Towards Measurement of Gender Inequality..., 08 August 2017 PDF

Towards Measurement of Gender Inequality
A journey through the legacy of Karl Marx, time use studies and, the goal of
universal literacy
Pradip Baksi
Abstract
Karl Marxs critique of political economy is a sublation or Aufhebung of classical
political economy, for opening up the frontiers of its future as a science, aimed at
self-emancipation of the wage-labourer. He divided his corresponding task into 6
topics: capital, landed property, wage-labour; the state, foreign trade and, world
market. His output in this and in the other areas are being published within the
Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe (MEGA) I-IV: http://mega.bbaw.de/struktur
1
Some of these materials are relatively finished texts; the rest are notes, excerpts,
plans and, correspondences. Each and every attempted investigation therein is
incomplete and open ended. One of the open issues there is that of wage-labour.
Wage-labour and wageless-labour together constitute the universe of discourse of
labour in the human society. Both kinds of labour can be measured by time use
studies. This paper proposes a research programme for extending and
supplementing the wage-labour related component of Marxs critique of political
economy, by utilizing the data generated on wageless/unpaid-labour by gender
inequality revealing time use studies. These studies may be facilitated in future by
working towards universal literacy with the help of the currently emerging
technologies.
Keywords: Measurement of Gender Inequality; Karl Marx; Critique of Political
Economy; Wage-Labour; Wageless/Unpaid-Labour; Time Use Studies; Universal
Literacy; Emerging Technologies.
Introduction
Karl Marx began his Preface to Zur Kritik der Politischen konomie [A
Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy] (1859) with the following
statement:
I examine the system of bourgeois economy in the following order: capital,
landed property, wage-labour; the state, foreign trade, world market.
2
The economic conditions of existence of the three great classes into which
modern bourgeois society is divided are analysed under the first three headings;
the interconnection of the other three headings is self-evident. The first part of
the first book, dealing with Capital, comprises the following chapters: 1. The
Commodity, 2. Money or simple circulation, 3. Capital in general. The present
part consists of the first two chapters. The entire material lies before me in the
form of monographs, which were written not for publication but for self-
clarification at widely separated periods; their remoulding into an integrated
whole according to the plan I have indicated will depend upon circumstances
[Marx/Engels, Collected Works (MECW), 29: 261].
People as different in their other orientations as: (1) the early Marxist, social-
democrat, theoretician of the Second International and, first editor of Marxs
Theorien ber den Mehrwert [Theories of Surplus Value] (1905-10) Karl Kautsky
[in 1897]; (2) the economist, advocate of cooperative-socialism, author of Die
Frauenarbeit, ein Problem des Kapitalismus [Womens Work, a Problem of
Capitalism] (1906), and a colleague of the first editor of Marxs mathematical
manuscripts Emil Julius Gumbel at Heidelberg, Robert Wilbrandt [in 1918]; and,
(3) the non-Marxist, council-communist, Marx-editor Maximilien Rubel [in 1973]
had reminded us of this 6 book master plan of investigations, over a period of
about 120 years. Many Marxists downplay or reject the implications of these
3
reminders [see, for instance, Grossman 1929 and, BMEF NF 2013]. Their
ideological positions and assertions do not stand the test of the following facts.
Marxs entire work related to his planned first book on Capital, is now available in
the shape of 15 volumes [23 books] of MEGA, Section II. This work on Capital
remained incomplete; see:
https://socialhistory.org/en/events/conference-marxs-capital-unfinished-and-
unfinishable-project
This incompleteness, in its turn, remains nested inside two successively higher
order incompletenesses. First, the incompleteness of Marxs Capital is a part of
the larger incompleteness of his Critique of Political Economy: the other 5 books
of this Critique remained unwritten. Next, his incomplete Critique of Political
Economy unfolded inside his unfinished study of History in the widest sense of the
word known to him. The vast legacy of these multiple orders of incomplete, hence
open ended, investigations remain available for inspection in the following
sources.
One, Karl Marxs collected papers containing the results of his lifelong work on all
the issues and disciplines of interest to him, together with those of Friedrich
Engels, are available online at:
https://socialhistory.org/en/news/marx-engels-papers-completely-available-online
https://search.socialhistory.org/Record/ARCH00860
4
Two, the Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe I-IV:
http://mega.bbaw.de/struktur
It is based on the collected papers of Marx and Engels indicated above.
Three, a catalog of the partially reconstructed personal libraries of Marx and
Engels available as MEGA IV/32 (1999).
Four, some of the texts indicated in these sources are traceable through a partial
bibliography reflecting Marxs encyclopedic approach to the study of history [see:
Appendix I].
MEGA, Section II contains 6 different editions of the Capital, Volume I [MEGA
II/5-10], published during the years 1867-90; containing 1092, 1741, 1441, 1519,
1183 and 1286 pages, respectively; 4 of these editions are in German, 1 in French
and 1 in English.
In the English edition of 1887, MECW 35, Part VI, Chapters XIX-XXII, pages
535-64 are titled: Wages. At the very beginning of Chapter XX of Capital,
Volume I subtitled: Time Wages, Marx again stressed that an exposition of all the
forms of wages belongs to the special study of wage-labour, not therefore to
this work [see: Note 1]. It has not been possible for me to personally check the
variations, if any, in the texts of the Part/Section on Wages in the other 5 editions
of the Capital, Volume I, owing to lack of access. However, I have been informed
by Shree Paresh Chattopadhyay, who has the necessary access: that in the first
5
German edition of 1867, Section 4 of Chapter 5 has the title: Value, respectively
price of labour power in the transformed form of wage. This section has been
divided into the sub-sections: (a) Change of Form and, (b) The Two Basic Forms
of Wage: Time Wage and Piece Wage. In the Second German edition of 1872 there
is an entire Part: Part 6, on Wage. There the corresponding four chapters follow
exactly as one reads them in the later editions: the third German edition of 1883,
the French edition of 1875 and, the fourth German edition of 1890; according to
Maximilien Rubel there are a few minor changes in the French version of 1875
[see: note 2].
Hints about the other 5 planned books of Marx remain scattered in the various,
already published or yet to be published volumes of MEGA I-IV. It has been
observed that Marxs corresponding lifelong investigations for self-clarification
involved the study of about 12 sciences and technologies and, the current affairs of
about 15 countries [see: Rojahn 1998; and, MEGA IV/32, Einfhrung].The
materials that he collected for self-clarification, in respect of his planned second
book on Landed Property, have been partly published as his notes and excerpts on
ethnology (1974) and, on comparative history of landed property (1977). These
already published materials and the rest of the cognate materials are slated to be
included in some of the volumes of MEGA IV.
6
In the present paper I propose that we extend Marxs critique of political economy
in the domain of wage-labour. It is the topic which he wished to cover under his
third book. Marx had stated that the desired remoulding of the materials he
collected and wrote for his self-clarification will depend upon the circumstances at
hand. In the circumstances of the first quarter of the 21st Century, the principal
form of the still surviving, historical siblings of wage-labour happens to be the
wageless/unpaid-labour of women and children in patriarchal families. In many
areas of our planet some forms of precapitalist relations of production still exist.
That issue is mainly related to the forms of land relations and landed property,
which Marx had planned to tackle in his second book. However, even in those
societies where the transition to capitalism has been completed in the main, the
wage-labour in the marketplace and, the domestic wageless-labour in the
patriarchal households complement each other and, together they constitute the
universe of discourse of labour in the world as a whole.
It may be added here that: (1) wherever an entirely or partially bonded patriarchal
family works on contract or on piece rate, within the capitalist system of
production for instance, during the sowing and harvesting seasons in agriculture,
in the salt mines, brick fields, stone quarries, artisanal fisheries etc. or, (2) when
wage-labour is performed under conditions of total or partial bondage of the
individual worker, as it happens, for instance, in the sexual services sector in many
7
countries; or, (3) when an entire emerging capitalist economy and civil society
operates under the overarching constraints imposed by an entrenched caste system,
as in the case of the South Asian countries like India or, (4) under the diktats of an
imperial partocratic bureaucracy, as in the case of countries like the erstwhile
USSR or, (5) when capitalist production is conducted within the penal colonies,
prison systems and, sweatshops of the special economic zones, where the
individual worker is practically a bonded labourer, or, (6) when two or more of the
conditions indicated in (1)-(5) above exist simultaneously in one and the same
place, then it becomes difficult to disentangle wage-labour and wageless/unpaid-
labour at a given point of time.
In the face of all these complexities a path has, however, been opened up for a
common time-measure of both wage-labour and wageless-labour by the time use
surveys conducted during the last 100+ years [see: Appendix III]. This path may
be further extended today by investigating their implications for critique of
political economy, by using the data sets of time-budgets or time use studies,
available at the Centre for Time Use Research Information Gateway, the
International Association for Time use Research and, their publications like the
Electronic International Journal for Time Use Research (eIJTUR).
Section I: Wageless/Unpaid Labour Measure for Gender Inequality
8
Marxs critique of political economy is aimed at the final self-emancipation of
wage-labourers from the system of wage-labour. That is the goal of communism
or, of the future human society, based on a sublation of state and civil society.
However, the arrival of such a condition must be preceded by a precondition,
where no one remains bound to any form of wageless-labour. Right now
patriarchal family is the largest and strongest citadel of wageless-labour. Marx
wrote in his excerpts from L.H. Morgans Ancient Society (1877): The modern
family contains in embryo not only slavery, but also serfdom It contains within
itself in miniature all the antagonisms which later developed on a wide scale within
society and its state [Marx, 1974: 120]. Humankind cannot pass out of the schools
of state and civil society and, graduate into human society or communism, with
this familial baggage of slavery and serfdom. In fact, a modern civil society and its
state are incompatible with all forms of wageless-labour.
In the modern era, these requirements were first understood from a legal-
constitutional standpoint by some of the leading thinkers of the first French
Revolution (Condorcet, 1790; Gouges, 1791). Subsequently, Fourier (1808) and,
Marx and Engels (1848) articulated the social-economic contents of these
requirements. For an account of the evolution of the views of Marx and Engels on
Womens Emancipation, see: Appendix II.
9
The formation of civil society and the corresponding system of some kind of rule-
governed, contractual wage-labour for all people all over the world, has to precede
the sublation of capitalism, its civil society and, state. This task has not been
accomplished till date.
It is known for about 2000 years that human labour produces wealth in human
society [Manusmriti, 9.44; quoted in: Kovalevsky, 1879: 93; quoted in: Marx
1977: 49]. Let us take a look at how this wealth-producing labour is itself
produced. Everywhere in the world the unpaid familial goods and services enter
into the commodity chain only as end products: as the wage-labour-time of the
child worker and adult worker, as nutrition for the worker, as the health and vigour
of the rested, cared for and, sexually serviced worker etc. etc. However, even when
the sum total of the unpaid familial goods and services [= labour-power of the
worker] enters into the labour market, nobody pays for the past unpaid familial
goods and services, for the unpaid dead labour of the mothers/wives/other familial
care givers embedded in the body and consciousness of the worker, whose labour-
time is available for hiring out in the market. In other words, the child bearing,
child rearing and, adult caring/servicing related familial unpaid labour still remains
outside the zone of exchange value everywhere, even in the more industrially
developed capitalist economies of the world.
10
How big is the share of this unpaid domestic labour in the creation of wealth on a
world scale? In spite of various kinds of efforts aimed at measuring and
understanding it, spread over a period of more than 100 years [for example:
Stetson (nee Gilman), 1898; Wilbrandt. 1906; Strumilin, 1923-25; Szalai, 1966,
1972 and 1975; Goldschmidt-Clermont, 1982 and 1987; Krishnaraj and
Deshmukh, 1993; Ironmonger, 1994 and 2004; Razavi, 2007; Budlender, 2007 and
2008; Vogel, 1994 and 2008; Antonopoulos and Hirway, 2010; Dong and An,
2012; Zilanawala 2013; Gagliardone 2015; Charmes 2015-2016; Hirway 2016] so
far we have very rudimentary and fragmentary direct data suitable for the proposed
investigations, in respect of most societies.
What is further disturbing is the fact that so far the experts and students of Marxs
Critique of Political Economy have generally ignored the study of data sets
generated by gender inequality revealing time use studies. Many among them are
themselves Marx-innocent and, remain under the spell of various shades of Marxist
confusions of the last century. In the absence of their interest in this area, the field
is largely Marx-innocent and dominated by welfarist or neo-classical economist-
ideologues. From survey design through to the analysis of data one does not come
across any trace of awareness about Marxs critique of political economy. Often a
part of paid and unpaid domestic (for instance, child care related) services are
lumped together in the interest of window-dressing of the final national income
11
related statistics. The agencies sponsoring time use surveys have their own
priorities. They have no stake in the evolution of critique of political economy as a
science. This was also true of the sponsors of the English Blue Books that Karl
Marx used. The task is to tease out the required information from the existing and
future surveys. Here lies the challenge for the present and future students of Marx.
Specialists trained in an atmosphere of this or that dominant ideology will not be
able to do it. Often, some investigators who make promising starts, cave in after
sometime under their career pressures, generated by the dominant academic
ideologies of their peer groups and, spend their lives in exercises that are only
marginally useful for any future critique of political economy. However, even in
the prevailing circumstances there have appeared silver linings beyond the clouds.
Rays of liberating light are appearing literally from across the horizons of
Australia, where the sun rises a couple of hours before it rises in South Asia.
A study of the Australian child care time for the year 1997 showed that when the
time spent in secondary activities is included, then childcare became the largest
industry in both the household and market economies. It absorbed more labour
time than any other paid or unpaid economic activity. The total amount of time
Australians spent in child care in 1997 was equivalent to about two-thirds (63%) of
the entire labour time absorbed in that year by the Australian economy
12
(Ironmonger, 2004: 105-06). A part of that labour was paid and another unpaid.
According to one current report, the market replacement value of unpaid work in
Australia (in 2016 terms) is about 34% (Thrope et al, March 2017). Echoing
Ironmongers findings of 2004, while highlighting this report, there appeared
headlines in the media that read: Unpaid childcare is Australias largest Industry
it needs to be acknowledged (Smith, 2017). According to another undated
Australian Government report on unpaid care work and labour market, women do
about 64% and men about 36% of unpaid care work in that country:
https://www.wgea.gov.au/sites/default/files/australian-unpaid-care-work-and-the-
labour-market.pdf
It is very likely that when the child care and other domestic activities related labour
time of the vast majority of less affluent, less industrialized and, less commoditized
economies of our planet will be computed, then the measure of unpaid labour in
the world economy as a whole, and the share of womens labour within that will go
up considerably. According to one set of calculations the value of womens unpaid
household work in India may be around US $ 612.8 billion or, 29, 5346797
trillion [in Indian Rupees] or, 61% of her GDP (Choudhary et al, 2009: ii and 24).
