Microwave Lab Manual BIT Mesra

EC 7106: MICROWAVE LABORATORY
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
COMPULSORY EXPERIMENTS:
1. Measurement of Frequency and Line Parameters of a Two-wire VHF Transmission Line
2. Determination of I-V Characteristics of a Gunn Diode
3. Measurement of Waveguide Parameters
4. Determination of Square-Law Characteristics of a microwave Crystal detector
5. Measurement of Coupling Coefficient, Directivity & Insertion Loss of a Multi-Hole

Directional Coupler
6. Measurement of Coupling Coefficients of E-Plane Tee
7. Measurement of Coupling Coefficients of H-plane Tee
8. Measurement of Coupling Coefficients and Isolation of Magic Tee
9. Measurement of Power Gain of A Pyramidal Horn Antenna
10. Measurement of E-plane & H-plane Radiation Patterns of a Pyramidal Horn Antenna &
Determination of 3-dB Beamwidth
11. Measurement of E-plane & H-plane Radiation Patterns of a Parabolic Disc Antenna &
Determination of 3-dB Beamwidth
12. Measurement of E-plane & H-plane Radiation Patterns of a Microstrip Patch Antenna
& Determination of 3-dB Beamwidth.
OPTIONAL EXPERIMENTS:
13. Measurement of Loss & Isolation of an Isolator
14. Measurement of Unknown Impedance of a DUT
15. Measurement of Line Parameters of a Co-axial Transmission Line
16. Measurement of Attenuation of a Co-axial Transmission Line
17. Measurement of Power Gain of a Microstrip Patch Antenna & Determination of 3-dB
Beamwidth
18. Measurement of E-plane & H-plane Radiation Patterns of a Dielectric Antenna &
Determination of 3-dB Beam width
19. Measurement of E-plane & H-plane Radiation Patterns of a Slotted Waveguide (broad
wall) Antenna & Determination of 3-dB Beam width
20. Measurement of E-plane & H-plane Radiation Patterns of a Slotted Waveguide (narrow
wall) Antenna & Determination of 3-dB Beam width
21. To Study the Voice Communication by Using Microwave Test Bench & Antennas
22. To Study the PC to PC Communication by Using Microwave Test Bench & Antennas
DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
MICROWAVE LABORATORY
LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL
ON
MEASUREMENT OF FREQUENCY AND LINE PARAMETERS OF A TWO-

WIRE VHF TRANSMISSION LINE
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA, RANCHI
AIM: Measurement of Frequency and Line Parameters of a Two-wire VHF Transmission Line
APPARATUS:
1. DETECTOR
2. METER SCALE
3. VERY HIGH FREQUENCY OSCILLATOR
4. POWER SUPPLY
THEORY: A two-wire Transmission line, carrying the principal wave, is represented as a

network of distributed elements having a series impedance Z = R + jL per unit length and a shunt
admittance Y = G + jC per unit length. Where, R, L, C and G are resistance per unit length,
inductance per unit length, capacitance per unit length and conductance per unit length respectively
and known as primary parameters of the transmission line. A two-wire VHF ( 30MHz 300MHz)
Transmission line consists of a VHF Oscillator as a source in one end of the line and the line is
terminated by a load impedance at the other end. The load end of the Transmission line may be open
circuited or short circuited. The Characteristic impedance Z , Attenuation constant and Phase
constant are the secondary parameters of the Transmission line.
PROCEDURE:
1. Clean the wires.

2. The instructor should set up system as shown in the block diagram.
3. Using a micro-ammeter locate a minimum and mark the point with a chalk.
4. Then progressing towards the source end we find subsequent maxima and
minima and intermediate points, till three minimas in total. Taking at least one
intermediate reading between the maxima and minima we proceed to the right (Take at
least nine reading).
5. Taking the position of the first minimum as the reference position, i.e., distance (Z=0)
We note the readings of micrometer and corresponding distance from reference point
using the 1-meter scale.
6. Note the radius and the distance between the wires.
7. Draw a curve plotting distance along X-axis and detector reading along Y-axis.
OBSERVATIONS:
S. No. Distance from reference point (in cm.) Detector reading

