Aerospace Science and Technology 58 (2016) 601617

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Aerospace Science and Technology

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Numerical model to analyze the aerodynamic behavior of a combined

conicalcylindrical shell
Youcef Kerboua a , Aouni A. Lakis b,
a
Mechanical Engineering Department, Constantine University 1, B.P. 325 Route Ain El Bey, Constantine 25017, Algeria
b
Mechanical Engineering Department, cole Polytechnique of Montral, C.P. 6079, Succursale Centre-ville, Montral, Qubec, H3C 3A7, Canada

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: A numerical model is presented in this paper to simulate the aerodynamic behavior of combined conical
Received 22 February 2016 cylindrical shells. This class of structures is of great interest due to its extensive use in aeronautical
Received in revised form 15 August 2016 and aerospace applications. Two distinct semi-analytical nite elements are used to model a combined
Accepted 20 September 2016
axisymmetric shell for better geometrical consistency. The structural formulation is a combination of the
Available online 27 September 2016
nite element method and classical shell theory. The displacement functions of each nite element are
Keywords: derived from exact solutions of Sanders shell equilibrium equations. The linearized rst-order piston
Conicalcylindrical shell theory formula is applied to take into account the aerodynamic interaction effect. For a liquid contained
Fluidstructure interaction in the combined shell, the uid pressure is derived from the velocity potential, Bernoulli equation and
Supersonic ow from the impermeability condition applied to ensure permanent coupling at the uidsolid interface.
Frequency Initial stress stiffening due to axial compression and/or radial pressure is accounted for by generating an
Finite element additional stiffness matrix. The elementary matrices of the solid and uid corresponding to each nite
Stress stiffening
element are calculated using exact analytical integration. Results obtained using the present approach
in various conditions such as under vacuum, lled with liquid and subjected to supersonic ow are
compared to those in published experimental or numerical works. Good agreement is found.
2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction ated to conical and cylindrical parts of combined shells is mainly

It is well known that axisymmetric shells are widely used in
many engineering applications. Their dynamic behavior is con-
siderably affected when are in interaction with internal or sur-
rounding uid. The case of cylindrical shells interacting with uid
has been extensively studied due to their widespread applications
and the consistency in the theories applied to analysis of these
shells. A comprehensive review is cited in references [114]. Con-
ical shells coupled with uid have also received some attention in
recent decades but have not been as widely reported in literature
as cylindrical shells. References [1523] are interesting research
works that have been performed to investigate various aspects of
the dynamic behavior of conical shells coupled with uid such as
hydrodynamic and potential ow effects. The case of combined
conicalcylindrical shells coupled with uid is still rarely studied
in spite of its practical importance. This kind of shell is found in
fuselages of aircraft and spacecraft, missiles, storage tanks and sub-
marine hulls, to name a few. The paucity of theoretical models able
to ensure a correct coupling of solid and uid equations associ-
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: aouni.lakis@polymtl.ca (A.A. Lakis).
due to mathematical diculties. Developing a single model valid
for both geometries is not an easy task. The dynamic behavior of
combined shells in a vacuum has been studied in some research
investigations. Hu et al. [24] undertook early work to study nu-
merically and experimentally the vibration characteristics of com-
posite shells, consisting of conecylinder combinations. They found
that the meridional mode shape of the normal displacement has
a V-shaped notch at the conecylinder joint. Lashkari and Wein-
garten [25] studied the vibration of coupled conicalcylindrical
shells. The natural frequencies and mode shapes were determined
using the nite-element method. An experimental investigation
was performed to validate the nite element results. Efraim and
Eisenberger [26] found the vibration frequencies of segmented ax-
isymmetric shells using a dynamic stiffness matrix. A nonlinear
static analysis employing a semi-analytical nite element has been
carried out in reference [27] to study the thermo-elastic buckling
of laminated joined circular conicalcylindrical shells subjected to
a uniform temperature rise. Nonlinear governing equations based
on von Karmans assumption for moderately large deformation
were used. Yeo et al. [28] studied the free vibration of joined
conicalcylindrical shells by applying the transfer inuence coef-
cient method. This method was found to be highly accurate and

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2016.09.019
1270-9638/ 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
602 Y. Kerboua, A.A. Lakis / Aerospace Science and Technology 58 (2016) 601617
can be adjusted for varying boundary conditions. Irie et al. [29]
presented the free vibration of axisymmetric shells using the trans-
fer matrix method (TMM). The method was applied to a joined
truncated conicalcylindrical shell and an annular platecylindrical
shell system. Patel et al. [30] dealt with the free vibration of lami-
nated anisotropic composite conicalcylindrical shell structures us-
ing the nite element method and taking into account in-plane
and rotary inertia effects. A simple two-noded shear exible ax-
isymmetric shell element based on eld consistency approach was
employed. El-Damatty et al. [31] performed a numerical and exper-
imental investigation on a small-scale aluminum combined conical
tank mounted to a shaking table and subjected to lateral excita-
tions. The numerical model used is based on a degenerated con-
sistent shell element that was initially developed by Koziey and
Mirza [32]. The fundamental frequencies of vibration and the as-
sociated cos() modes are determined. The effect of semi-angle on
the dynamic behavior of a combined conicalcylindrical has been
investigated experimentally and numerically by Jweeg et al. [33].
The studied cylindrical shell is an orthotropic structure made of
polyester resin reinforced by continuous E-glass bers. Caresta and
Kessissoglou [34] investigated the free vibration characteristics of
coupled cylindricalconical shells. A wave solution was used to
describe the displacements of the cylindrical part, while the dis-
placements of the conical part of shell were solved using a power
series solution. The effects of the junction between the two sec-
tions of the shell, the semi-vertex cone angle, and the boundary
conditions were also studied. Shakouri and Kouchakzadeh [35] in-
vestigated the dynamic behavior of two joined isotropic conical
shells. The governing equations were obtained using thin-walled
shallow shell theory of Donnell-type and Hamiltons principle. Re-
cently, a computational approach based on Sylvester-transfer stiff-
ness coecients method has been developed by Choi et al. [36] to
predict the free dynamic characteristics of an axisymmetric shell.
This method was successfully applied for various joined conical,
cylindrical and spherical shells to calculate high and low order fre-
quencies. The principal purpose of the aforementioned works was
to correctly represent the dynamic behavior of the shell in a vac-
uum by taking into account some specic issues such as laminated
shells, effects of boundary conditions and geometry, etc. However,
very little work can be found on the vibrations of combined shells
subjected to the effects of uid at rest or in ow. The rst exper-
imental study was conducted on a small-scale combined liquid-
lled shell by model El-Damatty et al. [37]. Their experimental
results were compared to those of a numerical model [32] for the
vibration of a liquidshell system. Pan et al. [38] experimentally in-
vestigated the underwater vibration of a torpedo-shaped structure
subject to an axial excitation. The studied structure is composed of
hemispherical, cylindrical and conical shells joined together. The
change in modal characteristics of wet and dry shells is discussed.
A numerical model is presented by Bochkarev and Matveenko [39]
to investigate the dynamic behavior of shells of revolution interact-
ing with a compressible or incompressible uid. This work aims to
show that the boundary conditions for the perturbed velocity po-
tential may have an essential effect on both the natural vibrations
of the shell and the critical velocities of the uid ows. Numerical
calculations are carried out for unconnected conical and cylindrical
shells separately.
The aerodynamic behavior of a combined conicalcylindrical
shell interacting with external supersonic air ow is a topic that
has not been studied extensively. For the most part, existing re-
search works model the aerodynamics of separated cylindrical
and conical shells. References [4048] provide an interesting re-
view of cylindrical and conical shells subjected to supersonic ow.
Bochkarev et al. [49] propose a mathematical model to predict the
aerodynamic stability boundary for shells of revolution subjected
Fig. 1. Combined conicalcylindrical shell.
to supersonic gas ow. The numerical calculations are carried out
mainly for conical shells.
The objective of this work is to present a numerical model
to analyze the aerodynamic behavior of a combined conical
cylindrical shell containing internal uid and subjected to external
supersonic air ow. The solid model is a combination of nite
element method and classical shell theory. Two distinct semi-
analytical nite elements are used to model a combined axisy-
metric shell for better geometrical consistency. The displacement
functions of each nite element are derived from exact solutions of
Sanders shell equilibrium equations. The linearized rst-order pis-
ton theory formula is applied to take into account the aerodynamic
interaction effect. For the liquid contained in the combined shell,
the uid pressure is derived from the velocity potential, Bernoulli
equation and from the impermeability condition applied to ensure
permanent coupling at the uidsolid interface. Initial stress stiff-
ening due to axial compression and/or radial pressure is accounted
for by generating an additional stiffness matrix. The elementary
matrices of the solid and uid corresponding to each nite ele-
ment are calculated using exact analytical integration. Because the
presented model is derived from exact solution of the equilibrium
equations based on the rst approximation of Love, the results
calculated using this approach are remarkably accurate. Its mem-
ory and CPU requirements are signicantly reduced compared to
those for the standard nite element method. In addition, the most
important advantage of this model is its ability to couple the equa-
tions of a solid shell to those of the uid at rest or in ow.
2. Structural modeling of a combined conicalcylindrical shell
The thin-walled shell depicted in Fig. 1 is modeled using two
different nite elements. The rst is cylindrical in shape and the
second is conical as shown in Figs. 2 and 3, respectively. The struc-
tural formulation of both shapes is a combination of classical shell
theory and the nite element method. Their equations of motion
are derived from Sanders shell theory [50]. The latter is based
on Loves rst approximation and results in zero strain values for
small rigid-body motion. This is more advantageous than other ex-
isting theories; see references [51] and [19] for more details.
2.1. Finite element modeling of a solid cylindrical shell
The cylindrical nite element is a cylindrical panel segment de-
ned by two line-nodes, i and j. Each node has four displacements,
u axial, v circumferential w radial, and one rotation w / x, see
Fig. 2. The displacement functions are derived from the equilib-
rium equations of a cylindrical shell instead of using polynomial
functions. This approach enables very accurate results [51] using a
small number of nite elements.
The equilibrium differential equations for cylindrical shells in
terms of axial, circumferential and radial displacements are given
bellow [51]:
L 1 (u , v , w , p i j ) = 0 (1a)
L 2 (u , v , w , p i j ) = 0 (1b)
L 3 (u , v , w , p i j ) = 0 (1c)
 Y. Kerboua, A.A. Lakis / Aerospace Science and Technology 58 (2016) 601617 603

