International Conference

and Field Seminar

Karst Without Boundaries

P R O C E E D I N G S

Edited by
N. Kukuri, Z. Stevanovi, N. Krei

11-15 June 2014

Trebinje (Bosnia & Herzegovina)
Dubrovnik (Croatia)

Protection and Sustainable Use of the Dinaric Karst Transboundary Aquifer System
Publishers:
GRAFOKOMERC AD Trebinje
DIKTAS Project (Protection and Sustainable Use of the Dinaric Karst Transboundary Aquifer
System)

For the publishers:

Zdravko Kaikovi, GRAFOKOMERC AD Trebinje
Neno Kukuri, DIKTAS Project Manager

Editors:
Neno Kukuri, Zoran Stevanovi, Neven Krei

Technical preparation:
Vedran Furtula

English proofreading:
Natalija Milievi

Circulation:
300 copies

Front page:
Zalomka River (photo . Zubac)

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copyrights of their respective contributions. Neither the DIKTAS nor any person acting on its
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CIP -

556.3(0 8 2)

INTERNATIONAL Con ference and Field Sem inar "Karst Without

Boundaries" (20 14 ; Trebinje, Dubrovnik)
Proceedings / Internation al Con ference and Field Sem in ar "Karst
Without Boundaries", 11-15 J une 20 14, Trebinje (Bosnia &
Herzegovina Dubrovnik Croatia ; edited by N. Kukuri Z. Stevanovi
N. Krei. - Trebinje : Grafokom erc, 20 14 (Trebinje : Print plast). - 431
str. : ilustr. ; 30 cm

Tira 30 0 . - Abstracts. - Registar.

ISBN 978-99938 -52-58 -2

1. DIKTAS (Trebinje)

COBISS.RS-ID 430 8 248

 International Conference
and Field Seminar

Karst Without Boundaries

In partnership of In collaboration with

Other supporting partners and organizations

PROCEEDINGS

Edited by
N. Kukuri, Z. Stevanovi, N. Krei

11-15 June 2014

Trebinje (Bosnia & Herzegovina)
Dubrovnik (Croatia)

Protection and Sustainable Use of the Dinaric Karst Transboundary Aquifer System
Karst Without Boundaries Proceedings

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 9

KREI, N. AND KUKURI, N.: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 11

PAPERS AND ABSTRACTS .................................................................................. 13

KEY NOTE CONTRIBUTIONS ............................................................................... 15

MILANOVIC, P.: OPTIMAL WATER MANAGEMENT - PREREQUISITE FOR REGIONAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT IN KARST .................................................................................................................................. 15
STEVANOVI, Z., PEKA, ., JOLOVI, B., PAMBUKU, A., AND RADOJEVI, D.: CLASSICAL DINARIC KARST
AQUIFER AN OVERVIEW OF ITS PAST AND FUTURE ..................................................................................... 23
MAURICE, L.: THE IMPORTANCE OF KARST IN WEAKLY KARSTIC AQUIFERS ................................................. 29

AQUIFER CHARACTERIZATION AND MONITORING ............................................ 31

MIKSZEWSKI A. AND KREI N.: NUMERIC MODELING OF WELL CAPTURE ZONES IN KARST AQUIFERS ........ 31
FIORILLO, F.: THE RECESSION OF SPRING HYDROGRAPHS, FOCUSED ON KARST AQUIFERS ................... 39
GUNN, J., AND WORTHINGTON, S.R.H.: WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM FAILED GROUNDWATER TRACING
EXPERIMENTS IN KARST? ................................................................................................................................. 44
GOEPPERT, N., TEICH, U., AND GOLDSCHEIDER, N.: SOLUTE TRANSPORT VARIABILITY IN ALPINE KARST
AQUIFERS UNDER DIFFERENT FLOW CONDITIONS ....................................................................................... 50
FIORILLO, F. AND PAGNOZZI, M.: RECHARGE PROCESSES OF KARST MASSIFS IN MEDITERRANEAN AREAS,
CHARACTERISED BY WIDE ENDORHEIC AREAS ............................................................................................. 51
KAVOUSI, A. AND RAEISI, E.: DIRECT DETERMINATION OF GROUNDWATER MEAN RESIDENCE TIME IN
KARSTIC AQUIFERS ........................................................................................................................................... 56
KOVCS, A., PERROCHET, P., SZCS, P., LNRT, L. AND DARABOS, E.: CHARACTERISATION OF KARST
AQUIFERS BASED ON HYDROGRAPH ANALYSIS ............................................................................................ 57
STADLER, H., RESZLER, C., FARNLEITNER, A., KOMMA, J. AND BLSCHL, G.: INTEGRATED TOOL FOR KARST
WATER PROTECTION: EVENT BASED SAMPLING AND HYDROLOGICAL MODELLING BASED ON
HYDROGEOLOGICAL MAPPING ........................................................................................................................ 65
MILANOVI, S.: SPATIAL MODELING OF KARST CHANNELS USING MULTIPARAMETRIC APROACH
EXAMPLE OF BELJANICA KARST MASSIF ........................................................................................................ 73
MDL-SZNYI, J.:DEEP CARBONATE SYSTEMS IN REGIONAL GROUNDWATER FLOW CONTEXT,
THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL CONSEQUENCES ......................................................................................... 79
STEVANOVI, Z.: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT INDICATORS IN SYSTEMATIC MONITORING OF KARST
AQUIFER DINARIC KARST CASE EXAMPLE .................................................................................................... 80
WANG, X., DAUSSE, A., COSGROVE, J., JOURDE, H., GOSSELIN, O., LONERGAN, L., LONARDI, V. AND MASSONNAT, G.:
INTEGRATING OUTCROP FRACTURE DATA AND PRESSURE TRANSIENT DATA FOR CONSTRUCTING
LOCAL SCALE FLOW MODELS IN A KARST AQUIFER ...................................................................................... 86
MINVIELLE, S., LASTENNET, R., DENIS, A. AND PEYRAUBE, N.: SPATIALIZATION OF DRAINAGE AREAS TO
ESTIMATE TRANSFER FUNCTION IN AN EPIKARSTIC SPRING USING A RESERVOIR MODEL .................... 96
MAGNI, S.: STUDY OF KARST AQUIFERS - ANOTHER POINT OF VIEW .......................................................... 104
CUCCHI, F., ZINI, L., CALLIGARIS, C., TURPAUD, P., SLEJKO, F.F., TREU, F., FURLANI, S., ZAVAGNO, E., BIOLCHI, S.,
MICHELINI, M., BOCCALI, C., CLEVA, S., URBANC, J., STANI, T.F., KOGOVSEK, J., PETRIC, M., GABROVSEK, F., RAVBAR,