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The reading should be taken when no object is near the wire 4s to avoid any interaction
with the field.
2. The micrometer readings should be taken after waiting for the readings to settle down.
CALCULATIONS FOR LINE PARAMETERS:

d
2
c
f

b b
L 0
ln 4 *10 7 ln H / m
a a
C = /ln (b/a) F/m
Z = 120ln(b/a)
R = 8.31*108 f/a /m
R
= Np/m
2Zo
2
= Rad./m

a = 2.0 mm
a= radius of copper line
b= separation between two wires
d= Average distance between two minima or between two maxima.
L= Inductance, C= Capacitance, R= Resistance of the copper wire per unit length.
Z= Characteristic Impedance
= Attenuation constant,
= Phase constant
open circuit
VHF KLYSTRON
OSCILLATOR POWER 220V
SUPPLY
Setup For Measuring the Parameters of a Two-Wire Transmission Line

DEPARTMENT
OF
MICROWAVE LAB
ON
DETERMINATION OF I-V CHARACTERISTICS OF A GUNN DIODE

MESRA, RANCHI
AIM- Determination of Current-Voltage (I-V) Characteristics of a Gunn Diode
APPARATUS:
1. GUNN POWER SUPPLY
2. GUNN DIODE
3. ISOLATOR
4. PIN MODULATOR
5. ATTENUATOR
6. DIRECT READING FREQUENCY METER
THEORY: Some materials like GaAs exhibit a ve differential mobility ( that is, a decrease in the
carrier velocity with an increase in the electric field) when biased above a threshold voltage of the
electric field. The behaviour was first observed by Ridley, Watkins and Hilsum and the
experimental observations of microwave oscillators based on this behaviour was first observed by
Gunn. This behaviour is known as Transferred Electron Effect or Gunn Effect.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the setup according to the block diagram.

2. Using Gunn Power Supply vary Gunn Bias Voltage from zero to the maximum value
and note corresponding values of current.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr. NO. Gunn Bias Voltage Current

I-V Characteristics of Gunn Diode
Draw I-V Characteristics of the Gunn Diode and Find out Peak Voltage, Peak Current and Valley
Voltage, Valley Current
Typical I-V Characteristics of a Gunn Diode

DEPARTMENT
OF
ON
MEASUREMENT OF WAVE GUIDE PARAMETERS

MESRA, RANCHI
AIM: Measurement of Waveguide Parameters of rectangular X-band wave-guide.
APPARATUS:

2. GUNN OSCILLATOR
3. ISOLATOR
4. PIN MODULATOR
5. VARIABLE ATTENUATOR
6. FREQUENCY METER
7. WAVEGUIDE SLOTTED SECTION
8. VSWR METER OR POWER METER
THEORY: Waveguide is a very low loss guided transmission medium and generally used at
Microwave and Millimeter wave frequencies. Transverse Electric (TE) and Transverse Magnetic
(TM) modes can propagate through a waveguide. For a rectangular waveguide for Transverse
Electric wave, TE10 mode is the fundamental or dominant mode. Depending on the frequency of
propagating wave and dimensions of the waveguide, a waveguide has a cut-off frequency, below
which wave cannot propagate through the waveguide. At cut-off frequency the phase velocity of the
wave is infinite. Above cut-off frequencies the phase velocity decreases and approaches to the free-
space velocity of light at infinite frequency. When waves propagate through the waveguide, the
wavelength inside the guide is known as guided wavelength (g ).
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the component as shown in the block diagram and tune- up at the
Operating frequency.
2. Measure the inner dimensions of the rectangular wave-guide a, b.
3. Measure the frequency of the incoming wave by direct reading frequency
Meter.
4. Move the probe on the slotted section to locate a minimum or maximum, where
VSWR meter reading will be minimum or maximum. Note its location from the scale
on the slotted section. Move to the left or right to find out next consecutive minimum
or maximum. Note its location from the scale. Find out distance between two minima
or two maxima.
OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS
Wave-guide dimensions:
a=
b=
Position of 1st minimum or maximum, d1=
Position of 2nd minimum or maximum, d2=

