Name : Mutiara Zakiah Fitriani

NPM : 141220052

Discourse and Grammar

Quick Work

Ted Robinson has been worried all the week. Last Tuesday he received a letter from the local
police. In the letter he was asked to call at the station. Ted wondered why he was wanted by the
police, but he went to the station yesterday and now he is not worried anymore. At the station, he
was told by a smiling policeman that his bicycle had been found. Five days ago, the policeman
told him, the bicycle was picked up in a small village four hundred miles away. It is now being
sent to his home by train. Ted was most surprised when he heard the news. He was amused too,
because he never expected the bicycle to be found. It was stolen twenty years ago when Ted was
a boy of fifteen!

A. Grammar Cohesion
Grammatical cohesion refers to the grammatical relation between clauses. It involves four
categories: reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction.

1. Reference

Ted Robinson Bicycle

He (anaphoric) it (anaphoric)

He (anaphoric) it (anaphoric)

He (anaphoric)

He (anaphoric)

His (anaphoric)

Him (anaphoric)

Ted (anaphoric)

He (anaphoric)
In the first chain, once the item Ted Robinson is presented, all the other reference items in this
chain (he, his, and him) are examples of anaphoric reference. That is, they all refer back to Ted
Robinson.

In the second chain, the word it refers back to the word bicycle that is mentioned in the text.
They are also called anaphoric reference because all the words here refer to something earlier in
the discourse. Besides, the researcher also finds homophoric reference in the discourse. The
words in italic are definite article the which are used to refer to specific something. They are not
being discussed in the text, but both of the writer and the reader know the words the here refer to
based on the cultural knowledge that they have. Here are some of the data:

In the letter he was asked to call at the station.

Ted wondered why he was wanted by the police, but he went to the station yesterday and now
he is not worried anymore.

At the station, he was told by a smiling policeman that his bicycle had been found.

. He was amused too, because he never expected the bicycle to be found.

2. Substitution
The writer does not find the substitution in this text.

3. Ellipsis

Ellipsis is simple characterized by the omission of an item. It can be called substitution by

zero. Here are examples of ellipsis from the text;

Ted wondered why he was wanted by the police, but [when he wondered] he went to
the station yesterday and now he is not worried anymore.

He went to the station yesterday and [after he went] now he is not worried anymore.

Looking at the data above, the type of ellipsis can be categorized into clausal ellipsis and
nominal ellipsis. Those clauses and nouns are left out in the second half of each sentence because
they have already occurred before. It would, of course, also be possible to repeat the clauses and
nouns again at the position where they have been left out.
4. Conjunction
Based on the result of analysis, the writer found two conjunction used in the text that join
the phrases, clauses, or section of the text. The conjunctions in this text are divided into
four categories; those are addition, comparison, time, and consequence.

Logical relation Meaning Example

Addition Addition And
Comparison Contrast But, although
Time Successive After
simultaneous When
Consequence Cause Because

B. Lexical cohesion

Lexical cohesion refers to the lexical relation used in a text. In general, there are five categories
of lexical cohesion; repetition, synonymy, antonym, hyponymy, and meronymy.

police
[ repetition]

Policemen
Based on the text above, there is one main lexical chain. That is police as the subject of the text.