POWER QUALITY MONITORING FOR LOW

VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

By

YAHYE MUSSE DAHIR

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS
2017
This project report titled Power Quality Monitoringfor low voltage distribution
system was prepared and submitted by Yahye Musse Dahir(Matrix
Number:131090068-1) and has been found satisfactory in terms of scope, quality and
presentation as partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Bachelor of Engineering
( Electrical System Engineering ) in University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP).

Checked and Approved by

_______________________
(Dr Baharuddin Bin Ismail)
Project Supervisor

School of Electrical System Engineering

Universiti Malaysia Perlis

December 2017
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background 1

1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Project objectives 3
1.4 Scope of the project 3
1.5 Project Outline 4

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Types of power Quality problems 6
2.2.1 Voltage sags 6
2.2.2 Voltage swells 8
2.2.3 Interruptions 9
2.2.4 Transients 10
2.2.5 Voltage Unbalance 12
2.2.6 Voltage Fluctuations 13
2.3.7 Harmonics 14
2.3.8 Electric noise 15
2.4 Power factor 16
2.4.1 Power Factor Improvement 16
2.5 Summary 17

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 18
3.2 Flow chart of the project 19
3.4 Monitoring location 20

CHAPTER 4 RESULT

4.1 Harmonic 21
4.1.1 Harmonic Voltage 21
4.1.2 Harmonic current 22
4.2 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) 23
4.2.1 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Voltage 23
4.2.2 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Current 24
4.3 Power factor 25

REFERENCE 26
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figures NO Pages

2.1 Voltage sags scenario [6]. 7

2.2 Voltage swell scenario [8]. 8

2.3 Impulsive transient [10]. 10

2.4 Oscillatory transient [11]. 11

2.5 Voltage unbalance [13]. 12

2.6 Voltage fluctuation [14]. 13

2.7 Harmonic [16] 15

2.8 Electric noise [17] 15

3.1 Flow chart of the project 19

3.2 Monitoring location 20

4.1 Harmonic voltage 21

4.2 Harmonic current 22

4.3 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Voltage 23

4.4 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Current 24

4.5 Power factor 25

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background

In a perfect world, an electrical supply ought to perpetually demonstrate a flawless

sinusoidal voltage motion at each client area. Nevertheless, for various reasons, utilities
often have a tough time in safeguarding such desirable environments.

Waveform distortion frequently referred to as waveform distortion; assist in

describing the deviation of the voltage and current waveforms from sinusoidal. Harmonic
distortion depicts the condition that happens when a waveform is transformed from its
unique shape by the expansion of a harmonic frequency. The expanding utilization of
non-direct loads in enterprises keeps harmonic distortion in distribution network on the
ascent. The static power converter, which is broadly utilized as a part of modern
applications, is perhaps the most utilized non-linear device. That loads in which the
current waveform does not take after the connected voltage waveform because of various
reasons is known as non-linear loads.

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 Various unsettling influences are caused by non-linear loads. For instance, voltage
waveform mutilations, overheating in transformers and other power gadgets, overcurrent
on hardware-neutral connection leads, and phone obstruction and microprocessor control
issues. This research reviews and analyzes the voltage, current, and signal, in order to find
the cause behind the issue of power quality. The paper also puts forward a few proposals
to relieve the power quality issue [1].

1.2 Problem Statement

Power quality problem is a non-standard voltage, current, and frequency that

outcomes in failure or miss operation of the end-users hardware can be classified as an
event of power quality issue. Utility distribution networks, sensitive industrial loads, and
critical commercial operations all experience different forms of blackouts outages and
service interruptions that can cost noteworthy economical loss per incident based on the
process downtime, lost production, idle workforces, and other factors. The type of power
quality problem are voltage sag, voltage swell, interruptions, transients, voltage
unbalance, voltage fluctuations, electrical noise, and harmonics.

This project is to study about the power quality problems like harmonic voltage
and current, total harmonic distortion (THD) voltage and current, and also power factor.
The harmonic voltage and current are common problem. Monitoring power quality
problems at low voltage distribution system by using Fluke 1750 software.

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 1.3 Project objectives

i) To monitor power quality at low voltage distribution system by using Fluke

1750 power recorder.
ii) To analyze the monitored power quality data.
iii) To make a recommendation based on IEEE 519-2014 standard.

1.4 Scope of the project

Scope of this project to study power quality problem at LV distribution system.