'
Frequency measured by frequency meter, f 0 =
2
c 1
Cut off wavelength, m 2 n 2 2 =2a For TE10 mode

a b
Guide wave length, g=2 (d2-d1)
1 1 1 o

o 2 g 2 c 2
g 1/ 2
o 2
1 ( )

c
= free space wavelength
c g
= 1/ 2
c 2 g 2

c
fo =operating frequency =
0
Percentage error = 100 x ( f 0' - fo ) / f 0'
c
2
Phase Velocity, Vp=
1 o
c
c
2
= f
1 c
f o
o 2
Group velocity, Vg= c 1 ( )
c
VpVg=c2
Wave Impedance of the waveguide is

h
1
Zc = o
2 2
For TE wave
1

c
Where h = 120
DEPARTMENT
OF
ON
DETERMINATION OF SQUARE-LAW CHARACTERISTICS OF

A MICROWAVE CRYSTAL DETECTOR

MESRA, RANCHI
AIM: Verify the Square-Law characteristic of the microwave diode (detector).
APPARATUS:
2. GUNN OSCILLATOR
3. ISOLATOR & PIN MODULATOR
4. ATTENUATOR
5. FREQUENCY METER
6. CRYSTAL DETECTOR WITH DETECTOR MOUNT
7. MICRO AMMETER
8. VSWR METER
THEORY: Crystal Detectors are point contact Schottky Diodes. Microwave Crystal is non-linear,
non-reciprocal device which rectifies the received signal and produces a current proportional to the
input power. Since the current flowing in the crystal is proportional to the square of the voltage, the
crystal is referred to as a square-law detector.
PROCEDURE:
1. Follow the experimental set-up is as shown in the block diagram.
2.By varying the attenuator setting, the output power is varied and is measured first
using a power meter or VSWR meter and then using the diode detector.
OBSERVATIONS:
Frequency =
SL. No. A Reading POWER METER

READING (W)
Plot graph between power meter reading and A readings.

DEPARTMENT
OF
ON
MEASUREMENT OF COUPLING COEFFICIENT, DIRECTIVITY &

INSERTION LOSS OF A MULTI-HOLE DIRECTIONAL COUPLER

MESRA, RANCHI
AIM: Measurement of Coupling Coefficient, Directivity & Insertion Loss of a Multi-Hole
Directional Coupler
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

2. GUNN OSCILLATOR WITH TUNER
3. ISOLATOR
4. PIN MODULATOR
5. ATTENUATOR
7. DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
8. POWER METER OR VSWR METER WITH DETECTOR
THEORY: A waveguide directional coupler is a four-port device, consisting of a primary

waveguide and a secondary waveguide . When Power is fed into port (1), the power is coupled in
port (2)&(3), no power couples in port (4). There are number of holes on the common wall of
primary waveguide and secondary waveguide, through which power is coupled to the secondary
waveguide.
Pf
4 3
Pi DIRECTIONAL COUPLER Po
1 2
Fig a. Directional Coupler as a four-port device.
Pf
Pb
Termination
Po
Pi Pi
Fig b. Directivity of a directional coupler

The parameters of the waveguide directional coupler are defined as
Coupling Coefficient : The coupling coefficient in dB, is defined as
C =10log10 (Pi/Pf) dB
Directivity: The directivity in dB is defined as,
D =10log10(Pf/Pb) dB
Insertion loss: The main line Insertion loss is defined as,
L =10log10(Pi/Po) dB
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the directional coupler according to the block diagram.

2. With the help of a VSWR meter or power meter, measure the input power Pi.
3. Measure output power Po and measure the forward coupled power Pf.
4. Reverse the directional coupler and connect again to the source system.
5. Measure the coupled power in the coupled port, which is the backward-
coupled power Pb. Pb is very small.
OBSERVATIONS:
Direct Reading Frequency Meter Reading =
S. No. Input Power Forwarded Power Backwarded Power Output Power

10logPi (dBm) 10logPf (dBm) 10log Pb(dBm) 10logPo (dBm)
Calculate Coupling Coefficient, Directivity and Insertion loss of the Directional Coupler.
DEPARTMENT
OF
ON
MEASUREMENT OF COUPLING COEFFICIENTS OF E-PLANE TEE

MESRA, RANCHI
AIM:- Measurement of Coupling Coefficients of E-plane Tee
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

2. GUNN OSCILLATOR
3. ISOLATOR
4. PIN MODULATOR
5. ATTENUATOR
7. E-PLANE TEE
8. MATCHED TERMINATION
9. VSWR METER WITH DETECTOR MOUNT OR
POWERMETER.
THEORY: An E-plane Tee is a waveguide Tee in which the axis of its side arm is parallel to the
E-field of the main guide. If two input waves are fed into port 1 and port 2, the output wave at
port 3 will zero. If input is fed into port 3, the wave will split equally into port 1 and port 2 in
opposite phase.
The voltage coupling coefficient from arm i to arm j, is defined as
Cij = 10- /20
Where arm i is input port and arm j is output port
Here, (dB) = 10 log (Pi / Pj)
Power at input port and output port are Pi and Pj respectively
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on Gunn Power Supply in Microwave Bench and measure Input Power.
2. Connect E-Plane Tee according to block Diagram and measure power in any of the two
ports while other port is terminated by matched termination.
3. Change input port and repeat the procedure no. 2.
If input is at port X and you are taking output at port Y, then terminate port Z by matched
termination.
Diagram of E-plane Tee
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Input Power at Output Power at Output Power at C12 C13