After the concrete Australian and Indian examples, let us consider an abstracted or
generalised example. Consider a Heterosexual Patriarchal Household (H)
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consisting of only two persons: though both of them have the same skills and
capabilities, only one of them (generally the male member) is gainfully employed
in the labour market (let us call him M) and, the other one (generally the female
member) is totally engaged in unpaid domestic activities (let us call her F). Such
patriarchal families do exist among the labouring people in many countries. Let us
assume that M earns only one unit of a given currency per day. M gets the
opportunity to earn this wage because F does all the unpaid or wageless domestic
work. In any formally fair exchange F should get at least that one unit of that given
currency from the government and/or from M. However, that does not happen. For
a part or whole of the wage of any given day, M gets the best food, care, sexual
services etc. etc. from F. In exchange F loses the chance of earning at least one
unit of a given currency as wage in the labour market. Thus the total wages for the
unpaid or wageless domestic services of F becomes one unit of a given currency
as lost wage, plus the market price of the wageless catering, laundry, caring, sexual
etc. services provided to M, in that given market; that will certainly add up to more
than the daily wage of M. In this example we did not include any children.
However, even in the case of single-child patriarchal families the measurement of
unpaid or wageless domestic labour has to include: the market price of womb
rental, wages for child bearing and child rearing, plus the wages of unpaid
domestic services performed by the child as s/he grows old enough to do some
14
work. The relative weitage of these components will vary for other kinds of
families.
Section II: Gender Sensitive Time Use Studies
In the previous section I have tried to draw the attention of the readers to the task
of measuring wageless/unpaid domestic labour in the context of critique of
political economy as a science. I propose now, that this task may be tackled
through the following STAGES.
II.1 Short Run [Time Frame: around 1-2 years]: A survey of the already published
evaluations of gender sensitive time use studies [in part indicated in the
Bibliography of Appendix III], by a team/teams of concerned investigators. Such
team/teams may ideally include: textual scholars studying the different volumes of
MEGA II; statisticians, experts in Time Use Studies; and, other social scientists
interested in investigating wageless-labour in human society.
II.2 Medium Run [Time Frame: around 5 Years] : In light of the results obtained
in stage II.1, larger teams may be formed to investigate the already existing and
emerging country level Time Use studies, archived as Electronic Texts and Data
Files by the major research initiatives in the field [see: Appendix III ].
II.3 Long Run [Time Frame: about 10-15+ years]: Time Use Data for all the
regions of all the countries of the world do not exist as of now. Generation of such
data may be facilitated through a process of attaining universal or near universal
15
Literacy, Matheracy and Technoracy [DAmbrosio, 1998; see: Appendix IV], up
to a level when everyone in the world will become literate and motivated enough
to keep and submit a personal time diary for at least 1 week [=7 days and nights].
Today the efforts of collecting personal time diaries may be fine tuned and
accelerated, wherever possible, by using wearable cameras [see: Kelly et al, 2015].
Once obtained, these global data may then be analysed to draw appropriate
conclusions. This is a long term task for all the people, organisations and,
governments of the world. It is possible for this campaign for Universal Literacy,
Matheracy and Technoracy to be initiated by the BRICS / G 20 group of countries.
For decades now, Brazil is a major centre of the movements for mass literacy as
conceptualized by Paulo Freire, for the Ethnomathematics movement
[DAmbrosio, 2006; Knijnik, 2006] and, for the concept of a new Trivium of
Literacy, Matheracy and Technoracy (DAmbrosio, 1998). Russia is one of the
pioneering countries in Time Use Studies since the time of Stanislav Gustavovich
Strumilins time-budget studies of the 1920s; a vast amount of data has been
intermittently, and still continues to be, generated there. India is a very strong,
perhaps the strongest, citadel of patriarchy in the whole world; it is a veritable
laboratory for conducting intensive and extensive studies on wageless/unpaid
domestic labour in patriarchal households. As of now, China has the strongest
16
institutional infrastructure for conducting further studies in this area. South Africa
is the home of one of worlds currently leading specialist - Deborah Jean (known
by her nickname of Debbie) Budlender - in the application of the data generated by
Time Use Studies, on gender inequality related issues.
The currently emerging Infrastructure and Sustainable Development oriented New
Development Bank, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, and the various
agencies of the UNO interested in this work need to work together, with the aim of
creating the Literacy, Matheracy and Technoracy related sustainable human
resources base, necessary for Stage II.3 of this research programme. This is in tune
with the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations.
Stanislav Gustavovich Strumilin, a pioneer of time-budget studies in Russia,
motivated the planning commission of his country in 1919, to pay more attention
to education of the human resources component, in the interest of infrastructure
development [Prabhakar, 1995, online text: 6]. Subsequently he sensitized the
global multilateral agencies about the importance of skill formation through
education for similar reasons. Development with justice and equality demands that
we take comparable steps for global social evolution right now. As the data for
unpaid work, including that for womens unpaid household work, pour in from all
the corners of the globe, a clearer picture of gender inequality in contemporary
human society will gradually emerge.
17
To sum up
The present text is a proposal for a research programme. After it receives some
attention form interested workers, it will take some time to get it further
concretised through relevant critique. Right now it dwells in the realm of anxieties,
expectations and possibilities comparable to the first loves of our adolescent years.
The upshot of this proposed research programme are: (1) for the construction of an
adequate political economy of wage-labour in the labour market, we must
construct a corresponding political economy of its other, that of the
wageless/unpaid-labour that produces wage-labour and remains outside the labour
market; (2) construction of these political economies will create the preconditions
for their subsequent critique; (3) these constructions and critiques start from the
recognition that Karl Marxs gigantic Critique of Political Economy and his
encyclopedic Study of History remain incomplete and open ended like all
genuinely scientific research programmes; (4) the propsed extension of his
research programmes will have to remain critically open to all the present and
subsequent developments in all sciences and all technologies; (5) it will have to
evolve through stringent critique of all the surrounding ideologies that fetter the
progress of science.
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18
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http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/critique-pol-
economy/preface.htm
__ (1974), The Ethnological Notebooks of Karl Marx. Ed. L. Krader. 2nd ed.
Assen: Van Gorcum. 1st ed. 1972. Available at:
http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1881/ethnographical-
notebooks/notebooks.pdf
__ (1977), Karl Marx ber Formen vorkapitalistischer Produktion: Vergleichende
Studien zur Geschichte des Grundeigentums [Karl Marx on the Forms of
Precapitalist Production: Comparative Studies of the History of Landed Property].
Herausgegeben von Hans-Peter Harstick. Frankfurt/New York: Campus Verlag.
Marx, Karl and Friedrich Engels (1848), II. Proletarians and Communists, in:
Manifesto of the Communist Party; in: MECW, 6: 497-506. Available at:
http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/volume06/index.htm
MECW: Marx/Engels (1975-2005), Collected Works, Volumes 1-50. Moscow:
Progress.
23
MECW, 35, Capital, Volume I, Part VI: Wages: Chapters:
XIX: The Transformation of the value (and Respective Price) of labour-power
into Wages: http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch19.htm
XX: Time-Wages:
http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch20.htm
XXI: Piece Wages:
XXII: National Differences of Wages:
MEGA: Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe, I-IV Abteilung. (1975- ) Berlin: Dietz /
Akademie Verlag. Information available at:
http://www.bbaw.de/bbaw/Forschung/Forschungsprojekte/mega/en/Startseite
MEGA II:
http://mega.bbaw.de/struktur/abteilung_ii
MEGA IV/32 (1999); Einfhrung [Introduction], available at:
http://www.bbaw.de/bbaw/Forschung/Forschungsprojekte/mega/bilder/mega3.pdf
Morgan, Lewis Henry (1877), Ancient Society. London: MacMillan and Company.
Available at:
http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/morgan_lewis_henry/ancient_society/ancie
nt_society.pdf
24
Prabhakar, Eric (1995), Malcolm Adiseshiah, Prospects, XXV, 3:535-51. See
the section subtitled Education for Development, especially the indented paragraph
ending in note 13 therein. This text is available at:
http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/ThinkersPd
f/adiseshiahe.PDF
Rojahn, Jrgen (1998), Publishing Marx and Engels after 1989: the fate of the
MEGA. Available at:
http://socialhistory.org/sites/default/files/docs/projects/mega-e98.pdf
Rubel, Maximilien (1973), Marx, thoricien de lanarchisme [Marx,
theoretician of Anarchism], L'Europe en formation, no. 163-164, octobre-
novembre. An English translation is available at:
http://www.marxists.org/archive/rubel/1973/marx-anarchism.htm
Smith, Fiona (2017), Unpaid childcare is Australias largest Industry it needs to
be acknowledged, The Guardian, 10 March 2017; available at:
https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/mar/10/unpaid-childcare-
is-australias-largest-industry-it-needs-to-be-acknowledged
Stetson, Charlotte Perkins (1898), Women and Economics: A Study of the
Economic Relation Between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Evolution.
Boston: Small, Maynard & Company.
25
Thrope, Jeremy, Rob Tyson, Nicola Neilsen (March 2017), Understanding the
Unpaid Economy. PwC Economics and Policy: Economic Views Australia;
available at:
http://www.pwc.com.au/australia-in-transition/publications/understanding-the-
unpaid-economy-mar17.pdf
Vogel, Lise (1994), Domestic Labor Revisited. Available at:
http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar/ar/libros/cuba/if/marx/documentos/22/Domestic%20
Labor%20Revisited.pdf
__ (2008), Domestic-Labour Debate, in: Historical-Critical Dictionary of
Marxism. Hamburg: Argument. Available at:
http://dhcm.inkrit.org/domestic-labour-debate
Wilbrandt, Robert (1906), Die Frauenarbeit, ein Problem des Kapitalismus
[Women's work, a problem of capitalism]. Leipzig und Berlin: Teubner.
__ (1918), Karl Marx: Versuch einer Wrdigung [Karl Marx: An attempt at an
appreciation]. Leipzig und Berlin: Teubner.
Zilanawala, Afshin (2013), Womens Time Poverty: Differences by Family
Structure, Employment and Gender Ideology. Doctoral Dissertation submitted at
the Columbia University.
Notes
1. See: http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch20.htm, para1.
26
2. Personal mail from Shree Paresh Chattopadhyay dated 18 April 2013.
_____________________________________________
Appendices
Appendix I. A Partial and Partially Cyberdiscursive Bibliography Reflecting
Karl Marxs Encyclopedic Approach to the Study of History
SOURCES AND RESOURCES:
1. Karl Marx/Friedrich Engels Papers, at the International Institute of Social
History, Amsterdam: http://www.iisg.nl/archives/pdf/ARCH00860.pdf
2. Karl Marx ber Formen vorkapitalistischer Produktion: Vergleichende
Studien zur Geschichte des Grundeigentums 1879-80, Herausgegeben von
Hans-Peter Harstick; Frankfurt/New York: Campus Verlag, 1977: Anhang I,
Untersuchungen zum Marxschen Lesefeld im Bereich der Historie
[Investigations on Marxs studies in the field of history]: 231-263.
3. Peter Jckel und Peter Krger, "Aktualisierte bersicht die
naturwissenschaftlichen Exzerpte von Karl Max (1846 bis 1882), [An Updated
overview of Karl Marxs Excerpts related to the Natural Sciences (1846-1882)]
in: Anneliese Griese/Hans Jrg Sandkhler (Hrsg.), Karl Marx - Zwischen
27
Philosophie und Naturwissenschaften, Frankfurt am Main...Wien: Peter Lang,
1997: 93-104.
4. Google India: https://www.google.co.in/
ABSTRACT:
A bibliography related to Karl Marxs study of the history.
KEYWORDS:
Karl Marx, Study of History, Bibliography.
Introduction
About 40 years have elapsed since Hans-Peter Harstick, editor of the above
indicated volume [1977], drew the attention of concerned readers to Karl
Marxs encyclopedic approach to the study of history of human society, through
a bibliography, located as a part of Appendix I within it. Wang Hongdao edited
a Chinese translation of Harstick 1977; it has been published from Beijing in
1987 and 1993. A part of Harstick 1977 (SS.21-109) contains the full text of
Marxs excerpts from 1879 [B 156 (Notebook CXL), SS.26-47,
66-90]. Russian translations of these excerpts were earlier brought out in the
journals 1958 (3:3-13; 4: 3-22; 5: 3-28);
1959 (1: 3-17) and, 1962
28
(2:3-17). These translations are now available on a digital version of .
. , , , . 45: 153-225. An English
translation of a part of these excerpts was published in Krader 1975: 343-412. A
Bengali translation of the India-related part of it was published from Kolkata in
1999 (2nd ed. 2001)1. The present text introduces and extends the bibliography
in Harstick 1977, Anhang I. All abbreviations and references have been
indicated after this introduction. All footnotes of Harstick 1977 have been
converted into endnotes.
Since the publication of the indicated bibliography in Harstick 1977, a few
things have changed in the world and, also in the domains of archival updating
of the inventory of Karl Marx/Friedrich Engels papers, Marx/Engels studies,
editing and, publication. In 1997, Jckel and Krger have published an updated
overview of the excerpts reflecting Karl Marxs study of the natural sciences,
mathematics, agriculture and industrial technologies, conducted by him during
the years 1846-1882. The inventory of the Marx/Engels papers at the IISH,
Amsterdam has been updated by Ursula Balzer in 2003. Gtz Langkau wrote an
Introduction for them in the same year. These papers have been revised for the
purposes of digitization by Eva van Oene in 2015. The digitized papers are
available online. Wherever it could be ascertained without any doubt that the
numbers following the Archival Shelf Mark or File Signature B indicating the
29
location of Marxs excerpts and bibliographies below have changed in the
chronologically arranged related numbers now available on the link to the
corresponding portable document file, last modified on 9 September 2013, there
the corresponding numbers have been changed accordingly. Elsewhere the
numbers indicated in Harstick 1977 have been retained. The possible resultant
errors within the present text may be removed by physical inspection of the
relevant archival papers.
This bibliography is partial on several counts: the publication of MEGA2 is yet
to be completed; some of the source materials, their description and, related
publications are now available online in the public domain; some are available
only for a conditional or limited preview; some are available in a different
edition. The corresponding URLs have been indicated in all known cases. That
makes this bibliography only partially cyberdiscursive.
Since 1990 the editing of the Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe (MEGA) is being
looked after by the Internationale Marx-Engels-Stiftung:
http://www.iisg.nl/imes/
It has 4 affiliated institutions:
1. the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin:
http://www.bbaw.de/forschung/mega
2. the International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam:
30
http://socialhistory.org/en/projects/marx-engels-gesamtausgabe
3. the Karl-Marx-Haus, Trier of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation:
http://www.fes.de/marx/
4. the -
, :
http://www.rusarchives.ru/federal/rgaspi/
They are following the new editorial guidelines indicated in the:
Editionsrichtlinien der Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe (MEGA), 1993:
http://mega.bbaw.de/imes/edri.pdf
Updated in 2002:
http://www.bbaw.de/bbaw/Forschung/Forschungsprojekte/mega/de/bilder/ER_
Erg.pdf
The MEGA is currently being published by the Walter de Gruyter GmbH:
http://www.degruyter.com/view/serial/234690?rskey=nQWOYb&result=3
http://mega.bbaw.de/struktur/de-gruyter-mega-prospekt-2016.pdf
It is expected to be completed in 114 volumes by 2025-30.