A, B, C and are complex numbers, and R e is the mean radius of

the cylindrical nite element.
By introducing displacements u (x, ), v (x, ) and w (x, ) into
the equilibrium equations (1), we obtain the following linear sys-
tem:

H 11 H 12 H 13 A 0
H 21 H 22 H 23 B = 0 (6)

H 31 H 32 H 33 C 0
[ H i j ] is a square matrix of order (3 3), the terms of which are
functions of parameter and are given in Appendix A.
For non-trivial solutions the determinant of [ H i j ] must vanish
yielding the following characteristic equation:
Fig. 2. Geometry and nodal displacements of the cylindrical nite element.
a 8 + b 6 + c 4 + d 2 + e = 0 (7)
where: L k (k = 1, 2, 3) are linear differential operators, presented The coecients of the characteristic equation (a, b, c, d and e)
fully in Appendix A, p i j are the elements of an elasticity matrix are functions of material properties, geometry and the circumfer-
[ P ] of order (6 6) for an anisotropic material expressed as: ential mode n. Their mathematical expressions are given in refer-
ence [51]. Each root j yields a solution of the equilibrium equa-
p 11 p 12 0 p 14 p 15 0 tion. The complete solution is the sum of the eight solutions. The
p 21 p 22 0 p 24 p 25 0 displacement eld may then be rewritten as follows:
.x
0 0 P 33 0 0 P 36
[P ] = (2) ( Rj )
p 41 p 42 0 p 44 p 45 0 u (x, ) j =8 e e

0 0 A j
p 51 p 52 0 p 54 p 55 0
j .x
w (x, ) = [ T n ] 0 (
e Re
)
0 Cj (8)
0 0 p 63 0 0 p 66
v (x, ) j =1 (
j .x
)
Bj
0 0 e Re
In the case of an isotropic material the non-vanishing terms of
the elasticity matrix are: As A, B and C are not independent, we may write A j = j C j and
B j = j C j , where j and j are complex numbers given in refer-
p 11 = p 22 = D p 12 = p 21 = D p 33 = (1 ) D /2 ence [51]. The equation above may be written as follows:

p 44 = p 55 = K p 45 = p 54 = K p 66 = (1 ) K /2 u (x, )
w (x, ) = [ T n ][ R ]{C } (9)
with: K = Et 3 /12(1 2 ), D = Et /(1 2 ), E is Youngs modulus,
v (x, )
t is shell thickness and is Poissons ratio.
The strain-displacement relations for a cylindrical shell are Matrix [ R ] of order (3 8) and vector {C } of order (8) are given in
given by [11]: Appendix A.
The vector {C } may be rewritten as a function of the nodal dis-
u
placements vector {}e using the eight boundary conditions of each

x

x
1 v
nite element as follows:

+ wR


R
 T

v 1 u
w j
x + R {}e = u i , w i , wi
2 x x , vi, u j, w j, x , vj
{ } = = (3)

x


2
xw2
= [ A ]{C } (10)








2



1 w 1 v
R 2 2 + R 2
The terms of matrix [ A] are determined using Eq. (9) where x
2 x
2 2 w 3 v 1 v in matrix [R] is replaced by denite values xi and x j ; the nodal co-
R x + 2R 2R 2
ordinates corresponding respectively, to nodes i and j, see Fig. 2.
where: R is the mean radius of the solid shell. By multiplying Eq. (10) by [ A ]1 , one obtains the vector {C } as a
The displacement functions may be developed into Fourier se- function of the nodal displacements of the considered nite ele-
ries for the nth wave number with respect to a cylindrical coordi- ment:
nate system as follows:
{C } = [ A ]1 {}e (11)

u (x, ) cos(n) 0 0 u (x) Equation (9) can then be rewritten as:
w (x, ) = 0 cos(n) 0 w (x)
u (x, )
v (x, ) 0 0 sin(n) v (x)
w (x, ) = [ T n ][ R ][ A ]1 {}e = [ N ]{}e (12)

u (x) v (x, )
= [ T n ] w (x) (4)
Matrix [N] of order (3 8) is the displacement shape function of

v (x) a cylindrical nite element.
where: u (x), w (x) and v (x) are the magnitudes of the displace- By introducing the displacements given in Eq. (12) into the
ments and are functions of the x coordinate and implicitly time. strain-displacement relationship given in Eq. (3), one obtains the
These displacements are represented in axial direction x by the strain vector as a function of nodal displacements for the present
following functions (see reference [51]): nite element model.
     
( .R x ) [T n ] 0 i i
{ } = [ Q ][ A ]1 = [B] (13)
u (x)
Ae e 0 [T n ] j j
.x
w (x) = C e ( R e ) (5) The elements of matrix [ Q ] of order (6 8) are provided in

( .x )
v (x) reference [51] and the matrix [ B ] is dened in Eq. (13).
Re Be
604 Y. Kerboua, A.A. Lakis / Aerospace Science and Technology 58 (2016) 601617

2.2. Finite element modeling of a solid conical shell

The nite element used to model the conical part of the com-
bined shell is a truncated cone with variable thickness dened by
two line-nodes, i and j. Each node has four degrees of freedom:
three displacements (u i , v i and w i ) and one rotation w i / x ori-
ented as shown in Fig. 3b. The overline accentuation is applied to
conical parameters to differentiate them from those of the cylin-
drical model.
The equations of motion of a conical shell with linearly vari-
able thicknesses (see Fig. 3a) are used as they allow derivation of
the displacement functions [52] from exact solution of the equi-
librium equations. This method is more accurate than the usual
choice of polynomial functions. When using this method, the shell
semi-vertex angle may not be equal to zero. The case of truncated
conical shells with a constant thickness is studied by introducing a
thickness proportionality coecient expressed by [19]:
2t
= (14)
( x j xi )
This coecient is determined such that a constant thickness is
found in the middle of each conical nite element. This approx-
imation has no effect on the quality of the calculated results as
long as a reasonable number of nite elements is used [19].
The equilibrium equations of a conical shell are derived from
Sanders shell theory [52]. These equations may be expressed in
terms of axial, tangential and radial displacements of the mean
surface of the shell. They are given below using three linear differ- Fig. 3. Conical nite element (a) geometry and thickness variation, (b) nodal dis-
ential operators S k (k = 1, 2, 3): placements.

