I .H~::: g- .!fiOII~ ~ * CU~ LJ q_ Ol[H~ ~CH'bf2.1 2.1?:!011 ~CH 1 ~ 3:!~ ~t7~q ~ ~ Af-W2.l
~g ~ 7ICH5t'i!:!Ai OI-E!Oll ~ ::: LH ~ :lifoHAi ~1-E 3:!~Licr.
This expression can also come at the end of a sentence. In this position, while still expressing something
that the speaker heard previously, it also indicates either the speaker's disagreement with the other
person's opinion or the speaker's expectation of a response from the other person.

100 Korean Grammar ur 'lise - Intermediate


--------
7~ "?.Aj .]~Ell .:Q-o] <;1~ 5!.7-}.Jl %/-77}il?
Shall we invite Sujeong to go to see the play, too?
Lf "?.Aj -1-::: il~ l:l}.!!!!c}.Jl ~}li:i t:i]il.
(But) Sujeong said she's been busy these days.

Do you know where Mark is right now?


Lf 0}77} ~A~~ojj {}cj-.JI15j-li:!EJ]Jl.
A little while ago, he said he was going to the health club.

~
[ 41 J
1 7~ AH~71011 ~ ~~0 1 W0 1 ~ OiJ.l ~ ~ Oi.fl...
Lf ~ EJ lJ! 011 Al .:rz- <iJ t"}tB ~ }q .:i!. t"}lfl Ell

~ EJ lJ! ~ o 1%-6H .!2.-J.il.fl...


to look older

AH~.PI011-E ~~OI 'C'JOI ~Ol.A.i ~~q <2.!E:i~011.A.i .;:t~ti~'C! C-j J.A~~ I <2.!Ei~~ Ol*tifef
R% g~ -i.!O I ~ ;;t;~.A.i UIE<'i~Cf g~ ~ ;;t;f2.~'C! ;;t;~7 1 ~011 ~~ o ~.A.~cf I ?R~
2~ Df.A.~ .!x!.Cf
R% LfOI7f ~01.!2<2.!CfE W~ "riO I ~<>i.A.i 012.1 Y'2lt1 f~ Ole~ .!x!.OICf I Dicl ~
4Y'-c:lo~f 2~ 1::1!-J?-Cf

2 7f 9-W01l 0 } 0 ] ~:i!f Oi r:J ~~ ~77}?


O:j.!2..,
Lf 9-W01l ~~l;jJ7} ~211:1011 .g-q.:i!. t-}"lflt:flA.
one's older brother's family

~W011 OfOI~.i!l- OlCI ~ci 7~Cf ~W011 ~'a~l7f ~2.1 ~011.gq

.2.~ ;;t;N011 01CI011.A.i 16.lofef OfOI~OI ~~ ~!f.E:i ~.JI71 Q:j.2.ci 7f;;t;f


~cl .2.~'2l0112.1~~.2.LI77f C-j '1(Cf7~ ~011 OfOI~OI ~~<SH.A.i <[!:Ail ~011 ~Ol2.Lt
~Ol7fef
-9-~ u}3_ J!-17} cSJ-~Oj_!g-~~\f{~Oi 0 j.f.iiLf2 trt:i~i ~;_1
(1) ~O}il_?

~f)~ r.J-% ~ 1 5~ 0 10]1il...

~:I! c.JY- J!-1, ~c.J l::!J':fo]1 o]t:.]. 0:]-5E ~7J}il..?


(2) ciLt -?~11d J!-17} -------------------------
- - - - - - -- - - 71710]1 ~77}il..?

AiiAI A}o): J!-17} %O}c.j --B78<5}t;';]~ _ _ __ _ _


(3) _______ ~J-E::l-B- 0 1 o]t:.]oj1 'V_o]il..?

~~ OJ'7cf J!-17} ---------------------------


(4) A10]1 J!-15:. ~ 0 1 ~IQlil..?
AIOil Al ~ il.. ~ ~01 ?jo};_l :k ~ ~ ~o}il_,

(5) ------------------- 9-~0]1 A1zi 'V_o-jil..?


'ct~ Li1, 'X)_ o] iL. 9-~0]1 o}o1~ o]'='c)- .go1-%%!0]1 ~o 1

~A1Lf.

~:2:1 t:i1Y J!-1, Ll1 ~ ~~~0]1 ~ 0 1 ~77}il..?


(6) tiiLI Ll1~o1 -%lil..~01i1o}il..? ~~ J!-17} ~~~~

------------~il..~oj1 7}~.

ICC! ~'511 J!-1, 0}712.} J!-17} _ _ __ _ _ __

(7) ------------- ~;_1 ~Y- ~ u}g 'V_o-]il..?


g5jl 0}712.} J!-17} ~h(} .::Z.~o-] il..? Al.:S::. A}1)_ ~ ~~lj!-Ej
0 }712.} J!-1~EJ1 -B-11 1 'U :do]il...

