Professional Documents
Culture Documents
!"
! "
#
$ %&
' (
)
*+
,-
. /
'
* / '
. )
( )
0 /
! * /
# 0 1
$ ,
'
) (
* / '
( !
,-
!
# $%
:
/ 51 $
9
/
/ $
:
Rn '
Rn '
/
)
! 0
/
,-
)'
, / *
; /
/
/
4 +
5 /
1 1 / 2<
5 / / /
<
1
-
< 1 /
= 5
>
18
4 45
( -
/ / /
1 +
< / > /
-
5 1
? / <
/
1
-
5
1
0 9 0+@A
-
5
. 11
>< - #')'
0 5
/ ,
1
< 5
/ +
< ,
/<
5
5 4 /
- 1 C
1 1 *>
, , , <
1 . a, b, c,
. V 1 5
5 4 /
- 1 C = 4
/
f V V C
;
f (, ) = f (, )< f (, )
-
8 / f (, )?
f (, ) 0 f (, ) = 0 / / = 0?
f (a1 1 + a2 2 , ) = a1 f (1 , ) + a2 f (2 , )< / 1 , 2 , V
a1 , a2 C
2
5
< (, ) = f (, ) / 5
1 4
1
|||| = (, )1 /2
V 5 4 / 1<
0 5
V 5 4 /
- 1
/
4 / V
0
5 4 /
- 1 1 1 E <
5 4 / 1 1 =
4+<
1 En /
-< 1 n /
6<
n /
= 1
/
. E < c 1
- 1
||c|| = |c| ||||
= 5
2 -
. , E
|(, )| |||| ||||
! "
0 5
/ / (, ) = 0
(, ) = 0
(, ) = 0< 5 <
#
,5 4 / + 5
*
6
2
6
- -
1
2
= = (, 1 )1 1
/
{1 , 2 }< 1
)
. {1 , , n } 1
E /
5;
{1 , , n }
/ (, i ) = 0 / i = 1, , n< = 0
1
1 {1 , , n } E /
n
2 E < = (, i )i
i=1
n
2 , E < (, ) = (, i )(i , )
i=1
n
! 2 V < ||||2 = |(, i )|2
i=1
*
6
2
6
- -
1
2
5
/ 1 2
5
< {1 , 2 } 1 / 2
/ 8
-<
= (, 1 )1 + (, 2 )2
. 2
= (, 1 )1 + (, 2 )2
- < 15 /
/
((, 1 ), (, 2 ))
/
/
((, 1 ), (, 2 ))
/
(, ) = (, 1 )(, 1 ) + (, 2 )(, 2 )
= (, 1 )(1 , ) + (, 2 )(2 , )
. En 1 n+
< n 1 -
En < 5
-
n
*+
. {1 , , n } 1 / 5
E
+
{1 , , n }
i < i = 1, , n
1 / 1 , , n
* 2
6
2
6
- - -
1 1
2
6 1 1 5
1 ? <
1
1 =
||1 ||
2 =
||||
< {1 , 2 } <
1
1 = 1
||1 ||
2 (2 , 1 )1
2 =
||2 (2 , 1 )1 ||
2< / -<
1
1 =
||1 ||
2 (2 , 1 )1
2 =
||2 (2 , 1 )1 ||
7< 1 , , k 5 1 4 / +
i < i = 1, , k
1 / 1 , , n
i < i = 1, , k
k+1
k+1 =
||k+1 ||
,-
. , 1
/ E
|| || = 2
. {1 , 2 } 1 / 5
2 "1
/ 5
{1 , 2 } 2 <
/
2
/
= a1 1 + a2 2 ,
a1 + a2 = 1,
a1 > 0,
a2 > 0
5
= b 1 1 + b 2 2 ,
b1 + b2 = 1,
b1 > 0,
b2 > 0.
5
k
= ci i ,
i=1
k
ci = 1,
i=1
ci > 0,
i = 1, , k
, i , j
= ,
||i || ||j ||
i, j = 1, , k
*5
/ 2
. V 1 5
5 4 / 1<
/ V 4 V
E
/ V 1
||||2 = (, )<
< 5 5
/ / /
< / 5
1 ( @ / / /
. /
. {, } 1 / 5
2 2
>A B
:
C
z
2
. = + 15
||||2 = || + ||2 = ( + , + )
2 2
= |||| + |||| + 2(, )
/
ABC
|||| = a,
|||| = b,
|||| = c
(, ) = |||| |||| cos t
t 1 7 A t
1
a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A
k
k
||||2 = ||i ||2 + 2 (i , j )
i=1 i=1
/
.