S 1 (u , v , w , b i j ) = 0 (15a) u (x), w (x) and v (x) are only functions of the x coordinate, see
S 2 (u , v , w , b i j ) = 0 (15b) Fig. 3a. By introducing the displacement functions of Eq. (17) into
Eq. (15) and working out derivatives with respect to , one obtains
S 3 (u , v , w , b i j ) = 0 (15c) three ordinary differential equations. The solutions of these equa-
The complete form of these equations is provided in Appendix B. tions have the following general form (see references [53] and [20]
b i j terms are the components of an elasticity matrix of or- for more details):

der (6 6) corresponding to a multilayer anisotropic material, see u (x)  x  2 1 A
reference [19]. The elasticity matrix of a single layer anisotropic w (x) = C (18)
material is similar to that given in Eq. (2). However, in the case of le
v (x) B
an isotropic material, only the non-vanishing terms are maintained
as stated above for the solid cylindrical shell. where: le is the length of the nite element in the axial direction
The strain-displacement relations for a conical shell are [52]: (see Fig. 3a), and A, B, C and are unknown complex numbers.
Substituting u (x), v (x) and w (x) into the equilibrium equations


u




x

we obtain the algebraic system:

1 v
+ ux + w cos ( )

x
x sin( ) x
D 11 D 12 D 13 A 0

v 1 u
x + x sin( ) x
v
D 21 D 22 D 23 B = 0 (19)

2


2 x xw2 D 31 D 32 D 33 C 0
= (16)

x

2

cos( ) v
(x sin1( ))2 w2 1x wx
The elements of the square matrix [ D i j ] of order (3 3) are

(x sin( ))2



given in Appendix B. For non-trivial solution of the Eq. (19), the
2 x 2
x sin2( ) x
w
+ 3 cot ( ) v u cos( )


2x x 2(x sin( ))2


determinant of matrix [ D i j ] must be null. The expanded determi-

+ 2 sin( ) w 3 cot( ) v
nant leads to the following characteristic equation:
(x sin( ))2 2 x2
h8 8 + h6 6 + h4 4 + h2 2 + h0 = 0 (20)
where: is the semi-vertex angle of the cone and x the conical
coordinate, see Fig. 3b. The coecients h j (for j = 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8) are given in refer-
The displacement functions of the conical nite element are ence [19]. Each root of this equation yields a solution to the linear
expressed as a combination of Fourier series and nite element equations of motion. The complete solution is obtained by adding
theory. They can therefore be expressed, for the nth wave number, the eight solutions independently with the constants A j , B j and
as: C j ( j = 1, 8) as follows:

u (x, ) cos(n) 0 0 u (x) 1
j =8   j
u (x)  Aj
w (x, ) = 0 cos(n) 0 w (x) x 2
w (x) = C (21)
v (x, ) 0 0 sin(n) v (x) le j
v (x) j =1 Bj
u (x)
= [ T n ] w (x) (17) As constants A j , B j and C j are not independent, we can express
them as a function of C j as follows:
v (x)
 Y. Kerboua, A.A. Lakis / Aerospace Science and Technology 58 (2016) 601617 605

A j = jC j and B j = jC j j = 18 (22) where: R e and le are the radius and the length of the cylindrical
element, respectively.
Substituting Eq. (22) into Eq. (19), we can determine j and j by Matrices [ R ], [ A ]1 and [ Q ] are dened above in Eqs. (9), (11)
solving a simple Cramer system. The displacements u (x), w (x) and and (13), respectively.
v (x) may be nally written as: The mass and stiffness matrices associated to the conical nite
element are:
u (x)
w (x) = [ R ]{C } (23)  T
[ms ]e = s [ A ]1 [ R ]T [ T n ]T [ T n ][ R ][ A ]1 td A (32)
v (x)
A
where: [ R ] is a (3 8) matrix given in reference [19].  T  
 T [ T n ] [0] [ T n ] [0]
The vector {C } contains eight constants of the problem which [ks ]e = [ A ]1 [ Q ]T [P ]
may be expressed as functions of nodal displacements.
[0] [ T n ] [0] [ T n ]
A
For a conical nite element, the nodal displacement vector as-
sociated to circumferential mode n and nodes i and j is given by: [ Q ][ A ]1 d A (33)
 T where: d A is dened in the case of a conical shell by d A =
w j
{}e = u i , w i , wi
x , vi, u j, w j, x , vj x sin( )d dx. Matrices [ T n ], [ R ], [ A ]1 and [ Q ] are dened in
Eqs. (17), (23), (25) and (27), respectively.
= [ A ]{C } (24)
The terms of [ A ] can be obtained by replacing x by the nodal co- 3. Initial stiffening effect
ordinates xi and x j corresponding to nodes i and j, respectively.
Pre-multiplying by [ A ]1 one obtains: In-plane loads have a stiffening effect on the vibration behavior
of structures. This effect may exist in axisymetric shells subjected
{C } = [ A ]1 {}e (25) to supersonic ow and containing pressurized uid. An axial com-
pressive force (F x ) and uniformly distributed radial load ( P 0 ) are
Combining Eqs. (25), (23) and (17), the nal displacement func-
applied to take into account this aspect. It is assumed that the
tions may be written as:
shell is under equilibrium conditions and does not reach the buck-
u (x, ) ling state. The stiffening effect is accounted for by adding a matrix
w (x, ) = [ T n ][ R ][ A ]1 {}e = [ N ]{}e (26) [ki ]e to the elementary stiffness matrices of the solid shell [54].

v (x, )
3.1. Case of a cylindrical nite element
where [ N ] is the shape functions matrix of a conical nite element.
As the strains are related to the displacements through Eq. (16), The membrane forces per unit length corresponding to the case
we can express { } in terms of the nodal displacement vector {}e : of a cylindrical nite element subjected to internal or external
  pressure P 0 and axial compression F x are:
[T n ] 0
{ } = [ Q ][ A ]1 {}e = [ B ]{}e (27) Fx
0 [T n ] Nx = and N = P 0 R (34)
2 R
The terms of matrix [ Q ] of order (6 8) are given in reference Membrane strains associated to lateral deection are [50]:
[52].  
w 1 w
= , xx = v and
2.2.1. Mass and stiffness matrices of a solid shell x R
Using the standard procedure of the nite element method, the  
1 1 u v
mass [ms ]e and stiffness [k s ]e matrices for one nite element can n = + (35)
be expressed as follows [54]: 2 R x
The change in membrane strain energy is therefore given by
e
[ms ] = s t [ N ]T [ N ]d A (28) [55]:

A 2le
1  
[ks ]e = [ B ]T [ P ][ B ]d A (29) Ui = N x 2 + N xx
2
+ ( N x + N )n2 d A (36)
2
0 0
A
By substituting relation (35) into relation (36) and rearranging
where: s and t are the density and the thickness of the solid
these equations in matrix form, we obtain:
shell, respectively. d A is the differential area of the nite element.

The elementary matrices are calculated by analytical integration 2le Nx 0 0
over x and by substituting matrices [ N ] and [ B ] ([ N ] and [ B ] for 1
Ui = {r }T 0 N 0 {r }d A (37)
conical nite element) into Eqs. (28) and (29) respectively. 2
0 0
0 0 Nx + N
The mass and stiffness of a cylindrical nite element are given
by the following relations: where:

 le  0 x 0 u
 T
[ms ]e = s t [ A ]1 [ R ]T [ R ]dx [ A ]1
e
Re (30) {r } = 0 R1 1
w = [Y ][ N ]{} (38)
R
1 1 v
0 2R 0 2 x
 le 
 T Matrix [N] of order (3 8) is the displacement shape function
[ks ]e = [ A ]1 Re [ Q ]T [ P ][ Q ]dx [ A ]1 (31) of a cylindrical nite element. [Y ] is a (3 3) matrix dened in
Eq. (38).
0
606 Y. Kerboua, A.A. Lakis / Aerospace Science and Technology 58 (2016) 601617

By applying usual variational approaches on relation (37), we where: [ M s ], [ K s ] are the global matrices of mass and stiffness
obtain the stress stiffening matrix as follows: of solid shell, respectively. [ M f ] is the global matrix of uid added
mass that represents the inertial effect of the uid contained in the
2le Nx 0 0 shell. [ K i ] is the global matrix of the initial stiffening effect due to
[ki ] =e
[ N ] [Y ] 0
T T
N 0 [Y ][ N ]d A (39) axial compression and internal pressure. [C f ] and [ K f ] are global
0 0
0 0 Nx + N matrices that represent the effect of the supersonic ow and { g }
is the structural displacement vector. The uid elementary matri-
Elementary matrices [ki ]e are assembled to provide the global ma- ces are calculated in the following sections.
trix [ K i ].
4.1. Hydrodynamic effect of internal uid
3.2. Case of a conical nite element
The hydrodynamic pressure of the internal uid is coupled with
The stiffening effect of a conical nite element is modeled us- the elastic deformation of the shell and its effect is introduced in
ing the same formulation applied for the cylindrical model. The the governing equations as a ctive added mass. The mathematical
membrane forces per unit length resulting from application of ax- formulation of the internal uid is based on the following assump-
ial compressive force F x and radial pressurisation P 0 are given by tions: (i) the internal uid is incompressible, (ii) the uid ow is
[46]: potential without a net ow rate, (iii) the mathematical model is
limited to small deformations, (iv) the uid pressure is purely nor-
x Px
N = xP 0 tan( ) and N x = P 0 tan( ) mal to the shell wall since uid is inviscid (there is no shear) and
2 2 sin(2 ) (v) the free surface effect is neglected.
(40)
4.2. Hydrodynamic effect of a cylindrical nite element
Membrane strains associated to the lateral deection are [50]:

w v 1 w Taking into account the aforementioned assumptions, the ve-

= xx = and locity potential (x, , r , t ) of the internal uid must satisfy the
x x tan( ) x sin( )
Laplace equation. This relation is expressed in the cylindrical coor-
v 1 v 1 u dinate system by [11]:
n = + (41)
2x 2 x 2x sin( )  
1 1 2 2
By substituting relation (41) into relation (36) and rearranging r + + =0 (46)
r r r r2 2 x2
the equations in matrix form, we obtain:
where: x, and r are the coordinates in the axial, circumferential
2le Nx 0 0 and radial directions of the cylinder, respectively.
1
Ui = {r }T 0 N 0 {r }T d A (42) The axial, tangential and radial components of the uid velocity
2 (V x , V and V r ) may be expressed by [2]:
0 0 0 0 Nx + N
1
where: Vr = V = Vx = (47)
r r x
0 x 0 u The uid pressure at the soliduid interface (r = R) is expressed