This includes monitoring power quality of selected building using Fluke 1750.

The power quality parameter like voltage, current, power, harmonic.

The finding will compare to the IEEE 519-2014 Standard.

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1.5 Project Outline

Chapter 1: Introduce the project background, and how this project should be done
such us problem statement, objectives and scope of the project.

Chapter 2: Cover the literature review based on the power quality monitoring low
voltage distribution system, types of power quality problems.

Chapter 3: Includes the methodology of the project details and design.

Chapter 4: Is all about the result and discussion of the project also include analysis
of power quality based on the result.

Chapter 5: Will be conclusion of the project and other recommendation for future
improvement.

4
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

According to the definition, a set of electrical boundaries, which without affecting

the performance loss as well as the life expectancy, which ensure that the electrical
equipment operates as per the assigned functionality is referred to as power quality.
Hence, this definition highlights two imperative factors of performance and life
expectancy and correspondingly, any issue which is related to power in either of these
two aspects, is termed as a power quality concern. Correspondingly, according to Institute
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (IEEE) Standard IEEE1100-1999, the term of
power quality is defined, as the concept of powering and grounding sensitive electronic
equipment in a manner that is suitable to the operation of that equipment and compatible
with premise wiring system and other connected equipment [2] . Congruently, the aspect
of service is the alternative implication of power quality and thus, majority of customers
have no inhibition of paying for this service. In alignment with this customer intent,
distribution system operators, progressively in the future could establish or be obliged by
the authorities to provide different PQ level and at different prices to the customers.

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 Similarly, the term of power quality, refers to the voltage quality and current
quality combination, wherein the deviations from the ideal voltage define the voltage
quality. Likewise, a single frequency sine wave of constant amplitude and frequency is
referred to as the ideal voltage. Also, the term current quality is complementary to voltage
quality and specially pertains to current deviation, compared to ideal. The is again a, with
that Similarly, the term ideal current refers to the single-frequency sine wave of constant
amplitude and frequency and projects the additional requirement, in which, the current
sine wave is in phase with the voltage sine wave [3]. Thus, the competency of the utilities
to ensure without interruption the provision of electric power, refers to their power
quality.

2.2 Types of Power Quality Problems

The type of power quality problem is identified with the parameter of the
disturbances power quality signature or what is also termed as characteristics.
Specifically, the basic components nature of variation of the sine wave describes the type
of power quality problem; for instance current, voltage, and frequency and
correspondingly, the most routine power quality problem type are the voltage sags.

2.2.1 Voltage Sags

The term voltage dip is also used to refer to voltage sags and specifically, IEEE
standard 519-2014, IEEE Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electric Power Quality
defines a voltage sag as a RMS voltage decrease evident at 0.5 cycles to 1 minute

6
durations of power frequency, referred to as remaining voltage [4]. However, as per the
new voltage sags definition refers to the RMS voltage reductions of short duration
resulting from overloads, short circuits, and starting of large motors. Correspondingly, as
per IEEE voltage sags are defined as a short time voltage reduction, wherein the voltage
sags duration more than 8 milliseconds and less than 1 minute (0.5 cycles). The reduction
magnitude at fundamental frequency can be defined as being between 10 percent and 90
percent of the normal root mean square (rms) voltage [5].

It has been observed that the most commonplace power quality problems are the
voltage sags, which occur most frequently, compared to other issues that affect the
commercial as well as industrial end users. Correspondingly, the voltage sags causes

(i) Reduction in the energy which is being delivered to the end users;
(ii) Shutdown of the adjustable-speed drives;
(iii) Failure of computers;
(iv) Stalling and overheating of motors.

Figure 2.1 shows voltage sag scenario.

Figure 2.1: Voltage sags scenario [6]

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2.2.2 Voltage Swells

The term momentary overvoltage is also used to refer to voltage swells, which is
defined as the rms voltage variations that do no last for longer than 1 minute and exceed
110 percent of the nominal voltage. A specific example of voltage swells is single-line to
ground faults, which include a live conductor being struck by either lightning or a tree. It
is also seen that the life of the equipment is reduced due to overheating because of the
voltage swell induced increase in energy. Furthermore, the equipment can be damaged
through lightning as well as other system primary-side overvoltages [7]. Figure 2.2
shows the voltage swells scenario.