Port 1(dB)= Port 2(dB)= Port 3(dB)=
From Observation table, verify the properties of E-plane Tee.

DEPARTMENT
OF
ON
MEASUREMENT OF COUPLING COEFFICIENTS OF H-PLANE TEE

MESRA, RANCHI
AIM:- Measurement of Coupling Coefficients of H-plane Tee
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
2. GUNN OSCILLATOR
3. ISOLATOR
4. PIN MODULATOR
5. ATTENUATOR
7. H-PLANE TEE
9. VSWR METER WITH DETECTOR MOUNT OR POWERMETER
THEORY: An H-plane Tee is a waveguide Tee in which the axis of its side arm is shunting the
E-field or parallel to the H-field of the main guide. If two input waves are fed into port 1 and port
2, the output wave at port 3 will be in phase and additive. If input is fed into port 3, the wave will
split equally into port 1 and port 2 in phase.
Cij = 10- /20
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on Gunn Power Supply in Microwave Bench and measure Input Power.
2. Connect H-Plane Tee according to block Diagram and measure power in any of the
two ports while other port is terminated by matched termination.
3. Change input port and repeat the procedure no. 2.
If input is at port X and you are taking output at port Y, then terminate port Z by matched
termination.
Diagram of H-plane Tee
OBSERVATION TABLE:

From Observation table, verify the properties of H-plane Tee.
DEPARTMENT
OF
ON
MEASUREMENT OF COUPLING COEFFICIENTS AND ISOLATION OF

MAGIC TEE

MESRA, RANCHI
AIM:- Measurement of Coupling Coefficients of Magic Tee.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
2. GUNN OSCILLATOR
3. ISOLATOR
4. PIN MODULATOR
5. ATTENUATOR
7. MAGIC TEE
9. VSWR METER WITH DETECTOR MOUNT OR POWERMETER
THEROY: The Magic Tee is combination of E-plane and H-plane Tee. If two waves of equal
magnitude and of same phase are fed into ports 1 & 2, the output will be zero at port 3 and additive
in port 4. If a wave is fed into port 4, it will be divided equally between port 1 and port 2 and will
not appear in port 3. If a wave is fed into port 3, it will produce an output of equal magnitude and
opposite phase at ports 1 and port 2. The output at port 4 is zero. If a wave is fed into one of the
collinear arms at port 1 or port 2, it will not appear at port 2 or port 1 because E-arm causes a
phase delay where the H-arm causes a phase advance.
Cij = 10- /20
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on Gunn Power Supply in Microwave Bench and Microwave input power.
2. Connect Magic Tee according to block diagram and measure power in any of the
three arms while other two ports are terminated by matched terminations.
3. Change input port and repeat the procedure 2 for all ports.
Diagram of Magic Tee
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Input Power Output Power Output Power Output Power C12 C13 C14
at Port 1(dB)= at Port 2(dB)= at Port 3(dB)= at Port 4(dB)=
From observation table verify the properties of Magic Tee.

DEPARTMENT
OF
ON
MEASUREMENT OF POWER GAIN OF PYRAMIDAL HORN ANTENNA.

MESRA, RANCHI
AIM: To measure the power gain of a Pyramidal horn antenna.
APPARATUS:
1. Gunn Power Supply.