{r } = 0 1
x sin 1
w using Bernoullis equation as follows (see references [11] and [5]):
x tan 
1
2x sin
0 1
+ 12 x v 
2x P |r = R = f (48)
t r = R
= [Y ][ N ]{}e (43)
where: f is the uid density and R is the internal radius of the
Matrix [N] of order (3 8) is the displacement shape function of solid shell.
a conical nite element. [Y ] is (3 3) matrix dened in Eq. (43). Two boundary conditions characterize the uid conditions in
The stress stiffening matrix may therefore be expressed as fol- this case. The rst ensures a nite solution on the axis (at r = 0).
lows: The second boundary condition, known as the impermeability con-

2le Nx 0 0 dition, ensures a permanent contact between the shell surface and
the peripheral uid layer (at r = R). Both of them are, respectively,
[ki ] =e
[ N ] [Y ] 0
T T
N 0 [Y ][ N ]d A (44)
expressed by the following relations:
0 0 0 0 Nx + N 

=0 (49)
4. Fluid modeling r r =0
 
 w 
The dynamic behavior of an elastic shell may be affected V r |r = R = = (50)
signicantly when in contact with uid. The combined conical r r = R t r = R
cylindrical shell studied in this paper may be subjected to external The velocity potential function may be assumed as a product of
axial supersonic ow combined with internal pressure, axial com- two separate variable functions as follows:
pression and hydrodynamic pressure of uid contained in shell.
These loads may coexist in many aeronautical and missile struc- (x, , r , t ) = F (r ) S (x, , t ) (51)
tures. where: F (r ) and S (x, , t ) are unknown functions.
The dynamic behavior of such problems is governed by the fol- Equation (8) allows us to express the radial displacement by the
lowing system, see reference [3]: following relation:
    j =8
[ M s ] [ M f ] { g } + [C f ]{ g } + [ K s ] [ K i ] [ K f ] { g } = {0}  jx
w (x, r , , t ) = C je Re cos(n)e i t (52)
(45) j =1
 Y. Kerboua, A.A. Lakis / Aerospace Science and Technology 58 (2016) 601617 607

where i is a complex number, i 2 = 1 and is the natural fre-

quency.
By substituting Eq. (51) into the impermeability condition of
Eq. (50), we determine the function S (x, , t ). Replacing again the
function S (x, , t ) into Eq. (51), the velocity potential function be-
comes:
j =8
 F j (r ) w j
(x, r , , t ) = (53)
[ F j ( R )/ r ] t
j =1

The uid pressure may therefore be rewritten using Eq. (48) as:
j =8
 F j (r ) 2 w j Fig. 4. Fluid coordinates system of the conical section of the shell.
P |r = R = f (54)
[ F j ( R )/ r ] t 2
j =1 After integration, the last equation may be rewritten as:
The uidsolid coupling is imposed by Eqs. (53) and (54). It is nec-  T
{ F }e = [ A ]1 [ S f ][ A f ]1 {}e (61)
essary at this stage to determine the function F (r ). By introducing
the velocity potential function (x, , r , t ) into Eq. (46), one ob- The [ S f ] matrix is given in reference [7]. The added-mass matrix
tains: of the cylindrical element due to the uid is therefore:
j =8  2
      T
F j (r ) F j (r ) n2 j 2 [m f ] = [ A ]1 [ S f ][ A f ]1 (62)
+ 2 F j (r ) 1 + i =0 (55)
r2 r r Re
j =1 4.3. Hydrodynamic effect of a conical nite element
The general solution of Eq. (55) is given by:
According to the assumptions stated above, the velocity poten-
F j (r ) = A J n (im j r ) + B Y n (im j r ) (56) tial (x, , , t ) of the internal uid satises the Laplace equation
that may be expressed in the conical coordinates system (x, , )
J n (im j r ) and Y n (im j r ) are, respectively, the Bessel function of the
by [56]:
rst and second kind of order n. A and B are unknown constants

and the parameter m j = R j . 2 2 1 2 1 1 2
e
In the case of internal uid, the solution of Eq. (55) must be 2 = + 2 2 2 2
+ 2 + 2 2 (63)
x x x x (sin ) x tan x
nite on the axis of the shell (r = 0). This means that we have to
set the constant B equal to zero [2]. The solution of the differential with: is the coordinate along the cone semi-vertex angle (0
equation (55) becomes: ), see Fig. 4.
The ow velocity components without a net ow rate of uid
F j (r ) = A J n (im j r ) (57) are expressed in the conical coordinate system by [20]:
Finally, we obtain the uid pressure equation at the soliduid in- 1 1
terface as follows: Vx = V = V = (64)
x x sin x
j =8 j =8
 J n (im j r ) 2 w j  2 w j Bernoullis equation of internal uid applied at the middle surface
P |r = R = f = f Z j (58)
[ r ( J n (im j R ))] t 2 t2 of a conical shell is given by [19]:
j =1 j =1


Based on the standard nite element procedure [54], the uid- P |=a = f (65)
induced force vector may be expressed for one nite element using t =a
the following relation:
where: a = tan(t /2x) is the half-angle at the interface between

the uid and the inner-wall surface of the conical shell.
{ F }e = [ N ]T { P }d A (59) The uidstructure coupling at the interface is imposed using
A the impermeability condition corresponding to conical coordinates
as follows [21]:
where: { F }e is the elementary load vector of order (8 1), [N]
 
is the shape functions matrix of the nite element dened in 1  w 
Eq. (12), and { P } is a vector of order (3 1), expressing the pres- V |=a =  = (66)
x  =a t =a
sure applied by the uid on the cylindrical shell in Eq. (58). The
radial pressure in vector { P } is the only non-zero component. Using Eqs. (17) and (21), the radial displacement may be rewritten
By substituting matrices [N] and { P } into Eq. (59), we obtain: as:
  j 1
 T j =8

{ F }e = f [ Z f ]T [ A ]1 [ R ]T [ T n ]T [ T n ][ R f ][ A f ]1 {}e d A w (x, , t ) = Cj
x
cos(n)e i t (67)
le
A j =1
(60)
The velocity potential function may be assumed as the product of
where: [ R f ] is a matrix of order (3 8) that contains only the two separate variable functions as follows:
second line of matrix [ R ] associated with the radial displacement, j =8

[ A f ]1 is a matrix of order (8 8) obtained using Eqs. (10) to (12) (x, , , t ) = G j () T j (x, , t ) (68)
by considering only the radial displacement w, and vector { Z f } of
j =1
order (3 8) contains the eight components of Z j written in vector
form (see Eq. (58)). where: G j () and T j (x, , t ) are unknown functions.
608 Y. Kerboua, A.A. Lakis / Aerospace Science and Technology 58 (2016) 601617