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N., ALTRAN, E., PISELLI, S., SCIOLIS, D., SOSSI, P., LEBAN, M., CASAGRANDE, G., BRANCELJ, A. AND MORI, N.:
HYDROKARSTS ROLE IN THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE CLASSICAL KARST AQUIFERS HYDRODYNAMIC (NE
ITALY, SW SLOVENIA) ....................................................................................................................................... 111
MEAKI, H, BIONDI, B. AND BIONDI, R.: DELINEATION OF KARST CATCHMENT AREA USING SEVERAL
METHODS AN EXAMPLE OF PLITVICE LAKES CATCHMENT ....................................................................... 118
RADULOVI, M., SEKULI, G., VAKO, E. AND BLAGOJEVI M.: AN ASSESSMENT OF TERRITORY PARTICIPATION IN
RECHARGE OF TRANSBOUNDARY KARST AQUIFER: A CASE STUDY FROM THE SKADAR LAKE
CATCHMENT AREA ........................................................................................................................................... 124
BENDEREV, A., STEVANOVI, Z., MIHAYLOVA, B., IVANOVI, V., KOSTOV, K., MILANOVI, S., SHANOV, S., AND JEMCOV, I.:
TRANSBOUNDARY KARST AND KARST AQUIFERS IN WEST STARA PLANINA MTS CHARACTERISTICS
AND PROBLEMS ................................................................................................................................................ 125
PAVLI, U. AND TRII, N. CHARACTERIZATION OF HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONS OF TRANSBOUNDARY
GROUNDWATER BODY KARAVANKE IN SLOVENIA ....................................................................................... 131
HARYONO, E., PUTRO, S.T., YULIANTO, B., AND NUCHIFERA, F.: KARST MORPHOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY OF
KARANGBOLONG AREA, INDONESIA .............................................................................................................. 137
JIANG, G. AND GUO, F.: WATER BALANCE ANALYSIS BY A CAVE STREAM IN BARE EPIKARST IN SOUTH
CHINA ................................................................................................................................................................. 144
GOLDSCHEIDER, N., LAUBER, U. AND UFRECHT, W.: DETAILED INSIGHTS IN FLOW PROCESSES IN KARST
CONDUIT NETWORKS FROM TRACER STUDIES IN THE ACTIVE CAVE SYSTEM DRAINING TO BLAUTOPF
SPRING, SWABIAN ALB, GERMANY ................................................................................................................. 145
PETITTA, M., BARBIERI, M., CASCHETTO, M.C., FROLLINI, E., LACCHINI, A., MARINELLI, V., PACIONI, E. AND SBARBATI. C.:
GROUNDWATER FLOW INTERACTION AT THE PIEDMONT OF KARST AQUIFERS ALONG ACTIVE
TECTONIC SYSTEMS: SPRINGS AND SINKHOLES OF S.VITTORINO PLAIN (CENTRAL ITALY) .................. 146
KOVAI, G. AND RAVBAR, N.: HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF KARST AQUIFERS AND SPRINGS
USING TIME SERIES ANALYSIS, THE CASE OF CLASSICAL KARST (SLOVENIA) ........................................ 147
SAPPA, G. AND FERRANTI, F.: HYDROGEOLOGICAL MONITORING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE KARST
AQUIFER FEEDING THE PERTUSO SPRING, SOUTH EAST OF LATIUM REGION (CENTRAL ITALY) .......... 148
SNCHEZ, D., ANDREO, B., LPEZ, M., MUDARRA, M. AND GONZLEZ, M.J.: CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAZALEMA
KARST AQUIFERS (SOUTHERN SPAIN) BY MEANS OF GEOLOGICAL, HYDROCHEMICAL AND
HYDRODYNAMIC DATA .................................................................................................................................... 155
MALARD, A., JEANNIN, P-Y., TURK, J. AND BALLESTEROS, D.: APPLICABILITY OF THE KARSYS APPROACH:
EXAMPLES FROM SWITZERLAND, SLOVENIA AND SPAIN ............................................................................ 156
ARTUGYAN, L. AND URDEA, P.: GROUNDWATER DRAINAGE MONITORING AND KARST TERRAIN ANALYSIS
USING SPONTANEOUS POTENTIAL (SP) IN ANINA MINING AREA (BANAT MOUNTAINS, ROMANIA).
PRELIMINARY STUDY ....................................................................................................................................... 157
KOVCS A. AND SZCS T.: PREDICTION OF KARST WATER RECOVERY FOLLOWING REGIONAL MINE
DEPRESSURISATION IN THE TATA AREA, HUNGARY ................................................................................... 165
JEANNIN, P-J., PHILIPP, H., ERIC, W. AND MEURY, P-X.: CO2 CONCETRATION IN UNDERGROUND AIR VS. WATER
HARDNESS IN THE MILANDRE UNDERGROUND LABORATORY (JU, SWITZERLAND) ............................... 171
GACIN, M., DOBNIKAR - TEHOVNIK, M. AND MIHORKO, P.: GROUNDWATER QUALITY OF THE KRKA SPRING IN
GROUNDWATER BODY DOLENJSKI KRAS ..................................................................................................... 172
STADLER, P., STADLER, H., AND HUSLER, H.: THE ZELENI VIR CASE STUDY: IMPLEMENTING
ISOTOPEHYDROLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY IN THE KARST OF GORSKI KOTAR (OUTER DINARIDES;
WESTERN CROATIA) ........................................................................................................................................ 180
ERSS, A., SURBECK, H., MDL-SZNYI ,J., CSONDOR, K., HORVTH, A. AND LNRT, L.: CHARACTERIZATION OF
KARST WATERS BY RADIONUCLIDES IN THE BKK KARST REGION, HUNGARY ....................................... 188
TREK, B. AND AJN, R.: INVESTIGATION OF A LJUBLJANICA KARST RIVER BASIN BASED ON TRACE
ELEMENTS ......................................................................................................................................................... 190
PEKA, . AND RUBINI, J.: MONITORING OF FLUCTUATION DYNAMICS OF GROUNDWATER LEVELS IN THE
SAVUDRIJA AREA IN ISTRIA, CROATIA DIFFERENT REACTIONS IN A LIMITED KARST COASTAL
AREA ................................................................................................................................................................. 198