. x1 , , xk 1 k + 1<
-? a1 , , ak 1
1
k
ai = 1
i=1
a1 x1 = = ak xk = y = 0
k
1 1
=
y x
i=1 i
(
. a1 , , ak 1 5< x1 , , xk 1 1<
k
ai = 1
i=1
1 ? j 2
2
. = a1 1 + a2 2 < a1 + a2 = 1
(, 1 2 ) = 0
/ /
1 1 1
= +
||||2 ||1 ||2 ||2 ||2
5
/ /
1 1 2 / /
= (, 1 2 ) = 0
(, 1 ) = (, 2 )
7 15
1 a1
2
= ,
||1 || ||||2
1 a2
=
||2 ||2 ||||2
1 1 a1 + a2 1
+ = =
||1 ||2 ||2 ||2 ||||2 ||||2
(, 1 2 ) = 0
|||| = ||||
% < 5
||||2 = b1 ||1 ||2 = b2 ||2 ||2
(, ) = (b1 1 + b2 2 , a1 1 + a2 2 )
= b1 a1 ||||2 + b2 a2 ||2 ||2
= (a1 + a2 )[b1 ||||2 ]
= b1 ||||2 = b2 ||||2 = ||||2
=
n
= ai i
i=1
(, i j ) = 0
i, j = 1, , k
/ /
1k
1
2
=
|||| i=1
||i ||2
j 2
1 N
2 !
. 1 5
1
/ < <
= a1 1 + a2 2
a1 + a2 = 1
1 2
, = ,
||1 || ||2 ||
2 1 1
= +
|||| ||1 || ||2 ||
1 2
, = ,
||1 || ||2 ||
a1 ||1 || = a2 ||2 ||
7< 15
|||| = 2a1 ||1 || = 2a2 ||2 ||
2 1 1
= +
|||| ||1 || ||2 ||
k
= ai i
i=1
i j
(, ) = (, ), i, j = 1, , k
||i || ||j ||
k
k 1
=
|||| i=1
||1 ||
/ / / #
'
. {1 , 2 } 1 / 5
2 .
1 1 2 1 2 3 2 #
1= W q 2
2 #
. 1 1
/ 1 1 2 <
/ 1 2
1 1 1
= +
|||| ||1 || ||2 ||
/
) (
. 1 < 2 < 1 ' . 1 2 1 8
/ 1 2
2 $
2
W
1= W q 2
1 ?
2 $
2 1 1
= +
|||| ||1 || ||2 ||
6< /
/
/ 1 2 / / -
k
= ai i
i=1
.
i j 1
, = ,
||i || ||j || k
i, j = 1, , k,
i = j
i j
, = , ,
||i || ||j ||
i, j = 1, , k
1 k
1
=
|||| i=1
||1 ||
(
. i 1
34
i = i ,
|||| ||||
k
1
k
=
|||| i=1
||i ||
5
4 1
/ 5
{1 , , k }
,-
. {1 , 2 } 1 2 <
= a1 1 + a2 2 ,
a1 + a2 = 1
5
2
(, 1 2 ) = 0
=
/ D
"1 - / |||| / a1 a2
5 - 2
1 2
, = ,
||1 || ||2 ||
5 *5
/ 5
5 "1 - / |||| / a1 a2
5 2
|| 1 || = || 2 ||
<
/ /
En / n
. A 1 / En 8 / A 1
A < 4 1
(A, ) = (, A ),
, En
/ A = A< A
/ A A = AA < A
/
A A = AA = I < A 0 6 /+
A
/ / 5 = 0< En <
5 (A, ) > 0 0 6 / A
/ / 5 E < 5 (A, ) 0
7< 5 / / 5 / +
5 + 5 / 5 + 5 . m1 , , mn
1 5 / 6 / A - +
1 {a1 , , an }
Ai = mi ai ,
i = 1, , n
=5
<
2
. A 1 6 / En 5 m1 > > mn
m1 = sup (A, )
||1 ||=1
mn = inf (A, )
||1 ||=1
. {1 , , n } 1 / 5
