INSTITUTO TECNOLGICO

De Tuxtepec

ANTOLOGA
INGLS II
ALUMNO:
RONALDO CIPRIANO MARTINEZ

CATEDRTICO: LORENZO HERNNDEZ ARROYO

SEMESTRE: 3

GRUPO: A

ESPECIALIDAD: ing. Electromecnica

UNIDAD I: INTRODUCE YOURSELF

1. GREETINGS AND VERB TO BE

MEETING SOMEONE FOR THE FIRST TIME:

WE USUALLY SAY : GOOD MORNING/GOOD AFTERNOON, NICE TO MEET YO
U, WHEN WE MEET SOMEONE FOR THE FIRST TIME.
( APART FROM HOW DO YOU DO WHICH IS FORMAL.
THE ANSWER COULD BE :NICE TO MEET YOU TOO OR SAME HERE.
NICE MEETING YOU IS TO TELL HIM/HER GOOD BYE.

MEETING A COLLEAGUE:
GOOD MORNING/GOOD AFTERNOON, HOW ARE YOU?
THE ANSWER COULD BE: FINE, THANK YOU/THANKS, HOW ABOUT YO
U?
HAVE A NICE DAY/EVENING/WEEKEND, TO TELL HIM/HER GOOD BYE.

LESS FORMAL: MEETING FRIENDS

HI, HOW ARE YOU DOING?
THE ANSWER COULD BE: IM GOOD/OKHOW ABOUT YOU?
TAKE CARE/TAKE IT EASY, TO SAY GOOD BYE

INTRODUCING PEOPLE PRACTICE

THIS IS MY FRIEND, BRAD
CONVERSATION 1

KAROL: HI BILLY, THIS IS BRAD

BILLY: HI BRAD. IM BILLY.
BRAD: NICE TO MEET YOU, BILLY.
BILLY: NICE TO MEET YOU TOO.
BRAD: IM A NEW STUDENT HERE.
KAROL: OH REALLY, AND HOW OLD ARE YOU?
BRAD: IM 23
BILLY: OK, IM 26. HEY! LETS GO TO CLASS.

PRACTICE

I. INTRODUCING YOURSELF. COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE

MAGGY: HELLO, ____SHE ______ IS MAGGY.

RACHEL: ___________________ IS RACHEL
MAGGY: ___________________ RACHEL
RACHEL: NICE ______________.
IM SORRY WHAT IS YOUR _______ NAME?
MAGGY: OH! ITS SMITH S-M-I-T-H.
RACHEL: OK, MINE IS DAVIS.

VERB TO BE

THE VERB TO BE IS A VERY IMPORTANT VERB IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

BECAUSE IT HELPS US EXPLAIN THE CONDITION OR CHARACTERISTICS OF
PEOPLE AND THINGS. IN THE STUDY OF GRAMMAR, WE SAY THAT THIS VE
RB SHOWS STATE OF BEING. THIS VERB IS VERY IRREGULAR. IT IS IMPORT
ANT TO KNOW ITS CORRECT FORMS IN THE PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE
TENSES. LETS TAKE A LOOK AT THE PRESENT TENSE.

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE WITH BE

THE VERB BE IS DIFFERENT FROM THE OTHER VERBS IN THIS TENSE. LET
S LOOK AT BE FIRST:
HERES THE POSITIVE FORM (POSITIVE MEANS A NORMAL SENTENCE, NOT
A NEGATIVE OR A QUESTION. THIS IS SOMETIMES CALLED AFFIRMATIVE)
POSITIVE POSITIVE SHORT FORM
I AM IM
YOU ARE YOURE
HE IS HES
SHE IS SHES
IT IS ITS
WE ARE WERE
THEY ARE THEYRE

NEXT, HERES THE NEGATIVE. ITS VERY EASY. YOU ONLY ADD NOT.
NEGATIVE NEGATIVE SHORT FORM
I AM NOT IM NOT
YOU ARE NOT YOU ARENT
HE IS NOT HE ISNT
SHE IS NOT SHE ISNT
IT IS NOT IT ISNT
WE ARE NOT WE ARENT
THEY ARE NOT THEY ARENT

AND FINALLY LETS TALK ABOUT THE QUESTION FORM OF THE PRESENT S
IMPLE WITH BE.

FIRSTLY, HERES THE YES / NO QUESTION FORM:

YES / NO QUESTIONS
AM I ?
ARE YOU?
IS HE?
IS SHE?
IS IT?
ARE WE?
ARE THEY?

IF YOUD LIKE TO MAKE A WH QUESTION, YOU JUST PUT THE QUESTION

WORD AT THE FRONT:

WH QUESTIONS
WHERE AM I ?
WHATARE YOU ?
WHY IS HE ?
WHO IS SHE ?
WHEN ARE WE ?
HOW ARE THEY ?
PRACTICE

TO BE PRACTICE 1
WRITE THE CORRECT VERB FORM FOR EACH SENTENCE.

1) I _______ SLEEPY. 6) WE _______ BUSY.

2) YOU _______ HANDSOME. 7) YOU _______ ALL AWAKE.
3) HE _______ SHORT. 8) THEY _______ BEAUTIFUL.
4) SHE _______ FRIENDLY. 9) THE TEACHER _______ KIND.
5) IT _______ COLD TODAY. 10) THE STUDENTS _______ INTELLIGENT.
TO BE PRACTICE 2
CIRCLE THE CORRECT VERB FOR EACH SENTENCE.

1) SARA [AM / IS / ARE] A TEACHER. 6) HIS CAT [AM / IS / ARE] BLACK.

2) JAN AND SUE [AM / IS / ARE] HERE. 7) THE STUDENTS [AM / IS / ARE] S
LEEPY.
3) I [AM / IS / ARE] AT HOME. 8) IT [AM / IS / ARE] WARM TODAY.
4) A CAT [AM / IS / ARE] SOFT. 9) I [AM / IS / ARE] VERY BUSY.
5) MY CAT [AM / IS / ARE] GRAY. 10) WATERMELONS [AM / IS / ARE] TAST
Y.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES - ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS

SE UTILIZAN PARA INDICAR A QUIN PERTENECE EL SUJETO U OBJETO DE

LA ORACIN. VAN SEGUIDOS DE UN SUSTANTIVO (O UNA CLUSULA NOMIN
AL).

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
MY MI / MIS
YOUR TU / TUS
HIS SU / SUS
HER SU / SUS
ITS SU / SUS
OUR NUESTRO/A/OS/AS
YOUR VUESTRO/A/OS/AS
THEIR SU / SUS

COMO SE PUEDE OBSERVAR, SON MUCHOS MENOS QUE EN ESPAOL, YA

QUE NO SE DIFERENCIAN EN SINGULAR O PLURAL. POR EJEMPLO:

MY CAR MI AUTO

MY BOOKS MIS LIBROS

SIN EMBARGO, DEBE PRESTAR ATENCIN CUANDO SE REFIERE A LA TERC
ERA PERSONA, YA QUE EN CASTELLANO SE USA "SU" EN TODOS LOS CASO
S, MIENTRAS QUE EN INGLS VARAN SEGN LA PERSONA.

NOTA ADEMS QUE "YOUR" PUEDE REFERIRSE AL SINGULAR (TU) O AL PLU

RAL (VUESTRO).

MY HOUSE
YOUR HOUSE
HIS HOUSE
HER HOUSE
ITS HOUSE
OUR HOUSE
YOUR HOUSE
THEIR HOUSE

I LIKE MY JOB.
ME GUSTA MI TRABAJO.

IS YOUR BROTHER COMING?

VIENE TU HERMANO?

HIS CAR IS NEW.

SU AUTO (DE L) ES NUEVO.

HER HOUSE IS BIG.

SU CASA (DE ELLA) ES GRANDE.

OUR SONS LIVE HERE.

NUESTROS HIJOS VIVEN AQU.
THEIR CHILDREN GO TO SCHOOL.
SUS HIJOS VAN A LA ESCUELA.

SI SE EST HABLANDO DE UNA PERSONA Y SE DESCRIBE SU CASA, SE USA

RA HIS O HER, SEGN EL SEXO DE DICHA PERSONA.

JOHN LIVES IN NEW YORK. HIS HOUSE IS VERY BIG.

JOHN VIVE EN NUEVA YORK. SU CASA ES MUY GRANDE.

SUSAN LIVES IN NEW YORK. HER HOUSE IS VERY BIG.

SUSAN VIVE EN NUEVA YORK. SU CASA ES MUY GRANDE.

PERO SI SE HABLA DE UN ANIMAL SE DEBE UTILIZAR ITS.

THE CAT IS UNDER THE TABLE. ITS NAME IS BOB.

EL GATO EST DEBAJO DE LA MESA. SU NOMBRE ES BOB

EL PRESENTE SIMPLE EN INGLS

EL "PRESENT SIMPLE" ES EL TIEMPO VERBAL MS SENCILLO E IMPORTANT

E DE LA LENGUA INGLESA. EN ESTA LECCIN VAMOS A EXPLICAR CMO SE
FORMA Y CUANDO SE USA:

CONJUGACIN DEL PRESENTE SIMPLE

PRESENTE SIMPLE
LA CONSTRUCCIN DEL PRESENTE SIMPLE (PRESENT SIMPLE) EN INGLS
ES REALMENTE FCIL, TIENE LA ESTRUCTURA:

[SUJETO] + [VERBO] (EN INFINITIVO SIN TO)

A TENER EN CUENTA:

SI EL SUJETO ES 3 PERSONA DEL SINGULAR SE LE AADE UNA "-S" AL VER

BO.

VEAMOS COMO EJEMPLO LA CONJUGACIN DEL VERBO "TO LIVE" (VIVIR) E

N PRESENTE SIMPLE:

CONJUGACIN SIGNIFICADO
I LIVE YO VIVO
YOU LIVE T VIVES
HE / SHE / IT LIVES L / ELLA / ELLO VIVE
WE LIVE NOSOTROS VIVIMOS
YOU LIVE VOSOTROS VIVS
THEY LIVE ELLOS/ELLAS VIVEN
CASO ESPECIAL: "-ES" EN LUGAR DE "-S" PARA LA 3 PERSONA

PARA LOS VERBOS ACABADOS EN "-O","-SH", "-CH" , "-SS", "-X" , "-Z", "-Y" SE A
ADE "-ES" EN LUGAR DE "-S PARA LA 3 PERSONA DEL SINGULAR".

VEAMOS A CONTINUACIN ALGUNOS EJEMPLOS:

VERBO TERCERA PERSONA SIGNIFICADO

TO GO HE GOES L VA
TO WISH HE WISHES L DESEA
TO REACH HE REACHES L ALCANZA
TO EXPRESS HE EXPRESSES L EXPRESA
TO FIX HE FIXES L ARREGLA
TO KISS HE KISSES L BESA
TO BUZZ HE BUZZES L MURMULLA
ADICIONALMENTE, LOS VERBOS ACABADOS EN "-Y" CUANDO LA "Y" NO ES P
RECEDIDA DE UNA VOCAL, FORMAN LA TERCERA PERSONA EN "-IES".