By introducing the latter equation into the impermeably condi- 4.4. Aerodynamic effect of supersonic ow
tion of Eq. (66) we determine the function T j (x, , t ). Introducing
this function into Eq. (68), one obtains: Piston theory is an ecient tool that furnishes an approxima-
tion for the aerodynamic pressure applied on an elastic structure
j =8
 G j () w with remarkable accuracy whenever the Mach number is suf-
(x, , , t ) = x (69) ciently high (M  1) [57]. Piston theory was introduced into
[ (G j (a))]
j =1
t
aeroelasticity in a linearized form by Ashley and Zartarian as a
handy tool in 1956 [58].
Now, replacing Eq. (69) into Eq. (63) and solving for a constant x For a cylindrical shell subjected to external supersonic axial air-
leads to the following second order ordinary differential equation: ow, the uidstructure effect due to external pressure loading can
be taken into account using linearized rst order potential theory
2 G j () 1 G j () n2
+ G j () = 0 (70) [43].
2 tan() sin2 ()   2 
P M 2 w 1 M 2 w
Since the uid is inside the conical shell, the previous equation Pa = +
( M 2 1)1/2 x U M2 1 t
may be solved using the Frobenius method. The truncated solution 
w
is expressed by Korn and Korn [56] as: (78)
2R ( M 1)1/2
2
 
n (5n + 7)n n(n + 4)(5n + 1) where: P is the freestream static pressure, U is the freestream
G j () = A n 1 + 2 + 4 + 6
12 1440 51840 velocity of the supersonic ow. M is the Mach number and is
the specic heat ratio of the uid.
(71)
The curvature terms in uid pressure of Eq. (78) are maintained
Introducing Eq. (71) into Eq. (69), the potential function becomes: since it has been observed that including this pressure provides a
better approximation [3].
j =8
 w j The Mach number is given by:
(x, , , t ) = kx (72)
t M = U /a (79)
j =1
where a = the velocity of sound of the undisturbed airstream.
with: The freestream static pressure and the velocity of sound are
 n 2 (5n+7)n n(n+4)(5n+1) 6  related by the following formula:
a 1+ 12
a + 1440 a4 + 51840
a 
k= (73) a = P / (80)
(n+2)a2
n 1+ 12
+ (n+41440
)(5n+7) 4
a +
(n+4)(n+6)(5n+1) 6
51840
a
The uid pressure of Eq. (78) is a function of radial displacement;
The expression of uid pressure at the soliduid interface may given in Eq. (52) as the sum of the eight solutions associated to
be obtained by replacing the last potential function in Bernoullis each root of the characteristic Eq. (7). This relation ensures cou-
Eq. (65) as follows: pling of uid pressure with the solid structural equations of mo-
tion. By substituting Eq. (52) into Eq. (78), the uid pressure may
j =8 2
 wj be rewritten as:
P |=a = f kx (74)
t2 j =8   
j =1 P M 2  1 M 2 2 w j w j
Pa = +
This equation shows that the uid pressure is coupled at the inter- ( M 2 1)1/2 U M2 1 t x
j =1
face to the radial displacement of the conical shell. 
wj
The elementary load vector corresponding to a conical nite el- (81)
ement may be calculated by substituting the shape function matrix 2R ( M 2 1)1/2
[ N ] and the uid pressure P of Eq. (74) into the standard nite el- The last pressure may be expressed in matrix form by the follow-
ement Eq. (59). After performing matrix operations, one obtains ing relation:
the following relation:   
1 M2 2
 T Pa = [ T n ][ R f ][ A f ]1 {}e
{ F }e = f [ A ]1 [ R ]T [ T n ]T [ T n ][ R f ][ A f ]1 {}e d A (75) U M2 1
  
A j 1 1 e
+ i [ T n ][ R f ][ A f ] {} (82)
Re 2R ( M 2 1)1/2
where: [ R f ] is a matrix of order (3 8) that contains only the sec-
P M2
ond line of matrix [ R ] associated with the radial displacement of a where: parameter is: ( M 2 1)1/2 . Matrices [ R f ] and [ A f ]1 are
conical nite element, [ A f ]1 is a matrix of order (8 8) obtained the same as those in Eq. (60).
using Eq. (26) by considering only the radial displacement w. By introducing the aerodynamic pressure of Eq. (82) and dis-
The elementary load vector may be rewritten after analytical placement functions of Eq. (12) into the elementary load vector of
integration as: Eq. (59), one obtains:
 T  T    T  
{ F }e = [ A ]1 [ S f ][ A f ]1 {}e (76) { F }e = A 1 [ D f ] A f 1 {}e + A 1 [G f ] A f 1 {}e (83)

where:
Where [ S f ] is a matrix of order (8 8) given in reference [19]. The
uid added-mass matrix may be deduced from Eq. (86) as:   le
. R . M2 2
 T [D f ] = [ R ]T [ R f ]dx (84)
[m f ] = [ A ]1 [ S f ][ A f ]1 (77) U M2 1
0
 Y. Kerboua, A.A. Lakis / Aerospace Science and Technology 58 (2016) 601617 609

  le
i j 1
[G f ] = . R . [ R ]T [ R f ]dx (85)
r 2R ( M 2 1)1/2
0

The uid-induced damping and stiffness elementary matrices are

therefore expressed by:
 T
[c f ]e = [ A ]1 [ D f ][ A f ]1 (86)
 T
[k f ]e = [ A ]1 [G f ][ A f ]1 (87) Fig. 5. Geometrical transformation, conical to cylindrical coordinates.

The linearized form of aerodynamic pressure [58] used above ap-
ui cos( ) sin( ) 0 0 ui
w sin( )



plies also to the conical part of the combined shell [18] when i cos( ) 0 0 wwi
=
subjected to an external supersonic airow. It has been success-

wi
0 0 1 0 i

fully used in reference [18]. The aerodynamic pressure is: x x

vi 0 0 0 1 vi
  
M2 2
ui
w
1
Pa = [ T n ][ R f ][ A f ]1 {}e
U M2 1 = [T R ]
i
(94)
wi
  

j 1 x
+ i [ T n ][ R f ][ A f ]1 {}e (88) vi
Rm 2R m ( M 2 1)1/2
Geometrical transformation must be carried out to the global
where: R m is the mean radius at the middle of each conical nite system (x, r , ) for solid and uid elementary matrices as follows
element. Matrices [ T n ], [ R f ] and [ A f ]1 are the same as those in [54]:
Eq. (75).  T  
e [ T R ] [0] e [ T R ] [0]
Substituting now Eq. (88) and the shape functions matrix of [k] = [k] (95)
Eq. (26) into Eq. (59), we obtain the elementary load vector cor- [0] [ T R ] [0] [ T R ]
responding to the aerodynamic effect of the supersonic ow, as
where: [k]e and [k]e are elementary matrices dened in global and
follows:
local coordinate systems, respectively.
{ F }e = [c f ]e {}e + [k f ]e {}e (89) Fluid matrices must be transformed to the global system, rst
because they result originally from a vector of load, see Eq. (59).
where: Secondly, the uid pressure is expressed in terms of radial dis-
placement that should itself be transformed to the global system.
 T
[c f ]e = [ A ]1 [ D f ][ A f ]1 (90)
6. Global matrices and eigenvalue problem
 T
[k f ]e = [ A ]1 [G f ][ A f ]1 (91)
By superimposing the matrices for each individual element and
and: introducing the boundary conditions, one obtains the global sys-
 tem mentioned in Eq. (45), which represents the equation of mo-
( M 2 2) tion of the coupled uidstructure system. The natural frequencies
[D f ] = and mode shapes of this system may be calculated by solving the
U ( M 2 1)
following eigenvalue problem, using the equation reduction tech-
x j 2  nique. Equation (45) may be rewritten as follows:
 1  T T T 1
      
[ A] [ R ] [ T n ] [ T n ][ R f ][ A f ] d A (92) [0] [ M ] { g } [ M ] [0] { g }
+ = { 0} (96)
xi 0 [ M ] [C ] { g } [0] [ K ] { g }
x j 2  The eigenvalue problem may then be given by:
 T [ R f ]  
[G f ] = [ A ]1 [ R ]T [ T n ]T [ T n ] [ A f ]1 d A [ D D ] [ I ] = 0 (97)
x
xi 0
where:
x j 2  
1  T [0] [I ]
[ A ]1 [ R ]T [ T n ]T [ T n ] [D D] =
2R m ( M 2 1) 2
1 [ K ]1 [ M ] [ K ]1 [C ]
xi 0
[ M ] = [ M s ] [ M f ], [C ] = [C f ] and [ K ] = [ K s ] [ K i ] [ K f ]. [ I ] is
[ R f ][ A f ]1 d A (93) the identity matrix, = i 12 , and is the natural frequency.
A computer code in FORTRAN language has been developed to
where matrices [ R f ][ A f ]1 are described above in Eq. (75).
calculate the matrices of each nite element based on the equa-
tions given above. The calculations for each nite element are
5. Geometrical transformation performed in two stages; the rst dealing with the solid shell in-
cluding the initial stiffening effect, and the second with the effects
The elementary matrices determined above are calculated in of uid.
local coordinate systems, see Fig. 5. Assembly of these matrices The eigenvalue problem of Eq. (97) is solved using the IMSL
requires transforming the elementary matrices and vectors to a Fortran library routine EIGCC that calculates the eigenvalues and
common global coordinate system. The nodal displacements of the optionally eigenvectors of a complex general matrix. To ensure that
cylindrical shell are related to those of the conical shell by the fol- the obtained frequencies have been calculated appropriately, a sec-
lowing relation: ond eigenvalue calculation is conducted using Eq. (96) and the
610 Y. Kerboua, A.A. Lakis / Aerospace Science and Technology 58 (2016) 601617

IMSL Fortran library routine CGVLCG. The latter computes all the
eigenvalues of a generalized complex eigensystem using the QZ al-
gorithm described by Moler and Stewart [60]. Excellent agreement
is found between both routines.