2. Gunn Oscillator & Tuner.
3. Isolator
4. Attenuator
5. Direct Reading Frequency Meter
6. Horn antennas
7. Detector & tuner
THEORY:
For an antenna
4 Ae 4e Ap
Directivity, D=
2 2
Ae, Ap Effective aperture and Physical aperture of the horn in m2

Ae
Aperture Efficiency e = A
p
4 abe
Theoretical gain gth =
o 2
a, b dimensions of the horn antenna
Pt Gt Aer
Received power, Pr
4d 2
2
Aer Gr
4
Measured gain, gmeas = (4d/)(Pr / Pt) where Gr = Gt
Gmeas (dB) =10log gmeas.
Gth (dB) =10log gth
[a=9.8cm; b=8cm; =0.5]

PROCEDURE:
1. Set the bench as shown in block diagram and tune at the operating frequency, adjust
the power level at proper level.
2. Measure PT with the help of VSWR meter or power meter and measure the frequency
using D.R frequency meter, the dimensions of the horn.
3. In the far-field, separation d>2D/ place the receiving antenna in line of sight of two
Horn antennas for maximum power reception. Measure the received power. Measure
the separation between antennas. Where is the free space wavelength and D is the
maximum dimension of the Horn Antenna.
OBSERVATIONS:
SL. No. Quantities to be measured Measured Values
1 Frequency
2 Length of Horn Antenna a
3 Width of Horn Antenna b
4 Separation between Antennas d
5 Transmitted Power PT
6 Received Power PR
DEPARTMENT
OF
ON
MEASUREMENT OF E-PLANE AND H-PLANE RADIATION PATTERNS

OF A PYRAMIDAL HORN ANTENNA AND DETERMINATION
OF 3-dB BEAMWIDTH.

MESRA, RANCHI
AIM: Determination of radiation patterns in E-Plane & H-Plane of a Horn antenna and
determination of 3-dB beam width .
APPARATUS:

3. ISOLATOR
6. VSWR METER WITH DETECTOR OR POWER METER
7. TRANSMITTING HORN ANTENNA
8. RECEIVING HORN ANTENNA WITH 3600 ROTATING SYSTEM
THEORY: Theory of Horn Antenna
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit for Transmitting and Receiving Horn antennas as shown in the
block diagram.
2. Determine the frequency of operation using the direct reading frequency meter.
3. Align the Receiving Horn antenna such that it receives the maximum radiation from
Receiving Horn antenna. This will occur when Transmitting and Receiving horn
antennas are aligned and they face each other, and separation>2D/.
4. Note the power reading corresponding to this arrangement is taken as 0.
5. Rotate the horn antenna clockwise and anticlockwise is steps of 2 and tabulate the
corresponding readings.
6. Normalize the power readings by maximum value and plot the graph of normalized
readings Vs angle on Polar Chart. Obtain 3-dB Beamwidth.
OBSERVATIONS:
Horn dimension (length) a =

Horn dimension (width) b =
Frequency =
Separation =
S. No. Angle () Received Power (p) Normalized Received Normalized Received

Power (Pn) Power in dB
10log(Pn)
DEPARTMENT
OF
ON

OF A PARABOLIC DISC ANTENNA AND DETERMINATION OF 3-dB
BEAMWIDTH

MESRA, RANCHI
AIM: Determination of radiation patterns in E-Plane & H-Plane of a Receiving Parabolic Disc
Antenna and determination of 3-dB beam width .
APPARATUS:

3. ISOLATOR
8. RECEIVING PARABOLIC DISC ANTENNA WITH 3600 ROTATING SYSTEM
THEORY: Theory of Parabolic Disc Antenna
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit for Transmitting Horn Antenna and Receiving Parabolic Disc
antennas as shown in the block diagram.
3. Align the Receiving Parabolic Disc antenna such that it receives the maximum radiation
from Transmitting Horn antenna. This will occur when Transmitting Horn Antenna
and Receiving Parabolic Disc antennas are aligned and they face each other, and
separation>2D/.
5. Rotate the Horn antenna clockwise and anticlockwise is steps of 2 and tabulate the
OBSERVATIONS:
Dimensions of Parabolic Disc (Diameter of Aperture) =

Frequency =
Separation =

10log(Pn)
DEPARTMENT
OF
ON

OF A MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA & DETERMINATION OF
3-DB BEAMWIDTH

MESRA, RANCHI
AIM: Determination of radiation patterns in E-Plane & H-Plane of a Receiving Microstrip Patch
Antenna & determination of 3-DB beamwidth
APPARATUS:

3. ISOLATOR
8. RECEIVING MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA WITH 3600 ROTATING SYSTEM
THEORY: Microstrip antenna in its simplest configuration consists of a radiating patch on one side
of the dielectric substrate which has a ground plane on the other side. The patch conductors normally
can assume virtually any shape, but regular shapes are generally used to simplify analysis and
performance prediction. Ideally the dielectric constant, r, should be low (r 2.5), to enhance the
fringe fields that account for the radiation. There are numerous substrates that can be used for the
design of patch antenna and their dielectric constants are usually in the range of 2.2< r <6. There
are many feeding techniques that can be used to feed microstrip antennas. The four most popular are
the microstrip line, coaxial probe, aperture coupling and proximity coupling.
Fig a. Probe Fed Microstrip Antenna