Figure 2.2: Voltage swells scenario [8]

8
2.2.3 Interruptions

The term interruptions refers to a complete voltage loss, which occurs in one or
more phases and specifically pertains to a drop which is lower that 10% of nominal
voltage. Correspondingly, for monitoring of these interruptions, IEEE has recommended
specific guidelines. According to the electric power quality there are three types of
interruptions which are segregated into groups, based on the occurrence time period of
the interruptions. These include

(i) Momentary
(ii) Temporary, and
(iii) Long-duration interruptions.

Specifically, the momentary interruptions pertain to complete voltage loss for the
time period of between 3 seconds, or 8 milliseconds or 0.5 cycles, on one or more phase
conductors. While, the temporary interruptions is also referred to as short-duration
interruption, pertaining to a voltage drop less than 10 % of the nominal voltage. These
interruptions last for a time period between 3 seconds and 1 minute. Then again the
interruptions that last longer than 1 minute.

Typically, any production loss in a business results in damage and

correspondingly, any interruption can lead to production loss in an office or industrial
factory. Hence, it can be safely states that production loss is not also precipitated by
electrical service loss but also by time required for electrical service restoration [9]. In
addition, short interruptions even disrupt few processes that fail to ride through and
specifically, this term refers to equipments capability towards sustained operations and
functionality even during a power disturbance.

9
2.2.4 Transients

It has been evidenced that computer chips and television cannot be destroyed or
damaged by transients, which are also referred to as spikes or surges and pertains to the
current or voltages increase or decrease presenting an immediate dissipation. The
transients consist of two categories

(i) Impulsive.
(ii) Oscillatory.

The transient currents are dampened or reduced with the electrical transmission
and distribution systems resistive components. Evidently, lightning strikes constitutes
the most commonplace causal factor for impulsive transients. Figure 2.3 shows the
impulsive transient.

Figure 2.3: Impulsive transient [10]

10
 It has been seen that in their substations, the lightning arresters, which are mounted
on their transmission and distribution system are used by the utilities. On the other hand,
several homes, offices, or factories have evidenced the use of battery-operated
uninterruptible power supplies or the transient voltage surge suppression (TVSS) by a
majority of utility customers. Moreover, the power systems capacitive components can
communicate with the impulsive transients, in case they are not stopped. Also, due to
capacitor use the impulsive transients can changeover to become oscillatory transients
and resonant.

It has been seen that unlike, impulsive transients the oscillatory transients, do not
present an immediate decay and shows an inclination to consistently oscillate for 0.5 to 3
cycles. And thus, they are able to reach 2 times the nominal voltage or current.
Correspondingly, in addition to resonant lightning strokes; the switching of equipment
and power lines can also cause oscillatory transients. Figure 2.4 shows the Oscillatory
transient.

Figure 2.4: Oscillatory transient [11].

11
2.2.5 Voltage Unbalance

In the condition of voltage unbalance, the three phase voltage presents a variation
in amplitude and or a displacement from phase relationship of normal 120 degree.
Congruently, nature of the unbalance is inclusive of unequal voltage magnitudes
presenting at the fundamental system frequency and these may entail, fundamental phase
angle deviation which may be either under voltage or over voltage. The issue of voltage
unbalance presents complex causes which are segregated as structural, which pertains to
asymmetry in the three phase impedances of transformers, cables or transmission
distribution lines and similarly, functional refers to phase deviation from the overage
voltage of all three phases. Particularly, structural voltage unbalance is manifested due to
the limitation with perfectly symmetrical impedances as regards the economic as well
necessity redundancy of maintaining the distribution system [12]. Similarly, a 2% voltage
unbalance can be tolerated by majority of equipment, and especially motors and it has
been evidenced that motors and transformers overheat at a more than 2% voltage
unbalance.

This overheating and damage can be attributed to the fact that with the application
of cube of the voltage unbalance to the terminals; the current unbalance varies in an
induction device, for example, a motor or transformer. Similarly, the factors which impact
the potential voltage unbalance causes, include

(i) Improper operation of the capacitor bank;

(ii) Equipments single phasing;
(iii) Connection of more single-phase loads on one phase as compared to other.

Figure 2.5 shows voltage unbalance

Figure 2.5: Voltage unbalance [13].