7. Results and discussion

Numerical calculations have been conducted to show that the

developed model is able to correctly represent the dynamic behav-
ior of a combined conicalcylindrical shell, either in a vacuum or
when interacting with uid.

7.1. Combined conicalcylindrical shell without uid
The rst numerical application is conducted to study the con-
vergence of the solution as a function of the number of nite el-
ements. The calculated structure is a combined conicalcylindrical
shell clamped at the bottom, see Fig. 6. This structure is considered
a typical example and therefore a good test case to apply the nu-
merical model presented above. The geometry and the dimensions
of the shell are: L 1 = 0.75 m, L 2 = 0.75 m and R 1 = 0.12 m. Four
semi-vertex angles of the conical section are considered ( = 5 ,
20, 35 , and 45 ) to investigate how the geometry of the com-
bined shell could affect the requisite mesh size. The mechanical
properties of the solid shell are: Youngs modulus E = 69 GPa, ma-
terial density s = 2700 kg/m3 , Poissons ratio = 0.3 and shell
thickness t = 5 mm.
Variation of the natural frequencies versus the number of -
nite elements is plotted in Fig. 7. The results are calculated using
a regular mesh for circumferential mode n = 2. For small semi-
vertex angles, twenty elements are sucient to reach mesh inde-
pendency, whereas for larger angles convergence requires at least
70 elements. This is due to the fact that the conical model is based
on a geometrical approximation, see Eq. (14). It is therefore advis-
able to rene the mesh of the conical section of the shell more
than that of the cylindrical section.
To conrm the validity of the present model without uid, a
combined conicalcylindrical shell with clamped boundary con-
ditions at the top of the cylindrical shell is calculated. The geo-
metrical data of the shell are: = 30 , L 2 / R 2 = 1, t / R 2 = 0.01
and R 1 / R 2 = 0.4226, see Fig. 6. Its mechanical properties are:
Youngs modulus = 211 GPa, Poissons ratio = 0.3 and density
s = 7800 kg/m3 . The results obtained using the present model
are compared to those of Caresta et al. [34] calculated for the
same structure. Table 1 lists the dimensionless frequency param-
eter = /0 corresponding to the fundamental modes, with
0 = E /s (1 2 )/ R 2 . Excellent agreement is found between
both methods. Since the present model is developed using a hy-
brid approach; combining nite element frame work and Sanders
(1959) classical shell theory, it generates accurate values of the
natural frequencies.
To check how shell boundary conditions and the semi-vertex
angle could affect the accuracy of the results, calculations were
conducted for the combined shell of Fig. 6, when the bottom and
top of the structure are, respectively, clamped-free and clamped-
clamped, with angles equal to: 5 , 20 , 35 and 45 . The ob-
tained results are compared to those calculated with ANSYS soft-
ware using an excessive number of axisymmetric-harmonic nite
element SHELL61 [59]. This is a one-dimensional nite element
dened by two nodes. Each node has four degrees of freedom;
three translations and one tangential rotation. The geometrical and
mechanical properties are the same as those used above in our
mesh convergence study. The natural frequencies corresponding to
each case along with those calculated using the ANSYS software
are listed in Tables 2 and 3. Analysis of the obtained results allows
us to conclude that the semi-analytical formulation used herein is
Fig. 6. Geometric shape and dimensions of the combined conicalcylindrical shell
used in numerical calculations.
Fig. 7. Natural frequency corresponding to the fundamental mode (n = 2 and m = 1)
of a clamped-free combined shell in vacuum as a function of the number of nite
elements and various semi-vertex angles .
extremely accurate and is advantageous from the point of view of
mesh-size compared to the usual nite element approach.
To illustrate the inuence of internal static pressure on the
dynamic behavior of the studied structure, calculations are per-
formed using the present model on the combined shell of Fig. 6
when clamped at the top and bottom and with semi-vertex an-
gle = 35 . The dimensions of the shell are: L 1 = 0.75 m, L 2 =
0.75 m and R 1 = 0.12 m and thickness t = 1 mm. The shell thick-
ness has been intentionally reduced here to properly highlight the
initial stiffening effect. This is desired because the initial stiffen-
ing effect is important for thin structures with a bending stiffness
that is very small compared to axial stiffness. The frequencies ob-
tained using the present model are validated by comparing them
with those calculated using an excessive number of ANSYS nite
element SHELL281. The latter is adopted since it allows analy-
sis of the pre-stressing effect by activating the PSTRES command
[59]. By examining Fig. 8, good agreement can be seen between
our results and those obtained using ANSYS software. Compres-
sive membrane forces decrease the natural frequencies and tensile
membrane forces increase them. Fig. 8 also shows the natural fre-
quencies obtained for the same structure under radial pressure
with semi-vertex angle = 0 . This case has been calculated to
validate the present model for different angles. A similar behavior
to that of Fig. 8 is found in reference [61] for pressurized cylindri-
cal shells. Finally, we underline that the pressure applied in Fig. 8
is maintained relatively low to stay within equilibrium conditions
and to ensure that the buckling state is not reached.
7.2. Combined shell fully lled with uid
Numerical calculations have been conducted to validate the hy-
drodynamic model presented above when applied to a combined
 Y. Kerboua, A.A. Lakis / Aerospace Science and Technology 58 (2016) 601617 611

Table 1
Frequency parameters for a combined conicalcylindrical shell with clamped boundary conditions at the top of the cylindrical shell.

Mode n=1 n=2 n=3 n=4

(m, n)
m Present [34] Present [34] Present [34] Present [34]
1 0.294 0.293 0.104 0.100 0.090 0.087 0.145 0.144
2 0.631 0.637 0.501 0.503 0.390 0.391 0.329 0.330
3 0.812 0.811 0.692 0.691 0.515 0.514 0.396 0.395
4 0.932 0.931 0.859 0.859 0.753 0.797 0.646 0.647
5 0.950 0.952 0.915 0.916 0.797 0.919 0.693 0.693

Table 2
Natural frequencies (Hz) of a clamped-free combined conicalcylindrical shell without uid, as a function of semi-vertex angle .
Angle 5 20 35 45
Mode number Present ANSYS Present ANSYS Present ANSYS Present ANSYS
n m
1 1 98.38 98.34 74.628 73.349 51.287 47.588 37.92 32.68
2 596.19 596.21 629.378 621.43 509.047 483.9 387.26 356.38
3 1377.12 1378.60 1378.405 1374.9 939.819 942.07 653.99 655.63

2 1 99.55 99.53 28.941 28.657 16.23 15.478 11.62 10.909

2 318.17 318.41 403.274 400.84 365.08 356.19 298.32 285.08
3 665.60 666.28 864.741 866.13 772.54 767.78 591.91 583.93

3 1 270.06 269.99 62.79 62.78 25.757 25.776 15.956 16.12

2 368.87 369.14 303.024 302.08 253.164 249.06 200.65 194.5
3 501.58 502.05 569.891 571.4 582.083 581.05 466.69 461.95

4 1 515.58 515.31 117.727 117.72 46.239 46.262 27.404 27.485

2 572.39 572.47 324.831 324.74 227.04 225.12 169.716 166.76
3 694.83 695.09 427.218 428 472.981 473.84 399.182 396.89

Table 3
Natural frequencies (Hz) of a combined conicalcylindrical shell clamped at both ends without uid as function of semi-vertex angle .
Angle 5 20 35 45
Mode number Present ANSYS Present ANSYS Present ANSYS Present ANSYS
n m
1 1 554.33 554.51 591.23 589.63 554.58 550.20 484.458 480.39
2 1194.36 1195.40 1225.08 1226.1 1018.64 1019.10 701.553 698.53
3 1940.23 1943.00 1681.83 1685.5 1058.19 1055.30 812.871 812.72

2 1 307.45 307.70 387.18 386.05 359.87 355.25 303.417 296.82

2 609.60 610.18 708.27 709.68 664.49 665.57 559.041 557.26
3 1083.20 1084.5 1182.26 1183 909.73 908.58 676.062 675.25

3 1 358.66 358.93 298.25 297.63 252.56 249.18 202.084 197

2 484.32 484.77 474.16 475.30 484.93 487.03 432.271 432.33
3 765.22 766.12 843.88 844.29 694.53 692.73 549.588 548.25