102 Korean Grammar i, 'ltse Intermediate


Jaya, is it true that you broke up with your boyfriend?

I heard about it from Mark.

7~ 7-1\l- ~~~1 11 <4~~1 n-r.r ~~Ji..


I went to Mt. Seorak last weekend.

q _a ~ 1l Q{~o1 :Aj~ o} ~lf}-t:p~_ J..iJl?


Is it true that Mt. Seorak is really beautiful these days?

Yeah, it really was beautiful.

OI .R~:= ~ol-E .A.PS'OI A:i i3A:f0ll7ii.A.i OI ~Oil ~7-Jq OlDI ~.:il <1!::: LH ~ ~cH tgOillll ~~~ l[H .A.fgrLIQ.
~~ .A.~iS'OiiJll::: 'Q!Jj ?'~ ~~-'?- <L!~ LIQ.
This expression is used to confirm with another person something that the speaker heard previously from
a third party or learned about from some other source. The shortened form CfOj? can be used among close
friends and acq uaintances.

A/V I
~q j ?~ 7-J2H!!.A.i R?
- -- - 1 DI2.H
---~- ----
I ?~ -(.2..)2 7-j2.~~.A.iR?
------------------- : ___ 12:JQ
___
,
ll ~ 7-j2.~~.A.iR?
________________________________ _
~ q~.A.iR?
A
'i'JQ~.A.iR?
... .......... --- .....
7 ~q nq~.A.iR?
v -(.!::.) L q~.A.iR?
12:J Q ll :::Q~MR?
~cp~.A.i.R? ll.j-EIOiq ll.j-EI ~q~.A.1R?
:i]m
Ol~q~.A.iR? ~<!Oiq ~<I OI~q~.A.1R?
Olq ..... ........
TI.~EIOiq n.rEi c~~.A.1R?
~;~:H (OI}c~~.A.1R?
~<!Oiq ~<! Oic~~.A.1R?
---------- -- ---------

7~ i;:J]-1} -], ~;z.J- ~FfL7J- 7]7J- 3.:r:f1~J..-jA? Hyeseon, is it true that your boyfriend is tall?

q l.:Jl, .:::Li:St:~] e>i~Jl] o)-~e>iil..? Yes, but how did you hear about that?

7~ ~o] -]~"Ell ~ ~e>iil... Tommy told me.

7~ Ejj~ -]7} .!i!_l;jA ~J-ctnl? Is it true that Taeyeong got a bonus?

q g, .:::L~t:Jl. ~J..j-<>1]J..-j ~ g ~{]<5] ~Y-1;!}.


Yep, that's what he said. Looks like he worked really hard.

7~ 4'-;z.] -]7j- ~.::.J..j-Cfttl_J..-jA? I heard that Suji is a lawyer. Is that so?

q .:::L~il..? Al :_: 4'-;z.] -]7j- M~ ~ ~~o-].B... Really? I thought she was a homemaker.

O I R~::: ~1-E Aroso l ~~ ~7-Jq ~~~ ?A!otl cH.sHAi::: Af5rAI t>tt 0 1Jj, .gcHtgol ~ w~ l[lJ~~
ITILS:. .A.f5~AI ~~Liq_
This expression cannot be used to describe something that the speaker directly saw or experienced, nor can
it be used to restate or reconfirm what another person has just said.
---------
~I oj-7]21- -]7]- 7]% ~ 7:j..a.._ ( o)
o]-7]21- -]7} 7]% ~ ~cf 1rV-i..a..? (x)

: '.g.5tl'e Of712.f7f 7IE~ ~1 ~e ~~ !71 llfi@Oil


'-()L/eCf~.A.-JR?'~ AI-~* ~-LICf.
Eunhye personally saw Akira playing the guitar, so
-{) L /-Ect~.A.-JR?
cannot be used.

Df.3. 7.-j ~z:j~ o-j ..a__

7~~2.1 tJj-.3. -1. ~z:j~cj-.:LL..a..? ( 0)


o]-.3. -1, ~z:j~cf-1:!J.i..a..? ( x )

: Df3~Ell ~~ ~g O I Ot/1~ Df3 :.fEil Cf.A.I ~0-j~ rrH


e '-ctjl?.?'~ .A.I-~LICf.
Kylie is reconfirming what she just heard from
Mark, so -Cfj!?.7 should be used.

104 Korean Grammar ;R 9.1.-.~ Intermediate


1 7f 4~ -]7} ~~~q~ ~~ ~ Sj_o-]..8..?

Lf 1=11, ~ Si o-]..8... {.l~O:Jt& ~ ~.:S:.l=j]J..j o} ~2-l~

;Qt:fl~!J,iit?
to appear Qn a movie or TV show)

7 r 1=11. .=r ~ c:J-1 ..8...

~~3fef

~"t 7fef
D l~ E.2.fDfOll ~~~ 7~ Cf

2 7f o-J.A1] %~ -] ~~o]oj] ql.;j~o-JJl..

