Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 Introduction 1
2 Preamble 2
Tables
Table 1 Annual operational planning 24
Figures
Figure 1 Generation interface Code 5
Abbreviations
ASO Adjacent System Operator means the owner and/or operator of a
transmission system in another country interconnected to the EEPCo
transmission system
BOO Build-own operate
BOOT Build-own operate transfer
BOT Build-operate transfer
CENELEC European regional standards body for Electro-technical Standards
CC Connection Contract between the IPP and EEPCo
DCC Distribution Connection Conditions code
DOC Distribution Operating Code
DPC Distribution Planning Code
ECBS-10 Electrical Installations of Buildings code, chapter 10, issued by the
Ministry of Development & Infrastructure
EEA Ethiopian Electricity Agency
EELPA The Ethiopian Electric Power Authority, now called EEPCO.
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EEPCo Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EPA Environmental Protection Authority
EPSEMP Ethiopian Power System Expansion Master Plan
EREDPC Ethiopian Rural Energy Development and Promotion Center
GCC Generation Connection Conditions
GPC Generation Planning Code
GOC Generation Operating Code
ICS Interconnected system
ID Independent distributors
IEC International Electro-technical Commission
IFC International Finance Corporation (World Bank Group)
IGC Interface General Conditions
ISO International Standards Organisation
MCI Mandatory Contractual Item is one in which costs are incurred which
are to be covered under the Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) or the
Negotiated Transportation Contract (NTC).
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1 Introduction
This Paper describes a draft Interface Code (Generation) for the interconnected
electricity system in Ethiopia.
The Paper begins in Section 2 with a description of the possible participants in the
electricity industry in Ethiopia and the relationships between them. Section 3
outlines the interface code. Sections 4 to 8 describe the contents of the code.
1
2 Preamble
Under present legislation the following is allowed:
It is further envisaged that large customers would be allowed to buy directly from
IPPs. Full commercial arrangements for many customers to buy from many IPPs
would require a Balancing and Settlement Code. However (interim) arrangements
whereby a single IPP could sell to a few customers over a relatively long period of
time could be achieved by negotiated transportation contracts (NTC). [The NTC
would contain clauses dealing with:
a. Note that the issue of who pays for reinforcement to the transmission
system is much more significant than when EEPCo buys all the output;
4. payment or curtailment when the customer power offtake is greater than generation
capacity;
5. payment terms associated with IPP maintenance when the customer power offtake is
greater than the available generation;
2
8. terms dealing with customer issues such as metering, loadshedding and
disconnection (see below).
The IPP will put in place (as part of the NTC) an agreement whereby the SO can purchase
energy/power on a short-term basis where the full output is not being sold directly to
customers. (This might be on an energy swap basis)
The interface with the IPP would be very similar to an IPP selling only to EEPCo and is
dealt with under this code. However decisions on scheduling and dispatch in the Operating
Code may be altered and scheduling and dispatch decisions will be inputs into the
settlement of the commercial agreement. These will be:
A commercial schedule which is the profile of output that the IPP must deliver in
order to meet customer demand plus losses plus any additions or subtractions of
rollover energy. This will be limited to the generator availability (i.e. reduced
during breakdown).
A final instructed dispatch profile note that the generator is required to comply
with this profile.
Differences between the commercial schedule and the final dispatch will be dealt
with under the SO payment terms of the NTC.
Where a customer signs up to by power from an IPP this is a change in circumstances for
the customer, so is dealt with under the connections code. The connection code will deal
with:
1) Metering:
b) the metering shall be over short enough (settlement) periods that the customer peak
loads can be identified ( this can be from hr to 8hrs, initially 1hr is suggested);
c) load values for each settlement period must be recorded and electronically
downloadable.
2) Load shedding:
a) EEPCo shall inform the customer/IPP whether they can in operational timescales
identify the customer and ensure it is not loadshed for general energy or power
shortage:
(2) in particular the IPP customer offtake power shall be reduced appropriately
in calculating any shortfall costs;
(2) the customer shall not be loadshed due to EEPCo energy or power shortage:
(a) it may be switched off for transmission reasons (faults maintenance etc;
(3) shortfall of generation by the IPP shall be dealt with under the NTC:
(a) in general the customer shall not be disconnected and the IPP shall pay
EEPCo under terms of NTC;
(b) if the system is short at the same time then the SO will disconnect IPP
customers first until the total IPP demand is within its generation
output.