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VERBOVEK, T, KOCELI, A. AND KANDU, T.: THE CARBON CYCLE IN DOLOMITE ROCKS AND GROUNDWATER
IN SLOVENIA ...................................................................................................................................................... 200
VUKI LUI, D., RUBINI, J., RADII, M., CENOV, A., LUI, D., KRSTELJ, J. AND MIOVI, V.: ISSUES RELATED TO
SANITARY SEAWATER QUALITY MONITORING IN THE IMPACT ZONE OF COASTAL KARST SPRINGS
EXAMPLE FROM RIJEKA BAY ........................................................................................................................... 201
RISTI VAKANJAC, V., STEVANOVI, Z. AND OKORILO ILI, M.: UNDERGROUND PIRACY OF RAKA SPRING
(SOUTHWESTERN SERBIA) AND CONCEPT FOR THE DELINEATION OF CATCHMENT AREA AND
ESTIMATION OF KARST GROUNDWATER BUDGET ELEMENTS ................................................................... 207
LIU, W., PU, J., YU, S., ZHANG, C., AU, Y., YUAN, D., YANG, H. AND TANG, W.: PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE
THERMAL STRATIFICATION OF A SUBTROPICAL KARST RESERVOIR AND ITS INFLUENCE ON DIC
ACTIVITY IN SUMMER ....................................................................................................................................... 213
TTH, ., MDL SZNYI, J., KOVCS, J. AND HORNYK, G.: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPRINGS, STRUCTURES
AND HYDROSTRATIGRAPHY IN DIFFERENT SCALES ON THE EXAMPLE OF TRANSDANUBIAN RANGE,
HUNGARY .......................................................................................................................................................... 214
MOHAMMADI, Z. AND MALI, S.: CHARACTERIZATION OF KARST SYSTEM USING MODELING OF RAINFALL-
DISCHARGE RELATIONSHIP; PIREGHAR AND DIME SPRINGS, ZAGROS REGION, IRAN ........................... 215
SCHMIDT, S, GEYER, T., GUTTMAN, J., MAREI, J., RIES, F. AND SAUTER, M.: CHARACTERISATION OF CONDUIT
RESTRICTED KARST AQUIFERS - A METHODOLOGY DEMONSTRATED AT THE EXAMPLE OF THE AUJA
SPRING,LOWER JORDAN VALLEY................................................................................................................... 221
IVANOVI, V., DRAGII, V., JEMCOV, I., RABRENOVI, M. AND ATANACKOVI, N.: QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF
KARST SPRING REGIME - CASE EXAMPLE OF BLEDERIJA SUBTHERMAL KARST SPRING IN EASTERN
SERBIA ............................................................................................................................................................... 222
ALMSI, I., WALKER, J., CRANSHAW, J., POTMA, K. AND STOAKES, F.: HYPOGENIC KARST BENEATH THE
ATHABASCA OIL SANDS CONTROLS ON AQUIFERS AND AQUITARDS ..................................................... 228
MARTINECZ, A., MDL-SZNYI, J., HAVRIL, T., MOLSON, J. AND SIMON, S.: NUMERICAL INTERPRETATION OF
GROUNDWATER FLOW IN THE BUDA THERMAL KARST, HUNGARY ........................................................... 229
PETROVI, B.: PRELIMINARY CHARACTERIZATION OF THE KARST GROUNDWATER FLOW OF SUVA
PLANINA MOUNTAIN (EASTERN SERBIA) ....................................................................................................... 230
ARCHONTELIS, A. AND GANOULIS, J.: MODEL SIMULATION OF THE HYDRODYNAMIC FUNCTIONING OF A
KARST COASTAL AQUIFER: THE CASE OF ALMYROS SPRING, THE ISLAND OF CRETE, GREECE .......... 236
ATANACKOVI, N., MAGAZINOVI, S., DRAGII, V., IVANOVI, V., NINKOVI, N. AND BAJI, A.: KARST SPRING
REGIME MONITORING AND ANALYSIS - A CASE STUDY OF TUPIZNICA KARST SPRING IN EASTERN
SERBIA ............................................................................................................................................................... 237
GABROVEK, F.: MONITORING AND MODELLING OF GROUNDWATER DYNAMICS IN LJUBLJANICA AND
REKA SYSTEMS ................................................................................................................................................ 238
PETRVALSK, A., KOLTAI, G., PALCSU, L. AND STRAKOV, V.: FIRST RESULTS OF THE HYDROCHEMICAL
MONITORING OF 6 SPRINGS ON JASOVSK PLATEAU, SLOVAKIA ............................................................. 239
EL-KASHOUTY, M., EL-KAMMAR, A., MOKHTAR YEHIA, M. AND MIRO, M.: HYDROGEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF DAMASCUS CITY ANDS ITS SURROUNDINGS, SYRIA .............................................................................. 240
D. GEORGE, L. AND PONTA, G.: RISK-BASED ASSESSMENT FOR HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS IN
LIMESTONE TERRAIN AT A FORMER MANUFACTURING FACILITY .............................................................. 241
MENICHETTI, M.: HEAT AS A TRACER FOR HYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF FRACTURED KARST:
MONTE CUCCO IN ITALYS NORTHERN APENNINES ..................................................................................... 242
ZHAO, K. AND WANG, Y.: A 1,200-YEAR-LONG ANNUALLY RESOLVED RECORD OF THE ASIAN SUMMER
MONSOON FORM DONGGE CAVE, CHINA ...................................................................................................... 243
SULISTIJO, S., ISKANDAR, I., CHAMID, C., POERNANTO AND HARYONO, E.: THE IMPACT OF THE LIMESTONE MINING
ACTIVITIES ON THE GROUNDWATER CONDITION: CAN MINING ACTIVITIES IMPROVE THE GROUND
WATER AND WATER QUALITY CONDITION?...................................................................................................... 244
M. SCHINDEL, G. AND M. SCHINDEL, G.: DATA COLLECTION AND RESEARCH PROGRAMS IN SUPPORT OF
MANAGEMENT OF KARST AQUIFERS ............................................................................................................. 246

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AQUIFER MANAGEMENT AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ........................................ 251

PEKA, .: HARMONIZATION OF CRITERIA FOR DELINEATION OF SANITARY PROTECTION ZONES IN
TRANSBOUNDARY AQUIFERS OF THE DINARIC KARST ............................................................................... 251
PURI, S.: AQUIFER SYSTEM TDA AND LEGAL FRAMEWORKS - WHAT LESSON FOR DIKTAS? ................... 256
ZWAHLEN, F., BAKALOWICZ, M., GONZALEZ, R., HAJ ASAAD, A., SAAD-SBEIH, M. AND JAUBERT, R.: GROUNDWATER
FLOWS IN THE ORONTES RIVER BASIN AND GROUNDWATER IN THE SYRIA-LEBANON WATER SHARING
AGREEMENT ..................................................................................................................................................... 264
MALK, P., ERNK, R. AND TTH, G.: KARSTIC GROUNDWATER IN HUNGARIAN-SLOVAKIAN
TRANSBOUNDARY GROUNDWATER BODIES UNDER THE SCOPE OF ENWAT AND TRANSENERGY EU
PROJECTS ......................................................................................................................................................... 272
HARYONO, E.: SUB-C: A HIDRO-MORPHOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR MINING SPATIAL PLANNING ............. 278
STEWART, S. AND MUSTAFA, S.: GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT OF KARST AQUIFERS IN SOUTH
AUSTRALIA: 2 CASE STUDIES .......................................................................................................................... 279
TRENC, N., VELI, J. AND DUPLI, A.: EU HABITATS AND BIRDS DIRECTIVES AS A COMPLEMENTARY
MECHANISM TO WATER LEGISLATION FOR CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF WATER
RESOURCES IN DINARIC KARST ..................................................................................................................... 288
PREBIL, T. AND ENUR CURK, B.: VULNERABILITY MAPPING OF THE KARST AQUIFER OF THE KANIN
MOUNTAIN AREA .............................................................................................................................................. 294
GNDOAN, R., GEYIKLI, B., YAKUPOLU, T., DINDAROLU, T., H. ERDOAN, E., E. AKAY, A.: THE EFFECT OF
CONVERSION OF NATIVE SHRUB LAND TO PISTACIO ORCHARD ON SOIL ORGANIC CARBON STOCK IN
KARST AREAS IN SOUTHEAST TURKEY ......................................................................................................... 295

WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING ................................................................ 301

MILANOVI, S. AND VASI, LJ.: 3D MODELING OF KARST CONDUIT; CASE EXAMPLE LEAKAGE BELOW
VIEGRAD DAM ................................................................................................................................................. 301
JEMCOV, I., MLADENOVI, A., PAVLOVI, R., TRIVI, B., PETROVI, D. AND PETROVI, R.: DETERMINATION OF
WATER LOSS FROM RESERVOIRS IN LESS PERMEABLE KARST AQUIFER CASE EXAMPLE OF THE LEFT
BANK OF LAZICI DAM WESTERN SERBIA....................................................................................................... 307
JEANNIN, P-J., PHILIPP, H. AND ERIC, W.: A PRAGMATIC SIMULATION TOOL FOR WATER MANAGEMENT IN AN
ALPINE KARST REGION: THE FLIMS CASE STUDY, GR SWITZERLAND ...................................................... 313
PROHASKA, S., MAJKI-DURSUN, B., VUJOVI, D. AND TRIPKOVI, V.: THE EVALUATON OF THE INFLUENCE OF
WATER TRANSFER FROM THE FATNICKO AND DABARSKO POLJE INTO THE BILECA RESERVOIR ON THE
WATER REGIME CARACTERISTICS OF HE RIVER BREGAVA ....................................................................... 314
TUFEKI, D.: APPLICATION OF ELECTRO-MAGNETIC RESONANCE METHOD IN HYDRO-GEOPHYSICAL
EXPLORATION OF KARST SYSTEM ................................................................................................................. 315
ROUAI, M. AND QARQORI, K.: GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING OF KARSTIC GROUNDWATER IN TABULAR
MIDDLE ATLAS (MOROCCO): A CASE STUDY ................................................................................................. 316
NEKOVI, D., KRMPOTI, M., TADI, D. AND MITROVI, V.: THE POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS FOR
GROUNDWATER UTILIZATION OF "OMARSKO VRELO" SPRING LOCATED IN TARA NATIONAL PARK
(WESTERN SERBIA) .......................................................................................................................................... 320
BAKO, S., VUINI, L., VLAHOVI, M. AND DJAKOVI, M.: POSSIBILITY OF USING AQUIFER FROM LOCALITY
DOLOVI FOR WATER SUPPLY OF OSTROG MONASTERY ............................................................................ 321
BAKI, N., HARAMINA, T. AND PILA, I.: STATE AND PRESSURES ON THE AQUIFER IN THE AREA OF THE CITY
OF ZAGREB........................................................................................................................................................ 324
JIANHUA, C. AND YUCHI, J.: HYDROGEOLOGICAL SETTING - BASED DAMS TO ACCESS THE GROUNDWATER
TO SURFACE WATER - FOUR CASES FROM SOUTHWEST KARST AREA, CHINA ....................................... 325

GROUNDWATER SUSTAINABLE USE, PROTECTION AND REMEDIATION ........ 333

CUCCHI, F., ZINI, L., CALLIGARIS, C., TURPAUD, P., SLEJKO, F.F., TREU, F., FURLANI, S., ZAVAGNO, E., BIOLCHI, S.,
MICHELINI, M., BOCCALI, C., CLEVA, S., URBANC, J., STANI, T.F., KOGOVSEK, J., PETRIC, M., GABROVSEK, F., RAVBAR,
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N., ALTRAN, E., PISELLI, SCIOLIS, D., SOSSI, P., LEBAN, M., CASAGRANDE, G., BRANCELJ, A. AND MORI, N.: WATER
MANAGEMENT OF THE CLASSICAL KARST AQUIFER (NE ITALY, SW SLOVENIA) ...................................... 333
BONACCI, O.: MANS INFLUENCE ON THE DINARIC KARST WATER AND ECOLOGICAL REGIMES .............. 334
PETRI, M., JANE, J., RAVBAR, N., HOEVAR, J., KOGOVEK, J., SLABE, T. AND TURK, J.: EMERGENCY
PROTECTION OF KARST WATER SOURCES - HYDROGEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE FRAME OF THE
GEP PROJECT ................................................................................................................................................... 342
GARAI, M.: SPELEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AID IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE HYDROGEOLOGY OF
THE DINARIC KARST IN CROATIA .................................................................................................................... 343
NAKI Z., FUNDUK, M., ARLDAROVI, O. AND PEKA, .: PROTECTION AND SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION OF
GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA ................................................................... 349
BIONDI, R., MEAKI, H., AND BIONDI, B.: VULNERABILITY MAPPING OF NOVLJANSKA RNOVNICA KARSTIC
SPRING CATCHMENT AREA (CROATIA) .......................................................................................................... 357
GRIMMEISEN, F., SAWARIEH, A., ZEMANN, M., KLINGER, J., GPPERT, N. AND GOLDSCHEIDER, N.: WATER QUALITY
MONITORING FOR GROUNDWATER PROTECTION IN URBAN KARST AQUIFERS IN A SEMI-ARID
CLIMATE ............................................................................................................................................................ 364
JOLOVI, B.: POLLUTION PROBLEMS OF THE TRANSBOUNDARY KARST AQUIFER UNA AND POSSIBLE
PROGRAMS OF MEASURES ............................................................................................................................. 365
RUGGIERI, R.:THE HYDROGEOLOGICAL SYSTEM OF THE CENTRAL-SOUTHERN HYBLEAN PLATEAU
(SOUTH-EASTERN SICILY): ASPECTS OF VULNERABILITY AND PROTECTION OF THE KARST
AQUIFERS .......................................................................................................................................................... 371
GORAN, C., VLAICU, M., MUNTEANU, C.M., GIURGINCA, A., TERENTE, M.C., TUDORACHE, A. AND MARIN, C.: VEGETAL
COVER CHANGE - A PLAUSIBLE CAUSE FOR ENHANCED DISSOLUTION PROCESSES WITHIN THE
TOPOLNITA CAVE (MEHEDINTI PLATEAU, ROMANIA) ................................................................................... 377
DEVI, N., AND FILIPOVI, S.: ASSESSMENT OF HYDROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GROUNDWATER IN
KARST ................................................................................................................................................................ 378
ANTUNOVI, I., ZOVKO, D., AND PRSKALO, G.: NEW FINDINGS ABOUT HYDROGEOLOGICAL BOUNDARIES OF
RADOBOLJA, STUDENAC AND LISTICA SPRING BASINS .............................................................................. 384
DAOXIAN, Y.: URBAN HYDROGEOLOGY IN KARST REGIONS OF CHINA ........................................................ 385
KOSI, N. AND RAVBAR, N.: KARST GROUNDWATER PROTECTION AND INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION.................................................................................................................................................. 387
MAHMOUDI SIVAND, S.: AN INVESTIGATION OF KARST SINKHOLES IN ABARKOUH PLAIN (YAZD PROVINCE,
IRAN) .................................................................................................................................................................. 388
MARGANE, A. AND ISMAIL MAKKI, I.: PLANNING OF WASTEWATER FACILITIES IN KARSTIC TERRAIN
EXPERIENCES FROM LEBANON ..................................................................................................................... 389
TAHERI, K., KEYVANNIA, M. AND TAHERI, M.: SITE SELECTION FOR PUBLIC WATER WELLS IN KARST
AQUIFERS, EMERGENCY RESOURCES FOR URBAN AND RURAL WATER SUPPLY IN KERMANSHAH
PROVINCE, IRAN ............................................................................................................................................... 390

