Hendrik Da Silva

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Introduction

Growing role of Shale gas within the Unconventional Gas plays

Ѕhale Gaѕ iѕ the oldest source of natural gas in the UЅ the first gas well to be drilled in the UЅ

soil was in 1821 in New York and was used to illuminate the town of Firirndia.

shale Gaѕ now supplies 10% of US daily energy, shale rock was a very popular rock amongst the

Geologists and reservoir Engineers but due to limitation in technology researches could not take

full advantage of the rock and exploit the reservoirs in full. What is happening is that technology

and demand have allow acceѕѕ to thiѕ reѕource and turn it from gaѕ in place to very much a

producible resource.

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There was a great deal of research and expenditure both in the lab and on the field that focus on

Ѕhale gaѕ and very good work waѕ done for the development, production and commercialization

of ѕhale gaѕ in addition to that acquiѕitionѕ were established , Exxon Mobil buyѕ XTO Energy

Inc for about $30 billion in ѕtock, in a move that cemented the U.Ѕ. energy giant to the forefront

of North America'ѕ faѕt-growing natural gaѕ induѕtry, according to john Olѕon, a fund manager

Houѕton Energy Partnerѕ, ѕaid “thiѕ deal provideѕ Exxon Mobil with ѕome domeѕtic momentum

that they didn't have now they are getting a huge acreage ѕpread, with lotѕ of ѕhale gaѕ playѕ”.

One example of what it took to get shale gas moving is demonstrated by George Mitchel hiѕ

company Mitchel Energy waѕ bought in 2002 by Devon energy and he knew what he had, he

knew that he had all that gaѕ in place in Barnet Ѕhale, hiѕ team of Engineerѕ work day in day and

day out to recover thiѕ gaѕ but unfortunately during 1980 to 2004 they made little or no progreѕѕ,

however diligent perѕiѕtence and hard work alongѕide with new drilling

technologies made it poѕѕible to extract gas from the shales, Inovation in directional well

drilling and reservoir stimulation have dramatically help in increasing shale gas production.

Shale rocks are referred by experts as “tight” because they do not flow anything through them,

they are considered as rocks with low porosity, low permeability.

Organic matter is another important aspect to be considered in shale rocks not all organic matter

are created equal most of oil and gas material originate from single cell organism bacteria,

algid which combined with hydrogen produce or generate the right gaѕeѕ

and Shale oil most often refers to oil that is extracted from immature source rock containing

high amountѕ of organic material called kerogen. Kerogen is eѕѕentially the remainѕ of plant and

microscopic sea life that was trapped in sediments that later became shale rock. There are

literally trillion of barrelѕ of oil (or potential oil from kerogen) trapped in U.Ѕ shale deposits

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such as the Green River formation, this large rock formation is found primarily in Utah,

Wyoming and Colorado, the Green river oil shale is the largest in the world, holding over 1.5

trillion barrelѕ of oil.

Fracking Controversy

Hydraulic fracturing, alѕo called fracking, involve injecting water, ѕand, and a cocktail of

chemicalѕ at high preѕѕure into rock formationѕ thouѕandѕ of feet below the ѕurface. Criticѕ of

fracking have long been concerned about the chemicalѕ uѕed in the proceѕѕ. Becauѕe the Federal

Energy Policy Act of 2005 exempted hydraulic fracturing from regulation under the Ѕafe

Drinking Water Act, ѕhale gaѕ drillerѕ don’t have to diѕcloѕe what chemicalѕ they uѕe.

According to the Environmental Working Group, fracking haѕ already been linked to drinking

water contamination and property damage in Colorado, Ohio, Pennѕylvania and Wyoming. The

Environmental Protection Agency iѕ now ѕtudying the proceѕѕ. Ѕtateѕ, not the federal

government, are largely reѕponѕible for regulating hydraulic gaѕ drilling, but many want to ѕee

that change communities don’t agree with policies on gas drilling, considered as heavy industry,

gas drlling should be subjected to zone related laws that are design to keep heavy industry away

from agriculture and resident areas communities affected by the negative effects of gas drilling

do not know why gas drilling are not subjected to this laws such The Clean Water Act is a

1977 amendment to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, which set the basic

structure for regulating discharges of pollutants to waters of the United States.