Fig b. Line Fed Microstrip Patch Antenna
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit for Transmitting Horn Antenna and Receiving Microstrip Patch
antennas as shown in the block diagram.
3. Align the Receiving Microstrip Patch antenna such that it receives the maximum
radiation from Transmitting Horn antenna. This will occur when Transmitting Horn
Antenna and Receiving Microstrip Patch antennas are aligned and they face each
other, and separation>2D/.
5. Rotate the horn antenna clockwise and anticlockwise is steps of 2 and tabulate the
OBSERVATIONS:
Dimensions of Microstrip Patch Antenna =

Frequency =
Separation =

10log(Pn)
GUNN
POWER
SUPPLY
VSWR
METER WITH
DETECTOR
GUNN MOUNT
OSCILLATOR PIN VARIABLE FREQUENCY SLOTTED
OR
WITH ISOLATOR MODULATOR ATTENUATOR METER SECTION
POWER METER
VARIABLE WITH CO-AXIAL
TUNER To WAVEGUIDE
ADAPTER
BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF WAVEGUIDE PARAMETERS

GUNN
POWER
SUPPLY
GUNN
VARIABLE
TUNER
VSWR
METER WITH
DETECTOR
MOUNT
OR
POWER METER
WITH CO-AXIAL
To WAVEGUIDE
ADAPTER
TRANSMITTING RECEIVING
HORN ANTENNA HORN ANTENNA
BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF POWER GAIN OF PYRAMIDAL HORN ANTENNA
GUNN
POWER
SUPPLY
CRYSTAL
GUNN DETECTOR VSWR
OSCILLATOR PIN VARIABLE FREQUENCY WITH METER
WITH ISOLATOR MODULATOR ATTENUATOR METER DETECTOR
VARIABLE MOUNT
TUNER
MICRO
AMMETER
BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SQUARE-LAW CHARACTERISTICS OF
A MICROWAVE CRYSTAL DETECTOR
VSWR METER
WITH
DETECTOR
MOUNT OR
POWER METER
GUNN
POWER
SUPPLY
GUNN D.R
OSCILLATOR PIN VARIABLE FREQUENCY
WITH ISOLATOR MODULATOR ATTENUATOR METER
VARIABLE
TUNER
3600
ROTATING
SYSTEM
Trans. Rec.
Horn Antenna Horn Antenna
BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF E-PLANE AND H-PLANE RADIATION
PATTERNS OF A PYRAMIDAL HORN ANTENNA
GUNN
POWER
SUPPLY
GUNN
OSCILLATOR PIN VARIABLE D.R WAVEGUIDE
WITH ISOLATOR MODULATOR ATTENUATOR FREQUENCY DIRECTIONAL
VSWR
VARIABLE METER COUPLER
METER WITH
TUNER DETECTOR
OR
POWER
METER
BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF PARAMETERS OF A DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
GUNN
POWER
SUPPLY
GUNN
OSCILLATOR
WITH PIN VARIABLE FREQUENCY
VARIABLE ISOLATOR MODULATOR ATTENUATOR METER
TUNER
BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR THE DETERMINATION OF I-V CHARACTERISTICS OF A GUNN DIODE
GUNN
POWER
SUPPLY
VSWR
METER WITH
GUNN D.R.
PIN VARIABLE H-PLANE DETECTOR
OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY
MODULATOR ATTENUATOR TEE OR
WITH ISOLATOR METER POWER METER
VARIABLE
TUNER
BLOCK DIAGRAM TO MEASURE THE COUPLING COEFFICIENTS OF H-PLANE TEE

GUNN
POWER
SUPPLY
VSWR
METER
GUNN D.R.
PIN VARIABLE E-PLANE WITH
MODULATOR ATTENUATOR TEE DETECTOR
WITH ISOLATOR METER OR
VARIABLE
POWER
TUNER
BLOCK DIAGRAM TO MEASURE THE COUPLING COEFFICIENTS OF E-PLANE TEE