/ A
Ai = mi i ,
i = 1, , n
/ En 1 ) < 5
= (, 1 )1 + + (, n )n
A = m1 (, 1 )1 + + mn (, n )n
/
(A, ) = m1 |(, 1 )|2 + + mn |(, n )|2
5 < 15
/
(A, ) m1
% = 1 < 1
sup (A, ) = m1
||||=1
(A, ) > mn
(
inf (A, ) = mn
||||=1
. A 1 / En A A AA 1 +
5< 5 5
Ai = hi i ,
i = 1, , n
/ = 4 / B En
-
{1 , , n }
h1 0
0 hn
B
/ A< 1 1
A
A + 5< 5
A
"
- / 5 / A . a 1
5 / A 15 a2 5 / A A
1 < 5
sup (A A, ) = a2
||||=1
%
(A A, ) = (A, A) = ||A||2
/
||A||2H = sup ||A||2 = a2
||||=1
||A||H = a
2 -<
a11 a1n
[A] =
an1 ann
b11 b1n
[B] =
bn1 bnn
(A, B)F = a11 b11 + a12 b12 + + ann bnn
21 / A? <
n
||A||2F = (A, A)F = (aij )2
i,j=1
$
. A B 1 / En
(A, B)F =
AB
'
. A 1 / En . a1 , , an 1 5 / A
n 1/2
||A||F = a2i
i=1
,-
"1 5 /
1 i
0 3
2i 2i
1 1
) * ' / /< 21 +
* ) / /< 21
*5 / ) / k /
!
61 / /
/ / % > / +
<
4 /
/
/
08
. A B 1 / = 4 A B 1 8
+
/ A B
5
/
% 1 /
. {A1 , , Ak }< k < n< 1 / / En
<
Ai Aj = 0
i<j
i, j = 1, , k
B (Ai Aj ) = 0,
i, j = 1, , k
/ /
1 k
1
2
= ,
mq h 2
i=1 iq
q = 1, , p
. {A1 , , Ak }< k < n 1 / / En
Ai Aj = 0,
i < j,
i, j = 1, , k
m1 mp > mp+1 = = mn = 0
5 / B <
q = 1, , p
k
k 1
=
|mq | h
i=1 iq
h1 h2 hn
Ai = hi i ,
i = 1, , n
- / A
1
h1 0
hk1
0
0
hp+1
0 hn
B 6< 5
A =
15
AB = BA = P
P 8
/ A 6 4 B 1
/ A< B = A
A + <
A = A1 < 5 / A
6 / / / . {A1 , , Ak }<
k < n 1 / / En <
Ai Aj = 0,
i < j,
i, j = i, , k
. a1 , , ak 1 5 1
k
ai = 1,
i=1
k
B= ai Ai
i=1
B Ai Ai Ai = B Aj Aj Aj ,
i, j = 1, , k
k
k 1
=
mq hiq
i=1
mq hiq < i = 1, , k < q = 1, , p
,-
"1 / ' +
* ) +
* / / +
+
<
+
<
1
D
! /
#
+
< 1 / %&
$ "1 / 5 +
' / /
) . 1 5
En
|||| = a > 0
1
En
/ +
< 4
/ /
)<
0 = /
1 1 En
3 / /
" # $
0
< /
/
51
/
6
/
< 5 -
:
/ 51
. x y 1 51< a, b, c 1 1 15
/
q = ax2 + 2bxy + cy 2
1
a b x
(q) = x y
b c y
. {1 , 2 } 1 1
q 1
= x1 + y2 < /
A 2 -
a b
b c
A 1
a b
x y
b c
0 q
1
(A, ) = (, A)
9
/
/
.
q = (A, )
1
/ En < A 6 +>
1 En
q /
:
Rn
. >
/
/ 7
1
a b r x
x y 1 b c s y = 0
r s t 1
2<
/ /
(A, ) = 0 !