Political economy unfolds as a social fact, and Marxs Critique of Political
Economy (as reflected in MEGA II) has also unfolded as a science/discipline,
inside human social history. That is why there arises a need to situate Marxs
31
Critique of Political Economy in the context of his study of human social
history. The results of these studies of Marx have already been partly published
in many volumes of MEGA I-III and, in MEGA IV/1-4, 12 and, 32; the rest are
slated to be published in the remaining volumes of MEGA I, III and, in MEGA
IV/13, 16, 20-25 and, 27-29.
Further, the changing nature and history of Human Society has unfolded and
continues to unfold inside the changing nature and history of Nature. Karl Marx
wrote in his Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 (Third Manuscript,
Section on Private Property and Communism, ||IX|, last paragraph): History
itself is a real part of natural history of nature developing into man. Natural
science will in time incorporate into itself the science of man, just as the science
of man will incorporate into itself the science of nature: there will be one
science [MECW 3:303-04]. Again, in The German Ideology, drafted between
September 1845 and October 1846 [A 10-17], (Part I. Feuerbach: Opposition of
the Materialist and Idealist Outlook. A. Idealism and Materialism: The Illusions
of German Ideology, I. Ideology in General, and Especially German Ideology.
A.) we read: We know only a single science, the science of history. One can
look at history from two sides and divide it into the history of nature and the
history of men. The two sides are, however, inseparable; the history of nature
and the history of men are dependent on each other so long as men exist
32
[MECW 5: 28-29]. How Marxs understanding of the development of mutually
interrelated histories of human thought, human society and, the rest of the
Nature evolved throughout his life, becomes evident from his published and
unpublished Manuscripts A1 (1837)-A115 (ca.1882), Excerpts B1 (1840)-
B168 (1882) and, Letters C1 (1850)-C859 (1878). Hence the need to investigate
Marxs study of history of human society in its interrelationships with his study
of history of the rest of the nature and that of human thought that is, together
with his study of the nature and history of the natural sciences, technologies and
other disciplines of his time [already partly published in MEGA IV/6, 8-9, 26,
31; and, further slated to be published in MEGA IV/10, 17-18, 22-23, 28]2.
Marxs mathematical manuscripts have already been partly published in:
Russian (1933), Original Language-Russian (1968), German (1974), Chinese
(1975; in 2 editions), Italian (1975; 2nd ed. 2005), English (1983; 1994 3),
French (1985), and Bengali (1994); these manuscripts are slated to be published
in the original languages as MEGA I/28 and MEGA IV/30. The results of his
study of philosophy, languages, religion and other components of human
thought have been published in part. The corresponding bibliographies
reflecting Marxs study of the histories of technologies, natural sciences,
languages, mathematics, religion and, philosophy will follow below, after the
bibliographies from Harstick 1977. Since human society continues to develop in
33
its interrelationships with nature, we may follow Marxs leads and, situate the
ongoing Critique of Political Economy as a discipline/science, in its
interrelationships with the ongoing studies of history of human society and,
those of its many interfaces with the history of nature and human thought,
through the various existing and emerging arts, crafts, technologies, sciences
and, other disciplines.
Karl Marxs approach to the study of history indicated in the bibliography
below may, consequently, serve not only as a road map in the field of study of
history of human society traditionally considered to be a discipline within the
humanities, it may also serve as a working model for planning the study of the
histories of rest of the nature and, of all the domains of human thought, owing
to its transcontinental reach and, transdisciplinary focus. If taken up seriously,
such studies may usher in a transition from the possibility of a post-1990 Marx-
Renaissance4, into a possible age of Marx-Enlightenment in the years to come.
If that happens, then new lights may be shed not only on Marxs own research
programme, but also on its relations with the older encyclopedic research
programmes of the Mediterranean Basin Cultures, such as those of Leibniz 5 and
Aristotle5.
While preparing our new bibliographies for the study of various histories today
we may and should formulate our own strategies, which need not remain
34
beholden to the currently academically dominant patterns and divisions of
historiographies, which have emerged out of the Northern and Western
Mediterranean Basin Cultures in the last few centuries. The new strategies will
expectedly reflect the contemporary perspectives of historiographic cultures
emerging from the various areas of Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe and
Oceania.
Karl Marx approached the nature and histories of the different areas of human
thought, human society and, rest of the nature in various phases of his life,
through multiple overlapping and sequential points of entry into various
disciplines. The present text is A Bibliography reflecting his study of history in
the following order: A. History of Human Society; B. History of Rest of the
Nature; and, C. History of Human Thought. These orders are not sacrosanct;
they are products of a combination of some random events and circumstances.
One may reorder them according ones own light. Every single title in this
bibliography is a signifier of some text in some language; that is why all of
them are objects belonging to the domain of history of human thought.
Apart from what was imposed on Marx through instruction provided in the
Trier Gymnasium and in the Universities of Bonn and Berlin, he always chose
the trajectory of his studies in light of the problems or tasks he wished to
address. I personally came to know about Marx work through the filters of the
35
rivalries and disputes that raged around some contending Leninist
interpretations of his political legacy, during the peak period of the last cold
war, following the October 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. I have gradually
rediscovered Marx texts for myself only after 1982, and especially after 1990,
through some shared interests in philosophy, mathematics, India and, the
sciences, in that order. I presume that everyone concerned has a right and a duty
to restructure this bibliography, and use it to devise their own research
programmes, in light of their own questions and tasks.
Abbreviations and References used in the bibliography below
20: Folio.
40: Quarto.
80: Octavo.
Archival Shelfmarks/File Signatures of the Karl Marx/Friedrich Engels Papers
at the IISG/IISH, Amsterdam:
A: for Marxs Manuscripts;
B: for Marxs Excerpts; and,
C: for Marxs Letters.
These Manuscripts, Excerpts and, Letters together with other related materials
are now available at: http://www.iisg.nl/archives/pdf/ARCH00860.pdf
36
Bd: Vol.
Bde: Vols.
ca: circa: around.
cf: confer: compare.
Chronik: Karl Marx. Chronik seines Lebens in Einzelseiten, zusammengestellt
vom Marx-Engels-Lenin-Institut Moskau 1934. Available at IISH:
http://search.socialhistory.org/Record/393123
DDR: GDR.
Dobrovsk, Slavin: J. Dobrovsk, Slavin. Bothschaft aus Bhmen an alle
slavischen Vlker, oder Beitrge zu ihrer Charakteristik, zur Kenntnis ihrer
Mythologie, ihrer Geschichte und Alterthmer, ihrer Literatur und ihrer
Sprachkunde nach allen Mundarten. ... Zweite verbesserte, berichtige und
vermeherte Auflage von W. Hanka. Prag. 1834. Available at:
http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=YH0s0Q9jFCgC&printsec=frontcover&so
urce=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
F. 1: Fund 1 [of the Marx/Engels Papers at IML/M, Ts PA].
f.: following.
ff.: following pages.
37
Ginzburg: , . , in:
( .., ..
..), .4, / 1926, S. 357-388.
Grundrisse: Karl Marx, Grundrisse der Kritik der Politischen konomie
(Rohentwurf) 1857-1858, Anhang 1850-1859, hrsg. von Marx-Engels-Lenin-
Institut Moskau, Berlin, 2. Ed., 1953.
Harstick 1977: Karl Marx ber Formen vorkapitalistischer Production:
Vergleichende Studien zur Geschichte des Grundeigentums 1879-80,
Herausgegeben von Hans-Peter Harstick; Frankfurt/New York: Campus Verlag,
1977.
Herausgegeben/Hrsg. /hrsg.: Edited/Ed. /ed.
HZ: Historische Zeitschrift (1859 ff.)
IISG/IISH: International Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis/International
Institute of Social History, Amsterdam.
IML/B: Institut fr Marxismus-Leninismus beim ZK der SED, Berlin; now
defunct; and, its holdings have been merged with those of the subsequently
responsible institutes.
IML/M: Institut marksizma-leninizma pri Ts K KPSS, Moskva; now defunct;
and, its holdings have been merged with those of the subsequently responsible
institutes.
38
In biblio: in one of the various bibliographies that Marx prepared from time to
time for his own use.
Jckel and Krger, 1997: Peter Jckel und Peter Krger, "Aktualisierte
bersicht die naturwissenschaftlichen Exzerpte von Karl Max (1846 bis 1882),"
in: Anneliese Griese/Hans Jrg Sandkhler (Hrsg.), Karl Marx - Zwischen
Philosophie und Naturwissenschaften, Frankfurt am Main...Wien: Peter Lang,
1997: 93-104.
Jg.: Vol. / year of periodicals.
. , ...
(1879); in: , 1958 (Nos. 3:3-13; 4: 3-22; 5: 3-28);
1959 (no. 1: 3-17) and
1962 (No. 2:3-17); these translations are now available on pp. 153-225 of: .
. , , , 45. Available for
downloading at:
http://www.burkprf.ru/home/2012-12-10-03-36-50/843-2012-12-10-04-05-
30.html
. , , 1968. A complete English
translation of this edition, together with a Special Supplement: Marx and
Mathematics, containing some related materials, is available as: Karl Marx,
39
Mathematical Manuscripts: together with a Special Supplement, Calcutta 1994,
at:
http://cfcul.fc.ul.pt/varios/Karl_Marx_small.pdf
Kaiser/Werchan: Ex libris Karl Marx und Friedrich Engels. Schicksal und
Verzeichnis einer Bibliothek, hrsg.v. IML/B, 1967 (Bearbeiter: Kaiser, Br. und
Werchan, I.). A limited view is available at:
http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007320469
It has been superseded by: Vorauspublikation zu MEGA IV/32: Die
Bibliotheken von Karl Marx und Friedrich Engels: Annotierten Verzeichnis des
Ermittelten Bestandes, Bearbeitet von Hans-Peter Harstick, Richard Sperl und
Hanno Strau Unter Mitarbeit von Gerald Hubmann, Karl-Ludwig Knig,
und , 1999. A limited preview of this
volume is available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=28qtUaZatOAC&printsec=frontcover&sour
ce=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
The Contents of and the Introduction to the volume are available at:
http://mega.bbaw.de/struktur/abteilung_iv/dateien/mega_IV-32_Inhalt_einf.pdf
1879: , k,
, , ,
, : .., 1879.
40
KPSS: Kommunisticheskaya partiya Sovetskovo Soyuza.
Krader 1974: The Ethnological Notebooks of Karl Marx (Studies of Morgan,
Phear, Maine, Lubbock), transcribed and edited with an introduction by
Lawrence Krader, 2nd ed., Assen: Van Gorcum 1974. Available at:
http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1881/ethnographical-
notebooks/notebooks.pdf
Krader 1975: The Asiatic Mode of Production: sources, development and
critique in the writings of Karl Marx. Assen: Van Gorcum 1975.
MECW: Karl Marx/Friedrich Engels, Collected Works. Moscow: Progress etc.
Vols. 1-50.
MEGA1: Karl Marx/Friedrich Engels, Historisch-kritische Gesamtausgabe.
Werke/Schriften/Briefe. Im Aufrage des Marx-Engels [-Lenin]-Instituts
Moskau hrsg. v. D. Rjazanov bzw. V. Adoratskij, Erste Abteilung, Bd. I/1,
Frankfurt 1927; Bde. I/2-6, Berlin 1929-32; Bd. 7, Moskau 1935. Dritte
Abteilung, Bde. 1-4, Berlin 1929-31.
MEGA2: Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe, I-IV Abteilungen, 1975-:
http://mega.bbaw.de/
http://mega.bbaw.de/struktur/abteilung_i
http://mega.bbaw.de/struktur/abteilung_iii
41
http://mega.bbaw.de/struktur/abteilung_iv
MELS: Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin zur deutschen Geschichte, 3 Bde, besorgt.
v. Marx-Engels-Lenin-Stalin-Institut beim ZK der SED, Berlin 1953-1954.
MEW: Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Werke, hrsg. v. IML beim ZK der SED,
Berlin 1956 ff. Bde. 1-43:
http://marx-wirklich-studieren.net/marx-engels-werke-als-pdf-zum-download/
Nikolaevsky: , .: .
. ( ), in:
. . , 4 (1929), S. 355-423.
op.: opis [list of inventories]
S.: P.
Secret Diplomatic History of the Eighteenth Century:
http://archive.org/details/secretdiplomatic00marxuoft
Another related title:
Revelations of the Diplomatic History of the 18th Century:
http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/russia/
SED: Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands.
SS.: pp.
T. /t.: tome: Volume/Volumes.
Theile: Parts.
42
Ts K: Tsentralnyi komitet.
TsPA: Tsentralnyi partiinyi arkhiv.
v. von: at/by
ZfG: Zeitschrift fr Geschichtswissenschaft (1953ff.).
ZK: Zentralkomitee.
ZPA: Zentrales Parteiarchiv.
Investigations on Marxs studies in the field of history
[Translation of Harstick, 1977: 231-232:]
Hermann Ockens remarks on the intellectual biography of Marx and Engels
made in the early 1920s, to the effect that They did not set out from historical
studies as such, from which they stood remote and away, but rather proceeded
from a philosophical-economic construction, still remains unchallenged.1
Further, the report on Historical Research in the GDR 1960-1970, published
on the occasion of the 13th International Congress of the Historical Sciences in
1970, states that historiography is definitely not a peripheral issue for the
Marxists, yet in spite of the profound contributions of Marxist philosophers on
the importance of historical materialism for the study of history there are only
some pedestrian investigations on the historical-political concepts and on the
43
historical teachings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels awaiting a
fundamental work that is yet to arrive .2
It is a fact that in spite of the numerous publications on Marx and Marxism(s),
further detailed work on the Marx-Engels papers still remains a necessary
prerequisite for any serious historical-genetic study of Marx-Engels
understanding of history.
I have constructed the present overview after many years of inspection of the
excerpts and bibliographies of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels on historical
literature among their papers held at Amsterdam and, of the relevant titles ex
libris Marx and Engels. These materials are subsequently being printed as their
excerpts. This is the first attempt at such a source based investigation 3. It covers
Marxs comprehensive historical studies in detail. These studies of Marx
constitute the substantive basis of his theory of political economy. Here it
proved to be heuristically useful to depart from a biographical-chronological
presentation of the materials and, put Marxs corresponding fields of studies
under the rubrics of the traditional sub-disciplines of the sciences of history.
Thus the problem cycles were systematically captured as General and Political
History, Social and Economic History, Legal and Constitutional History etc.4;
in what follows, these materials have been placed in the context of the present
edition, as pertaining to Marxs studies on Universal History, on General and
44
Political History of the Non-European Countries, on the Histories of Laws,
Governments and Institutions, on Cultural History and Ethnology, as well as
those on Legal and Social Philosophies.