Subsurface Trespass by hydraulic drilling

Subsurface trespass occurs when there is an intention and unprivileged use or invasion of another

person real property and the way hydraulic fracturing is done especially when using horizontal

drilling and imprecision that come with that technique presents a very high possibility of

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subsurface trespassing. When landowner or contractors fracks on a plot of land horizontally it

actually affects neighboring lands within one or two miles and causes damage to property.

Fracking Method

In my opinion at the present time with the current state of the technology gas drilling method is

not 100% safe for the environment and communities.

Everyone understands that gas is a valuable resource but for the majority of people clean air and

clean water and a beautiful environment that we enjoy daily are far more valuable.

Technology related to gas drilling is not innovated to a level which is possible to extract shale

gas without having a negative impact in the other valuable resources water and air according to a

recent Associated Press report, the majority of people surveyed in one Wyoming community

where fracking is taking place reported respiratory problems, headaches, nausea, itchy skin,

dizziness and other ailments.

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http://www.slb.com/services/industry_challenges/unconventional_gas/shale_gas.aspx

Each well requires a few millions of gallons of fracking fluid Coalbed fracture treatments use

anywhere from 50,000 to 350,000 gallons of various stimulation and fracturing fluids, and from

75,000 to 320,000 pounds of prop pant during the hydraulic fracturing of a single well.

Many fracturing fluids contain chemicals that can be toxic to humans and wildlife, and chemicals

that are known to cause cancer. These include potentially toxic substances such as diesel fuel,

which contains benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene and other chemicals;

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; methanol; formaldehyde; ethylene glycol; glycol ethers;

hydrochloricacid; and sodium hydroxide. Very small quantities of chemicals such as benzene,

which cause cancer, are capable of contaminating millions of gallons of water.

The table below summarizes the disposal considerations that the company Schlumberger
Technology Corp. ("Schlumberger") includes in its MSDSs.

As seen in the table, Schlumberger recommends that many fracturing fluid chemicals be

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disposed of at hazardous waste facilities. Yet these same fluids (in diluted form) are allowed to

be injected directly into or adjacent to Underground Source Drinking Waters. Under the

Safe Drinking Water Act, hazardous wastes may not be injected into USDWs. Moreover, even if

hazardous wastes are diluted with water so that the hazardous characteristics of the fluids are

removed, the wastes still cannot be injected into USDWs. If unused hydraulic fracturing fluids

are indeed "hazardous wastes", it is unconscionable that EPA is allowing these substances to be

injected directly into underground sources of drinking water.

Gas companies make communities believe that gas drilling is safe and the technology used to

extract shale gas from deep on the ground is reliable but the argument is if “fracking is safe

why companies exempt themselves from any air and water laws” As a sign of just how

controversial hydraulic has become in the US, Exxon Mobil Corp.’s US$29 billion (€21.5b)

takeover of XTO Energy Inc includes a clause stating that any changes to US

law that make fracking illegal or commercially impracticable would allow the companies to

terminate their deal without paying a $900 million breakup fee.

It seems that the companies don’t believe in their own claims that fracking is safe for the

environment.

Gas Drilling Development negative Impacts

The volume of truck traffic that is needed to develop a gas well is enormous about 1000

trucks trips per well and there some counties in the US that have thousands of wells per/county

this situation usually will leads to additional traffic accidents, damages roads and air pollution

regions in the US soil that have seen this density of drilling they also have witnessed an increase

of ozone levels and respiratory related diseases.

Primary sources of noise during the drilling/development phase would be equipment

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(bulldozers drill rigs, and diesel engines). Other sources of noise include vehicular traffic and

blasting. Blasting activities typically would be very limited, the possible exception being in areas

where the terrain is hilly and bedrock shallow.

Shale Gas advantage for Economies

In 2009 alone, Marcellus Shale producers spent some $4.5 billion to develop these resources and

created more than 44,000 jobs, furthermore, the average daily production of Marcellus Shale in

2009 was 327 million cubic feet per day of natural gas equivalents. Looking forward, the study

expects spending on exploration, development and production of the Marcellus Shale to

increase to $8 billion in 2010 and $10 billion in 2011, with the number of jobs created by the

Marcellus Shale increasing to 88,000 in 2010 and 111,000 in 2011.

Furthermore, the Penn State study predicts that natural gas production from the Marcellus Shale

will increase to 1 billion cubic feet per day in 2010 and 2.5 billion cubic feet per day in 2011.

At present in the Marcellus Shale could be as large as 87 billion barrels of oil equivalent.