4 1 557.56 557.64 314.02 314.33 226.57 224.84 170.014 167.3

2 684.15 684.44 377.47 377.7 385.76 387.54 366.95 367.97
3 815.35 815.88 710.35 710.85 563.69 562.29 442.519 441.04

shell that is fully lled with liquid. The uid pressures, expressed
as functions of transversal displacements of the solid shell given
in Eqs. (58) and (74), are implemented for this purpose. The cou-
pling effect is introduced using the added-mass matrices. The case
of a partially-lled shell may also be calculated using the present
model since the numerical calculation is performed separately for
each nite element, either cylindrical or conical. This is possible by
simply imposing zero density of uid where the solid element is
in a vacuum.
The calculated structure is a combined conicalcylindrical shell,
completely lled with water, clamped at the bottom of the conical
section, with angle of the conical section equal to: 5 , 20 , 35
and 45 , see Fig. 6. The physical properties are the same as those
of the rst set of calculations.
To validate the hydrodynamic formulation, a second uid
structure model was developed using the ANSYS nite element
database. The solid shell is modeled using the nite element
SHELL61 described above and the uid inside the shell is modeled
using the axisymmetric nite element FLUID81, see Fig. 9. The
latter is a harmonic bi-dimensional nite element dened by four
nodes with three degrees of freedom at each node: translations in
the nodal x, y, and z directions [59]. This element is generally used
to model uid at a zero net ow rate contained within vessels. The
density of water is 1000 kg/m3 and its bulk modulus is 2.2 GPa.
The same boundary conditions of the studied structure are repro-
duced in the ANSYS model. The radial displacement of the uid
nodes at the centerline (r = 0) is constrained because of the ax-
isymmetric property of the studied case. The free surface nodes
are free to move arbitrarily with the exception of those located at
the shell centerline. At the soliduid interface, the soliduid co-
incident nodes are coupled by imposing a similar displacement in
the normal direction. This is accomplished by generating one la-
beled coupled set for each specied degree of freedom at every
pair of coincident nodes.
612 Y. Kerboua, A.A. Lakis / Aerospace Science and Technology 58 (2016) 601617

Fig. 8. Natural frequencies of a combined shell clamped at the top and bottom as a
function of radial pressure for two semi-vertex angles = 0 and = 35 .

Fig. 9. Soliduid model of a combined shell carried out using ANSYS software.

Fig. 10 compares the natural frequencies of the water-lled

combined shell with those calculated by the ANSYS model for dif-
ferent semi-vertex angles. Very good agreement is found between
our results and those of the ANSYS model.
Although the present approach enables very accurate results,
we note that the natural frequencies corresponding to the rst
circumferential mode (n = 1) are insignicant for some particu-
lar geometries. This is due to numerical singularities related to the
fact that the present model is numerically very sensitive to this
mode.

7.3. Effect of external supersonic ow

The aerodynamic pressure of equations (82) and (88) has been

implemented to calculate the natural frequencies of a combined
shell subjected to external supersonic ow. However, to our best
knowledge, there is no data available in the published literature
concerning such a structure under similar geometrical and load-
ing conditions. We therefore began by validating our numerical
model through comparison with disconnected conical and cylin-
drical shells separately. Subsequent calculations were conducted to
calculate the dynamic behavior of the combined shell.
The rst case calculated with supersonic ow is a truncated
conical shell simply supported at both ends, for which natural fre-
quencies are provided in reference [18]. The material properties of
the solid structure are: Young modulus E = 6.5 106 lb/in2 , shell
density s = 8.33 104 lb.s2 /in4 and Poissons ratio = 0.29.
The geometrical ratios of the shell are: small radius to thickness
Fig. 10. Fundamental modes of a combined conicalcylindrical shell fully-lled with
R /t = 148 and length to small radius L / R = 8.13. The shell thick- water, clamped at the bottom and free at the top, at various semi-vertex angles.
ness is 0.051 in, the semi-vertex angle = 5 and Mach number
M = 3. Fig. 11 shows the real and imaginary parts of the natural
 Y. Kerboua, A.A. Lakis / Aerospace Science and Technology 58 (2016) 601617
Fig. 11. Frequency variation as a function of freestream static pressure of a conical
shell simply supported at both ends (R /t = 148, L / R = 8.13, t = 0.051 in, = 5
and M = 3) at circumferential mode n = 6. (a) Real frequency (b) imaginary fre-
quency.
frequency variation as a function of the freestream static pressure.
The circumferential mode n = 6 was considered since it corre-
sponds to the most critical mode from a dynamic stability point
of view. Generally, in such a problem, the complex frequencies
indicate that the amplitude is either growing or decaying expo-
nentially with time. The existence of a zero real part and a neg-
ative imaginary part of the complex frequency indicates that the
shell diverges statically. The occurrence of utter is determined
depending on the imaginary parts of the frequencies. The imagi-
nary part of the complex frequency represents the damping of the
system. Flutter appears when the imaginary part of the frequencies
changes from positive to negative. Perfect concordance is found be-
tween the results of Fig. 11 and those of reference [18]. The real
part of the natural frequency coalescences into a single mode and
dynamic instability occurs at the same freestream static pressure
as in reference [18].
The utter critical dynamic pressure parameter dened by
= U 2
R 31 / K ( M
2
1)0.5 was calculated for the same simply-
supported conical shell using twenty conical nite elements
( = 5 ). The results obtained are compared in Table 4 to those
of other works conducted in references [4446] and [48]. Good
agreement is found between our results and those of the afore-
mentioned references, even though a small number of nite ele-
ments are used. The freestream dynamic pressure used to calculate
the parameter corresponding to the circumferential mode n = 6
is equal to 23.2 psi which agrees well with the results shown in
Fig. 11.
613
Fig. 12. Frequency variation as a function of freestream static pressure of a cylindri-
cal shell freely simply supported at both ends (L = 15.4 in, R = 8 in, t = 0.004 in)
at circumferential mode n = 25. (a) Real frequency, (b) imaginary frequency.
The case of a cylindrical shell ( = 0) freely simply supported at
both ends and subjected to external supersonic ow was also cal-
culated. Its physical data are: Young modulus E = 16 106 lb/in2 ,
shell density s = 8.33 104 lb.s2 /in4 , Poissons ratio = 0.35,
length L = 15.4 in, radius = 8 in, thickness = 0.004 in, Mach num-
ber M = 3 and the free stream speed of sound a = 8400 in/s.
The variation of the real and imaginary frequencies versus the
freestream pressure is illustrated in Fig. 12. The circumferential
wave number n = 25 corresponds to a critical mode for which
the instability (utter) occurs in the form of coupled-mode utter
[3]. The only reason we present numerical results for this mode is
to conrm the capability of our model to predict the aeroelastic
instability in terms of critical pressure and circumferential mode
number. Very good agreement is found between the frequency of
Fig. 12 and those given in reference [3].
Fig. 13 shows the frequency of a combined shell with semi-
vertex angle = 5 as a function of freestream pressure. The shell
thickness is 4.5 mm, Youngs modulus E = 69 GPa, material den-
sity s = 2700 kg/m3 , and Poissons ratio = 0.3. Here, the har-
monic n = 2 has been considered only because it corresponds to
the fundamental frequency of the solid shell. A parametric study
should be carried out to analyze how the aerodynamic stability of
the combined shell may be affected by: its geometry, the bound-
ary conditions, the initial stiffening effect, the high and low mode
numbers and the hydrodynamic effect of lling the shell with uid
(fully and partially).
614 Y. Kerboua, A.A. Lakis / Aerospace Science and Technology 58 (2016) 601617

Table 4
Flutter parameter of a conical shell simply-supported at both ends (R /t = 148, L / R = 8.13, t = 0.051 in, = 5 and M = 3).
Mode Model of conical F.E. Dixon et al. [46] Bismark et al. [48] Shulman [44] Ueda et al.
(n) used here (see Sabri (12 terms of (with curvature (Galerkin 4 terms) [45]
and Lakis [18]) Galerkin method) effect)
6 606.98 607 662 669 616
7 640.99 652 N.A.* 714 675
*
N.A. means not available.

approach provides the opportunity to include these geometrical

and loading conditions considerably expands the scope of inves-
tigations that can be carried out.
Previous articles focusing on the studied geometry are rare, and
it was therefore necessary to develop numerical models using ex-
isting software in order to validate our results. The hydrodynamic
effect of the internal heavy uid and the stiffening effect induced
by static pressure were validated by comparing the obtained re-
sults to those obtained using the ANSYS nite elements database.
The concordance among the results is generally very good.
The aerodynamic effect of external supersonic airow is ac-
counted for using the piston theory formula coupled with the ra-
dial displacement derived from Sanders classical shell theory. The
real and imaginary parts of the natural frequencies were computed
and validated for unconnected conical and cylindrical shells under
external supersonic ow. Additional results are provided and dis-
cussed for a combined conicalcylindrical shell.
This paper presents a powerful numerical tool that may be used
or adapted to resolve many complicated tasks encountered in aero-
nautical, aerospace and submarine torpedo structures. The ultimate
purpose of this work was to model a combined shell with the
geometrical and loading conditions stated above. However, it is im-
portant to note that a parametric study would be useful to show
how the geometry, stress stiffening effect, and hydrodynamic ef-
fect of the combined application of internal uid and external ow
inuence the dynamic behavior of the combined shell.