VERBO TERCERA PERSONA SIGNIFICADO

TO OCCUPY HE OCCUPIES L OCUPA
TO STUDY HE STUDIES L ESTUDIA
PERO CUIDADO SI LA "-Y" ES PRECEDIDA POR UNA VOCAL, LA TERCERA PE
RSONA SE FORMA CON UNA "-S" (DESINENCIA ESTNDAR)

VERBO TERCERA PERSONA SIGNIFICADO

TO BUY HE BUYS L COMPRA
LA NEGACIN EN EL PRESENTE SIMPLE

LA NEGACIN CON LOS VERBOS PLENOS (ESTO ES NO MODALES Y NO AUX

ILIARES) TAMBIN ES FCIL:

[SUJETO] + DO(ES) + NOT + [VERBO]

I DO NOT SING
YO NO CANTO

HE DOES NOT SING

L NO CANTA

THEY DO NOT PLAY

ELLOS NO JUEGAN

EN INGLS EL "DO + NOT" SE CONTRAE A "DON'T" Y "DOES + NOT" SE CONT

RAEN A "DOESN'T".

I DON'T SING
YO NO CANTO

HE DOESN'T SING
L NO CANTA

THEY DON'T PLAY

ELLOS NO JUEGAN

LA INTERROGACIN EN EL PRESENTE SIMPLE

EN LAS ORACIONES INTERROGATIVAS TAMBIN SE HACE USO DEL VERBO

AUXILIAR TO DO. ANTEPONINDOLO AL SUJETO.

LA ESTRUCTURA DE LAS PREGUNTAS CERRADAS O DE YES/NO (ES DECIR A

QUELLAS QUE NO TIENEN PARTCULA INTERROGATIVA) ES:

DO(ES) + [SUJETO] + [VERBO] ?

DO YOU LIKE MUSIC?

TE GUSTA LA MSICA?

DOES HE SPEAK ENGLISH?

L HABLA INGLS?

LA ESTRUCTURA DE LAS PREGUNTAS ABIERTAS (ES DECIR AQUELLAS QUE

TIENEN PARTCULA INTERROGATIVA) ES:

[PARTCULA INTERROGATIVA] + DO(ES) + [SUJETO] + [VERBO] ?

WHY DO YOU LIKE MUSIC?

POR QU TE GUSTA LA MSICA?
WHEN DO YOU COME BACK?
CUNDO VUELVES?

USO DEL PRESENTE SIMPLE

EL "PRESENTE SIMPLE" SE USA PARA:

RUTINAS
I WORK IN A SILVER MINE
TRABAJO EN UNA MINA DE PLATA

SITUACIONES PERMANENTES
SHE HAS A CAR
ELLA TIENE UN COCHE

LEYES NATURALES O FSICAS

THE SUN APPEARS IN THE EAST
EL SOL SALE POR EL ESTE

CASOS ESPECIALES

VERBO IRREGULAR "TO BE"

UN CASO ESPECIAL ES EL VERBO TO BE QUE AL SER MUY IRREGULAR HAY

QUE MEMORIZAR SU CONJUGACIN:

CONJUGACIN SIGNIFICADO
I AM YO SOY
YOU ARE T ERES
HE IS
SHE IS
IT IS L ES
ELLA ES
ELLO ES
WE ARE NOSOTROS SOMOS
YOU ARE VOSOTROS SOIS
THEY ARE ELLOS/ELLAS SON
LOS PRONOMBRES PERSONALES Y EL VERBO "TO BE" SE CONTRAEN EN LA
S FORMAS QUE MOSTRAMOS A CONTINUACIN:

CONJUGACIN SIGNIFICADO
I'M YO SOY
YOU'RE T ERES
HE'S
SHE'S
IT'S L ES
ELLA ES
ELLO ES
WE'RE NOSOTROS SOMOS
YOU'RE VOSOTROS SOIS
THEY'RE ELLOS/ELLAS SON
EL VERBO TO BE FORMA LA NEGACIN Y LA INTERROGACIN SIN NECESID
AD DEL VERBO AUXILIAR TO DO

LOS VERBOS MODALES

LOS VERBOS MODALES CAN, MUST , MAY :

NO AADEN LA "-S" EN LA 3 PERSONA.

FORMAN LA NEGACIN Y LA INTERROGACIN SIN VERBO AUXILIAR.
H QUESTIONS

PODEMOS FORMULAR "WH QUESTIONS" DE UNA MANERA SIMPLE SIGUIEND

O LAS SIGUIENTES FORMULAS:

"WH WORD" + EL VERBO "TO BE" + PRONOMBRE:

WHAT IS THIS? = QU ES ESTO?
WHERE IS HE/SHE? = DNDE EST L/ELLA?
WHEN IS IT? = CUNDO ES ESO?
WHAT ARE THEY? = QU SON ELLOS?
"WH WORD" + EL VERBO "TO BE" + ARTCULO DEMOSTRATIVO:
WHAT IS THAT? = QU ES ESO?
WHERE IS THIS? = DNDE QUEDA ESTO?
WHEN IS THIS? = CUNDO ES ESTO?
WHERE ARE WE? = DNDE ESTAMOS?
DE IGUAL MANERA, PODEMOS COMPONER LA RESPUESTA A ESTAS PREGU
NTAS SIGUIENDO LAS SIGUIENTES FORMULAS:

WH QUESTIONS

EJEMPLOS:
WHAT IS IT? = THIS IS A TABLET.
WHERE IS HE/SHE? = HE IS AT SCHOOL.
WHEN IS IT? = IT IS IN DECEMBER.
WHAT ARE THEY? = THEY ARE STUDENTS.
COMPOSICINDE LAS WH QUESTIONS

EJEMPLOS:
WHAT IS THAT? = THAT IS A CAR.
WHERE IS THIS? = THIS IS IN THE CITY CENTER.
WHEN IS THIS? = THIS IS NEXT FRIDAY.
WHERE ARE WE? = WE ARE AT THE PARK.
POR LO GENERAL LAS "WH QUESTIONS" SE USAN PARA HACER PREGUNTA
S RPIDAS CUANDO QUEREMOS OBTENER INFORMACIN DE ALGUIEN O AL
GN LUGAR. PERO TAMBIN PODEMOS USAR LAS "WH WORDS" PARA HAC
ER PREGUNTAS MS ELABORADAS. POR EJEMPLO:

WHAT IS THE ACCOUNT NUMBER? = CUL ES EL NMERO DE LA CUENTA?

WHAT ARE THE ITEMS LISTED? = CULES SON LOS TEMS LISTADOS?
WHAT WAS THE AMOUNT LAST MONTH? = CUL FUE LA CIFRA EL MES PAS
ADO?
WHEN IS THIS PAYMENT DUE? = CUNDO SE VENCE ESTE PAGO?
WHEN ARE THEY PAYING? = CUNDO VAN A PAGAR?
WHEN WAS YOUR BILL DUE? = CUNDO SE VENCI TU RECIBO?
WHERE IS THIS PLACE? = DNDE QUEDA ESTE SITIO?
WHERE ARE THE ENVELOPES? = DNDE ESTN LOS SOBRES?
WHERE WAS THE CALCULATOR? = DNDE ESTABA LA CALCULADORA?

IGEEK
MIRCOLES, 5 DE JUNIO DE 2013
0.6 - PRONOMBRES PERSONALES, OBJETIVOS Y REFLEXIVOS EN INGLES
LOS PRONOMBRES SON PALABRAS QUE SE EMPLEAN PARA DESIGNAR PER
SONAS, ANIMALES O CUALQUIER OTRA COSA Y NO UTILIZAR SU NOMBRE C
OMN O PROPIO.

EN ESTA LECCIN VAMOS A VER TRES TIPOS DE PRONOMBRES:

1. PRONOMBRES PERSONALES
2. PRONOMBRES OBJETIVOS
3. PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS

1. PRONOMBRES PERSONALES.- ESTOS PRONOMBRES SON LOS MS IMPO

RTANTES QUE SE UTILIZAN EN EL INGLES DADO QUE NOS AYUDAN A REFE
RIRNOS A LAS PERSONAS O COSAS EN GENERAL. LOS SIGUIENTES SON LO
S PRONOMBRES PERSONALES Y SU SIGNIFICADO EN ESPAOL.

I (YO)
HE (EL)
SHE (ELLA)
IT (ELLO, ESTO, ESTE, ESO, ESE)
WE (NOSOTROS)
YOU (T, USTED, USTEDES)
THEY (ELLOS)

LOS PRONOMBRES PERSONALES SE PUEDEN CLASIFICAR POR PERSONA

LA PRIMERA PERSONA SE REFIERE A QUIEN HABLA O ESCRIBE:

"I" PARA SINGULAR; "WE" PARA PLURAL.

SEGUNDA PERSONA SE REFIERE A LA PERSONA O GENTE CON QUIEN ESTA

MOS HABLANDO O A QUIEN ESTAMOS ESCRIBIENDO.
"YOU" PARA SINGULAR Y PLURAL.

TERCERA PERSONA PARA GENTE DE LA CUAL SE EST HABLANDO O ESCRI

BIENDO.
HE, SHE, IT PARA SINGULAR; "THEY" PARA PLURAL.

EL ORDEN ANTERIOR EN QUE SE VIERON LOS PRONOMBRES DE SUJETO (I,

HE, SHE, IT, WE YOU, THEY) ES EN EL CUAL SE ESTARN VIENDO LOS SIGUI
ENTES TIPOS DE PRONOMBRES DEBIDO A QUE AS SE PERMITE DIFERENCI
AR MEJOR ENTRE LOS DIFERENTES AUXILIARES QUE SE TIENEN QUE USAR
CON CADA UNO DE ELLOS.

NOTAS: POR REGLA GENERAL EL PRONOMBRE I SIEMPRE SE ESCRIBIR C

ON MAYSCULA SIN IMPORTAR SU LUGAR EN LA ORACIN. EL PRONOMBR
E "IT" NOS PERMITE REFERIRNOS ADEMS DE A ANIMALES Y COSAS, A EL C
LIMA, HORAS, LUGARES, FECHAS, EVENTOS O SITUACIONES Y TAMBIN ES
USADO PARA REEMPLAZAR ALGUNA PALABRA DICHA ANTES.

EJEMPLOS:
I WANT A CAR. (YO QUIERO UN AUTO)
SHE LOVES THE DOGS. (ELLA AMA LOS PERROS)
THEY ARE FRIENDS. (ELLOS SON AMIGOS)
IT IS AWESOME (ESTO ES GRANDIOSO)
THE CAT IS SMALL, IT IS PRETTY (EL GATO ES PEQUEO, ESTE ES BONITO)
IT SUCKS. (ESTO APESTA) >> REFIRINDOSE A UNA SITUAC
IN.

* EN ESPAOL EXISTE EL SUJETO TCITO Y POR LO TANTO EL PRIMER EJE

MPLO TAMBIN PODEMOS TRADUCIRLO "QUIERO UN AUTO" Y PARA EL CUA
RTO "ES GRANDIOSO", POR MENCIONAR DOS EJEMPLOS.
* EN ESTOS EJEMPLOS Y EN LOS SIGUIENTES SE ESTARN VIENDO TEMAS
TANTO DE PRESENTE SIMPLE COMO DEL VERBO TO BE QUE LUEGO SE VE
RN CON MS CLARIDAD.
PRONOMBRES OBJETIVOS.- CADA PERSONA DE LOS PRONOMBRES PERSO
NALES INDICADOS CON ANTERIORIDAD TIENE SU PROPIO PRONOMBRE OBJ
ETIVO, ESTE ES EL QUE USAMOS CUANDO LA PERSONA DE LA QUE SE HAB
LA SE USA COMO EL OBJETO EN UNA ORACIN, DE ESTA FORMA UTILIZAR
AMOS:

ME (A MI)
HIM (A L)
HER (A ELLA)
IT (A ELLO)
US (A NOSOTROS)
YOU (A TI, A USTED, A USTEDES)
THEM (A ELLOS)

ES IMPORTANTE MENCIONAR QUE EL SIGNIFICADO DE ESTOS PRONOMBRE

S EN ESPAOL EST SUJETO A CADA ORACIN EN PARTICULAR. EN INGLES
ESTE TIPO DE PRONOMBRES VAN DESPUS DEL VERBO EN LA ORACIN P
ARA COMPLEMENTARLO O SIGUEN A UNA PREPOSICIN Y LA COMPLEMEN
TAN.