(x1 xn 1)
(x1 , , xn ) /
/
1
/< A - /
,
/ 2 -< <
ax2 + abxy + cy 2
/ / = - /
/ /
1 Q . 1
5
"
(A, ) = (Q, )
5
/
(x, y)<
(x0 , y0 )<
/ (
, m)
<
= + t $
/ n / {1 , , n } 1<
= x1 1 + + xn n ,
= x01 1 + + x0n n ,
=
1 1 + +
n n
/
. (A, ) = 0 1
< = + t 1 n
/
/ /
(A, ) = 0
= + t
1
( '
t<
F
;
/ (Q, ) = 0<
<
-<
8
1 / (Q, ) = 0< (A, ) = 0<
/ (Q, ) = 0< (A, ) = 0< (A, ) = 0<
/ ' <
! 0
/
0 5
/
(A, ) = 0 / / 1
/ (A1 , 1 ) = 0< 2 / (A2 , 2 ) = 0
1
= (1 + 2 ) )
2
> 4 / 2 <
/
h11 h1n
x1 xn 1 h1n hnn = 0 0
p1 pn
,-
( 3x2 8xy + 7y 2
/< 1 -
/
/ 1
*5 n n - A <
/ (A, )
1 - /
-
*5
/
,-
< 1 /
5
34 1 /
! 34 1
/
# 34 1 5
/
$ 34
< 1
/
' *5 5
- 2
) 3 -
' / 3
! 5
. 0 1 4- < k > 0 1 1 0 5
0
k /
,
/<
f (A) = B
0< A< B
+ (0A)(0B) = k = -
/ 5
. 0 5
0< A < B
+ 5
< a > 0<
= a
|||| |||| = k
|||| |a| |||| = k
k
|a| =
||||2
/ 5 1
k
f () = = ,
||||2
= 0
/
<
= (x, y)
= (x , y )
1
kx
x = x2 +y2
ky
y = x2 +y2 ,
2
x + y 2 = 0
! :
5
=
kx
x = ax2 +2bxy+cy2
ky
y = ax2 +2bxy+cy 2,
2
ax + 2bxy + cy 2 = 0
6
ax2 + 2bxy + cy 2 = k
5
7< - / 5
7
ax2 + 2bxy + cy 2
1
a b x
x y
b c y
. A 1 /
2 -
a b
1 2 < = (x, y)
/
b c
! 0 5
! < / 5
/ 5 / 4- 5
<
/ 5 1
k( )
= f () = + ,
|| ||2
= 0
!
0
/ /? < / + , En <
(,)
5 / |||| |||| 5 5
!! 1
(
(C1 ) (C2 ) 2 ' . / (C1 ) (C2 ) 1
r1 r2
5
P
C2 C1
2 '
!# 1
(
/ r< 0
2 )
0<
B
2 *
C
0
-
j 1
D
A
2 )
A< B < C < D
. 1 4- 5
/
/
|| || = r
. {1 , 2 } 1
1 0A< 2
0B / 0A
= x1
= y2
. x1
A< x2 C
(0A) = x21
(0C) = x22
" 15
x1 + x2 = (x1 + x2 ) 2x1 x2
x1 x2 / #
(0A)2 + (0C)2 = [2(, 1 )]2 2||||2 + 2r2
< / B D< 5
|| || = r
= y2
(0B)2 + (0D)2 = [2(, 2 )]2 2||||2 + 2r2
/
(0A)2 + (0C)2 + (0B)2 + (0D)2 = 4[(, 1 )2 + (, 2 )2 ] 4||||2 + 4r2
7 (, 1 ) (, 2 )
/
+
{1 , 2 }
(, 1 ) + (, 2 ) = ||||2
(0A)2 + (0C)2 + (0B)2 + (0D)2 = 4r2
,-
!
5 / k 1
- 1
! < 1 / * ! /
/
5 k
- 1 A
/ En
. A 1 5 / E (
+
5
A
(, )
(A, ) (A, )
(A, A) (, )
= ,
||A|| ||A|| |||| ||||
||A|| = 0,
||A|| = 0
(&
0 9 0+@A? 0/ 6 0
@ @< C .GC '$< 7 )< #+#$
0 . 2 ! '! <
+
> "
# .&,
@ < C '! < )+#
> $
% ! &
@/ / @>< C !# '!< 7 < '+ ''
> " # @+
> C>< C $< '!!< )+)#
! B 3 ! %' ' ( % )* , 1
@> * 1< %< '< #+ $
# H 2? 0 B 6F
0 @
< C ! '< + !
$ 9 6
3 C 7
(
'$
' 6 . 61 ? @ , * ! n
(1
5 '
) ( ( @
3 F &
( 1 (
'!
@ @
+
3 / (+
< 7% 0@< #
. @> $
"-/
5
'
9 $ %,
-
(1
< C '< )!+
6 = - .
. /
7 0
< C ''< )$+