AWARENESS, EDUCATION AND OUTREACH .................................................... 391

GOLDSCHEIDER, N., CHEN, Z. AND THE WOKAM TEAM: THE WORLD KARST AQUIFER MAPPING PROJECT
WOKAM .............................................................................................................................................................. 391
PARISE, M.: NO LIMITS, NO BOUNDARIES: A VIEW OF KARST AS THE TYPICAL TRANS-BOUNDARY
ENVIRONMENT.................................................................................................................................................. 392
BOCCHINO, B., DEL VECCHIO, U., DE NITTO, L., LO MASTRO, F., MARRAFFA, M., MAURANO, F., MINIERI, G., PARISE, M.
AND RUOCCO, M.: INCREASING PEOPLES AWARENESS ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF KARST
LANDSCAPES AND AQUIFERS: AN EXPERIENCE FROM SOUTHERN ITALY ............................................... 398
BAAGI, M. AND UVALI, A.: HISTORY OF KARST STUDIES OF EASTERN HERZEGOVINA .......................... 406
DODEROVI, M., BULI, I., BULI, Z. AND BURI, D.: KARST REGIONS OF MONTENEGRO AND ECOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS ............................................................................................................................ 413
LUI, I.: WHAT MADE IT POSSIBLE FOR "EUROPE'S LARGEST SINKING RIVER" TO DISAPPEAR? ........... 414

7
Karst Without Boundaries Proceedings

BAHRAMMANESH, M. AND RAZAVI, B.S.: WHEAT PRODUCTION DECLINES DUE TO EXTENDED DROUGHT IN
IRAN ................................................................................................................................................................... 422
ALDAREVI, O.: TRANSBOUNDARY DIMENSIONS OF EVERYDAY PRACTICES OF LIFE IN KARSTIC AREAS
SOCIAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS ..................................................................................................... 426
ZHENQIU, Z.: DECADAL-SCALE CLIMATE VARIABILITY DURING MID-HOLOCENE RECORDED IN A
SHENNONGJIA SPELEOTHEM ......................................................................................................................... 427

LIST OF AUTHORS ............................................................................................. 428

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 DIKTAS Conference Karst without boundaries, Trebinje, June 11th-15th 2014 Proceedings Full Paper

HYDROKARSTS ROLE IN THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE CLASSICAL KARST

AQUIFERS HYDRODYNAMIC (NE ITALY, SW SLOVENIA)
Franco Cucchi1, Luca Zini1, Chiara Calligaris1, Philippe Turpaud1, Francesca Federica
Slejko1, Francesco Treu1, Stefano Furlani1, Enrico Zavagno1, Sara Biolchi1, Marzia
Michelini1, Chiara Boccali1, Silvia Cleva1, Janko Urbanc2, Tamara Ferjan Stani2,
Janja Kogovsek3, Metka Petric3, Franci Gabrovek3, Natasa Ravbar3, Enrico Altran4,
Stefano Piselli4, Daniela Sciolis4, Paolo Sossi4, Mitja Leban5, Giacomo Casagrande6,
Anton Brancelj7 and Natasa Mori7
1
Trieste University D.M.G., Trieste, Italy; cucchi@units.it
2
Geological Survey of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia; janko.urbanc@geo-zs.si
3
Karst Research Institute - ZRCSAZU, Postojna, Slovenia; janja.kogovsek@zrc-sazu.si
4
ACEGAS Aps, Trieste, Italy; enrico.altran@acegas-aps.it
5
Kraki Vodovod, Seana, Slovenia; mitja.leban@kraski-vodovod.si
6
Regione Autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trieste, Italy;giacomo.casagrande@regione.fvg.it
7
National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia; anton.brancelj@nib.si

Abstract: In the framework of the Italian-Slovenian transboundary cooperation program

2007-2013, the HYDROKARST Project that aims at the protection and management of the
Classical Karst transboundary aquifer is being carried out. Since the second half of 1800,
several studies in this research field have been realized, but Hydrokarst is an opportunity for
joint work for a unique goal, enriching the knowledge of a precious resource, water. In this
context, in order to better define the groundwater flow dynamics, a joint monitoring network
consisting of devices for continuous recording of physical parameters as electrical
conductivity, temperature and water level, was realized. For selected water points, several
physico-chemical, microbiological and geochemical surveys were performed. Major ions,
18O and87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratio were analyzed. Fauna samples were collected. Additionally, a
water-tracing test with fluorescent dye was carried out.

Key Words: Classical Karst, hydrogeology, conduit and fractured, transboundary aquifer,
management, groundwater fauna

INTRODUCTION

In a complex hydrogeological setting, a hydrogeological characterization of the karst

drainage basins is the key to understanding and estimating water fluxes. This operation
requires the data acquisition in order to define the extent and the effects of conduit-dominated
flow, multiple discrete inputs and outputs for water, and their spatial and temporal variability
in recharge, storage, and flow. Water-tracing tests, realized using fluorescent dyes, are the
most effective way of determining subsurface conduit connections between karst drainage
features such as sinkholes and springs, directions of ground-water flow, boundaries of karst
ground-water basins, and the hydraulic properties of conduits (Mull et al., 1988; White,
1993).

Spring discharges and variations in the chemical and isotopic composition allow to
characterize recharge and discharges and to provide insights into the hydrostructure at basin-
to-regional scales (Ford and Wiliams, 2007; White, 1993). Given that groundwater is
inhabited by a wide variety of animals, ranging from larger arthropods, such as amphipods to
meiofaunal, few millimeter-sized copepods and ostracods (Marmonier et al., 1993), this fauna
can be a very useful indicator of groundwater hydrological connections, groundwater
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contamination or can serve as a tool for groundwater characterization (Sket and Bole, 1981;
Malard et al., 1996; Pipan and Culver, 2007; Mori and Brancelj, 2013).