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2.2.6 Voltage Fluctuations

The term voltage fluctuations refer to the rapid voltage changes, which are within
the voltage magnitude of 0.95 to 1.05 of nominal voltage, as evident in few devices. These
devices include equipment like electric arc furnaces and welders, which present
continuous and rapid changes in load current that result in voltage fluctuations.
Correspondingly, the incandescent and fluorescent lights blink rapidly with voltage
fluctuations, which is often called the flicker that describes blinking of lights. This
flicker or light intensity change is evident at6 to 8Hz frequencies with the visibility to the
human eye. Figure 2.6 shows voltage fluctuation.

Figur2.6: Voltage Fluctuation [14]

13
2.2.7 Harmonics

Harmonics are sinusoidal voltages or currents having frequencies that are integer
multiples of the fundamental frequency. Distorted waveforms can be decomposed into
the sum of the fundamental frequency and the harmonic components.

The sine waveform distortions are predominantly caused by harmonics and

congruently the augmented nonlinear equipment use has impacted a wide acceptance of
the harmonics .Essentially, nonlinear loads lead to the development of harmonics
currents. The examples of these nonlinear loads include static UPS systems, solid-state
heating controls, adjustable speed drives, filters, switched-mode power supplies in
computers, rectifiers, electronic and medical test equipment, nonlinear equipment and
electronic ballasts for fluorescent lighting. Also, a change in current to a sinusoidal current
is observed in nonlinear loads in harmonics current. This occurs with the interruption of
the current during a cycle or also by drawing short bursts of current each cycle, which
subsequently results in the distortion of the sinusoidal current waveform [15].

The utility and end-user equipment present a detrimental effect due to the
Harmonics currents and voltages, which result in overheating of power cables, motors and
transformers. In addition, they also lead to inadvertent tripping of relays; and inaccurate
computation by meters of voltage and current. Also, transformed show iron losses
increase due to harmonics voltage, which also cause pulsating or reduced torque and rotor
heating in motors. Figure 2.7 shows harmonic.

14
 Figure 2.7: harmonic [16]

2.2.8 Electrical noise

The superimposition of the fundamental wave form by a high-frequency, low-

voltage signal, which is lower than 200Hzcauses electrical noise and through the air or
wires, it may be transmitted. This type of noise may be affected in start-up of large motors,
high-voltage lines; radio and TV stations, arcing from operating disconnect switches,
power electronic devices, loads with solid-state rectifiers, fluorescent lights, and switched
mode power supplies. Figure 2.8 shows electric noise.

Figure 2.8: Electric noise [17].

15
2.3 Power factor

In order to compute the reactive power amount as regards the end-users facility
and electrical system power factor provides an optimal way of measurement.

Specifically, the term, reactive power signifies the wasted electrical energy, due
to its apparent redundancy in conducting any functionality of use. It has been seen that in
industrial plants, reactive power is required by inductive loads and constitutes of
significant percentage of the power consumed. Practically speaking, the physical
quantities of engineering interest, provide the first power factor definition. Specifically,
pertaining to the losses increment, the reactive compensations requisite amount and the
machine utilization. Correspondingly, it presents an imperative use of these three
individual factors towards taking into consideration the resultant imperfect load impact
account for the effect of an on those three important parameters. Particularly, voltages
and currents that are sinusoidal and in phase, and also mutually displaced by 120 degrees
and constitute a balanced set comprise a perfect load.

Similarly, to measure the phase difference between voltage and current, power
factor can function as an accurate measurement tool. A sine wave can optimally represent
rotating alternating current and voltage and cosine of the phase shift angle can present the
phase difference between voltage and current.

2.3.1 Power Factor Improvement

The power source provides two methods for power factor improvement and
apparent power minimization. It pertains to

16
 i) The reduction of the lagging reactive current demand of the load sand.
ii) Supply of the leading reactive current to the power system towards the
compensation of lagging reactive current.

Correspondingly, the power system inductance as well as that of power system

components indicates the lagging reactive current. It has been observed that although it
would be challenging to completely eliminate the lagging reactive current, the demand
may as well not be totally eliminated. However, it can be impacted with the use of power
system devices or components, which are specifically designed for low reactive current
requirements based operations. Typically, to achieve a good functionality, in a typical
power system no devices practically require leading reactive current. Hence, in a power
system certain devices must be inserted for the production of leading currents, and power
factor correction equipment term is used to signify such devices [18].

2.4 Summary

This chapter covered about power quality monitoring for low voltage distribution
system in this chapter include about the types of power quality like voltage sag, voltage
swell, interruptions, transients, voltage unbalance, voltage fluctuations, electrical noise,
and harmonics. Every individual of power quality problem has the graph. Lastly for this
chapter focus on more about harmonic voltage and current and also power factor.