GUNN
POWER
SUPPLY
VSWR
METER
GUNN D.R.
PIN VARIABLE MAGIC WITH
MODULATOR ATTENUATOR TEE DETECTOR
WITH ISOLATOR METER OR
VARIABLE
POWER
TUNER
BLOCK DIAGRAM TO MEASURE THE COUPLING COEFFICIENTS OF MAGIC TEE

GUNN
POWER
SUPPLY
GUNN
VARIABLE
TUNER
VSWR
METER WITH
DETECTOR
MOUNT
OR
POWER METER
WITH CO-AXIAL
To WAVEGUIDE
ADAPTER
HORN ANTENNA PARABOLIC DISC
ANTENNA
BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF POWER GAIN OF PARABOLIC DISC ANTENNA
GUNN
POWER
SUPPLY
GUNN
VARIABLE
TUNER
VSWR
METER WITH
DETECTOR
MOUNT
OR
POWER METER
WITH CO-AXIAL
To WAVEGUIDE
ADAPTER
HORN ANTENNA MICROSTRIP PATCH
ANTENNA
BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF POWER GAIN OF MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA
DEPARTMENT
OF
ON
UNKNOWN IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT

MESRA, RANCHI
AIM: Unknown impedance measurement.
APPARATUS:
As per the Block diagram
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the dial frequency.
2. Measure first minima. This is the reference short. Measure second minima.
3. Measure the shift to left for the device under test (DUT). Also note the voltage
standing wave ratio (VSWR) on the VSWR meter.
4. From the information obtained, the impedance can be found out with the help of
Smith Chart.
OBSERVATIONS:
Dial Frequency=
First minima=
Second minima=
Reference Short Rf=
Without connection-
S1=Shift of minima to the left=
Net Shift=Rf-S1
VSWR=
REFERENCES:
Samuel Iliad (MicrowaveDevices&circuits)
MEASUREMENT OF UNKNOWN IMPEDANCE
Position of 1st minimum = (a)
Position of 2nd minimum = (b)
o
Dial frequency = ( b) ( a)
2
o =
(a) Using loss less line (20cm,Airline, otherend shorted)

Type: 874-L20 (general radio)
VSWR=
Position of 2nd minimum = (c)
Shift to the left = (b)-(c) (d)
(b)Using standard dummy antenna with other end matched

Type: 1000-P4(general radio)
Position of 2nd minimum = (e)
Shift to the left = (b)-(e) (f)
VSWR =
For lossless line (874-L20)
(d)
Shift in terms of wavelength =
o
For dummy antenna (1000-P4)
( f)
Shift in terms of wavelength =
o
Then use smith chart to find unknown impedance.

DEPARTMENT
OF
MICROWAVE LAB
ON
(I)TO MEASURE THE FREQUENCY FROM THE STANDING WAVE

PATTERN AND CALCULATE THE % ERROR
(II) TO MEASURE THE ZC AND ATTENUATION CONSTANT AND THE

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PARAMETER OF THE CO-AXIAL CABLE
(GR-874-A2)

MESRA, RANCHI
AIM: (i) To measure the frequency from the standing wave pattern. Calculate the % error.
(ii) To measure the Zc and attenuation constant and the primary and secondary parameter of
the co-axial cable (GR-874-A2).
APPARATUS:
As per the Block diagram
PROCEDURE:
(b) Calibration of signal generator.
(i)By varying the position of the probe along the slotted section at points of maxima &
minima and intermediate the position and micrometer readings are noted.
(ii) From (i) graph is plotted between A reading Vs position and compare
with the dial reading.
(c) Calculation of attenuation constant :
(i) VSWR is measured for slotted section shorted and with the co-axial (other end
shorted)
(ii) Length of the cable is measured.
(c) Calculation of co-axial line parameter:
(i) L, C, Rm, R, Zo, G, , r are calculated and compared with theoretical formula.
OBSERVATIONS:
For calibration and to measure frequency of source
S. No. Distance (in cm) Micrometer Reading (A)
Frequency=
For attenuation measurement:

S1=
Where S1 is the VSWR without coaxial cable connected and other end of the slotted section shorted.
S2=
Where, S2 is the VSWR with coaxial cable connected and other end of the cable shorted.
Length of the coaxial cable l=
For co-axial line parameters:
Radius of the inner conductor a=

Radius of outer conductor b=
Characteristics impedance of the cable Zo=
REFERENCES:
Electromagnetic wave & radiating systems. (2nd edition) by ec.jordan & k.g.balmain
CALCULATION:
(I) For attenuation measurement:
V max Im ax
(VSWR) 1 =S1 =
V min Im in
without coaxial cable&