EJEMPLOS:
LOOK AT ME (MRAME A MI)
I LOVE HER (YO LA AMO A ELLA)
TEACH US A LESSON (ENSNANOS UNA LECCIN)
USE IT WELL (SALO BIEN)
EAT IT (CMETELO)
COME WITH ME (VEN CONMIGO)

EN OCASIONES LOS VERBOS SON SEGUIDOS POR UN OBJETO INDIRECTO U

OBJETO DIRECTO, EN ESE CASO SE PUEDEN FORMAR DE DOS FORMAS LA
S ORACIONES.

VERBO + OBJETO INDIRECTO + OBJ DIRECTO

I BUY HER A SODA EVERY DAY. (LE COMPRO (A ELLA) UNA SODA CADA DA
).

VERBO + OBJETO DIRECTO + OBJETO INDIRECTO

I BUY A SODA TO HER EVERY DAY. (LE TRAIGO UNA SODA (A ELLA) CADA D
A.

PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS.- SE UTILIZAN PARA HACER NFASIS EN EL SEN

TIDO DE UNA FRASE Y REALZAR AL SUJETO DE LA ORACIN INDICANDO QU
E REALIZA UNA ACCIN POR "SI MISMO"

ONESELF (SE, A S MISMO, UNO MISMO "IMPERSONAL")

MYSELF (ME, A M MISMO, YO MISMO)
HIMSELF (SE, A S MISMO, A L MISMO)
HERSELF (SE, A S MISMA, A ELLA MISMA)
ITSELF (SE, A S MISMO, A ELLO MISMO)
OURSELVES (NOS, A NOSOTROS MISMOS)
YOURSELF (TE, T MISMO, A TI MISMO, A USTED MISMO)
YOURSELVES (OS, A VOSOTROS MISMOS, A USTEDES MISMOS)
THEMSELVES (SE, A S MISMOS, A ELLOS MISMOS)

EJEMPLOS:
SHE HURT HERSELF (SE HIZO DAO A ELLA MISMA)
I MADE IT BY MYSELF (LO HICE POR MI MISMO)
THE MAN SHAVES HIMSELF (EL HOMBRE SE AFEITA A SI MISMO)
WE TOOK THE PICTURE OURSELVES (TOMAMOS LA FOTO NOSOTROS MISM
OS)
THEY DID IT THEMSELVES (LO HICIERON ELLOS MISMOS)
LOVE IS PRETTY BY ITSELF (EL AMOR ES BONITO POR SI MISMO)
WE MADE IT OUSERLVES (LO HICIMOS NOSOTROS MISMOS)
*HAY EN ESTOS EJEMPLOS ALGUNAS ORACIONES QUE ESTN EN PASADO
Y POR TANTO EL VERBO DEBE ESTAR EN ESTE TIEMPO (COMO LO INDICAN
LOS EJEMPLOS ANTERIORES EN FORMA CURSIVA). ESTE Y MS CASOS SE
VERN MS PROFUNDAMENTE EN POSTERIORES LECCIONES MS AVANZA
DAS.

EL VERBO REFLEXIVO
A UN VERBO SE LE DICE REFLEXIVO CUANDO LA ACCIN DEL SUJETO REC
AE SOBRE ESTE MISMO. ESTE TIPO PECULIAR DE VERBO SE FORMA CON E
L INFINITIVO DE ESTE Y CON EL PRONOMBRE REFLEXIVO INDICADO ONESE
LF O ITSELF:

VERBO EN INFINITIVO + PRONOMBRE REFLEXIVO

EJEMPLOS:
TO WASH ONESELF (LAVARSE)
TO OPEN ITSELF. (ABRIRSE)
TO LISTEN TO ONESELF (ESCUCHARSE)
TO KNOW ONESELF (CONOCERSE)
TO HATE ONESELF (ODIARSE)
TO SHAVE ONESELF (AFEITARSE)
TO HURT ONESELF (HERIRSE)

A ESTRUCTURA DEL PRESENTE CONTINUO (PRESENT CONTINUOUS) EN IN

GLS ES SENCILLA:

[SUJETO] + AM/ARE/IS (VERBO TO BE) + [ VERBO CON -ING ( GERUNDIO)]

CONJUGACIN SIGNIFICADO
I AM SINGING YO ESTOY CANTANDO
YOU ARE SINGING T ESTS CANTANDO
HE IS SINGING L EST CANTANDO
WE ARE SINGING NOSOTROS ESTAMOS CANTANDO
YOU ARE SINGING VOSOTROS ESTIS CANTANDO
THEY ARE SINGING ELLOS ESTN CANTANDO
CONSTRUCCIN DEL GERUNDIO

COMO NORMA GENERAL PARA FORMAR EL GERUNDIO EN INGLS SE AAD

E "-ING" .

AUNQUE HAY QUE TENER EN CUENTA UNAS CONSIDERACIONES:

GERUNDIO EN VERBOS ACABADOS EN -IE

SE SUSTITUYE LA TERMINACIN "-IE" POR "-YING" .

VERBO GERUNDIO
DIE DYING
LIE LYING
GERUNDIO EN VERBOS ACABADOS EN -E

SE SUSTITUYE LA "-E" FINAL POR "-ING"

.
VERBO GERUNDIO
USE USING
HAVE HAVING
DOBLADO DE LA CONSONANTE FINAL EN LA FORMACIN DEL GERUNDIO
NUMEROSOS VERBOS DOBLAN SU CONSONANTE FINAL PARA FORMAL EL G
ERUNDIO:

VERBO GERUNDIO
GET GETTING
SET SETTING
FORBID FORBIDDING

OS CUANTIFICADORES INDICAN LA CANTIDAD DE UN NOMBRE. SON REPUE

STAS A LA PREGUNTA CUNTOS?. AL IGUAL QUE LOS ARTCULOS, LOS C
UANTIFICADORES DEFINEN A UN NOMBRE Y SIEMPRE ESTN SITUADOS DE
LANTE DEL NOMBRE. ALGUNOS SE PUEDEN USAR SLO CON NOMBRES CO
NTABLES, OTROS, SLO CON NOMBRES INCONTABLES Y OTROS, CON AMB
OS.

CUANTIFICADOR CONTABLE INCONTABLE

MANY
MUCHOS/AS X
MUCH
MUCHO/MUCHA X
SOME
ALGUNOS/AS X X
ANY
ALGUNO/A X X
NO, NONE
NO, NINGUNO/A X X
A LOT OF/ LOTS OF
MUCHOS/AS X X
LITTLE/A LITTLE
POCO/UN POCO X
FEW/A FEW
POCOS/UNOS POCOS X
UTILIZAMOS LOS CUANTIFICADORES PARA EXPRESAR LA IDEA DE CANTIDA
D O NMERO. EN EL SIGUIENTE RESUMEN PODRS ESTUDIAR CMO Y CU
NDO USARLOS.

MANY

SIGNIFICADO: MUCHO
USO: EXPRESA LA IDEA DE GRAN CANTIDAD. ES UTILIZADO SOBRETODO EN
FRASES NEGATIVAS E INTERROGATIVAS CON EL NOMBRE CONTABLE EN P
LURAL. SE PUEDE USAR MANY EN FRASES AFIRMATIVAS, AUNQUE NO ES
MUY COMN. NORMALMENTE, USAMOS OTROS CUANTIFICADORES COMO
A LOT.

EJEMPLOS:

FRASE NEGATIVA:

THERE ARE NOT MANY TOURISTS. (NO HAY MUCHOS TURISTAS.)

FRASE INTERROGATIVA:

HOW MANY CATS DO YOU HAVE? (CUNTOS GATOS TIENES?)

FRASE AFIRMATIVA:

WE HAVE MANY FRIENDS. (TENEMOS MUCHOS AMIGOS.)

TAMBIN SE COMBINA CON TOO (DEMASIADO) O SO (TANTO) PARA EXPR
ESAR LA IDEA DE CANTIDAD EXCESIVA O UN PUNTO DE VISTA SOBRE UNA
CANTIDAD.

EJEMPLOS:

THERE ARE TOO MANY CHANGES FOR ME. (HAY DEMASIADOS CAMBI
OS PARA M.)
 THERE ARE SO MANY THINGS I WANT TO DO! (HAY TANTAS COSAS Q
UE DESEO HACER!)
MUCH

SIGNIFICADO: MUCHO
USO: COMO MANY, EXPRESA LA IDEA DE GRAN CANTIDAD Y ES UTILIZADO
SOBRETODO EN FRASES NEGATIVAS E INTERROGATIVAS. LA DIFERENCIA
CON MANY ES QUE USAMOS MUCH SLO CON NOMBRES INCONTABLES
EN SINGULAR. SE PUEDE USAR MUCH EN FRASES AFIRMATIVAS, AUNQUE
SERA MS FORMAL Y NO ES TAN COMN.

EJEMPLOS:

FRASE NEGATIVA:

THERE IS NOT MUCH TIME . (NO HAY MUCHO TIEMPO.)

FRASE INTERROGATIVA:

HOW MUCH MONEY DOES HE HAVE? (CUNTO DINERO TIENE?)

FRASE AFIRMATIVA:

WE HAVE MUCH TO DO! (TENEMOS MUCHO QUE HACER!)

COMO MANY TAMBIN SE PUEDE COMBINAR CON TOO O SO PARA EXP
RESAR LA IDEA DE CANTIDAD EXCESIVA O UN PUNTO DE VISTA SOBRE UNA
CANTIDAD.

EJEMPLOS:

THERE IS TOO MUCH WORK . (HAY DEMASIADO TRABAJO.)

WE HAVE SO MUCH WORK TO DO! (TENEMOS TANTO TRABAJO QUE H
ACER!)
SOME
SIGNIFICADO: ALGUNOS, UNOS
USO: SE UTILIZA TANTO PARA LOS NOMBRES O SUSTANTIVOS INCONTABLE
S COMO PARA LOS NOMBRES O SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES EN PLURAL. SE
USA EN FRASES AFIRMATIVAS E INTERROGATIVAS (PARA AFIRMAR ALGO);
SE SUSTITUYE ANY EN FRASES NEGATIVAS O INTERROGATIVAS. SIGNIFIC
A UNA CANTIDAD INDEFINIDA, PERO LIMITADA.

EJEMPLOS:

FRASE AFIRMATIVA/NOMBRE CONTABLE:

SHE HAS SOME APPLES. (TIENE ALGUNAS MANZANAS.)

FRASE AFIRMATIVA/NOMBRE INCONTABLE:

THERE IS SOME MILK IN THE KITCHEN. (HAY LECHE EN LA COCINA.)

FRASE INTERROGATIVA/NOMBRE CONTABLE:

ARE THERE SOME TOURISTS? (HAY UNOS TURISTAS?)