4) The IPP shall have the right to require EEPCo to disconnect their customers for
contractual reasons:
It is also envisaged that IPPs be allowed on the basis of selling their output to a
separate sovereign state (Djibouti). It is assumed that the IPP will connect locally to
the EEPCo network and an interconnector be put in place between the EEPCo
system and the transmission system in the adjacent sovereign state. This approach
will maximise the benefits to the two systems (and the two states).
[The interface between the IPP and the SO will be very similar to that for IPPs selling
directly to customers and is dealt with under this code. A Negotiated Transportation
Contract to the point of interconnection will be required.]
[The interconnection between EEPCo and the electricity transmission system will be under
the terms of an agreement between two sovereign states so cannot be limited by an
interconnector interface code written purely under Ethiopian law. However the Model
Interface Code (Interconnection) contains the items/issues that need to be covered in any
interconnection agreement that would apply between the systems.]
[Once an interconnection agreement is put in place then a code shall be finalised so all
parties can benefit. Note that the code will in all likelihood have different terms for different
interconnectors.]
4
Figure 1 Generation interface Code
Adjacent
EEPCo Transmission
System 2
EPPCo
Distribution
and Load Eligible
customer
References in the following Sections to the system operator (SO) are to EEPCo as
owner and operator of the interconnected transmission or distribution network and
dispatch centre.
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3 Structure of the interface arrangements
The Interface Arrangement for Generation is split into a number of codes:
1) The Interface General Conditions (IGC) sets out the legal framework guiding
the operation of the Interface Arrangements.
5) The System Operation Code. The System Operation Code (SOC) covers
scheduling and dispatch together with frequency and voltage control.
[In certain cases the action that the IPP is required to perform (by the SO) will have cost
consequences. These costs will be covered in the Power Purchase Agreement (PPA), the
Negotiated Transportation Contract (NTC) or the Connection Contract (CC). These
arrangements do not dictate the form of any associated payments as many differing contract
types exist, from an all-inclusive price to individual incentivised payments for every
discrete service.]
[Where an item in these arrangements has an identifiable cost then this will be noted as
being a Mandatory Contractual Item (MCI) for ongoing potentially regular items to put in
the associated PPA or NTC and for one off items such as a requirement to upgrade circuit
breaker capability in the Connection Contract (CC). The comment will suggest whether the
MCI goes in the PPA/NTC or the CC. It is also possible that the costs have been incurred by
the SO and caused by the generator.]
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4 Interface general conditions (IGC)
[We propose that] EEPCos transmission and distribution Licences will impose a duty
on the system operator (SO, namely EEPCo) to implement and enforce the Interface
Arrangements for generation, distribution and interconnection.
All users (IPPs and IDs) will be required, by their licences, to abide by the relevant
parts of the Interface arrangements and to provide the SO such rights of access,
services and facilities and to comply with such instructions as the SO may
reasonably require to implement and enforce the interface arrangements.
If circumstances arise which the provisions of the Interface Arrangements have not
foreseen the SO shall, to the extent reasonably practicable in the circumstances,
consult promptly and in good faith with affected users in an effort to reach
agreement as to what should be done.
If agreement cannot be reached in the time available the SO will determine what is
to be done.
Each user shall comply with all instructions given to it by the SO following such a
determination. The SO shall promptly refer all such unforeseen circumstances and
any such determination to the Interface Arrangements Review Panel in accordance
with IGC3.
In the event of any conflict between the provisions of the Interface Arrangements
and any contract the provisions of the Interface Arrangements shall prevail.
The Ethiopian Electricity Agency (the Agency) shall establish and maintain a panel,
which shall be a standing body to carry out the following functions:
a) Keep the Interface Arrangements for Generation and its working under review;
d) Issue guidance in relation to the Interface Arrangements for Generation and its
implementation when asked to do so by any user;
a) Chairperson and one person appointed by the Agency (who shall act as
technical secretary);
The concept of observer is useful in keeping parties informed of changes that are
occurring.
Scheduling the meetings of the Interface Arrangements (G, D & I) on the same day
would allow representatives to attend all three in different roles.
[A review of this Section should be made, prior to finalisation, to ensure consistency with
the Regulation and to remove repetition].