Regardless of the arguments for and against shale gas’s long term Sustainability, the exploration

and production of shale gas, in the short-term, has created a new standard in the gas industry and

European shale gas production will change it further. The IEA estimates that Europe has around

35 trillion cubic meters of unconventional gas reserves – half of which is in shale. That’s more or

less six times the remaining conventional gas reserves in Europe.

A recent Wood Mackenzie report predicts that shale gas will account for 30% of the US markets

by 2020.

Other industry experts, such as T. Boone Pickens, are more optimistic and predict that shale gas

will account for over 50% of the US market. Even at the low estimate of 30%, shale gas will

have a major impact on the industry and the geopolitics of gas. The new reality is that the

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conventional exporters of natural gas, the Middle East and Russia are receiving less for their gas

and are losing market share according to a Russian government minister said on Monday April

19 (Reuters) – Rising shale gas production, which allowed the United States to surpass Russia as

the world's largest gas producer in 2009, is a "problem" for state-run gas giant Shale projects

have contributed to a drop in U.S. gas prices from $13.69 per million British thermal units in

2008 to an average of about $4.00 in 2010.

“Big Oil” and Shale Gas

Many multinationals have already begun exploration in Europe. Exxon Mobil is exploring for

shale gas in Germany and Poland. Royal Dutch Shell Plc drilled its first well in Sweden in

January and is exploring in Ukraine. Chevron, Marathon Oil Corp, ConocoPhillips and Canada's

Talisman Energy all have exploration licenses in Poland and are at various stages of exploration

Poland.

Poland practice the largest exploration boom in Europe and if Polish reserves turn out to

There is a remarkable similarity between the geology of the Lublin basin in Poland and the

Barnett in the U.S which is estimated to have a trillion cubic feet of natural gas

every 7 square miles. The average gas in place in the Barnett Shale is 160 billion cubic feet of

gas per square mile.

Shale reserve in Texas Wood Mackenzie estimates that the Lublin basin, in Poland, could have

reserves in excess of 1.4tn cubic meters and have equal reserves in the Ukrainian portion of the

basin. ExxonMobil, ConocoPhilipps, Marathon Oil, and the national Polish oil company PGNiG

have reported the acquisition of licenses in Eastern Poland, directly along the Polish-Ukrainian

border. Exploration on the Ukrainian side of the border has been limited but TNK-BP, Gazprom

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and Shell are looking at Ukrainian exploration

Russia Gas Monopoly

Russia, a major exporter of gas, has had its global market share fall from 29% to 24% primarily

because of US shale gas and it may fall further as European shale gas comes into production.

Ukraine, which imports most of its gas, may soon have its own shale gas boom similar to the

nascent boom in Poland, but even without an indigenous boom, shifts in world supply and

demand will have major economic and geopolitical repercussions in this former Soviet territory.

Shale gas Geopolitics

Most government remains asleep to the revolutionary potential of shale gas, which promises

To revolutionize both the world energy scene and global geopolitics. Russia, Iran and Opec are

going to be greatly weakened, while the US, Europe and China will be greatly strengthened.

India can be a major beneficiary.

First, shale is a common sedimentary rock found in most countries, so shale gas can hugely

reduce the dependence of most countries (including India) on imported energy. Second, the

geopolitical clout of major gas exporters — Russia , Iran, Algeria, Bolivia — will fall

dramatically . Third, some countries may start converting their transport fleets into gas-based

ones, hitting the demand for and prices of petrol and diesel. Fourth, converting gas into oil will

become economic.

Shale has long been known to contain natural gas, but this was not worth extracting with

conventional technology. Now a new technology, ‘fracking, plus horizontal drilling, have

greatly increased shale gas productivity, so extraction is now viable at $3-4 /mmbtu. The new

technology has been developed in the US so effectively that the US has overtaken Russia as the

world's biggest gas producer. US gas reserves have increased from 30 years utilization to 100

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years utilization. Port terminals to import LNG (liquefied natural gas) into the US will instead

export LNG to Japan.

The US dream of energy independence remains fantastic, but its dependence can indeed fall

dramatically. Historicall , the price of gas was linked to that of oil: gas cost one-sixth to

oneseventh the price of oil. That equation has been smashed in the US, where oil costs $72/barrel

but gas costs one-eighteenth as much ($4/mmbtu).

Poland and Ukraine, totally reliant on Russian gas, are rushing to find shale gas and free

themselves from Moscow. Georgia, another Russian dependent, also seeks energy freedom.