FRASE INTERROGATIVA/NOMBRE INCONTABLE:

WOULD YOU LIKE SOME COFFEE? (QUIERES CAF?)

ANY

SIGNIFICADO: ALGUNOS, NINGUNO

USO: SE UTILIZA EN LOS MISMOS CONTEXTOS QUE SOME, PERO EN FRAS
ES NEGATIVAS O INTERROGATIVAS.

EJEMPLOS:

FRASE NEGATIVA/NOMBRE CONTABLE:

I DO NOT HAVE ANY CATS. (NO TENGO NINGN GATO.)

FRASE NEGATIVA/NOMBRE INCONTABLE:

HE DOES NOT HAVE ANY MONEY. (NO TIENE DINERO.)

FRASE INTERROGATIVA/NOMBRE CONTABLE:

ARE THERE ANY CHANGES? (HAY ALGUNOS CAMBIOS?)

FRASE INTERROGATIVA/NOMBRE INCONTABLE:

IS THERE ANY MILK? (HAY LECHE?)

NO, NONE

SIGNIFICADO: NO, NINGUNO

USO: A DIFERENCIA DE LA PARTCULA NO, NONE SE PUEDE UTILIZAR SIN
IR ACOMPAADO DE UN NOMBRE, CONTABLE O INCONTABLE. POR TANTO
ACOSTUMBRA A IR AL FINAL DE LA FRASE Y COMO NICA RESPUESTA A UN
A PREGUNTA QUE HAGA REFERENCIA A CANTIDADES.

EJEMPLOS:

NOMBRE CONTABLE:

HOW MANY PENCILS ARE THERE? NONE. (CUNTOS LPICES HAY?

NINGUNO.)
NOMBRE CONTABLE:

THERE ARE NO PENCILS. (NO HAY LPICES.)

NOMBRE INCONTABLE:

HOW MUCH MONEY DO YOU HAVE? NONE. (CUNTO DINERO TIENES

? NADA.)
NOMBRE INCONTABLE:
 I HAVE NO MONEY. (NO TENGO DINERO.)
A LOT OF/LOTS OF

SIGNIFICADO: MUCHO
USO: EXPRESAN IDEA DE GRAN CANTIDAD. SE PUEDE USAR CON NOMBRES
O SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES E INCONTABLES. A DIFERENCIA DE MANY Y
MUCH, NO LAS USAMOS EN FRASES INTERROGATIVAS. EN GENERAL, LOT
S OF ES MS INFORMAL.

EJEMPLOS:

NOMBRE CONTABLE:

HE HAS A LOT OF BOOKS. (TIENE MUCHOS LIBROS.)

NOMBRE CONTABLE:

HE DOES NOT HAVE A LOT OF BOOKS. (NO TIENE MUCHOS LIBROS.)

NOMBRE INCONTABLE:

I HAVE LOTS OF MONEY. (TENGO MUCHO DINERO.)

NOMBRE INCONTABLE:

I DO NOT HAVE A LOT OF MONEY. (NO TENGO MUCHO DINERO.)

LITTLE/A LITTLE

SIGNIFICADO: POCO/S
USO: EXPRESAN UNA CANTIDAD PEQUEA Y SE USAN SLO CON NOMBRE
S INCONTABLES. LA OPCIN DE USAR LITTLE O A LITTLE REFLEJA UNA O
PININ SOBRE LA CANTIDAD. SI USAS A LITTLE", SIGNIFICA UNA OPININ P
OSITIVA SOBRE LA CANTIDAD Y SI USAS LITTLE IMPLICA UNA OPININ NE
GATIVA.
EJEMPLOS:

FRASE INTERROGATIVA:

DO YOU HAVE A LITTLE MONEY? (TIENES UN POCO DE DINERO?)

FRASE AFIRMATIVA:

WE HAVE LITTLE TIME. (TENEMOS POCO TIEMPO.)

FEW/A FEW

SIGNIFICADO: POCO/S
USO: EXPRESAN UN NMERO PEQUEO. A FEW PUEDE INDICAR UN NME
RO SUFICIENTE. SE USAN SLO CON NOMBRES CONTABLES. COMO HEMOS
VISTO ARRIBA, LA OPCIN DE USAR FEW O A FEW REFLEJA LA OPININ
SOBRE LA CANTIDAD EXPRESADA. FEW DESCRIBE LA CANTIDAD DE FORM
A NEGATIVA Y A FEW" LA DESCRIBE DE FORMA POSITIVA.

EJEMPLOS:

FRASE INTERROGATIVA:

DO YOU HAVE A FEW DOLLARS? (TIENES UNOS DLARES?)

FRASE AFIRMATIVA:

THERE ARE FEW TOURISTS HERE TODAY. (HAY POCOS TURISTAS AQ

U HOY.)
 III UNIDAD
PRESENT PERFECT VS SIMPLE PAST

1. DESCRIBINS PEOPLE
HERE ARE SOME ENGLISH WORDS YOU CAN USE WHEN DESCRIBING
SOMEONE'S APPEARANCE OR PERSONALITY, AS WELL AS SOME WORDS
FOR DIFFERENT FEELINGS
ATTRACTIVE ATRACTIVO

BEAUTIFUL HERMOSO

GOOD-LOOKING GUAPO

HANDSOME GUAPO (PARA HOMBRES)

OLD VIEJO

PALE PLIDO

PLAIN POCO ATRACTIVO

PRETTY BONITO (PARA MUJERES)

TANNED BRONCEADO

UGLY FEO

UNATTRACTIVE POCO ATRACTIVO

YOUNG JOVEN

BABY-FACED CON CARA DE BEB

FRESH-FACED CON CARA FRESCA, JOVEN

PASTY-FACED CON CARA PLIDA

ROUND-FACED CON CARA REDONDA

STONE-FACED CON CARA DE PIEDRA (QUE NO

MUESTRA EMOCIONES)

THIN-FACED CON CARA DELGADA

SHORT BAJO

MEDIUM HEIGHT DE ESTATURA MEDIA

TALL ALTO

TINY PEQUEO

AVERAGE BUILD DE CONSTITUCIN MEDIA

FAT GORDO (DESPECTIVO)

MUSCULAR MUSCULOSO

OBESE OBESO
OVERWEIGHT GORDO, EXCEDIDO DE PESO

PLUMP REGORDETE

SKINNY FLACO

SLENDER ESBELTO

SLIM DELGADO

STOCKY CORPULENTO

STOUT CORPULENTO

THIN FLACO

WELL-BUILT FORNIDO

ELEGANT ELEGANTE

SCRUFFY DESALIADO

SMART ELEGANTE

UNTIDY-LOOKING DESALIADO

WELL-DRESSED BIEN VESTIDO

LONG HAIR CABELLO LARGO

SHORT HAIR CABELLO CORTO

STRAIGHT HAIR CABELLO LACIO

CURLY HAIR CABELLO RIZADO

DARK HAIR CABELLO OSCURO

LIGHT HAIR CABELLO CLARO

BLACK HAIR CABELLO NEGRO

BLOND HAIR CABELLO RUBIO

BROWN HAIR CABELLO CASTAO

FAIR HAIR CABELLO RUBIO

GREY HAIR CABELLO CON ALGUNAS CANAS

WHITE HAIR CANAS

REDHEAD PELIRROJO

RECEDING HAIR ENTRADAS (EN EL CABELLO)

BALD CALVO

BRAID TRENZA

BUN RODETE

PONYTAIL COLA (EN EL CABELLO)

BEARD BARBA

BIRTHMARK MARCA DE NACIMIENTO

BRACES APARATO DE ORTODONCIA

FRECKLE PECA
MOLE LUNAR

MOUSTACHE BIGOTE

SCAR CICATRIZ

SIDEBOARDS (GB), PATILLAS

SIDEBURNS (US)

TATTOO TATUAJE

WART VERRUGA

WRINKLE ARRUGA

2. MODIFIERS WITH PARTICIPLES AND PREPOSITIONS

ACTIVE VOICE (VERB) PASSIVE PARTICIPLE MODIFIER

VOICE (VERB)

A VERB IS THE PAST TENSE A PASSIVE A PARTICIPIAL

FOCUS ON THE ACTION. VERB FOCUSES MODIFIER COMPLEMENTS
ON THE THE VERB BE. THE
"PATIENT" . WITH OPTIONAL PREPOSITIONAL
THE BY-PHRASE, PHRASE ADDS ADDITIONAL
THE CLAUSE IS INFORMATION.
CLEARLY
PASSIVE.
WITHOUT THE
BY-PHRASE, THE
WORD FORM
COULD BE A
MODIFIER.
NP BY PHRASE VERB +
PREP EXPRESSION
THE HE WAS HE
QUESTION SURPRISED THE SURPRISED (BY WAS SURPRISED AT THE
PRESIDENT. THE QUESTION.) QUESTION. (WITH, BY)
THE HE WAS HE
RESPONSE CONFUSED THE CONFUSED (BY WAS CONFUSED BY THE
PRESIDENT. THE RESPONSE.) RESPONSE.
THE NEWS AMUSED THE HE WAS HE
PRESIDENT. AMUSED (BY WAS AMUSED WITH THE
THE NEWS.) NEWS. (WITH, BY)
HE ENTERTAINED THE THE PRESS WAS THE PRESS
PRESS. ENTERTAINED (B WAS ENTERTAINED BY TH
Y THE E PRESIDENT.
PRESIDENT.)
THE HE WAS HE
PROBLEM CONCERNED TH CONCERNED (BY WAS CONCERNED WITH TH
E PRESIDENT. THE PROBLEM.) E SITUATION. (OVER,
ABOUT)
THE HE WAS HE
SITUATION FRUSTRATED T FRUSTRATED (B WAS FRUSTRATED WITH T
HE PRESIDENT. Y THE HE SITUATION. (BY)
SITUATION.)

PARTICIPLE + PREPOSITION

VERB COMPLEMENTS

BE + PARTICIPLE + PREPOSITION

NOUN OR GERUND COMPLEMENT

SOME EXPRESSIONS WITH BE + PAST PARTICIPLE ARE FOLLOWED BY A

PARTICULAR PREPOSITION. THAT IS, THE SPEAKER TENDS TO USE ONE
PARTICULAR PREPOSITION AFTE RTHE EXPRESSION, WHICH IS USUALLY
FOLLOWED BY A NOUN PHRASE OR A GERUND CLAUSE.
PARTICIPLE + PREP NP / GER COMPLEMENT
THE PRESIDENT WAS SURPRISED FRED'S GESTURES. (NP)
AT
HIS GESTURING. (GER)

HE WAS AMUSED BY / WITH HIS STYLE OF SPEAKING.

HEARING HIS SPEECH PATTERNS.

HE WAS IMPRESSED WITH FRED'S TALENT.

HIS BEING SO TALENTED.

HE WAS ENTERTAINED BY THE COMEDIAN'S ROUTINE.

WATCHING HIS ROUTINE.

HE WAS PLEASED ABOUT THE CROWD'S RESPONSE.

THEIR RESPONDING WELL.
WH-CLAUSE COMPLEMENT

THE BE AND PAST PARTICIPLE EXPRESSION MAY ALSO BE FOLLOWED BY

A WH-CLAUSE (WHO, WHOM, WHO, WHERE, WHEN, HOW,
WHY).

PARTICIPLE + PREP WH-CLAUSE COMPLEMENT

THE PRESIDENT WAS SURPRISED HOW GOOD FRED WAS.
AT

HE WAS AMUSED BY / WITH WHAT FRED SAID.