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5 Generation planning code
a. [It will also assist potential IIPs in evaluating the opportunity for direct sale to
customers or to adjacent utilities];
The Scope of the Generation Planning Code covers the information requirements
and decisions of potential IPPs and the SO on where it might, or might not, be
appropriate to build new power plant. It also covers the dissemination of data and
impacts between generators by the SO. It does not cover the actual connection of
generators to the power system(see GCC).
b) Generators are required to provide EEPCo with detailed data relating to their
generation and the interface between their power station and EEPCos
transmission system covering generation characteristics, switchgear and
protection arrangements;
iii. [EEPCo may levy a charge for preparing this information as approved by
EEA]. This information will be prepared within 28 days after receipt of
the request [or the agreement of the person making the request to pay the
cost of preparing the information, whichever is the longer].
5.3.1 Frequency
All Generators are required to ensure availability of reactive resources to enable the
requirements of the transmission system to be met. Generators shall operate their
plant at a power factor range from 0.9 leading to 0.85 lagging as measured at the
terminals of each Generating Unit. [Designing to this standard and maintaining the
standard is an MCI in the CC].
Any additional reactive resource requirements necessary for the operation of the
grid system will be determined by the system operator and allocated to the
appropriate generator. [Potential requirement:
The Scope covers all the information that must be passed between the Generator
and the SO so that for a planned IPP they can:
[It does not cover the operation of the IPP or the commercial issues in the PPA or NTC.]
Plant name.
Unit number.
Maximum capacity in megawatts.
Minimum capacity in megawatts.
Commissioning date.
Retirement date.
Type of generation [run-of-river, peak-sharing reservoir, etc.].
Fuel type
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Fuel storage capacity
Forced outage rate.
Load and energy output schedules (weekly, monthly, annual).
Maintenance outages: date and period.
d) Method of earthing.
e) Maximum import capacity from EEPCo system for miscellaneous station uses
Harmonic Distortion
Voltage Flicker
Unbalance
[The items listed in this section will form the basis for the Connection Contract. Diagrams,
values, limits and other data arrived at under GCC5 will form appendices to the contract].
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6.4 GCC4 - ownership boundary
All the equipment at the ownership boundary shall meet EEPCos design standards.
Connections shall incorporate a means of disconnection of the Generators system
by EEPCo.
Primary responsibilities
The Generator is financially responsible for the design, installation, operation, and
maintenance of all necessary equipment for connection to the grid system, unless
otherwise stated in a contractual agreement. It is also the Generator's responsibility
to submit specifications and detailed plans for the protective devices to the system
operator for information. Written approval from the system operator is required
prior to parallel operation of power plants and the system operator shall not
unreasonably withhold any approval.
In addition to the direct connection facilities, the system operator is responsible for
system upgrades necessary to transmit generation into the grid system. System
additions could include, but are not limited to, new line construction, line
reconductoring, circuit breaker replacement, and special generation tripping
schemes.
The system operator will not assume any responsibility for protection of the
Generator's plant(s), or of any other portion of the Generator's electrical equipment.
The Generator is fully responsible for protecting its equipment in such a manner
that faults or other disturbances in the grid system do not cause damage to the
Generator's equipment.
SO will have the right to inspect the Generator's facilities at any time and without
delay to verify the correct operation of all equipment, [including controls, circuit
breakers, relays (and relay settings), metering, and telemetering,] which would affect the
grid system's operation and/or safety.
Arrangements will be provided so that the system operator on giving prior notice
and reasons for the visit may have access to the Generator's facilities and metering
equipment at any time.
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Operating contacts and phone numbers
The Generator will provide data on contact person(s) and associated telephone
number(s) to the system operator. The telephone number(s) will allow for 24 hour
per day contact of either a manned control room related to the Generator's
generating facilities or to any other responsible party the Generator may employ to
operate their facilities. Changes to phone numbers, points of contact, etc., shall be
immediately communicated to the system operator preferably in advance of the
actual change. When notification is made in advance, the effective date of change
will be provided as well,
The system operator will provide the Generator with phone numbers for the
appropriate contacts concerning operations. Phones are manned 24 hours per day.
The Generator will maintain an adequate staff properly trained for the
administration, operation, and maintenance of the facilities. The engineering staff
for operation and maintenance of the facilities should meet the competence
requirements of [the Regulations].