In hydrogeological studies, a fundamental mapping unit is used to characterize the spatial and
temporal properties of the aquifer and to construct its conceptual model (Rosenberry and La
Baugh, 2008).The study area corresponds to the Classical Karst, a carbonate plateau
homeland to Timavo/Reka aquifer system (Fig. 1). The area is a transboundary site shared
between Italy and Slovenia and approximately 750 km2 wide extending, as a rectangular
plateau, surrounded by non karstic features as Trieste Flysch bay (Adriatic Sea) on the SW,
alluvial Friuli plain at NW, Flysch Vipava valley at NE. The plateau surface is characterized
by an abundance of karst landforms, epigean and hypogean, being considered one of the best
karst examples in the world (Ford and Williams, 2007) having available at least 500-600m of
karstifiable rocks. The drainage basin of the Reka River covers an area of about 407 km2. The
hydrostructure is crossed by an impressive underground river that sinks in Slovenia at
kocjan sinkhole, UNESCO Heritage since 1986, and outflows on the Italian side in
correspondence of Timavo Springs near Duino village.

Given that the Classical Karst aquifer is exploited for drinking purposes by Slovenians and
Italians, the aim of the present paper is to better define the different inputs to the
groundwaters.

Fig. 11: The study area. 1=Vipacco/Vipava; 2=Doberd lake; 3=Moschenizze Nord spring; 4=Sardos spring;
5=Timavo spring; 6=Aurisina/Nabrezina spring; 7=Kanjedue cave; 8=Kana cave; =kocjan cave; 10=Storje
piezometer; 11= Rasa river; 12= Senoeki river; 13= Sajevki river; 14=Trebiciano abyss.

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 DIKTAS Conference Karst without boundaries, Trebinje, June 11th-15th 2014 Proceedings Full Paper

HYDROGEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION
In 1995, the researchers of the Trieste University D.M.G.jointly with Slovenian researches,
began with the study of the Timavo/Reka hydrodynamics in order to enrich the knowledge of
the Classical Karst aquifer. In this framework, a monitoring network made of devices for
continuous recording of physical parameters (electrical conductivity, temperature and water
level) and sampling surveys was updated.
The main caves reaching groundwaters were analyzed as well as the available piezometers
and the recognized lakes and springs. The aquifer recharge is represented by: 1) a
concentrated allogenic recharge due to Reka River inputs, 2) a diffuse autogenic recharge due
to effective precipitations, and 3) a diffuse allogenic recharge due to the Isonzo River
contribution (Zini et al., 2013).
As defined by the data recorded at Timavo/Timava and Sardos/Sardo springs, contributions
from the different sectors of the hydrostructure, differ due to the water flow regime: in high
water flow, Reka and effective precipitations represent the main inputs, while during low
water flow regime, Isonzo/Soa groundwater input prevails.

18O values confirm this hypothesis especially during springtime, Isonzo/Soa waters have
18O values more negative than the rainfall (on the Clasical Karst area) and Reka river
(Doctor et al., 2000). In this period in fact, Isonzo/Soa is fed by snow melting waters.
During low water regime, more negative values are recorded in the entire spring area, except
Aurisina, which is considered to be free from the influence of Isonzo/Soa waters.
The major ion analysis indicates that surface- and ground-waters have similar chemical
composition, belonging to the Ca-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-HCO3 hydrofacies. No meaningful
differences are observed during low- and high-water flow regime.
On the basis of electrical conductivity (EC) and Mg/Ca molar ratio instead, it is possible to
recognize a defined draft trend in the waters (Fig. 2). To better understand this correlation,
three sampling surveys realized in three different regimes were analyzed: September 2012
(red very low water), April 2013 (green after the peak flood event) and January 2013 (blue
during a flood event). During very low water regime, Isonzo/Soa inputs are prevailing over
the others enhancing low EC values and high Mg/Ca molar ratio. Reka influence is
recognizable only at Aurisina spring (7) and Trebiciano Abyss (8). The situation changes
during flood events: at Aurisina (7) and Timavo (6) the contribution of Reka river,
characterized by low Mg/Ca ratios and high EC values prevails. Moschenizze Sud (4) and
Sardos (5) are influenced by Isonzo/Soa waters and Reka River in different proportions
according to different regimes. The other spring points are characterized by the Isonzo/Soa
inputs. A separate discussion is required for Klarii pumping station (10) tapping the water at
about -30/-50m a.s.l. During low water regime it is heavily influenced by Isonzo/Soa inputs.
During floods, an increased EC is observed, mainly due to the increased Cl value that ranges
from 13.5 mg/l up to 60 mg/l.

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 DIKTAS Conference Karst without boundaries, Trebinje, June 11th-15th 2014 Proceedings Full Paper

Fig. 12: EC vs. Mg/Ca molar ratio during different water regimes. Is=Isonzo River, R=Reka River. 1=Doberd,
2=Pietrarossa, 3=Moschenizze Nord, 4=Moschenizze Sud, 5=Sardos, 6=Timavo, 7=Aurisina, 8=Trebiciano
Abyss, 9= kocjan cave, 10= Klarii pumping station (B4).

WATER TRACING WITH FLUORESCENT TRACERS

First tracer tests in the Classical Karst area were carried out at the beginning of the 20th
century and a considerable number of tracings have been performed since then. Most of them
were focused on the underground flow of the Reka River between the sinkhole in the kocjan
caves and the Timavo/Timava and Aurisina/Nabreina springs (Timeus, 1928; Mosetti, 1965;
Peric, 2012). Apparent flow velocities of approximately 47 m/h at low waters, 109 to 164 m/h
at mean waters, and more than 300 m/h at high waters were calculated based on the results of
the tracer tests. Underground flow from the sinking points of the Vipacco/Vipava River in
Vrtoe and from the Isonzo/Soa plain (Bidovec, 167, Cancian, 187) through the karst of
Doberd to the Timavo/Timava spring and some adjacent springs was proved. The
connections between the Timavo/Timava springs and the sinking streams of Sajevkipotok,
Senoekipotok and Raa were indicated by some tracer tests (Habi, 18), however the
results were not published. In April 2005, the tracer was injected at the surface near the
Seana landfill (Kogovek and Petri, 2007). It had to pass through approximately 200 m
thick vadose zone first, and the dominant apparent flow velocities of 39 m/h towards the
Timavo/Timava spring and of 19 m/h towards the Aurisina/Nabreina spring indicate very
high permeability of the vadose zone in this part of Classical Karst. Continuous outflow of
tracer in the flood waves following the precipitation events was proved by the measurements
of tracer concentrations even 16 months after the injection. The total share of recovered tracer
through the Timava spring was 93%.
Additional information about the characteristics of groundwater flowing through the Classical
Karst aquifer was obtained by a new multi-tracer test in the frame of the Hydrokarst project.
On April 10, 2013, uranine was injected in a 200 m deep borehole near torje, and
amidorhodamine G at the surface near Sela na Krasu. The two tracers were washed with 14
m3 and 10 m3 of water respectively. Following intensive precipitation in previous days, the
discharges of karst waters were in recession at the time of injection. The water was sampled
at 8 springs, 1 cave and in 4 boreholes.