The listed titles have been identified either as excerpts or as items in the
bibliographies in the manuscripts within the papers of Marx or, as titles in
Marxs personal library. Further, in addition to the description of their contents,
additional references to their respective location in the various volumes of the
MEGA or of the MEW editions, archival file signatures, number of pages, size,
format, date, origin and, type of publication have also been indicated. The
details of the excerpts and bibliographic notes are mostly related to the Marx-
Engels papers at the IISH, namely, to the stock of corresponding original papers
available at Amsterdam, which have separate file signatures. In respect of the
details of an entry I have generally followed the usual procedures of the IISH,
namely, that of noting the authors pagination described in the archival order,
independently for each page count of a manuscript. As far as it is possible I
stick to Marxs page count, which is always specifically marked. For further
details refer to the former library of the Social Democratic Party/Berlin, the
Marx-Engels-Papers funds of the IML/M (ZPA), IML/B (ZPA) and, to some
other institutions referred. I have written about the relevance of Marxs excerpts
and bibliographies as source materials in the Introduction to this volume, S. XX
45
[4a] [4b]
and, in the addenda to Notebook B 140, Appendix I, S. 215ff . The issue
of their personal library has been dealt with elsewhere5. For information on the
abbreviations of the literature cited and, on other abbreviations of a text-critical
character see the list of abbreviations, S.IXff [the relevant entries from that list
have already been indicated above P. B.].
A BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. History of Human Society
[Harstick 1977: 233-263:]
I. General and Political History
1. General History of Europe and World History1
Overviews
Chronological Excerpts (ca. 91BC-1648) from:
Schlosser, Fr. Chr.: Weltgeschichte fr das deutsche Volk, 18 Bde, Frankfurt
a.M. 1843 bis 1856. Available at:
http://archive.org/details/fcschlosserswel02schlgoog
Botta, Ch.: Histoire des peuples dItalie, 3 t., Paris 1825. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=emQOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover#
v=onepage&q&f=false
46
http://books.google.fr/books?id=21ovAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA3&hl=fr&source=g
bs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://archive.org/details/histoiredespeup01bottgoog
Excerpted ca. 1880, 547 SS. 80; in Notebooks: B 157, S. 2-144 [chronological
excerpts ca. 91 BC-1320]; B 158, S. 3-147 [chronological excerpts ca. 1300-
1470]; B 159, S. 3-143 [chronological excerpts ca. 1470-1580]; B 160, S. 3-119
[chronological excerpts ca. 1580-1648].
Notebooks B 159 and B 160 have been published in part in: MELS, Bd. 1, S.
285-586; the excerpts contained in B 157-160 were published earlier in Russian
translation in: Arkhiv Marksa i Engelsa 5 (1938), S. 1-407; 7 (1940), S. 1-398;
8 (1946), S. 1-424. Volumes 5 (1938) and, 7 (1940) may be downloaded from:
http://libelli.ru/marxinew/meng_nv.htm
Chronological Records of Foreign Policy of the European countries during the
14th-18th Centuries. Compiled in 1857-58, 3 SS.: was in TsPA, IML/M, F. 1,
op. 1; they had 1100 copies of it.
Chronological Records of European History (1510-1856). Written in
April/August 1860, 21 SS. 80; in: B 96 [copy], S. 30-50.
Chateaubriand, F.-R.de: Essai historique, politique et moral, sur les
revolutions anciennes et modernes, London 1820. Available at:
http://www.poesies.net/chateaubriandrevolution.txt
47
Presumably ex libris Marx: was in possession of IML/B (Kaiser/Werchan, Title
no. 82).
Crichton, A. History of the revolutions in Europe, from the subversion of the
Roman Empire in the west, till the abdication of Bonaparte. Translated from the
French of C. W. Koch, 3 Vols. Edinburgh 1828, Vol. 2. Available at:
http://archive.org/details/historyrevoluti00cricgoog
Ex libris Marx: was in possession of IML/B (Kaiser/Werchan, Title No.98). It
contains numerous marginal notes in Marxs hand.
Gatterer, J. Chr.: Einleitung in die synchronistische Universalhistorie, 2
Theile, Gttingen, 1771. Available at:
http://books.google.ca/books?id=79dOAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&sour
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=dR8DAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
ource=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
In biblio: February 1856 and, abstract from: Dobrovsk, Slavin; in: B 80,
S.25 [Marxs pagination]; cf. Marxs letter to Engels dated 29 February 1856,
in: MEGA III, 2, S. 111-115.
Heeren, A.H.L.: Handbuch der Geschichte des europischen Staatensystems
und Seiner Colonien, Gttingen, 1809. Available at:
http://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/book/view/heeren_staatensystem_1809?p=7
48
Excerpted ca. August 1851, 5 SS. 80; in: B 50, S. 76-81.
Leo, H.: Lehrbuch der Universalgeschichte, Bd. 5, Halle 1842. Conditionally
available at: http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009735609
It was in Marxs possession; listed in Daniels inventory; cf. Kaiser/Werchan,
S. 227.
Schoell, M. S. F.: Cours d'histoire des tats europens depuis le
bouleversement de l'Empire Romain d'Occident jusqu'en 1789, t. 9-10, Paris
1830-1834. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=ySrDJUfKFGgC&pg=PA183&as_pt=BOO
KS&hl=&cd=1&source=gbs_api#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=3tYDSjPatK4C&pg=PA18&source=gbs_to
c_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false
Excerpted in early 1857, in connection with Marxs work on: the Secret
Diplomatic History of the Eighteenth Century (1856-57) 4 SS. 80; in: B 82, S.
42-46.
History of Antiquity
Newman, F. W.: Four Lectures on the Contrasts of Ancient and Modern
History, London 1847. Available at:
49
http://ia700400.us.archive.org/16/items/a599292900newmuoft/a599292900new
muoft.pdf
Excerpted ca. early 1852, S. 80; in: B 60, S. 8.
Medieval and Modern History
Brougham, H.P.: An Inquiry into the Colonial Policy of the European Powers,
2 Vols. Edinburgh 1803.
Available at:
http://ia600506.us.archive.org/12/items/inquiryintothec01brouuoft/inquiryintoth
ec01brouuoft_bw.pdf
http://ia600400.us.archive.org/31/items/inquiryintothec02brouuoft/inquiryintoth
ec02brouuoft_bw.pdf
Excerpted ca. August 1851, 8 SS.80; in: B 50, S. 99-107.
Dmeunier, J.-N.: Histoire des gouvernemens du Nord ou de lorigine et des
progrs du gouvern, des provinces unies, du Danemark, de la Sude, de la
Russie et de la Pologne jusqu' 1777. Trad. de langlais de Mr. Williams,
Amsterdam 1780, 4 Vols. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=qEArIFGlvSoC&pg=PA1&source=gbs_toc
_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false
50
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=VNZAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA6&source=gbs
_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=ZNZAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA62&source=gb
s_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=0pMTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1&source=gbs
It was in Marxs possession; listed in Daniels inventory, cf. Kaiser/Werchan,
S.225.
Duval, J.: Histoire de lemigration europenne, asiatique et africaine aux XIX e
sicle, ses causes, ses caractres, ses effects, Paris 1862. Conditionally available
at:
http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b23193;view=1up;seq=7
http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433075931786;view=1up;seq=11
In biblio: ca. 1878/80; in: B 128, S. 185; B 133, S.4; B 136, S. 94.
Hallam, H.: View of the state of Europe during the Middle Ages, 2 Vols. 1818,
Bd. 1, London, 9th ed., 1846. A later edition is available at:
http://archive.org/details/hallamsworks01halliala
Excerpted in November 1851-July 1852, 4 SS. 80; B 60, S. 10-13 and 31
[Marxs pagination]. A copy of the fourth edition of Volume I, published from
London in 1826, could be retrieved from Marxs personal library; it contains
51
many underlines, dates and critical marginal notes illustrating the History of
Italy after Cesar; cf. Kaiser/Werchan, Title No. 178.
Hausner, O.: Vergleichende Statistik von Europa, 2 Bde. Lemberg 1865.
Bd. I. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=O_jB8qZwpMgC&pg=PA1&source=gbs_t
oc_r&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false
Excerpted in the summer of 1869, 57 SS. 40; in: B 114, SS. 55-112.
Kemble, J.M.: State Papers and Correspondence, illustrative of Social and
Political State of Europe from the Revolution to the Accession of the House of
Hannover, London 1857. Available at:
http://archive.org/details/statepaperscorre00kembuoft
Excerpted by Marx in January-April 1857 in connection with Marxs work on
the Secret Diplomatic History of the Eighteenth Century (1856-57), 2 SS. 80;
in: B 82, S. 39-41.
Kolb, G. Fr.: Handbuch der vergleichenden Statistik der Vlkerzustands- und
Staatenkunde. ..., Leipzig, 7th ed., 1875. Available at:
http://archive.org/details/handbuchderverg05kolbgoog
Ex libris Marx: was in possession of IML/B (Kaiser/Werchan, Title No. 233),
contains underlines and notes in Marxs hand.
52
Lamberty, G. de: Mmoire pour servir l'histoire du XVIIIe sicle contenant
les ngociations traitez, resolutions et autres documents authentiques
concernant les affaires d'tat liez par une narration historique des principaux
vnemens dont ils ont t prcdez ou suivis. , t. 1-2, La Haye 1724-25.
Excerpted in August 1856-April 1857 as preparatory to Marxs work on the
Secret Diplomatic History of the Eighteenth Century (1856-57), 2 SS. 80;
in: B 82, S.21-23.
Lefebvre, A.-.: Histoire des cabinets de lEurope pendant le Consultat et
lEmpire, Paris, t. III, 2nd ed., 1866. Available at:
http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KLEyAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA33&source=g
Excerpted in 1878, 1 S. 80; in: B 150, S. 1.
Martens, G. F. von: Grundri einer diplomatischen Geschichte der
europischen Staatshndel und Friedensschlsse seit dem Ende des 15.
Jahrhunderts bis zum Frieden von Amiens, Berlin 1807. Conditionally available
at:
Excerpted in September-December 1853, 36 SS. 80; in: B 67, S. 58-63, 24-28,
36; B 68, S. 38-58, 64-67.
The Portfolio. Diplomatic review. New Series: Vols. I-IV, London 1843-44.
53
Ex libris Marx: was in possession of IML/B (Kaiser/Werchan, Title No. 366);
contains many underlines and some marginal notes in Marxs hand.
Excerpted in June 1853 from Vol. I, in: B 65, S. 33-37; and, from D. Urquharts
text in Vol. II, in: B 68, S. 59-63, after 1853.
Schlosser, F. Chr.: History of the Eighteenth Century and of the Nineteenth till
the Overthrow of the French Empire, with particular reference to Mental
Cultivation and Progress. Translated with a Preface and Notes by D. Davidson,
in 8 Volumes, London, 1843-52. Available at:
http://archive.org/details/historyofeightee01schl
Excerpted in April 1856, while preparing to write: the Secret Diplomatic
History of the Eighteenth Century (1856-57), 11 SS. 80; in: B 78, S. 34-44.
Schlzer, A. L. von: Briefwechsel meist historischen und politischen Inhalts,
Gttingen 1778. Available for reading at:
54
http://ds.ub.uni-
bielefeld.de/viewer/image/237311/1/LOG_0003/;jsessionid=908397F413C25A
3C10D09EB358A2ACC7
Excerpted in late 1856 as preparatory work for Marxs Secret Diplomatic
History of the Eighteenth Century (1856-57), 2 SS. 80; in: B 82, S. 10-12; cf.
Grundrisse, S. 1068.
Schmauss, J.J.: Einleitung zu der Staatswissenschaft. Zweiter Theil, die
Historie aller zwischen den Nordischen Potenzen, Dnnemarck, Schweden,
Ruland, Polen und Preuen gesclossenen Tractaten in sich haltend, Leipzig
1760.
Excerpted in early 1857, in connection with Marxs work on: the Secret
Diplomatic History of the Eighteenth Century (1856-57), 7 SS. 80; in: B 82, S.
46-53.
Sgur, L. Ph. de: Politique de tous les cabinets de l'Europe, pendant le rgnes
de Louis XV. et de Louis XVI.3 t. Paris 1801. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=R0ZBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1&source=gbs_
toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://archive.org/details/politiquedetous01turggoog
http://archive.org/details/politiquedetous02turggoog
Excerpted in February-May 1863, 6 SS. 80; in: B 98, S. 62-64, 66-69, 72.
55
Tyers, Th.: Political Conferences between Several Great Men of the Last and
Present Century, London 1780. A copy of the second edition of the book is
available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=kDsPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7&lpg=PP7&dq
=Political+Conferences+between+Several+Great+Men+of+the+Last++and+Pre
sent+Century&source=bl&ots=uuoKoPj8Wm&sig=ninGt_B7VgZ27OQOvpKv
Cwklesk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dG9fUsH0FsbVrQeKoYG4CA&ved=0CCsQ6AE
wAA#v=onepage&q=Political%20Conferences%20between%20Several%20Gr
eat%20Men%20of%20the%20Last%20%20and%20Present%20Century&f=fal
se
Excerpted in February 1856 as a part of the work preparatory to the Secret
Diplomatic History of the Eighteenth Century (1856-57), S. 80; in: B 77, S.
3.
Williams, J.: The Rise, Progress, and Present State of the Northern
Governments viz. the United Provinces, Denmark, Sweden, Russia, and Poland.
, 2 Vols. London 1777. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=mh4PAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA429&lpg=PA4
29&dq=The+Rise,+Progress,+and+Present+State+of+the+Northern+Governme
nts&source=bl&ots=A71TZgxkMR&sig=klMQtp1_lZjsIpDyIxSN5zLGg0Q&h
56
l=en&sa=X&ei=THhjUv6cMIeOrQeJu4DoCQ&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=one
page&q&f=false
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=9MhCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1&source=gbs_
Excerpted in February-March 1856 as a part of the work preparatory to the
Secret Diplomatic History of the Eighteenth Century (1856-57), 6 SS. 80;
in: B 77, S. 11-12, 28-32.
Wolff, O.: Geschichte der Mongolen oder Tataren besonders ihres Vordringens
nach Europa, sowie ihrer Eroberungen und Einflle in diesem Weltheile...,
Breslau 1872.
In biblio: first half of 1876; in: B 131, S.18.
2. Non-European History
2.1 Asia
2.1.1 General History of Asia
Heeren, A.H.L.: Ideen ber die Politik, den Verkehr und den Handel der
vornehmsten Vlker der alten Welt, 3 Theile, Gttingen 1793-1812, 1. Theil:
Asiatische Vlker, 3 Abtheilungen, Gttingen, 4th ed. 1824. Available at:
http://archive.org/details/p1p2ideenberdiep02heer
57
Excerpted in August-September 1851, 5 SS. 80; in: B 50, S. 18-20, 55-57.
Patton, R.: The Principles of Asiatic Monarchiesinvestigated and contrasted
with those of the Monarchies of Europe; shewing the dangerous tendency of
confounding them in the administration of the affairs of India, London 1801.
Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=iHg_AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA244&lpg=PA244
&dq=R+Patton+the+Principles+of+Asiatic+Monarchies&source=bl&ots=yyzY
iecAJR&sig=mOct3nA8-
QffN8jHpeegK3ZLW6g&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z7lYUoWtDI6Brge61oCYDQ&ve
d=0CEcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false
Excerpted in June 1853, 3 SS. 80; in: B 65, S. 32, 37-39.