Lf ClJ..} -]7} .=Ic-]~~1 %~ -] ~ 0 ] .=I%17-11 ~q~J..iit?


stir-fried octopus
7f 1=11, .=1. ~ t:i 2.}.:il_.

~~ .1.q ~o I ~~Iii ~q

~ ~~f7f ~~Ii i ~71Cf

'=,'"XI*'*OI ~~Iii ~q

....
1 '-q~AiR?'~ A~~5HAi c.~~ [H:~ .!Et~f>~AiiR.

(1) 7f ts:-oJP-i :::= O:j ;; oj] 1::1(/ ~ 0JOI .g.~f..i SL?


q l=Jl, .AJUj-7]- <V_o-j}.i tl] 7j- woJ Q}J=L.

(2) 7f .A]'d-?oJl ?
q t;Jl, t:J-%oj] 7J.!(:loj] ~ 7]-JI 1to-Jit.

(3) 7f "5"R
'--' t-l-.AJ-%_Q_
o .Ic
2 1.- ?
q l;j], Jf-cj _2_llll]- ~t:Jloj] 31-ct ~o-Jit.
(4) 7f ~~ .] ' .::@~~~7} ?
q l;j], tlJ-~Si01Jl.. l:l]-i:l_ ~~ ~ 7}27;j C~7J]-Jl.?
(
---- ----- ------ ~---- --- --- --- ---- ------------ ----- - - - -- - --- ---

(1) Al\:i 1-gj 4~ .A.i~ AI~<>H 1[1::: ~01 LH~E-Liq. (2) LH~ ~QI cy:=: 41cm 41 \::!
~Oll 7~~ ~i"OI LH~ 3:!~Liq. (3) f:t~.LA.~7il LH~ ~~. ~2~ .A-1'2.1~ 01 2: ~~~

~.:il <liE-Liq. ~.g 'gJ.l .l LH~ ~01 ~Oi.A.i .li!~.A.~.:L!.7 ~ PiOI ~~<5H ~.!r. PiOI 9.,l"oi.:L!.
<li~Liq. (4) E!" .A-1'2.1::: 4QgOI'22 ~g-o1 ~.::? <li~ ~~ 3.A.I-l!"OI 'EP.H ~~q'22.A.i

~y
~2~ QI

~
-.. ......
.:il~~ ~~~LIC~. (5) 71~~:=: 'f% 0 . 1Qrv20mmQI ~01 C:j LH~ 3:!.

l . .~~~~~=- ~:~~~~:. . .
ilJ1-1, Oi Al1Al %011 -t:-0 1i'0 1(1) Lff~q-t:lif.-i.2.?
g5JI Li1, .A.]~ i'0 1..2..t=j c.}-.Jl.B.. -t:- 0 ] 41cml-} til ~ Oi .B..
o~n
00 41 \1 ~011 (2)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _?

0~7~
00

g5JI ~ xtrl ~ Jl.


u] n t':j-%] ).1 J.i!..-*).}.:1!.7} i',fo]
~y iT~~ .!i!.y77} 40~0 lli:l ~ 9- ~ :::= 71 ~ ~ 3).1{}-o l '8 ~l
~
------------------------?

o~n
0 0 =z.~q] <if. -t:-o] (5)
-----------------------
?

106 Korean Grammar u1 'lise Intermediate


That person is our company president.

q :A~ ~o] ;_p.J-\3 op,]i!}y.fl?


13Jt1R o}:A~.] o}y ~~.R?
He's the president? Not the deliveryman?

Akira, it's late, so let's go.

You already want to go? It's just now 11 p.m.

O IR~::: q~ APs1 ~~ ~.:ll ~I--E AtEtol ;.:!;1-t1 ~ol2.fAi ~2.f7~Lf ~~ * ~~ rrH~::: -f:t~ [["
Ar~LICf. .gcH~1 ~~ CfAI ~ ttl ~f~Ai ~ol-E APE!-1 -f:t~OILf L7t:j~ LfEfLH::: -3-:!~LICf. [[f2.fAi
.gcH~O I ~ ~1 g:g ~-W-011 [[f2.f EH7f ~2.f~Liq -Li-~ ~~1 ~EH !f!Oil '-LIR?' ~ ~~Lief.
This expression is used when the speaker is surprised by or cannot believe what another person has said.
It indicates the speaker's emotion and feeling of surprise or disbelief while repeating the relevant information.
Thus, the form of this expression depends on the type of statement used by the other person. Specifically,
the form -LIR? is added to the appropriate indirect quotation form of the other person 's statement

(1) .gcH~OI ~AigQ$_ ~~~ rrH


When the other person uses a declarative sentence:

~J;;.!CfLIR?
lj ~CfLIR?
A/V
~~ 7i2.fLIR?
11~ 7i 2.fLIR?
- - - - - ------,-- - -- ----- ----
~ qLI R?
A
~qLIR?

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