The system operator will be given the right to open the connection to the generator
via circuit breaker, switches, etc., thereby isolating the Generator's equipment
without prior notice for any one of the following reasons:
d) Overgeneration on the grid system that is the partial or full cause of the
system moving out of a normal operating mode.
2) For items "1b" and "1d" above, if a reduction in Generators output alleviates
the problem; such reduction may be requested by the system operator, rather
than disconnection.
The system operator shall be informed of the design, construction, and operation of
any Generator's facilities involving Generator/grid system interface.
The Generator should submit a preliminary one-line electrical diagram and specific
information regarding the electrical and physical characteristics of the Generator's
facility and equipment. Manufacturer's certified test data should also be supplied
when received. The system operator and Generator should initially determine the
expected mode of operation of the Generator's generating facility, including the
expected forced outage rate, hourly pattern of generation, and use of the Generator
generating facility capacity and energy.
Connection plan
Substation design
The design of the generator substation and related equipment should be such that
the equipment can be operated [according to the System Operations Code - Section 8].
Safety and reliability. To guarantee the safety of the grid system's personnel, the
Generator will install a disconnecting device between the generator and the grid
system. The disconnecting device shall be accessible to the system operator at all
times. The disconnecting device must be a manually operable isolating switch with
visible break for the purpose of isolating the Generator's equipment from the grid
system. It should be installed at location agreed upon by the system operator and
capable of being locked.
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Power plant design
The Generator's power plant should meet appropriate international standards [or
equivalent] and all other requirements for operation in parallel with the grid system.
The design of the plant should provide the ability to operate in accordance with the
System Operations Code [Section 8] in a manner not to reduce or adversely impact
the quality of service being provided by EEPCo to its customers.
Load following capability. Generation will be designed so that it can follow system
load. [If this is not possible because of restrictions due to the use of the facility by the
Generator for other purposes or reasons, the generation facility must be designed to be able
to follow a prescheduled load pattern to be agreed upon by the Generator and the system
operator].
Voltage and reactive control. The Generator should provide suitable automatic
voltage regulating equipment compatible with the grid system for controlling the
voltage specified by the system operator. [The limits of voltage variation and required
reactive capability of units should be specified by the SO].
a) Coming on line;
Relay systems. The relay systems for the Generator's power plant should be
adequate to prevent equipment damage for contingencies occurring both within the
plant and outside the plant on the grid system. The Generator shall inform the
system operator the Under Frequency Trip Settings for its generating units. [The
settings shall be set as low as possible to assist the system, but should be at a level to prevent
damage to the generating units themselves.]
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availability can be maximised; and b) so that outages can be coordinated with the
SO.
Forced outage rate. The Generator's power plant should be capable of operating
with a forced outage rate comparable to that of utility equipment, [or as may be
specified by the SO].
Any additions or modifications to the grid system found necessary for connection
of the Generator's facilities shall be designed [and costed] by the SO.
[The cost of system additions that are required as a result of the addition of generators to the
grid system will be borne [by the SO.]]
c) Any additional information that the system operator may request for the
study [including but not limited to transformer high- and low side voltages and the
fixed tap ratios of the transformers];
2) The system operator will determine necessary information from the system
study to accomplish the following:
a) Advise Generators of any limit to the transmission system capacity and the
completion for any remaining capacity;
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c) Identify limits of the grid system's ability to accept generator output under
the grid system outage contingency.
Where the Generator is to provide protective devices for the protection of the grid
system, the Generator will submit single-line and elementary wiring diagrams of
this equipment to the system operator for approval of the protective functions.
The system operator will specify the settings of those relays that are designated as
being required to satisfy the grid system protection practices.
The system operator will seal the designated devices belonging to the system
operator located within the Generator's premises and listed on the relay setting
documents, verify accuracy of associated circuit wiring, and perform a functional
test of the required devices. The functional test will be limited to a trip test.
The system operator will annually check the sealed protective devices belonging to
the system operator located with the Generator's premises at no charge to the
Generator. A check will consist of a visual/mechanical examination of the
designated required devices, seals, and associated wiring. If seals are broken by the
Generator or its agency the protective devices will be recalibrated, tested, and
resealed. The cost of corrections, if any, will be borne by the Generator.
The Generator will be responsible for specifying the settings and calibrating,
testing, and maintaining the remainder of privately owned equipment.
The relay testing of the designated devices will be completed before the station is
permitted for commercial operation.