HE WAS IMPRESSED WITH HOW TALENTED FRED WAS.

HE WAS ENTERTAINED BY HOW FRED'S ROUTINE.

HE WAS PLEASED ABOUT HOW THEY RESPONDED.

3. PRESENT PERFECT
FORMACIN DEL "PRESENT PERFECT"
EL "PRESENT PERFECT" DE CUALQUIER VERBO EST COMPUESTO POR
DOS ELEMENTOS: LA FORMA APROPIADA DEL VERBO AUXILIAR TO
HAVE (EN PRESENTE) Y EL "PAST PARTICIPLE" DEL VERBO PRINCIPAL. LA
FORMA DEL "PAST PARTICIPLE" DE UN VERBO REGULAR ES RAZ+ED,
E.G. PLAYED, ARRIVED, LOOKED. EN CUANTO A LOS VERBOS
IRREGULARES, CONSULTA LA TABLA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES DE LA
SECCIN 'VERBOS'.

AFIRMATIVA

SUJETO TO HAVE PAST PARTICIPLE

SHE HAS VISITED.

NEGATIVA

SUJETO TO HAVE + NOT PAST PARTICIPLE

SHE HAS NOT (HASN'T) VISITED.

INTERROGATIVA

TO HAVE SUJETO PAST PARTICIPLE

HAS SHE VISITED?

INTERROGATIVA NEGATIVA

TO HAVE + NOT SUJETO PAST PARTICIPLE

HASN'T SHE VISITED?

TO WALK, "PRESENT PERFECT"

AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA

I HAVE WALKED I HAVEN'T WALKED HAVE I WALKED?

YOU HAVE WALKED YOU HAVEN'T WALKED. HAVE YOU WALKED?

HE, SHE, IT HAS HE, SHE, HASN'T HAS HE, SHE, IT

WALKED WALKED WALKED?

WE HAVE WALKED WE HAVEN'T WALKED HAVE WE WALKED?

YOU HAVE WALKED YOU HAVEN'T WALKED HAVE YOU WALKED?

THEY HAVE WALKED THEY HAVEN'T WALKED HAVE THEY WALKED?

FUNCIONES DEL "PRESENT PERFECT"

EL "PRESENT PERFECT" SE EMPLEA PARA SEALAR UN VNCULO ENTRE EL
PRESENTE Y EL PASADO. EL TIEMPO EN QUE TRANSCURRE LA ACCIN
ES ANTERIOR AL PRESENTE PERO INESPECFICO Y, A MENUDO, RECAE UN
MAYOR INTERS SOBRE EL RESULTADO QUE SOBRE LA PROPIA ACCIN.
CUIDADO! PUEDE QUE, EN TU IDIOMA, EXISTA UN TIEMPO VERBAL CON
UNA ESTRUCTURA SIMILAR PERO ES PROBABLE QUE SU SIGNIFICADO NO
SEA EL MISMO.
EL "PRESENT PERFECT" SE UTILIZA PARA DESCRIBIR
UNA ACCIN O SITUACIN INICIADA EN EL PASADO Y QUE CONTINA
EN EL PRESENTE. I HAVE LIVED IN BRISTOL SINCE 1984 (= TODAVA
VIVO ALL.)
UNA ACCIN REALIZADA DURANTE UN PERIODO DE TIEMPO AN NO
CONCLUIDO. SHEHAS BEENTO THE CINEMA TWICE THIS WEEK (= LA
SEMANA TODAVA NO HA TERMINADO.)
UNA ACCIN REPETIDA EN UN PERIODO TEMPORAL INESPECFICO
SITUADO ENTRE EL PASADO Y EL PRESENTE. WE HAVE
VISITED PORTUGAL SEVERAL TIMES.
UNA ACCIN QUE HA CONCLUIDO EN UN PASADO MUY RECIENTE, LO
QUE SE INDICA MEDIANTE 'JUST'. I HAVE JUST FINISHED MY WORK.
UNA ACCIN PARA LA CUAL NO ES IMPORTANTE EL MOMENTO
PRECISO EN QUE ACONTECI. HE HAS READ 'WAR AND PEACE'. (= LO
RELEVANTE ES EL RESULTADO DE LA ACCIN)
NOTA: CUANDO QUEREMOS DAR O PEDIR INFORMACIN SOBRE CUNDO,
DNDE O QUIN, EMPLEAMOS EL "SIMPLE PAST". CONSULTA CMO ELEGIR
ENTRE EL "SIMPLE PAST" Y EL "PRESENT PERFECT".

3.1. ALREALY

ALREADY SE REFIERE A ALGO QUE HA PASADO ANTES O MS PRONTO DE

LO QUE SE ESPERABA Y ES TRADUCIDO COMO YA EN ESPAOL.
ALREADY GENERALMENTE VA ENTRE EL VERBO AUXILIAR Y EL VERBO.
EJEMPLOS:
THEY HAVE ALREADY FINISHED THEIR HOMEWORK. (YA HAN
ACABADO SUS DEBERES.)
JACOB HAS ALREADY LEFT WORK. (JACOB YA SE HA IDO DEL
TRABAJO.)
THE TRAIN HAS ALREADY ARRIVED. (EL TREN YA HA LLEGADO.)

3.2. YET
YET ES USADO PARA ALGO QUE ESPERAMOS QUE HUBIERA PASADO YA
PERO TODAVA NO HA PASADO. TENDEMOS A USARLO EN FRASES
NEGATIVAS E INTERROGATIVAS. EN FRASES NEGATIVAS PUEDE SER
TRADUCIDO COMO "AN" O TODAVA Y EN PREGUNTAS COMO YA. EN
CONTRASTE CON LOS OTROS ADVERBIOS DE ESTA LECCIN, YET VA AL
FINAL DE LA FRASE.

EJEMPLOS:
IM REALLY HUNGRY. I HAVENT EATEN YET. (TENGO MUCHA HAMBRE.
TODAVA NO HE COMIDO.)
JACOB HASNT LEFT HIS JOB AT THE HOSPITAL YET. (JACOB TODAVA NO
SE HA IDO DE SU TRABAJO EN EL HOSPITAL.)
HAVE THEY FINISHED THEIR HOMEWORK YET? (YA HAN TERMINADO
SUS DEBERES?)
HAS THE TRAIN ARRIVED YET? (YA HA LLEGADO EL TREN?)

3.3. REGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES

A PAST PARTICIPLE (EL PARTICIPIO) IS A VERY USEFUL FORM OF A VERB

WHICH CAN FUNCTION AS AN ADJECTIVE, A PREDICATIVE, OR AS A VERB IN
CONJUNCTION WITH HABER TO FORM THE PERFECT TENSES.
REGULAR PAST PARTICIPLE FORMS

TO FORM THE PAST PARTICIPLE OF REGULAR VERBS, DROP THE INFINITIVE

ENDING (-AR, -ER, -IR) AND ADD -ADO TO THE STEM OF -AR VERBS AND -
IDO TO THE STEM OF -ER AND -IR VERBS. THIS IS EQUIVALENT TO ADDING -
ED TO MANY VERBS IN ENGLISH.

HOW TO FORM THE REGULAR PAST PARTICIPLE

INFINITIVESTEM PAST PARTICIPLE
-AR VERBSHABLAR HABL-HABLADO
-ER VERBS TENER TEN- TENIDO
-IR VERBS VIVIR VIV- VIVIDO

PAST PARTICIPLE USES

1. THE PERFECT TENSES

SEE THE PERFECT TENSE REFERENCES FOR A FULL EXPLANATION,

EXAMPLES, AND IRREGULARS. THIS IS THE MOST COMMON USE OF THE
PAST PARTICIPLE AND DESCRIBES WHAT A PERSON HAS DONE IN MOST
CASES. THERE ARE PERFECT TENSES FOR ALL TENSES IN SPANISH
(PRESENT PERFECT, PAST PERFECT, PRETERITE PERFECT, FUTURE
PERFECT, CONDITIONAL PERFECT, PRESENT PERFECT
SUBJUNCTIVE, PAST PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE, AND FUTURE PERFECT
SUBJUNCTIVE.)
PERFECT TENSE FORMULA
HABER + PAST PARTICIPLE

HAS VIAJADO MUCHO A URUGUAY? (HAVE YOU TRAVELED A LOT TO

URUGUAY?)
HABR LEDO TODOS SUS LIBROS. (I WILL HAVE READ ALL OF HIS
BOOKS.)

2. AS AN ADJECTIVE

PAST PARTICIPLES THAT ARE USED AS ADJECTIVES MUST AGREE IN

GENDER AND NUMBER TO THE NOUNS THEY MODIFY.

ME ENCANTAN LOS HUEVOS REVUELTOS. (I LOVE SCRAMBLED EGGS.)

SALIMOS POR LA PUERTA ABIERTA. (WE LEFT THROUGH
THE OPEN DOOR.)

3. AS A PREDICATIVE ADJECTIVE

WHEN USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH A LINKING VERB (SER, ESTAR,

PARECER), PAST PARTICIPLES ACT AS PREDICATIVE ADJECTIVES.
FUNCTIONING AS ADJECTIVES, THEY MUST AGREE WITH THE NOUNS THEY
MODIFY IN GENDER AND NUMBER.

MI NOVELA FAVORITA FUE ESCRITA POR GABRIEL GARCA

MRQUEZ. (MY FAVORITE NOVEL WAS WRITTEN BY GABRIEL GARCA
MRQUEZ.)
LAS PUERTAS ESTN CERRADAS. (THE DOORS ARE CLOSED.)
ESTA MANZANA PARECE PODRIDA. (THIS APPLE SEEMS ROTTEN.)

3.4. IRREGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES

MOST PAST PARTICIPLES ARE FORMED BY SIMPLY REMOVING THE LAST

TWO LETTERS OF THE INFINITIVE AND ADDING -ADO FOR -AR VERBS AND -
IDO FOR -ER AND -IR VERBS
BUT OF COURSE THERE ARE A SOME IRREGULARS!
I LIKE TO THINK OF THEM AS THE "CHOSEN TOES" BECAUSE THEY END
EITHER IN "-CHO" OR "STO/TO".

"CHO" INFINITIVES PAST PARTICIPLE ENGLISH MEANING

DECIR DICHO SAID
 HACER HECHO DONE, MADE

DESHACER DESHECHO UNDONE

REHACER REHECHO REDONE

"STO" INFINITIVES PAST PARTICIPLE ENGLISH MEANING

PONER PUESTO PUT, PLACED
VER VISTO SEEN

"TO" INFINITIVES PAST PARTICIPLE ENGLISH MEANING

ABRIR ABIERTO OPENED

CUBRIR CUBIERTO COVERED

DESCUBRIR DESCUBIERTO DISCOVERED
ESCRIBIR ESCRITO WRITTEN

MORIR MUERTO [HAS] DIED, [IS] DEAD

(ADJECTIVE)
ROMPER ROTO BROKEN

AND A THERE ARE A COUPLE OF FUNKY "SO" VERBS:

APRESAR PRESO IMPRISONED
IMPRIMIR IMPRESO PRINTED

SOME PAST PARTICIPLES NEED ACCENT MARKS BECAUSE THEY

ARE ER OR IR VERBS WHICH HAVE STEMS ENDING IN A VOWEL.