2.1.2 Near East2
Ancient Near Eastern Empires and Classical Antiquity
Busch, J.H.M.: Abri der Urgeschichte des Orients bis zu den medischen
Kriegen, 2Bde. Leipzig 1868. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=tZ1CAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA13&source=gbs_
http://books.google.de/books?id=tp1CAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=d
e&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
58
In biblio: 1876; in: B 131, S.8.
Movers, Fr. C.: Die Phnizier, 2Bde. Bonn 1841. A Berlin edition of 1856 is
available at:
http://archive.org/details/p3diephnizier02move
In biblio: 1878-79; in: B 144, S. 19.
Medieval and Modern History
Crichton, A.: History of Arabia, ancient and modern, 2 Vols. Edinburgh
1833. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=KGJTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA17&source=gb
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=isMZLVGL5I4C&pg=PA13&source=gbs_t
In biblio: 1878-79; in: B144, S. 19.
Ferrier, J. P.: History of the Afghans, translated from the original unpublished
manuscript byW. Jesse, London 1858. Available at:
http://archive.org/details/historyafghanst00ferrgoog
In biblio: October 1879-early 1880; in: B 140, S. 28 [Marxs pagination].
Kaye, J.W.: History of the war in Afghanistan, 2 Vols. London 1851.
Available at:
59
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=LNINAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1&source=gbs_t
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=IBEWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1&source=gbs
In biblio: 1878-79; in: B 144, S. 20.
2.1.3 Central Asia
Urquhart, D.: Diplomatic transactions in Central Asia from 1834 to 1839,
London 1841. Available at:
http://archive.org/details/diplomatictransa00urqurich
Excerpted in early 1857, 6 SS. 80; in: B 82, S. 32-38; cf. MEW, Bd. 29, S. 124.
Vmbry, H.: Skizzen aus Mittelasien, Ergnzungen zu meiner Reise in
Mittelasien, Leipzig, 1868. Conditionally available at:
http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101051602959;view=1up;seq=11
An English translation is available at:
http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044019183003;view=1up;seq=9
In biblio: 1876 and 1878; in: B 131, S. 23 and B 118, S. 106.
Vmbry, H.: Rulands Machtstellung in Asien. Eine historisch-politische
Studie, Leipzig 1871. Conditionally available at:
60
In biblio: 1876; in: B 131, S.15.
Vmbry, H.: Centralasien und die englisch-russische Grenzfrage, Leipzig
1873. Available only for limited search:
In English translation:
In biblio: ca. 1878, in: B 118, S. 106.
Wolff, O.: Geschichte der Mongolen oder Tataren besonders ihres Vordringens
nach Europa, sowie ihrer Eroberungen und Einflle in diesem Weltheile...,
Breslau 1872.
In biblio: 1876; in: B 131, S.18.
2.1.4 China3
Pfizmaier, A.: Die Aufstnde Wei-ngao's und Kung-sn-schs
(Sitzungsberichte der phil.-hist. Klasse er kaiserlichen Akademie der
Wissenschaften), Wien 1869. Available at:
http://archive.org/stream/sitzungsbericht426klasgoog#page/n673/mode/1up
[SS. 159-208]
In biblio: 1876; in: B 131, S.11.
61
Plath, J. H.: China vor 4000 Jahren. Nach chinesischen Quellen bearbeitet,
Mnchen 1869. Available at:
http://digital.staatsbibliothek-
berlin.de/dms/werkansicht/?PPN=PPN61727987X&LOGID=LOG_0005
In biblio: 1876; in: B 131, S.8.
Plath, J. H.: Die Beschftigung der alten Chinesen - Ackerbau, Viehzucht,
Jagd, Fischfang, Industrie, Handel. Abhandlg. d. kgl. bayr. Ak. d. Wiss.,
Philosoph.-philolog. Klasse, Bd. 12, Mnchen 1832.
In biblio: 1876; in: B 131, S.8.
Townsend, L.T.: The Chinese Problem, Boston, New York 1876. Available at:
http://archive.org/details/chineseproblem00townrich
contains a series of underlines in Marxs hand.
2.1.5 India, Ceylon4
General Accounts
Chronological Excerpts about the History of India (664-1858) from:
Elphinstone, M.: The History of India, 2 Vols. London 1841, 2nd ed. 1843.
Available at:
http://archive.org/details/historyofindia01elph
62
http://archive.org/details/historyofindia02elphiala
Sewell, R.: The Analytical history of India, from the earliest times to the
abolition of the honourable East India Company in 1858. London 1870.
Available at:
https://archive.org/details/AnalyticalHistoryOfIndia
Apparently used in B 140, S. 28[Marxs pagination] see above S. 226f, - a list
of the works of J. Mill, E. Thornton, J. C. Marshman, St. G. Grady, P. Auber, J.
P. Ferrier and, the Leyden and Erskine edition of the autobiography of Babur.
Excerpted perhaps in October 1879-summer of 1880, 49 SS. 80; in B 140, S. 41-
58, 68, 69, 84-109, 135 to 137 [Marxs pagination].
Publication in Russian: , :
(664-1858 .), 1947.
Publication in English: Marx, K.: Notes on Indian History (664-1858),
Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House [no date]. Available at:
http://archive.org/details/notesonindianhis00marxuoft
Dubois, J.A.: Description of the character, manners, and customs of the people
of India; and of their institutions, religious and civiltranslated from the
French manuscript, London 1817. Available at:
http://archive.org/details/descriptionchar00dubogoog
63
In biblio: October 1879-early 1880 and extract from . . ,
" ", S. 158; in: B 156, S. 40 [Marxs pagination].
Elphinstone, M.: The History of India, 2 Vols. London 1841, 2nd ed. 1843.
See also: Chronological Excerpts about the History of India (664-1858) and,
MEW, Bd.9, S. 202.
Irwin, H.C.: The Garden of India; or chapters on Oudh history and affairs,
http://archive.org/details/gardenofindiaorc00irwi
Ex libris Marx: was in possession of IML/B (Kaiser/Werchan, Title no.205);
contains many underlining and marginal notes in Marxs hand.
Knox, R.: An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon in the East-Indies,
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14346/14346-h/14346-h.htm
In biblio: 1880-81 together with the excerpts from J. B. Phear; in: B 162, sheet
1 (front).
Marshman, J.C.: The History of India, from the earliest period to the close of
the eighteenth century, 3 Vols. London 1867. [Perhaps the title is: The History
of Indiato the close of Lord Dalhousies Administration1867.] Available
at: http://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/Marshman.html
64
Mill, J.: The History of British India, London 1817; Fourth edition, with notes
and continuation by H. H. Wilson, 9 Vols. London 1840-48. Available at:
http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%
3Ftitle=840&Itemid=99999999
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=-
1QIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1m0BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1&source=gbs
65
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=l7gIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1&source=gbs_t
In biblio: October 1879-early 1880; in: B 140, S. 28 [Marxs pagination]; cf.
MEW, Bd. 9, S. 150f.
Murray, H.: Historical and descriptive Account of British India, from the most
remote period to the present time, 3 Vols. Edinburgh 1832. Available at:
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ujkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA17&source=gbs
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=eNE2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA40&source=gb
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=sGQDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA13&source=gb
Excerpted in June 1853, 3 SS. 80; in: B 65, S. 9-12.
Ribeyro, J.: History of Ceylon, Colombo 1847. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=oMwNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA9&source=gb
In biblio: 1880-81, together with excerpts from J. B. Phear; in: B 162, sheet 1
(front).
Rickards, R.: India; or facts submitted to illustrate the character and condition
of the native inhabitants, 2 Vols. London 1829-32. Available at:
66
http://ia600306.us.archive.org/13/items/indiaorfactstoil01rickiala/indiaorfactstoi
l01rickiala_bw.pdf
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=EmIOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP9&lpg=PP9&d
q=r+rickards+india;+or+facts+submitted+to+illustrate+the+character+and+con
dition&source=bl&ots=JCfE_S_-
BI&sig=onS4bEbbTOfNMitM4Lkgfz3DBb8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JkddUo2aFcL
arAfDyYDoAw&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
In biblio: 1881-82, together with Marxs extracts from H. S. Maine; in: B 162,
cover sheet (back).
Sewell, R.: The Analytical history of India, from the earliest times to the
abolition of the honourable East India Company in 1858. London 1870.
Available at:
https://archive.org/details/AnalyticalHistoryOfIndia
Ex libris Marx; was in possession of IML/B (Kaiser/Werchan, Title No. 432);
contains a lot of underlining, marginal notes and additions in Marxs hand.
Stewart, Ch.: The History of Bengal, from the first Mohammedan invasion
until the virtual conquest of that country by the English A.D. 1757, London
1813. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=YL5WAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA166&source=g
67
A Gazetteer of the Territories under the Government of the East-India
Company, and of the Native States on the continent of India. Compiled by
Edward Thornton, 4 Vols. London 1854. May be viewed at:
Valentijn, Fr.: Oud en nieuw Oost-Indin, 5 Bde. Amsterdam 1724-26. No
digitized copy of Volume 4 could be located. The rest are available at:
http://archive.org/details/oudennieuwoostin01vale
In biblio: 1880/81 together with extracts from J. B. Phear; in: B 162, sheet 1
(front).
Wilks, M.: Historical Sketches of the South of India, in an attempt to trace the
History of Mysoor; from the origin of the Hindoo government of that state, to
68
the extinction of the Mohammedan Dynasty in 1799, Vol. I. London 1810.
Available at: http://archive.org/details/historicalsketc01wilk
Excerpted in June 1853, 1 SS. 80; in: B 65, S. 7-9.
[This book is in 3 volumes; the other 2 volumes are available at;]
http://archive.org/details/historicalsketch02wilkuoft
http://archive.org/details/historicalsketc01wilkgoog ]
From the Arrival of Islam to the Decline of the Mughal Empire
Bernier, Fr.: Voyages...contenant la description des tats du Grand Mogul, de
lHindoustan, du royaume de Kachemire, 2 t., First edition 1670, Paris 1810.
Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=3YpCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1&source=gbs_
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=HdIpAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
In biblio: October 1879-early 1880 and extract from . .
(1879), indicated above, S. 158, where an edition of Berniers text published in
1699 at Amsterdam has been cited; in: B 156, S. 40 [Marxs pagination].
Related excerpts of May 1853, 3 SS. 80; in: B 63, S. 62-65; cf. Marxs letter to
69
Engels dated 2 June 1853, in: MEW, Bd. 28, S. 252f. See also MEW, Bd. 13.
S.108, Bd. 26.3, S. 428 and Grundrisse, S. 731 and 889.
Elliot, Sir H.M.: The History of India as told by its own Historians. The
Muhammadan Period, edited by John Dowson, 8 Vols. London 1867-77.
Available at:
http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D80201010%26ct%
3D0
" ", S. 130; in: B 156, S.40 [Marxs pagination].
Memoirs of Zehir-ed-Din Muhammed Baber [sic], Emperor of Hindustan,
written by himself, in the Jaghatai [sic] Turki, and translated partly by the late
<John> Leydenpartly by William Erskinewith notes and a geographical
and historical introduction, London 1826. Available at:
http://archive.org/details/memoirszehiredd00bbgoog
In biblio: October 1879-early 1880; in: B 156, S.28 [Marxs pagination].
India under British Colonial Rule
Campbell, G.: A Scheme for the Government of India, London 1853. Limited
preview available at:
70
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=_11XmtjrlVQC&pg=PR1&lpg=PR1&dq=
A+Scheme+for+the+Government+of+India,+London+1853.&source=bl&ots=
BoBRk_EIG0&sig=UHFKt3rvpusJ8FqGLthSgiuL6OQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9ph
fUv_oDoaTiQfPsIGwCQ&ved=0CGoQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=A%20Schem
e%20for%20the%20Government%20of%20India%2C%20London%201853.&f
=false
Excerpted in June 1853, S. 80; in: B 65, S. 23.
India Reform, published by the India Reform Association (IRA), Nos. I-VII.
London and Manchester 1853.
Excerpted in June 1853, 12 SS. 80; in: B 64 [Marxs title Notebook XXIII], S.
1-12.
IRA Brochure No. I (The Government of India since 1834); available at:
http://archive.org/details/governmentofindi00londiala
Excerpts in: B 64, S.1-2;
IRA Brochure No. II (The Finances of India); Excerpts in: B 64, S. 2-4;
IRA Brochure No. III (Dr. Buist of Bombay: Notes on India); Excerpts in: B 64,
S.4-6;
IRA Brochure No. IV (Sullivan, J.: Extract from Mills History on the double
government; and Observations on the Evidence before the Parliamentary
Committees in 1852); Excerpts in: B 64, S. 6-8;
71
IRA Brochure No. V (Dickinson, J.: India: Its Government under a
Bureaucracy):
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Q2cBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1&source=gbs
Excerpts in: B 64, S. 6-11;
IRA Brochure No. VI (The Native States of India); Excerpts in: B 64, S. 11;
IRA Brochure No. VII (India: Wrongs without a Remedy); Excerpts in: B 64, S.
11-12; cf. Kaiser/Werchan, Title No. 203; Notebook nos. 3,4,6 and 7 found
among the recovered items ex libris Marx containing numerous emphases in his
hand.
See: Marxs articles in the New-York Daily Tribune, June-August 1853 (MEW,
Bd. 9, S. 127ff, 148ff, 157ff, and 220ff.).
India, Great Britain and Russia, London 1838.
Excerpted in March/May 1853, S. 80; in: B 63 [Marxs title Notebook
XXI], S. 52.
Notes on the North-Western Provinces of India. By A District Officer. London
1869. Available at:
http://archive.org/details/notesonnorthwest00londrich
Ex libris Marx; was in possession of IML/B (Kaiser/Werchan, Title No. 337),
containing numerous underlining and some marginal notes in Marxs hand.
72
Observations on India. By A Resident There Many Years. London 1853.
Conditionally available at:
http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101050682424;view=1up;seq=7
Excerpted in March-May 1853, 4 SS. 80; in B 63 [Marxs title: Notebook XXI],
S. 52-56.
Selections from the Records of the Government of India (Foreign Department),
No. II: [General] Report on the administration of the Punjab for the years 1849-
50 and 1850-51, Calcutta 1853. A London 1854 edition of it is available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=OJ8IAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
Seymour, H.: Waste lands of India. Speech in the House of Commons on the
12th of May 1863London 1864. Available at:
http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1863/may/12/resolution
containing underlines and marginal notes in Marxs hand.
Saltykov, P.A.: Lettres sur lInde, Paris 1849. Conditionally available at:
73
Excerpted in March/May 1853, S. 80; in: B 63 [Marxs title: Notebook XXI],
S. 49.
Thornton, E.: The History of the British Empire in India, London, Third
edition 1862. The second edition is available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=GYpCAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
In biblio: October 1879-early 1880; in: B 140, S.28 [Marxs pagination].