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 DIKTAS Conference Karst without boundaries, Trebinje, June 11th-15th 2014 Proceedings Full Paper

Uranine was detected at the Timavo/Timava and Aurisina/Nabreina springs (Fig. 3). Until
the end of January, 2014, approximately 63% of injected uranine was recovered at the
Timavo/Timava springs. Since no discharge data for the Aurisina/Nabreina spring are
available, for this spring such assessment is not possible. Although we expected the
appearance of amidorhodamine G in the Klarii pumping station, no tracer was detected
there. As relatively low amount of this tracer was injected, its absence in the Timavo/Timava
and Sardos/Sardo springs was expected.

0,3 140
Cur - Timavo Cur - Aurisina Q(m3/s)

100
C of Uranine (mg/m3)

0,2

Q - Timavo (m3/s)
60

0,1
20

0,0 -20
8.4.13 9.5.13 9.6.13 10.7.13 10.8.13 10.9.13 11.10.13 11.11.13 12.12.13 12.1.14 12.2.14

Fig. 13: The tracer breakthrough curves of the Timavo/Timava and Aurisina/Nabreina springs, and the
discharges of the Timavo/Timava Springs (discharges measured by the ACEGAS company).

However, tracer tests can be carried on not only using chemical substances, but also taking
advantage of natural tracers such as electrical conductivity (EC), temperature and fauna.

EC and temperature values, can be followed using some meaningful points as kocjan
sinkhole, Trebiciano Abyss (with the monitoring station positioned at 330 m of depth inside the
cave) and Timavo/Timava Springs. Analysing the graphs obtained from the recorded data, the
possibility emerges to follow the changing values also during floods comparing the transit
times with the ones calculated by the tracer tests. While flooding at kocjan sinkhole to a
rapid increased discharge is associated to a decrease in EC and temperature values. The wave
amplitude assumes a lower value at Trebiciano Abyss measuring point. At Timavo/Timava
spring, the signal amplitude is even more decreased also due to the Isonzo/Soa influence.
During floods analysing the peak delay among kocjan, Trebiciano and Timavo Spring water
transit times were evaluated to be 200800 m/h between kocjan and Trebiciano and 150
500 m/h between Trebiciano and Timavo Spring, highlighting a circulation having a
prevailing conduit character. The calculated transit times are in agreement with the ones
obtained through the tracer tests, considering also that these last ones are not usually realized
during floods, so the calculated times are lower than the one recorded by the data logger
devices (Zini et al., 2014).
The first faunistic investigations of the Timavo/Reka system are dating back to early 30s in
the last century (Stammer, 1932), where almost 100 species were recorded from the
underground waters. The analyses of the data from the literature and of newly obtained data
collected during HYDROKARST project with over 600 records together gave the insight into
distributional patterns of groundwater species and their ecological preferences. Many species,
especially Copepoda (Crustacea) are occurring along all Timavo/Reka system, from
kocjanskejame Cave to Timavo springs and can be found also in the Isonzo/Soa
hydrological system, whereas some species were collected only at limited sampling points.
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 DIKTAS Conference Karst without boundaries, Trebinje, June 11th-15th 2014 Proceedings Full Paper

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Data collected allowed to study the hydrogeology of the area and to highlight the contribution
to the flow from different parts of the hydrostructure. During floods most part of the circuits
are under pressure and only comparative levels and EC analysis permits to evaluate the
residence times properly. In fact, if the rising water level in the caves is simultaneous, EC
changes from site to site, due to the different karst type allow to intercept the incoming
flooding waters and to estimate the propagation water velocity. So in the Classical Karst area,
it is possible to identify two different sectors, one mainly influenced by the Reka/Timavo
system (south-eastern) and the other more influenced by the Isonzo/Soa circulation
(western). The circuit connecting kocjan cave with Timavo springs is characterized by a
series of conduits allowing the flood impulse transfer within 1 to 3 days. In the western
sector, the circulation is dispersed and base flows are present: in some cases, flood beginning
is often delayed when compared to the springs outflow. These data, are also supported by
tracer tests results that verified the fast circulation occurring through conduits mainly present
in the joining area between kocjan sinkhole and Timavo and Aurisina springs. But also
other systems can be used to better define the underground circulation as the fauna analysis:
Copepoda (Crustacea) were found along all Timavo/Reka system. These species can help to
understand the origin of the sampled waterswhether the water flows along Timavo/Reka
underground system or it flows from the Isonzo/Soa alluvial aquifer (Stoch and Dolce,
1994). For example, sampling of fauna at Brestovica pumping station demonstrated the
presence of faunal elements from Timavo/Reka system such as Limnosbaenafinki (Mestrov &
Lattinger-Penko, 16) as well some elements from the Isonzo/Soa alluvial aquifer such as
species Elaphoidellaphreatica (Chappuis 1925). Those results indicate mixing of waters from
two aquifers (karst versus alluvial).
The geochemical contribution to the study, underlines also a vertical variation in waters
distribution highlighted by the chloride behavior. The increase in chloride concentration
observed only at Klarii water point (10), foresee a deep waters contribution being the result
of a possible mixing with deep fossil marine waters. We have to remember that not far away
from the spring area (less than 1 km), a thermal spring is present where the carbonatic
reservoir consists of Miocene marine paleo waters (Petrini et al., 2013).
The emerging hydrogeological conceptual model, as a result of the jointed multidisciplinary
study, is a useful background tool that helps define the safeguard area of the tapped water
points in order to preserve, for the future generations, the quality of the high vulnerable karst
groundwaters.

REFERENCES
Bidovec, F., 1967. The hydrosystem of karstic springs in the Timavo basin. Hydrology of
fractured Rocks, 1: 263274.
Cancian, G., 1987. Lidrologia del Carso goriziano-triestino tra lIsonzo e le risorgive del
Timavo. Studi Trentini di Scienze Naturali 64: 7798.
Doctor, H.D., Lojen, S., Hrovat, M., 2000. A stable isotope investigation of the classical
Karst aquifer: evaluating karst groundwater componentsfor water quality preservation.
Acta Carsologica, 29(1): 79-92.
Ford, D., Williams, P.W., 2007. Karst hydrology and geomorphology. (Eds.) Wiley and Sons
Ltd., 562 p.
Habi, P., 18. Sledenjekrakihvoda v Sloveniji. Geografskivestnik, 61: 320.