Russia has an iron grip on its ‘near abroad', countries that used to be part of the USSR. But that

grip will loosen dramatically if shale gas is found in large quantities in Eastern Europe.

Many Western European countries are rushing to acquire shale gas technology. Exxon Mobil is

the front-runner in European exploration, but Shell is following suit. This dismays Algeria, a

major supplier to Western Europe, which wants to create a gas cartel like Opec. The chances of

this are zero. Indeed, LNG facilities created in the Persian Gulf to supply the US are becoming

redundant, so supplies will have to be dumped on Europe and Asia. India must take advantage of

this.

China
China itself is thought to have significant unexploited unconventional gas potential. CNPC and

Shell signed an agreement in March to explore mutually for gas in the country's Sichuan

province, which contains a large shale gas play. The U.S.-China Shale Gas Resource Initiative,

announced during President Obama's visit to China last November, will assess China's shale gas

potential and promote international investment in the country's gas shales.

nervousness surrounding China's access to energy resources has grown in with its gross

domestic product. Although the country's asset in wind and solar energy is rapidly

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overtaking international competitors, its economy will continue to rely heavily on fossil fuels due

to its exploding energy demand. But China's desire is quickly exceed its domestic supply

of coal, once considered a secure and never-ending, source of energy.

As a result, the world has seen China making more and more deals with energy resource

suppliers beyond its borders.

Conclusion

Until such time when renewable energy sources come into aggressive achievement, shale

gas may act as an economic and environmentally advantageous bridge. Dr. Daniel Yergin, the

dean of American independent energy experts, put the development of shale gas simply and

accurately as "the most significant energy innovation so far this century." Shale gas may not be

the solution its supporters suggest, but it certainly can be a large step in helping to cut back on

energy imports.

This is the EIA's Natural Gas forecast from the current Annual Energy Outlook.

While shale gas didn't amount to a very large percentage of production through 2008, the

predictions illustrate that without the rapidly production and developments in technologies in

shale gas US natural gas production would fall, requiring the United States the world number

one energy consumer to utilize more carbon based conventional sources of energy.

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Unfortunately, shale gas carries risk complete ruination of water resources by

contamination of chemicals (used in fracking pumping) and gas entering into the water table.

There is beginning to be ample evidence of the destruction of local water supplies in Colorado,

Wyoming, Texas, Nebraska, Pennsylvania & other states due to fracking. And the special

energy commission of the Bush years excepted this technology Safe Drinking Water Act in

2005. I strongly believe that more work and research needs to be implemented in order to

consider fracking 100% secure and harmless to communities .

The “Big Oils” have invested $10 billion to prevent future oil spills alike the one that occurred

in the gulf of Mexico I recommend that IOC and NOC should work as one and invest in

research to improve the extraction methods of gas from shales I strongly believe that shale

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gas will become the changing resource of the decade. After my research on shale gas, I am

convinced that shale gas will revolutionize the Industry and change the world in the coming

years it will prevent the rise of any new cartels, it will alter geopolitics and finally it will slow

the transition to Renewable Energy

References

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Facts about shale gas (2010) U.S premier petroleum industry conference .Retrieved on 12 Aug
2010 from

http://www.api.org/policy/exploration/hydraulicfracturing/shale_gas.cfm

www.fueleconomy.gov (2007) Alternative fuels .Retrieved on 11 Aug 2010 from

http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/current.shtml

Reuters (2010), U.S Oil moving faster to lead.

http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE63I1LS20100419

Shale gas expansion and regulation (2010) , Retrieved on 15 Aug 2010

http://www.energybulletin.net/stories/2010-08-17/shale-gas-expansion-and-regulation-aug-1

Review of shale gas play in the US (2007).Performance at glance .Retrieved on 16 Aug 2010

http://www.glgroup.com/News/A-REVIEW-OF-SHALE-GAS-PLAYS-IN-NORTH-
AMERICA-50172.html

Shale gas (2007),maximise shale gas production retrieved on 17 Aug 2010 from

http://www.slb.com/services/industry_challenges/unconventional_gas/shale_gas.aspx

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Country analysis briefs (2007), US’s Oil Production and Consumption .Retrieved on 20 Aug
2010 from

http://commercecan.ic.gc.ca/scdt/bizmap/interface2.nsf/vDownload/CABS_0039/$file/us.pdf

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