Trotter, L.J.: The History of the British Empire in India from the appointment
of Lord Hardinge to the political extinction of the East India Company, 1844 to
1862. Forming a sequel to Thorntons History of India, 2 Vols. London 1866.
Available at:
http://archive.org/details/historybritishe01trotgoog
http://archive.org/details/historybritishe00trotgoog
In biblio: October 1879-early 1880; in: B 140, S.28 [Marxs Pagination].
Wheeler, J.T.: Early Records of British India: a history of the English
settlements in India, London 1878. Available at:
http://archive.org/details/earlyrecordsofbr00wheerich
In biblio: October 1879-early 1880 and extracts from . . ,
74
2.1.6 Southeast Asia
Gorkom, K. W. van: Die Chinacultur auf Java. Aus dem Hollndischen
bertragen von C. Hasskarl, Leipzig 1869. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=yNMaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2&source=gbs
In biblio: 1876 and 1878-79; in B 131, S.5 and B 136, S.91 [Marxs
pagination].
Money, J.W.B.: Java; or, how to manage a colony. Showing a practical solution
of the questions now affecting British India, 2 Vols. London 1861. Available at:
http://archive.org/details/javaorhowtomanag01mone
http://archive.org/details/javaorhowtomanag02moneuoft
Excerpted in autumn 1880-summer 1881, 28 SS. 80; in: B 162, S. 102-130.
Raffles, Th. St. B.: The History of Java, 2 Vols. London 1817. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=_-
dCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR17&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=oQ9XAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA65&source=gb
75
Excerpted in June 1853, 4 SS. 80; in: B 65, S. 3-7; cf. Marxs letter to Engels
dated 14 June 1853; in: MEW, Bd. 28, S. 268f. and also: MEW, Bd. 9, S. 128;
Bd. 23, S. 379 and 780.
Semper, C.: Die Philippinen und ihre Bewohner, Wrzburg 1869. Available at:
http://archive.org/details/afj2146.0001.001.umich.edu
In biblio: 1876; in: B 131, S.6.
2.2 Africa
General Accounts
Rohlfs, F.G.: Land und Volk in Afrika. Berichte aus den Jahren 1865-1870,
Bremen 1870. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=1iwNAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
In biblio: 1876; in B 131, S.13.
North Africa and Egypt5
Boissire, G.: Esquisse d'une histoire de la conqute et de l'administration
romaines dans le nord de l'Afrique et particulirement dans la province de
Numidie, Paris 1878. Available at:
http://archive.org/details/esquissedunehist00bois
76
In biblio: 1879-early 1880 and extracts from . . , "
", S. 198; in: B 156, S. 77 [Marxs pagination].
Cardonne, D.-D.: Histoire de l'Afrique et de l'Espagne sous la domination des
Arabes, 3t., Paris 1765. Available at:
http://archive.org/details/histoiredelafri01unkngoog
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=dTMQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://archive.org/details/histoiredelafri00cardgoog
In biblio: 1978-79; in: B 144, S.19.
Ibn Khaldun, Abd ar-Rahman Ibn Muhammad: Histoire des Brberes...,
traduite de l'Arabe par M. Le Baron de Slane, 4t. Alger 1852-56. Conditionally
available at:
Leynadier, C.: Histoire d'Algerie franaise..., 2t. Paris 1846. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=lBFDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1&source=gbs_t
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=14ILAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1&source=gbs_t
77
Mercier, E.: Histoire de l'tablissement des Arabes dans l'Afrique
Septentrionale, selon les documents fournis par les auteurs Arabes et
notamment par lHistoire des Brberes dIbn Khaldoun, Constantine 1875.
Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=utUOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1&source=gbs_
2.3 America
2.3.1 North America6
Foster, J.W.: Pre-historic Races of the United States of America, 1873
(Chicago, 4th ed. 1878). Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=0kMXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA17&source=gb
In biblio: ca.1877 and Decmber1880-March 1881together with Marxs excerpts
from L. H. Morgan; in: B 131, S. 32 [Marxs pagination] and, B 162, sheet 1
(front).
78
Rafn, C. Chr.: Mmoire sur la dcouverte de l'Amrique au dixime sicle...,
Kbenhavn 1843. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=I1w6AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
In biblio: 1876-77; in: B 131, S.27 [Marxs pagination].
Colonial History of the 17th and 18th Centuries7
Donaldson, Th.: American Colonial History, Baltimore 1849. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=69MtAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
In biblio: ca.1878; in: B 118, S.106.
Doyle, J.A.: The American Colonies previous to the Declaration of
Independence, London 1869. Available at:
http://archive.org/details/americancolonies00doyluoft
In biblio: 1876-77 and 1878-79; in: B 131, S.27 and B 136, S.92 [Marxs
pagination].
79
Geschichte der englischen Kolonien in Nord-Amerika von der ersten
Entdeckung dieser Lnder durch Sebastian Cabot bis auf den Frieden von 1763,
Leipzig 1775-76.
In biblio: 1876-77; in: B 131, S.40.
Handelmann, H.: Geschichte der amerikanischen Kolonisation und
Unabhngigkeit, 1 Bd.: Die Staaten der weien und schwarzen Race. Vereinigte
Staaten, Hayti, Brasilien, Kiel 1855-56. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=7Hw0AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
Kottenkamp, Fr.: Geschichte der Colonisation Amerikas [sic]. Nach den
Quellen bearbeitet, 2 Bde. Frankfurt a.M. 1850. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=_30QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1&source=gbs_
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=GPRBv8zlhVUC&printsec=frontcover&so
containing a series of underlines and marginal notes in Marxs hand.
80
The United States since 1776
Bchele, C.: Land und Volk der Vereinigten Staaten von Nord-Amerika,
Stuttgart 1855. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=VA1D45JeUu0C&printsec=frontcover&so
In biblio: presumably of summer 1879; in: B 140, sheet 1 (front).
Brckner, G.: Amerikas wichtigste Charakteristik nach Land und Leuten, St.
Louis, Darmstadt 1858.
Excerpted in 1868, 1 SS. 80; in: B 111, S.87-88.
Jefferson, Th.: Mlanges politiques et philosophiques extraits des mmoires et
de la correspondance de Thomas Jefferson. Par L.P. Conseil, t.1, Paris 1833.
Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=h4zGm1D1kh8C&printsec=frontcover&sou
rce=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
containing some underlines and remarks in Marxs hand.
Loehnis, H.: Die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika. Deren Vergangenheit und
Gegenwart in socialer, politischer und finanzieller Beziehung, Leipzig, 2nd ed.
1862. A copy of an 1864 edition of it is conditionally available at:
http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015059451826;view=1up;seq=5
81
In biblio: 1876; in: B 131, S.5.
Poussin, G.T.: The United States: its power and progress. Translated from the
French by Edmund L. du Barry, London 1851. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesits00pousgoog
containing underlining in Marxs hand.
Rawlings, Th.: The Confederation of the British North American Provinces:
their past history and future prospects, London 1865. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/cihm_39819
containing underlining and numerous remarks in Marxs hand.
Robinson, S.T.L.: Kansas: its interior and exterior life. Including a full view of
its settlement, political history, social life, climate, soil, productions,
scenery,, Boston, Cincinnati, London, 7th ed. 1857. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/kansasitsinterio02robi
containing underlining in Marxs hand.
Wakefield, E.G.: England and America. A comparison of the social and
political state of both nations, in 2 volumes, London 1833. Available at:
82
L47AAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v
=onepage&q&f=false
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=ym0FAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
Excerpted ca. 1863, 16 SS. 80; in: B 104 [Notebook XCVI; Marxs
Supplementary H], S. 18-33 and 37.
2.3.2 South and Central America8
Ancient American Cultures9
Prescott, W.H.: History of the Conquest of Mexico, with a preliminary view of
the ancient Mexican civilization, and the life of the Conqueror, Hernando
Cortes, Vols. 1 and 2, London, 5th ed. 1850. A copy of the 1843 edition of the
entire book is available at:
83
http://web.archive.org/web/20080913231131/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/mo
deng/public/PreConq.html
Excerpted in July-August 1851, 6 SS.80; in: B 50 [Notebook LV], S. 35-50
[Marxs pagination]; cf. Grundrisse, S.717f. and 899.
Prescott, W.H.: History of the Conquest of Peru, with a preliminary view of the
civilization of the Incas, Vol. I, London, 4th ed. 1850. A copy of the 1847
edition of the book is available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=26rJdGW0agYC&printsec=frontcover&sou
Excerpted in July-August 1851, 8 SS.80; in: B 50 [Notebook LV], S. 40-48
[Marxs pagination]; cf. Grundrisse, S.717f. and 721.
Tylor, E.B.: Anahuac; or Mexico and the Mexicans, ancient and modern,
https://archive.org/details/anahuacmexico00tylo
In biblio: December1880-March 1881, in connection with the excerpts from L.
H. Morgan; in B 162, sheet 1 (front).
The Spanish-Portuguese Colonial Rule10
Charlevoix, P.-Fr.-X. de: Histoire de lIsle espagnole ou de S. Domingue, 2t.
Paris 1730-31. Available at:
84
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=qXynA5VtT8sC&printsec=frontcover&sou
rce=gbs_atb&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=HZL8rRoK3GoC&pg=PP9&lpg=PP9&dq=
Histoire+de+l%E2%80%99Isle+espagnole+ou+de+S.+Domingue+tome+secon
d&source=bl&ots=3HBVisyTww&sig=gC0IGbZ-
fqhtBH8ORD41kfENdYk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=S5xqUuCwHMyOrge-
hoCQCQ&ved=0CHEQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Histoire%20de%20l%E2%8
0%99Isle%20espagnole%20ou%20de%20S.%20Domingue%20tome%20secon
d&f=false
Clavigero, Fr. J.: The History of Mexico, 2 Vols. 1st ed. 1787, Philadelphia
1817. [The Philadelphia edition of 1817 is in 3 volumes.] Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=KTcTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR7&source=gbs
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=XDcTAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
Volume III:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=ezcTAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
85
Herrera y Tordesillas, A. de: The General History of the vast continent and
islands of America, 6 Vols. London 1725-26. Available for inspection at:
http://search.library.cornell.edu/catalog/5165754
Kottenkamp, Fr.: Geschichte der Colonisation Amerikas [sic]. Nach den
Quellen bearbeitet, 2 Bde., Frankfurt a.M. 1850. Bd.1: Spanische Colonisation
und Heerschaft von der Entdeckung bis 1809. Bd.2: Colonisation der
Portugiesen, Franzosen, Englnder und Hollnder bis zur neuesten Zeit.
Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=_30QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1&source=gbs_
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=GPRBv8zlhVUC&printsec=frontcover&so
containing a series of underlines and marginal notes in Marxs hand.
Las Casas, B. de: Brevsima relacin de la destruccin de las Indias,... Sevilla
1552. Available at:
86
http://www.ciudadseva.com/textos/otros/brevisi.htm
Memorial que presenta a su Magestad el licenciado J. Ortiz de Cervantes...
sobre pedir remedio del dao y diminucion de los Indios; y propone ser medio
eficaz la perpetuydad de encomiendas. Presenta el parecer de los juezes
comissarios, que fuerron aquel reyno tratar de la perpetuydad, [Madrid]
1619. Various editions:
http://www.worldcat.org/title/memorial-que-presenta-a-su-magestad-el-
licenciado-juan-ortiz-de-cervantes-sobre-pedir-remedio-del-dano-y-diminucion-
de-los-indios-y-propone-ser-medio-eficaz-la-perpetuydad-de-
encomiendas/oclc/55248595/editions?sd=desc&referer=di&se=yr&qt=facet_yr
%3A&editionsView=true&fq=yr%3A1619
Sosa, Fr. P. de: Memorial del Peligroso estado spiritual, y temporal del Reyno
de Chile, Contiene cuarto articulos, [Madrid 1616]. Various editions:
http://www.worldcat.org/title/memorial-del-peligroso-estado-espiritual-y-
temporal-del-reyno-de-
87
chile/oclc/19274952/editions?sd=desc&se=yr&referer=di&qt=facet_yr%3A&e
ditionsView=true&fq=yr%3A1616
The Latin American States after the Wars of Independence
Ducoudray-Holstein, H. L. von: Memoirs of Simon Bolivar, 2 Vols.
London 1830; conditionally available at:
Histoire de Bolivar par le gnral Ducoudray-Holstein, continue jusqu' sa
mort par Alphonse Viollet, t.1 et 2, London 1830; conditionally available at:
http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiuo.ark:/13960/t6930sm96;view=1up;seq=
http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiuo.ark:/13960/t6b27th6f;view=1up;seq=9
Hippisley, G.: A Narrative of the Expedition to the Rivers Orinoco and Apure,
in South America,, London 1919; available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=fXZCAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
88
Miller, J.: Memoirs of General Miller in the Service of the Republic of Peru, 2
Vols. London 1828-1829. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=r6cOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=xLEetVdPOsIC&printsec=frontcover&sour
Excerpted in 1857 for the article Bolivar y Ponte for the New American
Cyclopedia, 12 SS. 80; in: B 86, S. 16-28, (a)-(d). Marxs article is available
at:
http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1858/01/bolivar.htm
Rengger, J. R. et M. Longchamp: Essai historique sur la rvolution du
Paraguay, et le gouvernement dictatorial du docteur (Jos Gaspard Rodriguez
de) Francia, Paris 1827. Conditionally available at:
Presumably ex libris Marx; was in possession of IML/B (Kaiser/Werchan, Title
No. 385).
2.4 Australia, New Zealand
89
Bennett, R.: Some account of central Australia, Nos. 1-3; from: The Victorian
Review, January 1880, pp. 423-426; February 1880, pp.587-592; April 1880,
pp.928-934.
contain many underlining and some remarks in Marxs hand.
Bchele, C.: Australien - in der Gegenwart, nach seiner historischen
Entwicklung und Beschaffenheit, seinen Einwohnern und Produkten, seinen
socialen, commerciellen und statistischen Verhltnissen geschildert, Stuttgart
1856. Conditionally available at:
http://www.worldcat.org/title/australien-in-der-gegenwart-nach-seiner-
historischen-entwicklung-und-beschaffenheit-seinen-einwohnern-und-
produkten-seinen-socialen-commerciellen-und-statistischen-verhaltnissen-
geschildert-von-c-buchele/oclc/645113882
http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/4707200
In biblio: presumably summer of 1879; in: B 140, sheet 1 (front).
Ritter, (K.): Kolnisation von Neu Seeland, 1842. English translation
available at: https://archive.org/details/colonizationnew00rittgoog
In biblio: Marxs specification not established, 1876-77 and 1878-79; noted in:
B 131, S. 40 and B 136, S. 96.
90
Westgarth, W.: The Colony of Victoria: its history, commerce and gold
mining; its social and political institutions; down to the end of 1863. With
remarks, incidental and comparative, upon the other Australian colonies,
https://archive.org/details/colonyvictoriai00westgoog
No. 487).
II. Legal and Constitutional History
1. General Accounts and Collections of Laws
Beccaria: [Des Herrn Marquis von Beccaria unsterbliches Werk] von
Verbrechen und Strafen. Aus dem Italienischen, Berlin [Breslau] 1778. A
Leipzig 1798 edition available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=NLhCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1&source=gbs_
[A London 1775 English translation is available at:
https://archive.org/details/anessayoncrimes00voltgoog ]
91
A copy of it was in Marxs possession; listed in Daniels inventory, cf.