Protection Requirements
The system operator subject to EEA approval may establish different classes for
generators, each with distinctive protection and operating requirements:
b) Generation with a capacity of less than [2.5 MW], and connected to the
transmission system.
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6.5.4 General operating requirements
Subject to the conditions of any power purchase agreement (PPA) the system
operator should be notified in writing by the Generator at least 30 days before
initial energisation and start-up testing of Generator's facility so that the system
operator can inspect the facility's equipment and devices associated with the
connection that might affect the grid system's operation.
The Generator will be required to operate its generating facility in accordance with
prudent utility practices.
The generating facility will be operated with all of its protective apparatus in
service whenever the generating facility is connected to, or is operated in parallel
with, the grid system. Any deviation for brief periods of emergency or maintenance
may be made only with the agreement of the system operator.
Generators will be required to keep a daily operations log for the generating facility,
which must include information on maintenance outages, maintenance performed,
availability, and circuit breaker trip operations requiring a manual reset. [Generators
with the necessary metering will be required to log fuel consumption, cogeneration fuel
efficiency, kilowatts, kilovars, and kilowatt-hours generated and settings or adjustments of
the generator control equipment and protective devices, and any significant events related to
the operation of the generating facility, including, but not limited to, real and reactive
power production, changes in operating status and protective apparatus operations, and any
unusual conditions found during inspections].
If, at any time, the system operator determines after consultations with the
Generator that (a) continued parallel operation of the generating facility may
endanger the grid system personnel, (b) continued parallel operation of the
generating facility may endanger the grid system integrity, (c) continued parallel
operation of the generating facility may prevent maintenance of the grid system's
facilities, or (d) the Generator's protective apparatus is not fully in service, the
system operator will have the right to disconnect the generation facility from the
grid system. The generating facility will remain disconnected until such time as the
system operator is satisfied that the condition(s) above has been corrected.
[The purpose of this section is to describe how the system is normally operated. This is the
background against which Generators can design build and operate their installation.
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System voltage variation
The voltage on the 230 kV lines of the grid system will normally remain within [5] percent
of the nominal value unless abnormal conditions prevail. The minimum voltage is -10
percent and the maximum voltage is +10 percent under abnormal conditions, but voltages
between +5 percent and +10 percent will not last longer than 15 minutes unless abnormal
conditions prevail.
The frequency of the electric power in the grid system will be nominally 50 Hz and shall be
controlled within the limits of [49.5 - 50.5] Hz unless exceptional circumstances prevail
(normal steady-state operation).
Neutral earthing
At nominal system voltages of 132 kV and above, the higher voltage windings of a
transformer of a generating unit must be star connected with the star point suitable for
connection to earth.
Phase unbalance
Under planned outage conditions, the maximum negative phase sequence component of the
phase voltage on the grid system should remain below 1 percent unless abnormal conditions
prevail.
Under planned outage conditions, infrequent short duration peaks with a maximum value
of 2 percent are permitted for phase unbalance, subject to the prior agreement of the system
operator].
Voltage
The Generator's equipment must not cause excessive voltage excursions in excess of
10 percent of nominal. The Generator will install any necessary voltage regulating
equipment. The Generator will provide relaying to disconnect his generating
equipment from the grid system if the voltage cannot be maintained within
acceptable tolerances.
Flicker
The Generator's facilities shall not cause excessive voltage flicker on the electric
power system.
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Frequency
Harmonics
The maximum total level of harmonic distortion on the system from all sources
under both planned outages and fault outage conditions must not exceed a total
harmonic distortion of [1.5] percent with no individual harmonic greater than [1]
percent.
The Generator will be responsible for removing his generation equipment from the
electric power system for phase faults, ground faults, or outages occurring on the
electric circuit serving him.
Each generating unit will be required to withstand, without tripping, the negative
phase sequence loading incurred by clearance of a close-up phase-to-phase fault, by
system back-up protection on the transmission system. [Negative phase sequence
relays will be- necessary].
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6.5.7 Metering
The term Metering refers to the complete measurement system including but not
limited to Meters, Voltage Transformers and Current Transformers.
A single party or Registrant shall be responsible for the operation of each metering
system, although this function may be delegated to an approved contractor or
Meter Operator if desired.
Metering shall in all instances include channels for Import, Export, Reactive Lead
and Reactive Lag. Check meters shall also be installed for reading and comparison
with main meters.
