1) What is networking and Data Communication?

Networking: Networking is the construction, design, and use of a network, including the
physical (cabling, hub, bridge, switch, router) the selection and use of
telecommunication protocol and computer software for using and managing the network, and the
establishment of operation policies and procedures related to the network.

Data Communication: Data communications (DC) is the process of using computing and
communication technologies to transfer data from one place to another. It enables the movement
of electronic or digital data between two or more nodes, regardless of geographical location,
technological medium or data contents.

2) What is cellular network? Describe cellular network generation.

Cellular network: A cellular network or mobile network is a communication network where

the last link is wireless.

The evolution of cellular networks is commonly known by 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G
designations.

1G Technology: 1G refers to the first generation of wireless telephone technology.

It's Speed was upto 2.4kbps.

1G network use Analog Signal

2G Technology: 2G technology refers to the 2nd generation which is based on GSM.

2G network use digital signals.

Its data speed was upto 64kbps.

3G Technology: 3G technology refer to third generation which was introduced in year 2000s.

Providing Faster Communication

Data Transmission speed increased from 144kbps- 2Mbps

4G Technology: 4G technology refer to or short name of fourth Generation which was started
from late 2000s.

Capable to provide speed 100Mbps-1Gbps.

High QOS and High Security
5G Technology: 5G technology refer to short name of fifth Generation which was started from
late 2010s.

Faster data transmission that of the previous generations

Complete wireless communication with almost no limitations.
5G technology providing large broadcasting of data in Gbps.

3) Describe underground network with 5g.

5G Communications network providing underground and overhead premises cabling

solutions. 5G planning aims at higher capacity than current 4G, allowing a higher density of
broadband users, and supporting device-to-device, more reliable, and massive machine
communications. 5G Communications providing underground and overhead premises cabling
solutions. Using specialist equipment for cabling can provide any type of communications link
including standard telephony, fiber optic and copper network cabling.

4) What is telecommunication network?

A telecommunications network is a collection of terminal nodes, links are connected so as to

enable telecommunication between the terminals.

Examples of telecommunications networks are:

Wide area networks (WAN)

Metropolitan area networks (MAN)
Local area networks (LAN)
Internet area networks (IAN)
Campus area networks (CAN)
Virtual private networks (VPN)
 5) Discuss different layer of network.

Application Layer: Application layer provides communications services for end user
applications.

Presentation Layer: Presentation layer provides appropriate data transmission formats and
codes.

Session Layer: Session layer supports the accomplishment of telecommunications sessions.

Transport Layer: Transport layer supports the organization and transfer of data between
nodes in the network.

Network Layer: Network layer provides appropriate routing by establishing connections

among network links.

Data Link Layer: Data Link layer supports error free organization and transmission of data
in the network.

Physical Layer: Physical layer provides physical access to the telecommunications media in
the network.

6) Which layer is responsible for error detection and correction?

Data link layer is responsible for error detection and correction. Data link layer is most reliable
node to node delivery of data. Error detection bits are used by the data link layer. It also corrects
the errors. Outgoing messages are assembled into frames. Then the system waits for the
acknowledgements to be received after the transmission. It is reliable to send message.

6) What is error detection and error correction? How checksum is used in error
detection.

Error detection: In error detection, we are looking only if any error has occurred. A
single bit error is the same for us as a burst error.

Error correction: In correction, we need to know the exact number of bits that are corrupted
and their location in the message. The number of the errors and size of message are
important.
 Figure: Error detection and Error correction

A checksum is a simple type of redundancy check that is used to detect errors in data.

How checksum is used in error detection:

In checksum error detection scheme, the data is divided into k segments each of m bits.
In the senders end the segments are added using 1s complement arithmetic to get the
sum. The sum is complemented to get the checksum.
The checksum segment is sent along with the data segments.
At the receivers end, all received segments are added using 1s complement arithmetic to
get the sum. The sum is complemented.
If the result is zero, the received data is accepted; otherwise discarded.
7) Write down the difference between Circuit switching vs Packet switching.
Circuit Switching
1) Initially designed for Voice
communication.
2) Dedicated path
3) Path is established for entire conversation
4) Call setup delay
5) Overload may block call setup
6) Fixed bandwidth
7) Circuit Switching is implemented at
Physical Layer.
8) Write down the difference between routing and forwarding.
Routing
1) Routing means finding a suitable path for
a packet from sender to destination
2) Routing table contain network addresses
and the associated interface.
3) Routing tables are stored in RAM.
Packet Switching
1) Initially designed for Data Transmission.
2) No Dedicated path
3) Route is established for each packet
4) packet transmission delay
5) Overload increases packet delay
6) Dynamic bandwidth
7) Packet Switching is implemented at
Network Layer.
Forwarding
1) Forwarding is the process of sending the
packet toward the destination based on
routing.
2) Forwarding tables on high-performance
gear will be distributed across line cards
3) Forwarding stored in higher-speed
TCAM.
2) What is computer network?

A computer network is a telecommunication network that allows computers to exchange data.For

example: it may be connected to computer, scanner, printer and camera. 3) Difference between
data communication and networking?

Data communication is a way on how devices, equipment will communicate to each other in
such a way that they can understand each other. There are standards being used in data
communication.

Networking is the way on how are you going to interconnect different devices/equipment, how
are you going to send data from one device/equipment to the other
4)How they related?

Data communications refers to the transmission of this digital data between two or more
computers and a computer network or data network is a telecommunications network that allows
computers to exchange data. The physical connection between networked computing devices is
established using either cable media or wireless media. The best-known computer network is the
Internet.

FUNCTIONS OF DATA LINK LAYER:

Framing: Frames are the streams of bits received from the network layer into manageable data
units. This division of stream of bits is done by Data Link Layer.

Physical Addressing: The Data Link layer adds a header to the frame in order to define physical
address of the sender or receiver of the frame, if the frames are to be distributed to different
systems on the network.

Flow Control: A flow control mechanism to avoid a fast transmitter from running a slow receiver
by buffering the extra bit is provided by flow control. This prevents traffic jam at the receiver
side.

Error Control: Error control is achieved by adding a trailer at the end of the frame. Duplication of
frames are also prevented by using this mechanism. Data Link Layers adds mechanism to
prevent duplication of frames.
Access Control: Protocols of this layer determine which of the devices has control over the link
at any given time, when two or more devices are connected to the same link.

6) which layer is responsible for machine representation of data?explain that layer

Physical layer is responsible for machine representation of data.

7) ) which layer is responsible for routing and forwarding explain that layer?

Network layer is responsible for rounting and forwarding.

The network layer is the third layer from the bottom in the OSI (Open Systems
Interconnection) seven layer model.
Also called the OSI reference model

The network layer is the layer at which IP operates. Other protocols in the TCP/IP suite of
protocols, which forms the basis of the Internet and most other networks, that also operate in this
layer are ICMP, IPsec, ARP.

The network layer is responsible for routing, which is moving packets across the network using
the most appropriate paths. It also addresses messages and translates logical addresses (i.e., IP
addresses) into physical addresses (i.e., MAC addresses).
7) which layer is responsible for reliable data communication?

Transport layer is responsible for reliable data communication.

The transport layer provides data transfer from one point to another.Multiple applications can be
supported simultaneously.This layer is responsible for providing a reliable exchange of
information.The main protocol of this layer is TCP.Another transport layer protocol is UDP that
provides a connectionless service in comparison with TCP,Which provides a connection-oriented
service.