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Kogovek, J., M., Petri, 2007. Directions and dynamics of flow and transport of
contaminants from the landfill near Seana (SW Slovenia). Acta Carsologica, 36(3): 413
424.
Malard, P., Mathieu, J., Reygrobellet, J.L., Lafont, M., 1996. Biomonitoring groundwater
contamination. Aplication to a karst area in Southern France. Aquatic sciences, 58p.
Marmonier, P., Vervier, P., Gibert, J., Dole-Olivier, M.J., 1993. Biodiversity in ground
waters. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 8: 392-395.
Mori, N., Brancelj, A., 2013. Differences in aquatic microcrustacean assemblages between
temporary and perennial springs of an alpine karstic aquifer. International Journal of
Speleology, 42: 257-266.
Mosetti, F., 1965. Nuova interpretazione di un esperimento di marcatura radioattiva del
Timavo. Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica e Applicata, Trieste, 7(27): 218-243.
Mull, D.S., Liebermann, T.D., Smoot, J.L., and Woosley, Jr., L.H., 1988. Application of dye-
tracing techniques for determining solute-transport characteristics of ground water in
karst terranes: Atlanta, Ga., EPA Report, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 904/6
88001, 103 p.
Peric, B., 2012. Karst water course tracing between ponor and springs: the Reka river
example, Kras/Carso, SW Slovenia-NE Italy. In proceedings of: International Congress on
Scientific research in show caves. 32 p.
Petrini, R., Italiano F., Ponton M., Slejko F. F., Aviani U., Zini L., 2013. Geochemistry and
isotope geochemistry of the Monfalcone Thermal waters (Northern Italy): inference on the
deep geothermal reservoir. Hydrogeology Journal 21: 1275-1287.
Pipan, T., Culver, D.C., 2007. Copepod distribution as an indicator of epikarst system
connectivity. Hydrogeology Journal 15: 817822.
Rosenberry, D.O., La Baugh, J.W., 2008. Field techniques for estimating water fluxes
between surface water and ground water. U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and
Methods 4D2, 128 p.
Sket, B., Bole, J., 1981. Organizmikot indikatorji podzemelj skihvodni hpovezav (Organisms
as indicators of subterranean water connections). NaKr, 10 (1): 243-252.
Stoch, F., Dolce, S., 1994. Progetto Timavo: Risultati delle indagini. Sulla fauna delle acque
sotterranee. Atti e Memorie Comm. Grotte "E.Boegan", 31: 59-71.
Stammer, H. J., 1932. Die Fauna des Timavoein Beitragzur Kenntnis der Hhlengewsser,
des. S- und Brackwassersim Karst. Zoologische Jahrbcher. AbteilungfrSystematik,
Geographie und Biologie der Tier, 63p.
Timeus, G., 1928. Nei misteri del mondo sotterraneo: risultati delle ricerche idrogeologiche
sul Timavo 18951914, 19181927. Atti e Mem. Comm. GrotteE. Boegan, 22: 117133.
White, W.B., 1993. Analysis of karst aquifers. In: Alley, W.M., ed., Regional ground-water
quality: New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 471489.
Zini, L., Calligaris, C., Treu, F., Zavagno, E., Iervolino, D., Lippi, F., 2013. Groundwater
sustainability in the Friuli Plain. AQUA mundi - Am07053: 041 054. DOI 10.4409/Am-
058-13-0051. 125-138.
Zini, L., Calligaris, C., Zavagno, E., 2014. Classical Karst hydrodynamics: a sheared aquifer
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ICWRS2014, Bologna, Italy, June 2014 (IAHS Publ. 364, 2014).

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 DIKTAS Conference Karst without boundaries, Trebinje, June 11th-15th 2014 Proceedings Short Abstract

GROUNDWATER SUSTAINABLE USE, PROTECTION AND

REMEDIATION

WATER MANAGEMENT OF THE CLASSICAL KARST AQUIFER (NE ITALY, SW

SLOVENIA)
Franco Cucchi1, Luca Zini1, Chiara Calligaris1, Philippe Turpaud1, Francesca Federica
Slejko1, Francesco Treu1, Stefano Furlani1, Enrico Zavagno1, Sara Biolchi1, Marzia
Michelini1, Chiara Boccali1, Silvia Cleva1, Janko Urbanc2, Tamara Ferjan Stani2,
Janja Kogovsek3, Metka Petric3, Franci Gabrovek3, Natasa Ravbar3, Enrico Altran4,
Stefano Piselli4, Daniela Sciolis4, Paolo Sossi4, Mitja Leban5, Giacomo Casagrande6,
Anton Brancelj7 and Natasa Mori7
1
Trieste University D.M.G., Trieste, Italy; cucchi@units.it
2
Geological Survey of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia; janko.urbanc@geo-zs.si
3
Karst Research Institute - ZRCSAZU, Postojna, Slovenia; janja.kogovsek@zrc-sazu.si
4
ACEGAS Aps, Trieste, Italy; enrico.altran@acegas-aps.it
5
Kraki Vodovod, Seana, Slovenia; mitja.leban@kraski-vodovod.si
6
Regione Autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trieste, Italy;giacomo.casagrande@regione.fvg.it
7
National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia; anton.brancelj@nib.si

Abstract: Classical Karst is a broad area located between the north-eastern Italian sector and
the south-western Slovenian side. The area is about 40 km long and 15 wide (SE-NW
direction) bounded by the Isonzo/Soa and Vipacco/Vipava rivers, by the Pivka River basin,
Cicarija structure and the Gulf of Trieste. The plateau, slightly inclined towards NW, consists
of limestone lithotypes deeply karstified. Rainfall and surface waters are immediately
swallowed by the karst bedrock, where a network of caves is developed, transferring
vertically the waters through the epikarst and vadose zone and collecting them in the aquifer
characterized by large horizontal or sub-horizontal conduits quickly transporting the waters to
the springs area.
Data analysis obtained from Classical Karst groundwater monitoring networks highlights the
complexity of the hydrostructure. In this framework, the Hydrokarst Project (Italy-Slovenias
transboundary cooperation program 2007-2013), is focused on the joint protection and
management of the transboundary aquifer through quantitative and qualitative monitoring.
One of Hydrokarsts outputs is the shared GeoDatabase collecting all the available and newly
obtained geological, hydrological, hydrodynamic, geochemical and biological data. Unified
maps as the Integrated Vulnerability Map obtained from the collected, validated and analyzed
data are the common base to prepare cooperation agreements able to promote and implement
action focused on the protection areas identification and realization. This common vision
implements strategies able to prevent and/or reduce risks in emergencies. In this framework,
also the support to the water consumptions reduction as the efficiency of the water network
management and the improvement of drinking water quality, guarantee, to the future
generations, an abundance of good quality waters.

Key Words: Classical Karst, hydrogeology, conduit and fractured, transboundary aquifer,
groundwater sustainable use, protection, management

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