Conict of interest statement

No conict of interest.

Appendix A

A.1. Equations of motion for a thin anisotropic cylindrical shell

Fig. 13. Frequency variation as a function of freestream static pressure of a com-

bined conicalcylindrical shell, clamped at the bottom and free at the top, at cir- L 1 (u , v , w , p i j )
cumferential mode n = 2 ( = 5 , L 1 = 0.75 m, L 2 = 0.75 m and R 1 = 0.12 m). (a)  
2u p 12 2 v w 3 w
Real frequency, (b) imaginary frequency. = p 11 2
+ + p 14 3
x R x x x
 3 2 
8. Conclusions p 15 w v
+ 2 +
R x 2 x
This paper presents a numerical approach to estimate the nat-   2 
p 33 p 63 v 1 2u
ural frequencies of combined conicalcylindrical shells under vac- + +
uum and when interacting with uid. This class of structure is of R 2R 2 x R 2
  
great interest in various sectors of engineering and industry. p 36 p 66 2 3 w 3 2v 1 2u
The solid shell is modeled using two axisymmetric nite ele- + + R =0
R2 2R 3 x 2 2 x 2 2
ments, conical and cylindrical, based on classical shell theory. The
displacement functions of each nite element are derived from ex- L 2 (u , v , w , p i j )
act solutions of Sanders shell equilibrium equations. The natural     2 
frequencies calculated using these models are in very good agree- p 21 2u
p 51 1 p 22 p 52 v w
= + 2 + + 2 +
ment with those provided in the literature for various geometries R R x R R R 2
and boundary conditions.   3
p 24 p 54 w
The high accuracy of the obtained results motivated us to use + 2
this approach to model combined conicalcylindrical shells sub- R R x2
  3 
jected to supersonic ow, taking into account the initial stress 1 p 25 p 52 w 2v
stiffening and the internal hydrodynamic effects. The fact that this + 2 + 2 3 + 2
R R R
 Y. Kerboua, A.A. Lakis / Aerospace Science and Technology 58 (2016) 601617 615

  2 
3p 63 v 2u Appendix B
+ p 33 + +
2R x2 R x
   B.1. Equations of motion for a thin multilayer anisotropic conical shell
1 3p 66 3 w 3 2v 2u
+ p 36 + 2 2 + =0
R 2R x 2 x2 2R x
L 3 (u , v , w , p i j ) S 1 (u , v , w , B i j )
   
u 3
p 42 v w w 3 2 4 u 2u
= p 41 3 + + p 44 4 = B 11 2x sin + x2 2
x R x2 x2 x x x
   3   2 
p 45 4
w 3
v 2p 63 u 3v v w
+ 2 2 2+ 2 + + 2 + B 12 x + x cos + u sin + w cos
R x x R R x 2 x x x
   2  
2p 66 4
w 3 v3 3
u w 3 w 2v
+ 2 2 2 2 + B 14 3x2 sin 2 + x3 sin 3 + B 15 x cot
R x 2 x2 2R x 2 x x x
   4  x 3 w w 2 w v
p 51 3 u p 52 3 v 2 w p 55 w 3v 2x sin x2 sin 2 + cot
+ 2 + 2 + + 4 4 + 3 sin x2 x x
R x 2 R 3 2 R    
4   2 1 2 w 2
w v
p 21 u p 54 w p 22 v p 24 w + B 24 x2 sin 2 + B 22 + sin u
2 2 2 2 +w + sin 2 x
R x R x R R 2   
 2  v 1 2 w w
p 25 w v + w cos + B 25 cot + + x sin
3 2 + =0 sin 2 x
R  2  
2 3
v 1 u v 2x w
A.2. Matrix [Hij ]
+ B 33 x + + B 36
x sin 2 sin x 2

2v cot 2 u 2x 2 w v
As mentioned above, A j and B j may be written in terms of C j + x cot + cot
as follows: x sin 2 sin 2 x
 3 2
x cot w 3x v cot 2 u
2
A j = jC j and B j = jC j B 66 cot 2
+
sin x 2 4 x 4 sin 2
The system of equations (6) may therefore be expressed by: 2 2 
     cot w 3 cot v
H 11 H 12 j H 13 + =0
= sin 2 4 x
H 21 H 22 j H 23
S 2 (u , v , w , B i j )
To resolve the last system of equations, we need only the following 
coecients: 2u 2u 1 2v u
= B 12 x + B 15 x cot + B 22 +
x x sin 2
H 11 = 2j (1 /2)n2 (1 + k0 /4),  3 3
w w w
  + cot + x2 B 24 B 45 x2 cot
H 12 = H 21 = (n j /2) (1 + 3k0 /4) + (1 3k0 /4) , x2 x2

9 2 cot 2 v 1 3 w 2 w w
H 22 = (1 /2)2j + n2 (1 + k0 ) (1 )k0 2j , + B 25 x + cot2
8 sin 2 2
sin 3 x
H 13 = j (1 /2)k0 j n2 ,   2 2 3
u cot v cot w
  + cot + B 55
H 23 = n 1 + n2 k0 (3 /2)k0 n2j sin 2 sin2 3
2   2
w v 2u
with: k0 = (1/12)(t / R )2 x cot + B 33 x2 sin 2 x cot
x x x

A.3. Matrix [R] 2 w v u w
4x + 6x cos + 2 cot +4 6 cos v
x x

1. e(
1 . x
)
2. e(
2 . x
)
3. e(
3 . x
)
4. e(
4 . x
) 2 w 3 w

Re Re Re Re
+ B 66 6x cot 3x2 cot 2
x x
[R] =
1 . x 2 . x 3 . x 4 . x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
e Re e Re e Re e Re
1 . x 2 . x 3 . x 4 . x 9x v 9x2 2v 3 u
1 . e ( Re )
2 . e ( Re )
3 . e ( Re )
4 . e ( Re ) + cos cot + cos cot 2 cot2
2 x 4 x 2
5 . x 6 . x 7 . x 8 . x
2 
5. e( Re )
6. e( Re )
7. e( Re )
8. e( Re ) 3x u w 9
cot2 + 6 cot cos cot v = 0
(
5 . x
) (
6 . x
) (
7 . x
) (
8 . x
) 4 x 2
e Re e Re e Re e Re

5 . x 6 . x 7 . x 8 . x
5 . e ( Re
)
6 . e ( Re
)
7 . e ( Re
)
8 . e ( Re
)
S 3 (u , v , w , B i j )
(A.1) 
u u 2u
= B 12 x cos + B 14 6x sin + 6x2 sin 2
A.4. Vector {C} x x x
!T 3   3
u x u u
{C } = C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 C 5 C 6 C 7 C 8 + x3 sin 3 + B 15 2x sin
x sin 2 x x
616 Y. Kerboua, A.A. Lakis / Aerospace Science and Technology 58 (2016) 601617

 
2u 2v 3v u n3 b25 nb25 nb24
x2 sin 2
+ B 24 4x + x2 2 + 4x sin P = nb22 cot nb52 cot2 + 3
x x x x sin2 2 4
u 2
w w v 2 nb36 3nb54 cot n3 b55 cot nb55 cot
+ x2 sin + 4x cos + 2x2 cos 2 + 2 9 +
x2 x x 2 4 sin2 2
  nb66 cot
v 1 3v 27
+ 2 sin u + 2w cos + B 25 cot2 + 4
sin2 3
Q = b44 sin /16
2u
1 cot 2 w v 2v b42 cos 3b45 sin n2 b66 n2 b54 b55 sin
+ + 2 x u sin S= + + +
sin 2 sin 2 x 2 4 sin sin 4
 
u 2v 3v b44 sin .
x sin w cos + B 36 6x + 2x2 2 +5
x x x 8
 9n2 b66 2n2 b25 cot n2 b55 n4 b55 b55 sin
4 2u 2x 3 u v 2v Z=
+ 2
+ 2
4 2x =0 sin sin sin sin3 4
sin sin x x
2
b42 cos 3n b54 9b44 sin
b22 cos cot + 3 +
B.2. Elements of matrix [ D i j ] 2 2 sin 16
" # 3b45 sin
A 2 + C R + T F 3 + G 2 + H + J + b25 cos
[D] = 4
R + T Y 2 + L M 2 + N + P
F 3 + G 2 H + J M 2 N + P Q 4 + S 2 + Z where: b i j coecients are given in reference [19].

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