S1 end of slotted section shorted
(VSWR)2 =S2 =?
With coaxial cable&

S2 end of the cable shorted
Where, l=length of coaxial cable

S 1 G1
G= \ e 2 l
S 1 G2
=? =Attenuation
(II) For co-axial line parameters

Radius of the inner conductor
a=1mm
Radius of the outer conductor
b=3.7mm
Characteristic impedance of the cable Zo=50
L, C, R, G, r, r?
(i) R = Resistance per unit 2t

R b a
= m /m
2 ab
where Rm =A.C Resistance
Where, =conductivity of cm
w ho
\ Rm =5.7*107s
2s
1 R
(ii) = GZ o G ? J / m
2 Z o
2w o r "
(iii) G= b r r ' j r "

in
a
r " ?
h b
(iv) L= ln (ix) %error in frequency.
2 a
Dialfrequ Measuredfrequency
= *100
Dialfrequency
60 b
(v) Zo= ln
r ' a
r ' ?
2 o r '
(vi) C= b
ln
a
1
(vii) Vpn=
LC
V pn
(viii) f meas ?

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EC 7106: MICROWAVE LABORATORY

1. Measurement of Frequency and Line Parameters of a Two-wire VHF Transmission Line

2. Determination of I-V Characteristics of a Gunn Diode

3. Measurement of Waveguide Parameters

4. Determination of Square-Law Characteristics of a microwave Crystal detector

5. Measurement of Coupling Coefficient, Directivity & Insertion Loss of a Multi-Hole

6. Measurement of Coupling Coefficients of E-Plane Tee

7. Measurement of Coupling Coefficients of H-plane Tee

8. Measurement of Coupling Coefficients and Isolation of Magic Tee

9. Measurement of Power Gain of A Pyramidal Horn Antenna

13. Measurement of Loss & Isolation of an Isolator

14. Measurement of Unknown Impedance of a DUT

15. Measurement of Line Parameters of a Co-axial Transmission Line

16. Measurement of Attenuation of a Co-axial Transmission Line

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

MEASUREMENT OF FREQUENCY AND LINE PARAMETERS OF A TWO-

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

THEORY: A two-wire Transmission line, carrying the principal wave, is represented as a

1. Clean the wires.

S. No. Distance from reference point (in cm.) Detector reading

CALCULATIONS FOR LINE PARAMETERS:

Setup For Measuring the Parameters of a Two-Wire Transmission Line

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

DETERMINATION OF I-V CHARACTERISTICS OF A GUNN DIODE

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

1. Connect the setup according to the block diagram.

Sr. NO. Gunn Bias Voltage Current

Typical I-V Characteristics of a Gunn Diode

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

MEASUREMENT OF WAVE GUIDE PARAMETERS

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

1. GUNN POWER SUPPLY

Position of 2nd minimum or maximum, d2=

Cut off wavelength, m 2 n 2 2 =2a For TE10 mode

Guide wave length, g=2 (d2-d1)

Percentage error = 100 x ( f 0' - fo ) / f 0'

Wave Impedance of the waveguide is

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

DETERMINATION OF SQUARE-LAW CHARACTERISTICS OF

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

1. Follow the experimental set-up is as shown in the block diagram.

SL. No. A Reading POWER METER

Plot graph between power meter reading and A readings.

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

MEASUREMENT OF COUPLING COEFFICIENT, DIRECTIVITY &

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

1. GUNN POWER SUPPLY

THEORY: A waveguide directional coupler is a four-port device, consisting of a primary

Fig a. Directional Coupler as a four-port device.

Fig b. Directivity of a directional coupler

Coupling Coefficient : The coupling coefficient in dB, is defined as

Directivity: The directivity in dB is defined as,

Insertion loss: The main line Insertion loss is defined as,

1. Connect the directional coupler according to the block diagram.

S. No. Input Power Forwarded Power Backwarded Power Output Power

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

MEASUREMENT OF COUPLING COEFFICIENTS OF E-PLANE TEE

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

1. GUNN POWER SUPPLY

The voltage coupling coefficient from arm i to arm j, is defined as

Cij = 10- /20

Where arm i is input port and arm j is output port

Here, (dB) = 10 log (Pi / Pj)

Power at input port and output port are Pi and Pj respectively