THESE PAST PARTICIPLES ARE FORMED ACCORDING TO THE REGULAR

PATTERN BUT NEED AN ACCENT MARK ON THE POODLE "I" TO KEEP
THE "I" SOUND OF "IDO." WITHOUT AN ACCENT MARK, THE "I" WOULD FORM
A DIPTHONG WITH THE STRONGER VOWEL.

INFINITIVE PAST PARTICIPLE ENGLISH MEANING

CAER CADO FALLEN
CREER CREDO BELIEVED
LEER LEDO READ

OR ODO HEARD
TRAER TRADO BROUGHT
4. PRESENT PERFECT VS SIMPLE PAST
SE UTILIZA EL PASADO SIMPLE PARA ACCIONES QUE HAN TERMINADO EN
EL PASADO, INCLUSO SI HAN OCURRIDO EN UN PASADO RECIENTE. CON EL
PRESENTE PERFECTO LA ACCIN EST RELACIONADA CON EL PRESENTE.
EJEMPLOS:
EL PASADO SIMPLE:
DID YOU EAT BREAKFAST THIS MORNING? (SIGNIFICA: LA MAANA YA HA
TERMINADO.)
I HAD THREE EXAMS THIS WEEK. (SIGNIFICA: COMO EN EL EJEMPLO
ANTERIOR, EL USO DEL PASADO SIMPLE SIGNIFICA QUE ESTA SEMANA
ACABA DE TERMINAR.)
EL PRESENTE PERFECTO:
HAVE YOU EATEN BREAKFAST YET THIS MORNING? (SIGNIFICA: LA MAANA
AN NO HA TERMINADO.)
I HAVE HAD THREE EXAMS ALREADY THIS WEEK. (SIGNIFICA: COMO ANTES,
EL USO DEL PRESENTE PERFECTO IMPLICA QUE ESTA SEMANA AN NO HA
TERMINADO.)
RECUERDA TAMBIN QUE USAMOS EL PRESENTE PERFECTO PARA
ACCIONES EN UN TIEMPO EN EL PASADO NO ESPECFICO. SI QUIERES
LIMITAR EL TIEMPO DE LAS ACCIONES EN UN PERODO, PODEMOS USAR
EXPRESIONES DE TIEMPO COMO LAST YEAR.
EJEMPLOS:
EL PASADO SIMPLE:

I WENT TO CUBA LAST YEAR. (FUI A CUBA EL AO PASADO.)

THEY SAW A MOVIE YESTERDAY. (VIERON UNA PELCULA AYER.)
EL PRESENTE PERFECTO:
I HAVE BEEN TO CUBA IN THE LAST YEAR. (HE ESTADO EN CUBA ESTE
LTIMO AO.)
THEY HAVE SEEN A MOVIE. (ELLOS HAN VISTO UNA PELICULA.)

THEY HAVE SEEN A MOVIE YESTERDAY.

4.1. FOR AND SINCE

EMPLEANDO EL "PRESENT PERFECT" PODEMOS DEFINIR UN PERIODO DE
TIEMPO ANTERIOR AL MOMENTO PRESENTE, CONSIDERANDO BIEN
SU DURACIN, CASO EN EL QUE UTILIZAMOS "FOR" + PERIODO
TEMPORAL,, O BIEN SU INICIO O PUNTO DE PARTIDA, CASO EN EL QUE
UTILIZAMOS "SINCE" + MOMENTO CONCRETO. "FOR" Y "SINCE" PUEDEN
ASIMISMO EMPLEARSE CON EL "PAST PERFECT". "SINCE" ADMITE
NICAMENTE TIEMPOS VERBALES PERFECTOS. "FOR" PUEDE TAMBIN
EMPLEARSE CON EL "SIMPLE PAST".

"FOR" + PERIODO DE TIEMPO

FOR SIX YEARS, FOR A WEEK, FOR A MONTH, FOR HOURS, FOR TWO
HOURS
I HAVE WORKED HERE FOR FIVE YEARS.

"SINCE" + MOMENTO CONCRETO

SINCE THIS MORNING, SINCE LAST WEEK, SINCE YESTERDAY
SINCE I WAS A CHILD, SINCE WEDNESDAY, SINCE 2 O'CLOCK
I HAVE WORKED HERE SINCE 1990.

"PRESENT PERFECT" CON "FOR"

SHE HAS LIVED HERE FOR TWENTY YEARS.
WE HAVE TAUGHT AT THIS SCHOOL FOR A LONG TIME.
ALICE HAS BEEN MARRIED FORTHREE MONTHS.
THEY HAVE BEEN AT THE HOTEL FOR A WEEK.

"PRESENT PERFECT" CON "SINCE"

SHE HAS LIVED HERE SINCE 1980.
WE HAVE TAUGHT AT THIS SCHOOL SINCE 1965.
ALICE HAS BEEN MARRIED SINCE MARCH 2ND.
THEY HAVE BEEN AT THE HOTEL SINCE LAST TUESDAY

5. ADVERBS BEFORE ADJECTIVES

LOS ADVERBIOS SON PALABRAS QUE NO TIENEN GNERO NI NMERO Y
NO CONCUERDAN CON LA ESTRUCTURA SINTCTICA, LA FUNCIN DE
STOS ES PROPORCIONAR INFORMACIN O EN ALGUNOS CASOS
MODIFICAR EL SIGNIFICADO DE LOS VERBOS, ADJETIVOS Y AN DE
ADVERBIOS.
EL ADJETIVO QUEDA EN SU FORMA ORIGINAL, NO IMPORTANDO EL
GNERO AL CUAL SE LE EST HACIENDO REFERENCIA, SOLAMENTE SE LE
AGREGA EL SUFIJO "MENTE". ESTO ES SLO PARA STE TIPO DE
ADVERBIOS Y TAMBIN SI EL ADJETIVO LLEVA TILDE, LA CONSERVA.
CONJUNCTIONS

LAS CONJUNCIONES SON LAS PALABRAS QUE USAMOS PARA UNIR DOS O
MS FRASES O DOS PALABRAS DENTRO DE LA MISMA FRASE. LAS
CONJUNCIONES MS COMUNES EN INGLS SON: AND (Y), BUT (PERO), OR
(O), NOR (NI), FOR (YA QUE).
EJEMPLO
WE EAT AT HOME AND WORK IN THE OFFICE.
COMEMOS EN CASA Y TRABAJAMOS EN LA OFICINA

6. CONJUNCTIONS (LINKING WORDS)

COMES USUALLY IN THE MIDDLE OF A SENTENCE, AND A COMMA IS
USED BEFORE THE CONJUNCTION (UNLESS BOTH CLAUSES ARE VERY
SHORT). THEY JOIN INDIVIDUAL WORDS, PHRASES, AND INDEPENDENT
CLAUSES.
WHEREAS COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS JOIN PARTS OF A
'SENTENCE', THE PURPOSE OF TRANSITIONAL WORDS AND PHRASES
USUALLY IS TO JOIN TWO 'SENTENCES'.
EXAMPLES:
LESSONS FROM THE PAST, BUT WE CANNOT LIVE IN IT. [LYNDON B.
JOHNSON]
THE PURPOSE OF MOST COMPUTER LANGUAGES IS TO LENGTHEN YOUR
RESUME BY A WORD AND A COMMA. [LARRY WALL]

AND, BUT, FOR, NOR, OR, SO, AND YET ARE THE SEVEN
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS. TO REMEMBER THEM, THE
ACRONYM FANBOYS CAN BE USED.
1. F = FOR
2. A = AND
3. N = NOR
4. B = BUT
5. O = OR
6. Y = YET
7. S = SO
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

ALSO CALLED SUBORDINATORS, INTRODUCE A DEPENDENT CLAUSE.

THESE ADVERBS THAT ACT LIKE CONJUNCTIONS ARE PLACED AT THE
FRONT OF THE CLAUSE - AND A COMMA IS NEEDED AT THE END OF THE
ADVERBIAL PHRASE WHEN IT PRECEDES THE MAIN CLAUSE.
EXAMPLES:
IF THE ONLY TOOL YOU HAVE IS A HAMMER, YOU TEND TO SEE EVERY
PROBLEM AS A NAIL. [ABRAHAM MASLOW]
SOME PEOPLE MAKE HEADLINES WHILE OTHERS MAKE HISTORY. [PHILIP
ELMER-DEWITT]

CONJUNCTIONS CONCESSION
THOUGH
ALTHOUGH
EVEN THOUGH
WHILE
CONJUNCTIONS CONDITION
IF
ONLY IF
UNLESS
UNTIL
PROVIDED THAT
ASSUMING THAT
EVEN IF
IN CASE (THAT)
LEST
CONJUNCTIONS COMPARISON
THAN
RATHER THAN
WHETHER
AS MUCH AS
WHEREAS
CONJUNCTIONS TIME
AFTER
AS LONG AS
AS SOON AS
BEFORE
BY THE TIME
NOW THAT
 ONCE
SINCE
TILL
UNTIL
WHEN
WHENEVER
WHILE

CONJUNCTIONS REASON
BECAUSE
SINCE
SO THAT
IN ORDER (THAT)
WHY
RELATIVE ADJECTIVE
THAT
WHAT
WHATEVER
WHICH
WHICHEVER

RELATIVE PRONOUN
WHO
WHOEVER
WHOM
WHOMEVER
WHOSE

CONJUNCTIONS MANNER
HOW
AS THOUGH
AS IF
CONJUNCTIONS PLACE
WHERE
WHEREVER

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
THEY ARE ALWAYS USED IN PAIRS AND DENOTE EQUALITY; AND SHOW
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IDEAS EXPRESSED IN DIFFERENT PARTS
OF A SENTENCE - AND THUS MAKE THE JOINING TIGHTER AND MORE
EMPHATIC. WHEN JOINING SINGULAR AND PLURAL SUBJECTS, THE
SUBJECT CLOSEST TO THE VERB DETERMINES WHETHER THE VERB IS
SINGULAR OR PLURAL.

AS . . . AS
JUST AS . . . SO
BOTH . . . AND
HARDLY . . . WHEN
SCARCELY . . . WHEN
EITHER . . . OR
NEITHER . . . NOR

IF . . . THEN
NOT . . . BUT
WHAT WITH . . . AND
WHETHER . . . OR
NOT ONLY . . . BUT ALSO
NO SOONER . . . THAN
RATHER . . . THAN

7. MODAL VERBS

LOS VERBOS MODALES SON VERBOS AUXILIARES QUE NO PUEDEN

FUNCIONAR COMO UN VERBO PRINCIPAL, A DIFERENCIA DE LOS VERBOS
AUXILIARES BE, DO Y HAVE QUE S PUEDEN FUNCIONAR COMO UN
VERBO PRINCIPAL.

LOS VERBOS MODALES EXPRESAN MODALIDAD. PUEDEN EXPRESAR

HABILIDAD, POSIBILIDAD, NECESIDAD U OTRA CONDICIN. SON VERBOS
AUXILIARES DEL FUTURO Y DEL CONDICIONAL. LOS TIEMPOS VERBALES
INGLESES NO SON SUFICIENTES PARA EXPRESAR IDEAS DE POSIBILIDAD O
INCERTIDUMBRE. NO EXISTE UN TIEMPO VERBAL DEL CONDICIONAL EN
INGLS. A LA VEZ, SE USAN VERBOS AUXILIARES PARA EL CONDICIONAL.
TAMPOCO HAY UN TIEMPO VERBAL COMO EL SUBJUNTIVO EN ESPAOL.
POR ESO, ES MUY IMPORTANTE ENTENDER LOS USOS DE LOS VERBOS
MODALES.