Metering shall have sufficient memory to store data for [20] times the selected data
collection frequency (i.e. 20 days if daily data collection is the norm).
Manual data collection shall be performed if data has not been received after [3]
attempts at the normal collection frequency. This manual collection shall be
performed within [10] times the normal collection frequency.
Manual meter advance readings shall be taken by an independent agent once every
[3] months. These advances shall be compared with the sum of the hourly values
during this period.
Generators shall provide EEPCo with the following information on an annual basis
[at the end of the rainy season]:
[These tables are based on all hydro generation thermal generation would give a daily
weekly operating regime, such as: baseload, baseload weekday and daytime only at weekends
or peaking for 4 hours per day]
Year
Data description 0 1 2 3 4 5
Maximum simultaneous
output for each cascade group
in each week of the year (MW)
So that, where possible, planned shutdowns can be coordinated EEPCo will inform
Generators, annually, when they expect to impose a planned shutdown on that part
of the transmission system that affects the generator. The Generator may then
revise his proposed dates of shutdown.
A final annual operational plan shall be agreed between SO and the Generator.
For year 0 this plan shall be updated and agreed upon major change of
circumstance.
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7.2 GOC2 - Weekly Operational Planning
Generators shall provide EEPCo with the following information weekly by [1000 hrs
on Thursday]:
Data description 1 2 3
[If no plan is submitted, the plan will assume to be the same as for the last week for which a
plan has been submitted].
EEPCo will notify Generators promptly of any changes that may be required to
these schedules in order to balance the system.
During the week, Generators and EEPCo will monitor their respective plans and
promptly notify each other of any changes that may be necessary to the planned
schedule.
EEPCo shall, from time to time, determine the need to test or monitor the quality of
supply at various points on the transmission system. This may be initiated
following specific complaints as to the quality of supply.
Continued failure to rectify the situation will result in the generator being
disconnected.
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EEPCo may check from time to time that the generators are in compliance with
agreed protection requirements and settings.
a) There shall be joint agreement between EEPCo and Generators on the Safety
Management System to be used for sites where an operational boundary exists
and proper documentation of the safety precautions to be taken shall be
maintained. There shall be written authorisation of personnel who do the work
of control, operation, work or testing of equipment forming part of or connected
to the transmission system.
b) There shall be joint agreement between EEPCo and Generators, which specifies
responsibility for system, or control equipment, which shall ensure that only one
party is responsible for any item of equipment at any one time.
c) EEPCo and each Generator shall at all times have nominated a person or
persons responsible for coordination of safety on the respective systems.
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8 System operating code (SOC)
SO shall provide Generators with the following information by [1000] hrs each day:
Day
Data description 1 2 3
[If no schedule is submitted, the schedule will be assumed to be the same as for the last day
for which a schedule has been agreed].
EEPCo will also notify Generators of any proposed use of the Generator's stations to
provide system-balancing services.
During the day, Generators and EEPCo will monitor their respective plans and
promptly notify each other of any changes that may be necessary to the planned
schedule (changes of less than [2.5] MW in aggregate generated output need not be
notified).
Generators will operate their power stations in accordance with the schedule,
modified in accordance with any changes agreed with the system operator (SO).
Generators will promptly notify the SO if they need to vary output by more than
[2.5] MW from the agreed schedule, and shall then agree a revised schedule with
the SO.
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When necessary to balance the system, SO may issue instructions to a Generator to
vary from their agreed schedule. The Generator shall comply with such an
instruction unless to do so would be unsafe, and shall as soon as practicable notify
the SO of any consequential changes that will be required to his agreed schedule.
SO is responsible for maintaining system frequency and electric time within the
operating limits which are:
Unless agreed otherwise with SO, all generating units that are capable of
performing regulating functions such as frequency control are required to
contribute towards the maintenance of system frequency.
[The SO will from time to time issue instructions to relevant Generators on the responses
required under various levels of frequency deviation].
Each generator must provide for its own reactive load requirements, as well as its
share of reactive requirements associated with interconnecting transmission lines.
Unless agreed otherwise with SO, all automatic voltage regulators and power
system stabilizers should be kept in service on generating units to the maximum
extent possible.
The SO will from time to time issue instructions to relevant Generators to change
the power factor at which they are operating. [This will normally be within the declared
parameters, however:
1. The if the generator is asked to operate outside its normal operating parameters in
order to assist the system, this may cause:
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