Kaiser/Werchan, S.227.
Bonnemre, J.E.: La Commune agricole, Paris 1871.
In biblio: presumably summer of 1879; in: B 156, sheet 1 (back).
Dufau, P.A.; J. B. Duvergier, J. Guadet: Collection des constitutions, chartes et
lois fondamentales des peuples de l'Europe et des deux Amriques. Avec des
prcis offrant l'histoire des liberts et des institutions politiques chez les nations
modernes t. 1 et 2, Paris 1821. Conditionally available at:
containing underlines and remarks in Marxs hand in Volume 1.
Hllmann, K.D.: Stdtewesen des Mittelalters, 4 Theile (Theil I: Kunstfleis
und Handel; Theil II: Grundverfassung; Theil III: Gemeinheitsverfassung; Theil
IV: Brgerleben), Bonn 1826-29.
Excerpted in July-August or end of 1851, 1 SS. 40, in: B 53, S. 1-2; and, in
November 1851-July 1852, 33 SS. 80, in: B 60, S. 32-64 [Marxs pagination];
cf. MEW, Bd. 25, S. 329, 332 and 611; Bd. 26.2, S.233; Bd. 26.3, S. 526; also
Grundrisse, S. 721 ff.
Ihering, R. von: Der Zweck im Recht, Leipzig 1877. Available at:
92
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=W-
oDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q
&f=false
In biblio: 1879; in: B 133, S. 1[Marxs pagination].
Kaiser, [H. W.]: Die Persnlichkeit des Eigenthums [in Bezug auf den
Socialismus und Communismus im heutigen Frankreich 1843]. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=JcYGAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1&source=gbs_t
Kinnear, J.B.: Principles of Property in Land, London 1880. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/principlesofprop00kinnrich
containing numerous underlines and marginal notes in Marxs hand.
Laboulaye, . de: Histoire du droit de proprit foncire en Occident, Paris
1839. Available at: https://archive.org/details/histoiredudroit00labogoog
In biblio: 1878-79; presumably in: B 152, S. 19.
Low, D.: On Landed Property, and the Economy of Estates, London, Edinburgh
1844. Available at:
93
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=5iVBAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
In biblio: 1876-77; presumably in: B 139, S. 32 [Marxs pagination].
Neu-vermehrtes Dorf- u. Land-Recht, 3 Bde. Frankfurt u. Leipzig 1719-1737.
Bde.1 and 2 available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=wRlGAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=zBlGAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
It was in Marxs possession; listed in Nikolaevskys inventory (Library of the
Social Democratic Party, No. 33225-27). Whereabouts questionable since 1933;
Volume 1 contained underlines in Marxs hand.
Preuisches Landrecht, 4 Bde, u. 1Bd. Register. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=XIc7AAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-
PA1&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=sCg2AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
http://ra.smixx.de/Links-F-R/PrALR/pralr.html
It was in Marxs possession; title listed in Daniels inventory, cf.
94
Thibaut [, A. F. J.]: [Beitr.] zur Kritik der [Dr. Anslem Ritter von] Feurbachsen
Theorie, [ber die Grundbegriffe] des peinlichen Rechts. [Hamburg 1802].
Available at;
http://www.bsb-muenchen-
digital.de/~web/web1100/bsb11003118/images/index.html?digID=bsb1100311
8&pimage=1&v=pdf&nav=0&l=de
It was in Marxs possession; listed in Daniels inventory, cf. Kaiser/Werchan,
S.227.
2. Legal and Constitutional History of individual Countries and Epochs
Greece in Classical Antiquity
Albrecht, [P.]: ber metervertheilung in Athen [: Familieneinfluss,
Bestechung, Kirchner, 1869]. Information available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books/about/%C3%9Cber_%C3%84mterverteilung_i
n_Athen.html?id=eMBXcgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y
In biblio: 1876-77 and 1878-79; in: B 131, S.29 and B 136, S.93 [Marxs
pagination].
Bchsenschtz, A. B.: Besitz und Erwerb im griechischen Alterthume, Halle,
1869. Available at:
95
https://archive.org/details/besitzunderwerbi00bc
In biblio: presumably summer of 1879; in: B 133, S. 1 and B 140, sheet 1
(front) [Marxs pagination].
Grner, W.: Korinths Verfassung und Geschichte, mit besonderer
Bercksichtigung seiner Politik whrend der Pentekontaetie. Historische
Abhandlung, (Phil. Diss.) Leipzig 1875. Information available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books/about/Korinths_Verfassung_und_Geschichte_
mit_b.html?id=zFG5QAAACAAJ&redir_esc=y
containing many underlines in Marxs hand.
Xenophons von Athen Werke. bersetzt von Adolf Heinrich Christian. Bd.
IX: Von der Haushaltungskunst und Hiero oder Herrscherleben, Stuttgart 1828,
S. 1041-1187. Bd. X: Staatsverfassung der Lacedmonier; Staatsverfassung der
Athener, Stuttgart 1830, S. 1193-1323. Bd. XI: Von den Staatseinknften der
Athener..., Stuttgart 1830, S. 1329 bis 1458.
[The Whole Works of Xenophon is available in one volume in English
translation published in 1845 at:
https://ia600508.us.archive.org/14/items/wholeworksofxeno00xenorich/wholew
orksofxeno00xenorich_bw.pdf ]
Excerpted in 1844-45; 1 SS. 20; in: B 23, S. 1-2.
96
Rome and the Roman Law1
Corpus juris [civilis. Editio nova.] Amsterdam 1700. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Q1oOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
A copy of it was in Marxs possession; title listed in Daniels inventory, cf.
Kaiser/Werchan, S. 226.
Examen sur le droit romain. Paris 1837. Information available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books/about/Examen_sur_le_droit_romain.html?id=jq
hEmAEACAAJ&redir_esc=y
Giraud, Ch. J. B.: Recherches sur le droit de proprit chez les Romains, sous
la Rpublique et sous l'Empire, Aix 1838. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=CIcDAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
97
Ihering, R. von: Geist des rmischen Rechts auf den verschiedenen Stufen
seiner Entwicklung, 3 Thiele in 4 Bnden, Leipzig 1852-65. Information
available at:
In biblio: presumably noted in the summer of 1879; in: B 133, S. 1 [Marxs
pagination] and B 156, sheet 1 (front).
Excerpted also in the summer of 1879, 6 SS. 80; in: B 156, S. 17-24; cf.
MEW, Bd. 19, S. 378, 380.
Kuhn, E.: Beitrge zur Verfassung des Rmischen Reichs, mit besonderer
Rcksicht auf die Periode von Constantin bis auf Justinian, Leipzig 1849.
Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=XWEZAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover
&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
In biblio: perhaps noted in the summer of 1879; in: B 156, sheet 1 (front).
Lange, L.: Rmische Alterthmer, Bd. I: Einleitung und der Staatsalterthmer
erste Hlfte, Berlin 1856. Available at:
http://books.google.de/books?id=qvoLAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=
de&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
Excerpted by Marx in 1879-1880; 23 SS. 80; in: B 156, S. 117-140.
98
containing numerous underlines and some marginal notes in Marxs hand.
Marquardt, J.: Rmische Staatsverwaltung, Handbuch der rmischen
Alterthmer, hrsg. v. J. Marquardt u. Th. Mommsen, Bd. 6, Leipzig 1878.
Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=2AcMAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
In biblio: 1879; in: B 156, S. sheet 1 (front) and B 133, S.3.
Maynz, Ch.: E lements de droit romain, Tome premier, Bruxelles 1845.

Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=IwM_AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
A copy of it was in Marxs possession; listed in Daniels inventory; cf.
Nougarde de Fayet [A.]: Essai sur la constitution romaine, Paris 1842.
Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=SKwzqfC4miIC&pg=PA48&lpg=PA48&d
q=Essai+sur+la+constitution+romaine&source=bl&ots=WrAnWqzQXE&sig=a
WbQAlp7hVQSNgrwpwVV1c6FGHw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5jd6Uv7mNceHrQe
7l4HwCw&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
99
Savigny, Fr. C. von: ber den rmischen Colonat, in: Abhandlungen d.
Berliner Ak. d. Wiss., 1822-23, Berlin 1825, hist.-phil. Classe, S. 1-26 bzw. in
Vermischte Schriften, Bd. 2, Berlin 1850, S. 1ff. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=hbBCAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
In biblio: 1879; in: B 133, S. 2 [Marxs pagination].
Schmidt, C.A.: Die Reception des rmischen Rechts in Deutschland, Rostock
1868. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=915MAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
It was in Marxs possession; listed in Nikolaevskys inventory (Library of the
Social Democratic Party, Book No. 33711). Whereabouts questionable since
1933; contained underlines and some additions by Marx and Engels.
History of Germanic-Franconian and German Laws2
100
Arnold, W.: Zur Geschichte des Eigenthums in den deutschen Stdten. Mit
Urkunden, Basel 1861. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/zurgeschichtedes00arnouoft
In biblio: ca. 1880; in: B 145, S.3.
Becker, B.: Die Allmende, das Grundstck zur Lsung der Sozialen Frage
gesttzt auf schweizerische Verhltnisse, Basel 1869.
In biblio: 1877-78; in: B 131, S.30.
Enschut, C. A. van: Over bevoegdheid der markgenootschappen, om de
markgronden door afsluiting te bevrijden van het weiden van het vee uit de
aangrenzende buurschappen overeenkomstig de thans bestaande wetten; met
eene bevordeeling dier wetten, naar de beginselen van het algemeene regt, de
romeinsche en oude vaderlandsche wetten, Groningen 1818. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=34lPAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
In biblio: October-November, 1878; in: B 148, S.2.
Excerpted in sometime between 12 November 1878 and April 1881, 6 SS. 8 0;
in: B 153 [Notebook CXXXIX], S. 6-11.
containing many underlines and some remarks on the margins in Marxs hand.
101
Gaupp, E. Th.: Die germanischen Ansiedlungen und Landtheilungen in den
Provinzen des Rmischen Westreiches in ihrer vlkerrectlichen
Eigenthmlchkeit und mit Rcksicht auf verwandte Erscheinungen der alten
Welt und des spteren Mittelalters dargestellt, Breslau 1844. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/diegermanischen00gaupgoog
In biblio: August 1852, in connection with extracts from W. Drumann; in: B 51
[Notebook LIX], S.53 [Marxs pagination].
Gierke, O. Fr. Von: Das deutsche Genossenschaftsrecht, Bd. 1:
Rechtsgeschichte der deutschen Genossenschaft, Berlin 1868. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=37gxAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
In biblio: 1877-80; in: B 131, S. 28; B 136, S. 95 and B 140, S. 40 [Marxs
pagination].
Grimm, G.L.C.: Deutsche Rechtsalterthmer, Gttingen 1828. Available at:
cZDAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v
=onepage&q&f=false
In biblio: August 1852 and 1879-1880 in connection with the extracts from
Drumann and ; in: B 51, S. 53 and B 156, S. 18 [Marxs
pagination]. See also: MEW, Bd. 31, S. 132, 298; Bd. 32, S. 43, 51f.
102
Hanssen, G.: Die Gehferschaften (Erbgenossenschaften) im Regierungsbezirk
Trier, Philolog. u. hist. Abh. d. kgl. Ak. d. Wiss. zu Berlin d. J. 1863, Berlin
1864, S. 75ff. Available for inspection at:
http://digital.staatsbibliothek-
berlin.de/dms/werkansicht/?PPN=PPN672583038&PHYSID=PHYS_0005
Excerpted towards the end of June 1876, 8 SS. 8 0; in: B 135, S. 45-53; cf.
Marxs letter to Engels dated 11 December 1876, in: MEGA III/4, S. 445.
Hanssen, G.: Zur Geschichte der Feldsysteme in Deutschland, in:
Zeitschr.f.d.ges.Staatswissenschaft, Bde. 21 (1865), S. 54ff; 22 (1866), S.385ff;
24 (1868), S. 496ff; 26 (1870), S.455ff and 32 (1876), S.1ff. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/jstor-40734864
http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/40735099?searchUri=%2Faction%2Fdo
BasicSearch%3FSearch%3DSearch%26Query%3Dau%3A%2522G.%2520Han
ssen%2522%26wc%3Don&Search=yes&searchText=%2522G.%2BHanssen%
2522&uid=3737496&uid=2134&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21102898552121
http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/40738545?searchUri=%2Faction%2Fdo
BasicSearch%3FSearch%3DSearch%26Query%3Dau%3A%2522G.%2520Han
103
ssen%2522%26wc%3Don&Search=yes&searchText=%2522G.%2BHanssen%
2522&uid=3737496&uid=2134&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21102898552121
In biblio: 1877-79; in: B 131, S. 30 and B 136, S. 95.
Haxthausen, A. von: Ueber den Ursprung und die Grundlagen der Verfassung
in den ehemals slavischen Lndern Deutschlands im Allgemeinen und des
Herzogthums Pommern im Besonderen, Berlin 1842. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=OmoRAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
A copy of it was in Marxs possession; listed in Nikolaevskys inventory
(Library of the Social Democratic Party, Book No. 33115). Whereabouts
questionable since 1933; contained numerous underlines and some marginal
notes in Marxs hand. Also see: MEW, Bd. 33, S. 183, 206.
Heimburg, E. von: Das Grunderbrecht in seinem Verhltnisse zum Geiste
unserer Zeit und in seinem Einflusse auf den Bauernstand seines Gebietes im
Herzogthum Oldenburg, Oldenburg 1871. Information available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books/about/Das_Grunderbrecht_in_seinem_Verh%C
3%A4ltniss.html?id=a86uPgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y
No. 183).
104
Hennings, [P.D.Ch.]: ber die agrarische Verfassung der alten Deutschen nach
Tacitus und Caeser, Kiel 1869. Available at: https://archive.org/details/4770980
Hllmann, K.D.: Geschichte des Ursprungs der Stnde in Deutschland, 1806-
08, Berlin, 2nd ed. 1830. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/geschichtedesur02hlgoog
Excerpted between November 1851 and July 1852, 5 SS. 80; in: B 60, S. 14-18.
Hllmann, K.D.: Geschichte des Ursprungs der deutschen Frstenwrde, Bonn
1842. Available at: https://archive.org/details/geschichtedesur03hlgoog
Excerpted between November 1851 and July 1852, 2 SS. 80; in: B 60, S. 18-
21.
[Kaiser]: Peinliche Halsgreichtsordnung Karls V [nach d. Original-Ausg. Von
1533 abgedr. u. mit de 2 Ausg. von 1754 verglichen] von J. C. Koch, Giessen
[Marburg] 1787. A 1781 edition of the book is available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=tMhCAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v
=onepage&q&f=false
Kindlinger, N.: Geschichte der deutschen Hrigkeit, insbesondere der
sogenannten Leibeigenschaft, Berlin 1819. Available at:
105
https://archive.org/details/geschichtederdeu00kinduoft
In biblio: August 1852 in connection with the extracts from W. Drumann; in: B
61, S. 53 [Marxs pagination].