COMO VERBOS COMPLEMENTARIOS QUE SON, LOS VERBOS MODALES NO

FUNCIONAN SIN OTRO VERBO. ESTE OTRO VERBO SIEMPRE VA DESPUS
DEL VERBO MODAL Y EST EN LA FORMA DE BASE (EL INFINITIVO SIN TO).
NO SE CONJUGAN LOS VERBOS MODALES Y NO TIENEN TIEMPO.

LOS VERBOS MODALES SON:

CAN
COULD
MAY
MIGHT
WILL
SHALL
SHOULD
OUGHT TO
MUST/HAVE TO
WOULD

7.1. CAN

CAN INDICA HABILIDAD O POSIBILIDAD. EN ESTOS CASOS PUEDE SER

TRADUCIDO COMO PODER EN ESPAOL

.EJEMPLOS:
I CAN SPEAK FIVE LANGUAGES. (PUEDO HABLAR CINCO IDIOMAS.)
WE CAN WORK LATE TONIGHT IF YOU NEED US. (PODEMOS TRABAJAR
HASTA TARDE ESTA NOCHE SI NOS NECESITAS.)
BILL AND TOM CANT HELP YOU. (BILL Y TOM NO PUEDEN AYUDARTE.)
THE RESTAURANT CAN BE EXPENSIVE IF YOU DRINK A LOT OF WINE. (EL
RESTAURANTE PUEDE SER CARO SI BEBES MUCHO VINO.)
IT CAN BE DANGEROUS TO DRIVE IF YOU ARE TIRED. (CONDUCIR PUEDE
SER PELIGROSO SI ESTS CANSADO.)

EN FRASES INTERROGATIVAS, EL USO DE CAN PUEDE SOLICITAR

PERMISO O PREGUNTAR SOBRE POSIBILIDADES. EJEMPLOS:
CAN I HAVE A GLASS OF WATER? (PUEDO TOMAR UN VASO DE AGUA?)
CAN YOU HELP ME? (PUEDES AYUDARME?)
CAN THEY WORK LATE TONIGHT? (PUEDEN TRABAJAR HASTA TARDE
 ESTA NOCHE?)

7.2. SHOULD

USAMOS 'SHOULD' PARA EXPRESAR GRADO DE POSIBILIDAD O

PROBABILIDAD, AS COMO TAMBIN PARA OBLIGACIN DBIL. SIGNIFICA:
DEBERA, TENDRA QUE. I SHOULD STUDY.

I SHOULD - DEBERA / TENDRA QUE

AFIRMATIVO

YOU SHOULD TELL MISS BAKER THE TRUTH.

DEBERAS DECIRLE LA VERDAD A LA SEORITA BAKER.
WE SHOULD GO TO SLEEP.
DEBERAMOS IR A DORMIR.

NEGATIVO

YOU SHOULD NOT SAY THAT.

NO DEBERAS DECIR ESO.
NICK SHOULDN'T BE WORKING.
NICK NO DEBERA ESTAR TRABAJANDO.
IT SHOULDN'T TAKE LONG.
(ESTO) NO DEBERA TARDAR MUCHO.

INTERROGATIVO

SHOULD I WRITE MAGGIE A LETTER?

DEBERA YO ESCRIBIRLE UNA CARTA A MAGGIE?
SHOULD WE WORRY?
DEBERAMOS PREOCUPARNOS?

UNIDAD IV

1. SO, TOO, NEITHER AND EITHER

PARA EXPRESAR ACUERDO EN INGLS (YO TAMBIN/YO TAMPOCO) CON
ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS USAMOS (TOO/SO) Y PARA LAS NEGATIVAS
USAMOS(TAMPOCO = EITHER/NEITHER)..

EXPRESANDO ACUERDO

CON ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS - AFFIRMATIVE (TOO/SO)

A: "I'M AFRAID OF SPIDERS." - LE TENGO MIEDO A LAS ARAAS
B: "SO AM I." OR "ME TOO." - YO TAMBIN
 A: "I MUST HURRY, IT'S LATE ALREADY" - DEBO APURARME, YA ES
TARDE
B: "OH, GOSH! SO MUST I." - OH, DIOS MO! YO TAMBIN.
A: "YOU LOOK GOOD." - TE VES BIEN.
B: "SO DO YOU." OR "YOU TOO." - T TAMBIN.
A: "MARK LIVES IN THE SUBURBS." - MARK VIVE EN LOS SUBURBIOS.
B: "SO DOES JANE." - JANE TAMBIN.
A: "WE FORGOT TO BRING OUR UMBRELLAS." - OLVIDAMOS TRAER
LOS PARAGUAS.
B: "SO DID WE." - NOSOTROS TAMBIN.
A: "MY CHILD WAS SICK YESTERDAY." - MI HIJO ESTUVO ENFERMO
AYER.
B: "SO WAS MINE." - EL MO TAMBIN.

MS EJEMPLOS CON ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS:

I AM HUNGRY, AND SO ARE YOU. / YOU ARE TOO.
TENGO HAMBRE Y T TAMBIN.
MY WIFE IS A LAWYER, AND SO AM I. / I AM TOO.
MI ESPOSA ES ABOGADA Y YO TAMBIN.
SHE WAS HERE YESTERDAY, AND SO WAS HE. / HE WAS TOO.
ELLA ESTUVO AQU AYER Y L TAMBIN.
I CAN SWIM, AND SO CAN MY BROTHER. / MY BROTHER CAN TOO.
PUEDO NADAR Y MI HERMANO TAMBIN.
I SHOULD STUDY MORE, AND SO SHOULD YOU. / YOU SHOULD TOO.
YO DEBERA ESTUDIAR MS Y T TAMBIN.
THEY WILL GO TO THE MOVIES, AND SO WILL I. / I WILL TOO.
ELLOS IRN AL CINE Y YO TAMBIN.
SUSAN STUDIES GERMAN, AND SO DOES MARY. / MARY DOES TOO.
SUSAN ESTUDIA ALEMN Y MARY TAMBIN.
JOHN CLEANED THE HOUSE, AND SO DID HIS WIFE. / HIS WIFE DID
TOO.
JOHN LIMPI LA CASA Y SU ESPOSA TAMBIN.
THEY HAVE GONE OUT, AND SO HAS THEIR SON. / THEIR SON HAS
TOO.
ELLOS HAN SALIDO Y SU HIJO TAMBIN.

CON ORACIONES NEGATIVAS - TAMPOCO (EITHER/NEITHER)

A: "I DON'T HAVE ANY FREE TIME."
- NO TENGO TIEMPO LIBRE.
B: "NEITHER DO I." OR "NOR DO I." OR "I DON'T EITHER." OR "ME
NEITHER."
- YO TAMPOCO.
A: "WE DON'T SMOKE." - NO FUMAMOS.
B: "NEITHER DOES HE." OR "NOR DOES HE." - L TAMPOCO.
 A: "MY HUSBAND WASN'T VERY HAPPY WHEN I WENT SHOPPING."
- MI MARIDO NO ESTUVO MUY CONTENTO CUANDO FUI DE COMPRAS.
B: "NEITHER WAS MINE."
- EL MO TAMPOCO.
A: "THEY COULDN'T SLEEP LAST NIGHT." - NO PUDIERON DORMIR
ANOCHE.
B: "NEITHER COULD I." - YO TAMPOCO.
A: "I CAN'T SPEAK FRENCH." - NO HABLO FRANCS.
B: "NOR CAN WE. NOSOTROS TAMPOCO.
A: "DAVID WON'T COME TO THE PARTY." - DAVID NO VENDR A LA
FIESTA.
B: "NEITHER WILL JOHN." - JOHN TAMPOCO.

MS EJEMPLOS CON ORACIONES NEGATIVAS:

I AM NOT TIRED, AND NEITHER ARE MY FRIENDS. / MY FRIENDS ARE
NOT EITHER.
NO ESTOY CANSADO Y MIS AMIGOS TAMPOCO.
I CAN'T PLAY CHESS, AND NEITHER CAN YOU. / YOU CAN'T EITHER.
NO S JUGAR AL AJEDREZ Y T TAMPOCO.
THEY WON'T ATTEND THE CONCERT, AND NEITHER WILL I. / I WON'T
EITHER.
NO IRN AL RECITAL Y YO TAMPOCO.
I DON'T LIKE NOVELS, AND NEITHER DOES MY GIRLFRIEND. / MY
GIRLFRIEND DOESN'T EITHER.
NO ME GUSTAN LAS NOVELAS Y A MI NOVIA TAMPOCO.
JACK DIDN'T BRING ANYTHING, AND NEITHER DID HIS SISTER. / HIS
SISTER DIDN'T EITHER.
JACK NO TRAJO NADA Y SU HERMANA TAMPOCO.
SHE HAS NOT SEEN THAT FILM YET, AND NEITHER HAS HER
BOYFRIEND. / HER BOYFRIEND HASN'T EITHER.
ELLA NO HA VISTO LA PELCULA AN Y SU NOVIO TAMPOCO.
THEY DON'T HAVE MONEY, AND NEITHER DO WE. / WE DON'T EITHER.
NO TIENEN DINERO Y NOSOTROS TAMPOCO.
BILL HADN'T BEEN THERE, AND NEITHER HAD HIS FAMILY. / HIS
FAMILY HADN'T EITHER.
BILL NO HABA ESTADO ALL Y SU FAMILIA TAMPOCO.

2 MODAL VERBS WOULD AND WILL FOR REQUEST

3 COMPARATIVE WITH ADJECTIVE
4 WHAT ARE COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES?
5 COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES COMPARE TWO THINGS, PEOPLE, OR
PLACES UNLIKE POSITIVE ADJECTIVES WHICH STAND ALONE AND DO
NOT MAKE COMPARISONS BETWEEN NOUNS. FREQUENTLY, THE
WORD THAN ACCOMPANIES THE COMPARATIVE BUT NOT ALWAYS.
6 PAUL IS TALLER THAN JOHN.
7 THE TALLER BOY IS PAUL.
 8 FORMING COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES
9 IN SOME CASES THE COMPARATIVE IS FORMED BY ADDING THE
SUFFIX ER TO A ONE SYLLABLE ADJECTIVE. SOMETIMES TWO
SYLLABLE WORDS BECOME COMPARATIVE WITH AN ER SUFFIX AS
WELL. AT OTHER TIMES THE WORDS MORE OR LESS PRECEDE A
TWO OR THREE SYLLABLE ADJECTIVE TO SHOW DEGREES OF
COMPARISON. HOWEVER, ITS NOT ACCEPTABLE TO DO BOTH. IN
OTHER WORDS, ITS POOR GRAMMAR TO SAY PAUL IS MORE TALLER
THAN JOHN, OR LESS TALLER THAN MICHAEL.