17
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

The current project was aimed to present a waveforms analysis by assessing the
power quality problem monitoring (using Fluke 1750 Power Analyzer) impact on the LV
distribution system. With the focus on an identified building, the objective of the project
is to conduct an in-depth monitoring, investigation and analysis of the power quality
problem. Particularly, the project reviewed and studied the aspects of voltage, current.
Also, it was decided to use this power analyzer, as it presents the quality to record three-
phase power quality and also allows for the monitoring of power quality disturbances. It
has been evidenced that automatically, every power quality parameter and event, is
recorded by these power meters, including every cycle and at all times. This power
analyzer is equipped with the new Fluke 1750 Power Recorder and the Fluke power
Analyzer software.

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3.2 Flow chart of the project

Figure 3.1 shows the flow chart of the project.

START

PROJECT RESERCH AND STUDY

INVESTIGATE POWER QUALITY

PROBLEM

SELECT MONITORING LOCATION

MONITORING POWER QUALITY

RECORD DATA

ANALYZE DATA

WRITE THE REPORT

END

Figure 3.1: Flow chart of the project.

19
3.3 Monitoring location

Figure 3.2 shows the monitoring location at kompleks dewan kuliah uum.

Figure 3.2: Monitoring location

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 CHAPTER 4

RESULT

4.1 Harmonics

This section contain the results for harmonic voltage and current for recorded.

4.1.1 Harmonic Voltage

Figure 4.1 shows the recorded data for harmonic voltage started at 09/11/2017
16:32:37 to 16/11/17 15:38:33. The graph shows that the maximum voltage harmonic is
3.208% and minimum harmonic voltage is 0%. The highest harmonic was contributed by
5th harmonic order.

Recorded Averaged Harmonic Amplitudes: 09/11/2017 16:32:37 - 16/11/2017 15:38:33

% Fundamental

Harmonic # Click on any axis and drag to scroll

Figure 4.1: Harmonic Voltage

21
4.1.2 Harmonic Current

This result shows the recorded data for harmonic current started at 09/11/2017
16:32:37 to 16/11/17 15:38:33. The maximum harmonic current is 3.42% and minimum
is 0%. The highest harmonic was contributed by 5th harmonic order.

Recorded Averaged Harmonic Amplitudes: 09/11/2017 16:32:37 - 16/11/2017 15:38:33

Harmonic # Click on any axis and drag to scroll % Fundamental

Figure 4.2: Harmonic Current.

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4.2 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)

This section contain the results for Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) voltage and
current for recorded.

4.2.1 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Voltage

This figure 4.3 shows the result of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Voltage
which is duration time from 09/11/2017 16:32:37 to 16/11/17 15:38:33. The graph shows
that the maximum Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Voltage at operation time started
from 10/11/2017 to 16/11/2017 so the time of operation time is between 8:00 am to 5:00:
pm the maximum Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Voltage at operation time is 1.04%
and minimum Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Voltage at operation time is 0.64%.

Recorded THD Reference Timeplot: 09/11/2017 16:32:37 - 16/11/2017 15:38:33

% THD

Click on any axis and drag to scroll

Figure 4.3: Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Voltage

23
4.2.2 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Current

Figure 4.4 shows of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Current which is duration
time from 09/11/2017 16:32:37 to 16/11/17 15:38:33. The graph shows that the maximum
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Current at operation time started from 10/11/2017 to
16/11/2017 so the time of operation time is between 8:00 am to 5:00: pm the maximum
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Current at operation time is 3.316% and minimum
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Current at operation time is 2.500%.

Recorded THD Reference Timeplot: 09/11/2017 16:32:37 - 16/11/2017 15:38:33

% THD

Click on any axis and drag to scroll

Figure 4.4: Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Current

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4.3 Power Factor

This figure 4.5 shows the recorded data for power factor started at 09/11/2017
16:32:37 to 16/11/17 15:38:33. The graph show that the maximum power factor is 0.80
and minimum power factor is 0.01.

Some values are not shown because of missing fundamental

Recorded Power Reference Timeplot: 09/11/2017 16:32:37 - 16/11/2017 15:38:33
Pow er

PF
Click on any axis and drag to scroll

Figure 4.5: Power Factor

25
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26
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