10 EXAMPLES OF COMPARATIVE
ADJECTIVES
11 THE FOLLOWING ARE A FEW EXAMPLES OF HOW COMPARATIVE
ADJECTIVES ARE USED IN SENTENCES.
12 STELLA IS A SMALLER DOG THAN BRUNO SO SHE USUALLY LOSES THE
FIGHT OVER DOG TREATS. (STELLA IS COMPARED TO BRUNO.)
13 WE ORDERED A BIGGER CAKE THAN USUAL IN CASE UNEXPECTED GUESTS
CAME TO THE PARTY. (THE PRESENT CAKE IS COMPARED TO THE CAKE
THEY USUALLY ORDER.)
14 TREY IS MORE HANDSOME THAN ANY MOVIE STAR IVE EVER SEEN. (TREY
IS COMPARED TO A MOVIE STAR.)
15 SUSAN IS A KIND PERSON BUT SHE IS LESS COMPASSIONATE THAN LINDA.
(SUSAN IS COMPARED TO LINDA.)
16 THE SPRING GARDEN WAS LOVELIER THAN THE FALL DISPLAY OF
FLOWERS.
17 TODAY FEELS COOLER THAN YESTERDAYS SWELTERING TEMPERATURE.
18 VENUS IS BRIGHTER THAN PLUTO.
19 FREDAS RED HAIR IS CURLIER THAN BETHS.
20 I WAS MORE EMBARRASSED THAN CAROL ABOUT THE TEST SCORES.
21 HERE IS A LIST OF SOME COMMON ADJECTIVES AND THEIR
COMPARATIVE FORMS:

ANGRY ANGRIER ANXIOUS MORE ANXIOUS

BEAUTIFUL MORE BEAUTIFUL BRAVE BRAVER

BRIGHT BRIGHTER BROAD BROADER

CALM CALMER COLD COLDER

COOL COOLER CURLY CURLIER

DIRTY DIRTIER DRY DRIER

DULL DULLER EARLIER EARLIER

EMBARRASSED MORE EVIL MORE EVIL

EMBARRASSED

FINE FINER FRIENDLY FRIENDLIER

FRESH FRESHER HAPPY HAPPIER

HARD HARDER HOT HOTTER

IMMENSE MORE IMMENSE LONG LONGER

LOVELY LOVELIER NERVOUS MORE NERVOUS

ODD- ODDER OLD OLDER

PERFECT MORE PERFECT QUICK QUICKER

RICH RICHER SMART SMARTER

SWEET SWEETER THIN THINNER

22 AS YOU CAN SEE, NOT ALL COMMON ADJECTIVES ARE MADE

COMPARATIVE BY ADDING THE SUFFIX -ER. THE EXAMPLES ABOVE
SHOW CASES WHERE YOU HAVE TO USE THE WORDS MORE OR LESS
TO CREATE THE COMPARATIVE FORM. NOW, THERE IS JUST ONE
MORE RULE TO CONSIDER
23 IRREGULAR FORMS
24 SOME ADJECTIVES HAVE IRREGULAR FORMS IN THE COMPARATIVE
DEGREE, MEANING THEY DONT HAVE A SUFFIX ER NOR DO THEY
NEED THE WORDS MORE OR LESS. THE COMPARATIVE FORMS OF
THESE ADJECTIVES ARE TOTALLY DIFFERENT WORDS.

GOOD BETTER LITTLE LESS

BAD WORSE FAR FARTHER

MUCH MORE

25 RECOGNIZING AND CHOOSING COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES REALLY

ISNT DIFFICULT. JUST REMEMBER THEY ARE USED TO COMPARE
TWO OBJECTS, PEOPLE, OR PLACES, THEY ARE CREATED BY ADDING
THE SUFFIX -ER TO THE POSITIVE FORM OF A ONE-SYLLABLE
ADJECTIVE OR THEY ARE HAVE THE WORD MORE OR LESS
PRECEDING THEM IF THE POSITIVE ADJECTIVE IS THREE SYLLABLES
OR MORE. BY KEEPING THESE SIMPLE RULES IN MIND PLUS
MEMORIZING A FEW IRREGULAR FORMS YOU CAN CONFIDENTLY
USE COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES IN YOUR WRITING.
4 QUESTIONS WITH HOW

COMMON QUESTIONS WITH HOW

'HOW' IS USED IN A NUMBER OF VARIOUS COMBINATIONS TO ASK
QUESTIONS. HERE ARE THE MOST COMMON COMBINATIONS FOLLOWED BY
A QUIZ TO TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE.

HOW OFTEN

'HOW OFTEN' IS USED TO ASK ABOUT THE FREQUENCY WITH WHICH

SOMEONE DOES SOMETHING.

EXAMPLE: HOW OFTEN DO THEY GO TO THE THEATRE?

HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE?

'HOW LONG' IS USED TO TIME ASK ABOUT THE DURATION OF AN ACTIVITY.

EXAMPLE: HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO GET TO CHICAGO BY PLANE?

HOW VARIOUS ADJECTIVES

'HOW' IS COMBINED WITH VARIOUS ADJECTIVES TO ASK DETAILED

INFORMATION ABOUT AN OBJECT.

EXAMPLE: HOW DEEP IS THE RIVER? - HOW WIDE IS THE PLATFORM?

HOW MUCH

'HOW MUCH' IS USED TO ASK ABOUT A SINGULAR, NON-COUNTABLE

QUANTITY. THE MOST COMMON QUESTION IS: HOW MUCH DOES IT COST?

EXAMPLE: HOW MUCH WATER IS IN THE BUCKET?

HOW MANY

'HOW MANY' IS USED TO ASK ABOUT PLURAL, COUNTABLE OBJECTS.

EXAMPLE: HOW MANY APPLES ARE THERE IN THE FRIDGE?

HOW ABOUT 'ING'

'HOW ABOUT ING' IS USED TO MAKE A SUGGESTION.

EXAMPLE: HOW ABOUT HAVING DINNER WITH ME TONIGHT?

HOW DO YOU VERB

'HOW DO YOU VERB' IS USED TO ASK ABOUT THE MANNER IN WHICH
SOMETHING IS DONE.

EXAMPLE: HOW DO YOU COOK RABBIT?

HOW DO YOU DO

THIS IS A FUNNY MANNER OF GREETING IN ENGLISH. IT IS ONLY USED THE

FIRST TIME YOU MEET SOMEONE AND IS RESPONDED TO WITH 'HOW DO
YOU DO' OR 'PLEASED TO MEET YOU.'

EXAMPLE: HOW DO YOU DO. - HOW DO YOU DO.

5 PRESENT CONTINUOUS VS GOING TO

GOING TO AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS

FUTURE PLAN

IN ADDITION TO THE SIMPLE FUTURE WE CAN TALK ABOUT FUTURE

EVENTS BY USING EITHER:

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS, OR

TO BE (IN THE SIMPLE PRESENT) + GOING TO +VERB.

THESE TWO FORMS ARE USED TO TALK ABOUT FUTURE PLANS. THERE
ARE, HOWEVER, SOME DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO FORMS.

1. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS FOR FUTURE PLANS:

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS IS USED WHEN WE SAY WHAT WE HAVE

PLANNED AND ARRANGED TO DO AT A SPECIFIC TIME IN THE FUTURE.
THESE ARE FIXED PLANS WITH DEFINITE TIME AND/OR PLACE.
EXAMPLES:

I'M DOING MY HOMEWORK THIS EVENING.

I'M STARTING UNIVERSITY IN SEPTEMBER.
SALLY IS MEETING JOHN AT SEVEN O'CLOCK THIS EVENING IN
A RESTAURANT DOWNTOWN.

2. TO BE + GOING TO + VERB:

A. WE USE 'GOING TO' TO EXPRESS THE FUTURE WHEN WE INTEND TO DO

SOMETHING OR HAVE DECIDED TO DO SOMETHING BUT DID NOT ARRANGE
IT. IT IS JUST AN INTENTION.

EXAMPLE:

A: THE WINDOWS ARE DIRTY.

B: YES I KNOW. I'M GOING TO CLEAN THEM LATER.
= I'VE DECIDED TO CLEAN THEM ,BUT I HAVEN'T ARRANGED TO
CLEAN THEM.

B. WE ALSO USE 'GOING TO' TO MAKE PREDICTIONS.

WATCH OUT! YOU ARE GOING TO BREAK THE GLASS.

IT'S SO CLOUDY! I THINK IT'S GOING TO RAIN.

6 MESSAGES WITH TELL AND ASK

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SAY, TELL AND ASK?

SAY

WE SAY: HELLO AND GOODBYE, PLEASE AND THANK YOU, HAPPY

BIRTHDAY AND CONGRATULATIONS.

SAY HELLO TO YOUR SISTER FOR ME.

WE SAID GOODBYE AT THE AIRPORT.
DID YOU SAY THANK YOU TO MRS ANDERSON?

WE USE SAY TO ASK ABOUT LANGUAGE:

HOW DO YOU SAY 'CAR' IN PORTUGUESE? 'CARRO'.

WE USE SAY TO REPORT SOMEONE'S WORDS:

HE SAID "I LOVE YOU".
SHE SAID SHE LOVED HIM.

TELL

TELL IS USUALLY FOLLOWED IMMEDIATELY BY A PERSON. SAID IS NOT:

HE TOLD ME WHERE TO GO. (NOT HE SAID ME...)
WE USE TELL IN INDIRECT QUESTIONS:
CAN YOU TELL ME WHERE THE BUS STATION IS? (NOT CAN YOU SAY ME...)
CAN YOU TELL ME WHO OWNS THAT RED CAR?

WE USE TELL WITH SOME WH- WORDS. YOU CAN TELL SOMEONE WHERE
SOMETHING IS, WHY SOMETHING HAPPENED, WHEN WE WANT TO DO
SOMETHING:
SHE TOLD ME WHERE TO GO.
TELL ME WHY YOU' RE SO ANGRY.

YOU CAN TELL A STORY OR A JOKE:

PLEASE TELL TONY THAT JOKE YOU TOLD ME. IT WAS SO FUNNY!

ASK

ASK IS USED FOR QUESTIONS:

WHAT IS YOUR NAME?

CAN I ASK YOU A QUESTION?

YOU CAN ASK SOMEONE TO DO SOMETHING/FOR SOMETHING:

I ASKED CAROL TO MEET ME AT THE CAF.

HE ASKED FOR DIRECTIONS.

7 DESCRIBING CHANGES

IN DESCRIBING THE CHANGES, I MENTION WHAT I HAVE NOW AND NOT

BEFORE, OR WHAT I DO, BUT IT IS NOT TO, THINGS, PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OR ATTITUDES THAT HAVE CHANGED ME.I CAN
DESCRIBE THE CHANGES IN SENTENCES IN PRESENT, PAST, PRESENT
PERFECT OR COMPARATIVE.
EXAMPLE:

-WITH THE PRESENT TENCE: I AM NOW A MORE SOCIABLE

PERSON....AHORA SOY UNA PERSONA MAS SOCIABLE.

-WHIT THE PAST TENCE: IM FAT........ESTOY GORDA

-WITH THE PRESENT PERFECT: I HAVE TAKEN RESPONSIBILITY...... YO ME

HE HECHO RESPONSABLE.

-WITH THE COMPARATIVE........ THE TEACHER IS MORE STRICT THAN LAST

SEMESTER.... LA MAESTRA ES MAS ESTRICTA QUE EL SEMESTRE PASADO.

THE CITY IS BIGGER THAN LAST YEAR..... LA CIUDAD ESTA MAS GRANDE
QUE EL AO PASADO
 REFERENCIAS
www.portalingles12#/ingles.com

http://www.aprendeolinerapido.com

www.traductoeagopal.com

www.traduceestavesmejor.com

www.elricondelvago/unidadiii.com

www.rojorjgreatting.com

www.rojorjpresentcontinuos.com

www.garghpresentcontinuos.com

www.chikiaprende-present.com

www.ingles123irregularsverbs.com

www.monografiasinglesunidadiireferenciaspresentspronous.com