Kovalevsky: , ..:
, London 1876.
Ex libris Marx; in possession of IISG, Amsterdam; contains stamp and shelf
marks of the Library of the Social Democratic Party [of Germany] and,
authors dedication on the title page: To Mr. Karl Marx in testimony of
profound respect and liveliest friendship, Author.
Love-Veimars, F.-A.: Prcis de l'histoire des tribunaux secrets, dans le nord
de l'Allemagne, Paris 1824. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/prcisdelhistoir00logoog
No.272).
Maurer, G. L. von: Geschichte des altgermanischen und namentlich
altbaierischen ffentlich-mndlichen Gerichtsvrfahrens, dessen Vortheile,
Nachtheile und Untergang in Deutschland berhaupt und in Baiern
insbesondere, Heidelberg 1824.
Available at:
106
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=_WFQAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
In biblio: 1877-78; in: B 131, S.29.
Maurer, G. L. von: ber die baierischen Stdte und ihre Verfassung unter der
Rmischen und Frnkischen Herrschaft, Festvortrag in der Kgl. Akademie der
Wissenschaften, Mnchen 1829. Available at:
http://books.google.de/books?id=8NREAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=
In biblio: 1877-78; in: B 131, S.29.
Maurer, G. L. von: Einleitung zur Geschichte der Mark-, Hof-, Dorf- und
Stadtverfassung und der ffentlichen Gewalt, Mnchen 1854. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/einleitungzurge01maurgoog
Excerpted in March 1868 and middle of May-June 1876, 101 SS. 80; in: B
111, S. 116-140, 144-162; B 112, S. 5-21; B 133, S.4-45.
For Marxs comments on it see his letters to Engels dated 14 and 25 March
1868 (MEGA, III, 4, S. 27-29 and 32-34); cf. MEW, Bd. 4, S. 462; Bd. 19, S.
387, 402; Bd.23, S. 86; Bd.25, S. 187.
Maurer, G. L. von: Geschichte der Markenverfassung in Deutschland,
Erlangen 1856. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/geschichtederma02maurgoog
107
In biblio: ca. March 1868; in: B 128, S. 4.
Excerpted towards the middle of May 1876, 35 SS. 80; in: B 133, S. 46-81.
See the information about Maurers Einleitung above.
Maurer, G. L. von: Geschichte der Dorfverfassung in Deutschland, 2 Bde.
Erlangen 1865-66. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/geschichtederdo01maurgoog
https://archive.org/details/geschichtederdo03maurgoog
Excerpted towards the end of June 1876, 29 SS. 80; in: B 135, S. 15-44.
See the information about Maurers Einleitung above.
Maurer, G. L. von: Geschichte der Fronhfe, der Bauernhfe und der
Dorfverfassung in Deutschland, 4 Bde. Erlangen 1862-63. Available at:
http://books.google.de/books?id=2sZbAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=d
http://books.google.de/books?id=48ZbAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=
http://books.google.de/books?id=3K83AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=zMMUAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover
108
Excerpted from the middle of May to the end of June 1876, 119 SS. 80; in: B
133, S. 82-95; B 134, S. 3-95 and B 135, S. 3-15; cf. MEW, Bd. 23, S. 251 and,
also the information about Maurers Einleitung above.
Maurer, K.: ber das Wesen des ltesten Adels der deutschen Stmme in
seinem Verhltnis zur gemeinen Freiheit (jur. Diss.) Mnchen 1846. Available
at:
https://archive.org/details/ueberdaswesende00maurgoog
In biblio: 1877-78; in: B 131, S. 29.
Mser, J.: Patriotische Phantasien, 4 Theile, Berlin, 4th ed. 1820. Parts 1-3 of
1820 and, part 4 of 1798 available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=UphQAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
http://books.google.de/books?id=A3UHAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl
=de&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=BNlOAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=aBFKAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
109
Excerpted ca. August 1943, 3 2/3 SS. 20; in: B 18, S. 23-26; cf. MEGA I/2, S.
134; MEW, Bd. 25, S. 799; Bd. 31, S. 42, 52 and, MEW, Supplementary, S.
527.
Panhuys, A.A.F. van: De landgemeente in Friesland. Art. 217 der
gemeentewet, (jur. Diss.) Groningen 1869. Available at IISG:
http://search.socialhistory.org/Record/396699/Details
In biblio: 1876 and 1878-79; in: B 131, S.2 [Marxs pagination] and B 136, S.
94.
Sohm, R.: Die altdeutsche Reichs- und Gerichtsverfassung, Bd.1: Die
frnkische Reichs- und Gerichtsverfassung, Weimar 1871. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=nJUwAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
In biblio: 1880-81; in: B 161, cover sheet (back).
Sohm, R.: Frnkisches Recht und Rmisches Recht: Prolegomena zur
deutschen Rechtsgeschichte, Weimer 1880. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/frnkischesrecht00sohmgoog
Excerpted between December 1880 and March 1881, 4 SS. 80; in: B 162, S.
157-161.
110
Sybel, H. C. L. von: Entstehung des deutschen Knigtums, Frankfurt a. M.
1844. A limited preview of a 2012 reprint of its 2nd revised edition of 1881 is
available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Lu3HfImwlqQC&pg=PP2&source=gbs_sel
ected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false
In biblio: ca. 1880; in: B 146, sheet 1(front).
Tacitus, P. C.: Opera. Ex recensione Jo. Augusti Ernesti, Bd. 2, Leipzig 1772.
[Links to various editions of the Works of Publius Cornelius Tacitus (56-120):
http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Tacitus%2
C%20Cornelius
http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=289&
Itemid=269
http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/tacitusx.html
http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/tac/index.htm ]
Ex libris Marx; was in possession of IML/B (Kaiser/Werchan, Title No.451);
containing underlines and notes in Marxs hand.
See Marxs letter to Engels dated 25 March 1868, in: MEW, Bd. 32, S. 52 as
well as Grundrisse, S. 382ff.
Thudichum, Fr.: Die Gau- und Markenverfassung in Deutschland, Gieen
1860. Available at:
111
p1DAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v
=onepage&q&f=false
In biblio: ca. 1877; in: B 139, S. 28.
Thudichum, Fr.: Der altdeutsche Staat: Mit beigefgter bersetzung und
Erklrung der Germania des Tacitus, Gieen 1862. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/deraltdeutsches00tacigoog
In biblio: ca. 1877; in: B 139, S. 28.
See also MEW, Bd. 30, S. 378.
Voigt, J.: Die westflischen Femgerichte in Beziehung auf Preuen aus den
Quellen dargestellt und durch Urkunden erlutert, Knisberg 1836. Available
at:
http://books.google.ca/books?id=DRAZAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
In biblio: 1877-78; in: B 139, S. 29.
Waitz, G.: Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte, Bd. 1, Kiel 1844. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/deutscheverfass40waitgoog
In biblio: August 1852 in connection with extracts from W. Drumann; in: B 61,
S. 53 [Marxs pagination].
112
Welcker, C.: Wichtige Urkunden fr den Rechtszustand der deutschen Nation
mit eigenhndigen Anmerkungen v. J. L. Kleiber, Mannheim 1844. Available
at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=lW9GAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
Presumably ex libris Marx; with underlines (using red and blue crayons); in
possession of the Higher School of Administrative Sciences [now the German
University of Administrative Sciences] at Speyer, containing stamp and file
signature of the Library of the Social Democratic Party and, those of the
Institute of State Research, assigned in 1933 on the title page.
Wigand, P.: Das Femgericht Westfalens: nach den Quellen dargestellt, und
durch Urkunden erlutert; ein Beitrag zur deutschen Staats- und
Rechtsgeschichte, Hamburg 1825. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=i3gRAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
In biblio: 1877-78; in: B 139, S. 29.
Zeitschrift fr schweizeriches Recht, Vol. I et II (Herausgegeben von Wyss und
Heuszler) {Blsch Stettler} Berneriches Gemeindwesen.
In biblio: 1877-78; in: B 139, S. 46 [Marxs pagination] (Entry by foreign hand,
more detailed title not detected).
113
History of Nordic Laws
Maurer, K.: Die Quellenzeugnisse ber das erste Landrecht und ber die
Ordnung der Beziksverfassung des islndischen Freistaates, Abhandlungen der
knigl. bayr. Ak. der Wissenschaften, Philosoph.-Philolog. Klasse, Bd. 12,
Mnchen 1869. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=A6pFAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
In biblio: 1876; in: B 131, S. 5.
England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland3
Adams, H.: The Anglo-Saxon Courts of Law, in: Essays in Anglo-Saxon Law,
Boston 1876, p. 1ff. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/essaysinanglosa04lauggoog
Excerpted between 1876 and 1878, 10 SS. 80; in: B 139, S. 109-119.
Ancient Laws and Institutes of England, edited by B. Thorpe (Works
published by the Record Commission), London 1840. Available in 2 volumes
at:
114
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=QIdCAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=LfMKAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
In biblio: 1877-78 and 1880-81; in: B 131, S. 27 [Marxs pagination] and B
146, cover sheet (back).
Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales, edited by A. Owen (Works published by
the Record Commission), London 1841. Available in 2 volumes at:
http://cyfraith-hywel.cymru.ac.uk/en/ancientlawsmain.php
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8DGc0Cscnt4C&printsec=frontcover&sou
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VTVnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2&dq=ancien
t%20laws%20of%20wales%20II&hl=en&ei=bokNTsXpEoGk8QO_2NWtDg&
sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepa
ge&q&f=false
In biblio: 1877-78; in: B 131, S. 27 [Marxs pagination].
See MEW, Bd. 32, S. 44.
Ancient Laws of Ireland, edited by J. ODonovan and E. OCurry, 6
volumes, Dublin 1865 to 1901, Volumes 1-3 [Senchus Mor]. Available at:
115
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=C6RlAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=v1niAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=FRAKAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
In biblio: 1880-81 in connection with Marxs extracts from H. S. Maine; in: B
162, cover sheet (back); cf. MEW, Bd. 32, S. 436, 456f, 490f.
Blackstone [, Sir W.]: [Commentaires sur les] lois anglaises, [Paris 1822-1823,
T. 1-6]. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=7VMUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover
1MUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#
v=onepage&q&f=false
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=EFQUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=r8VJAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
116
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=fqJaAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=QFQUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
Marx had these volumes in his personal collection; listed in Daniels inventory;
cf. Kaiser/Werchan, S. 211.
Cabot Lodge, H.: The Anglo-Saxon Land-Law, in Essays in Anglo-Saxon
Law, Boston, 1876, p. 55ff. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/essaysinanglosa04lauggoog
Excerpted between 1876 and 1878; 23 SS. 80; in: B 139, S.119-142.
Dalrymple, J.: An Essay towards a General History of Feudal Property in Great
Britain, 1757, London, 4th ed. 1759. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=QNkCAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
Excerpted between November 1851 to July 1852; 5 SS. 8 0; in: B 60, S. 26-
31; cf. MEW, Bd. 8, S. 505; Bd. 26.3, S. 526; Grundrisse, S. 720f. and 888.
Ellis, H.: A General Introduction to Domesday Book; (Works published by the
Record Commission), London 1833. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=0ncE0eLWaD4C&printsec=frontcover&so
117
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=fXeNnaP5cWAC&printsec=frontcover&so
In biblio: ca. 1877; in: B 131, S. 35.
Nasse, E.: ber die mittelalterliche Feldgemeinschaft und die Einhegungen des
16. Jahrhunderts in England, Bonn 1869. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/ueberdiemittelal00nassuoft
In biblio: ca. 1877; in: B 131, S. 34.
Nicholls, Sir G.: A History of the Scotch Poor Law, in connection with the
condition of the people, London 1856. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/ahistoryscotchp00nichgoog
In biblio: ca. 1877; in: B 131, S. 27.
Russell, J.: von Geschichte der englischen Regierung und Verfassung Heinrich
VII. Regierung an bis auf die neueste Zeit, bersetz. aus dem Englischen von P.
L. Kritz, Leipzig 1825. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=M1wPAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
Excerpted in July 1843; 20 SS. 80; in: B 15, S. 1-21; cf. MEGA I/2, S. 124;
MEW, Bd. 11, S. 384.
France4
118
Jouffroy, C.G.: Das Prinzip der Erblichkeit und die franzsische und englische
Prairie: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte, Berlin, Stettin und Elbing 1832. Information
available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books/about/Das_prinzip_der_erblichkeit_und_die_fr
an.html?id=C-AsMQAACAAJ&redir_esc=y
Excerpted in August 1843, 3 2/3 SS. 20; in: B 18, S. 27-30; cf. MEGA I/2, S.
134-135.
Kovalevsky: , M. M.:
IV XIV, Tom I-,
.1-, 1876.
A copy of it was in Marxs possession; till 1933 it was in the Library of the
Social Democratic Party in Berlin (cf. Ginzburg, S. 387f.), with authors
dedication on the title page To my illustrious friend Karl Marx asking him of
much indulgence and, containing numerous underlines in Marxs hand.
Italy, Spain
Jacini, St.: La proprieta fondiaria e le popolazione agricole in Lombardia,
Milano and Verona, 2nd ed. 1856 and, 3rd ed. 1857. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=70ozAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
119
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=MaJhDTjQzXsC&printsec=frontcover&sou
In biblio: ca. 1878; presumably in: B 129, S.109.
Excerpted between 12 November 1878 and April 1881, 11 SS. 80; in: B 153,
S. 77-88.
Crdenas, D.F.de: Ensayo sobre la Historia de la Propiedad Territorial en
Espaa, Tomo I-II, Madrid 1873-75. Available as HTML at:
http://sirio.ua.es/libros/BGeografia/propiedad_territorial_I/index.htm
http://sirio.ua.es/libros/BGeografia/propiedad_territorial_II/index.htm
Also downloadable as PDF from:
http://bibliotecavirtual.malaga.es/es/consulta/registro.cmd?id=282
Excerpted between the end of June and beginning of November 1876, 165 SS.
80; in: B 135, S. 72-95; B 136, S. 3-99; B 137, S. 16-17, 46-79, 80-88.
Du Hamel, V. A.: Historia constitucional de la Monarquia Espaola, traducida
anotada y adcionada hasta la mayoria de la reina Doa Isabel II. por B.
Anduaga y Espinosa, Tomo I-II, Madrid, 2nd ed. 1848. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=1HVW5gzPE6MC&printsec=frontcover&s
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=4FELAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
120
Excerpted between November-December 1854 and 1855, 10 SS. 80; in: B 73,
S. 37-38; B 74, S. 3-12.
The Political Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy proclaimed in Cadiz 19th of
March 1812, London 1813. Original available at:
http://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola_de_1812
Also at:
http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/c1812/1215939644809152
2976624/index.htm
Excerpted in August 1854, 6 SS. 80; in: B 71, S. 1-7.
Law and Constitution of the Slavs, especially those of the Southern Slavs
Debains, Fr.: Communication sur le rgime de la proprit foncire en Bosnie,
in: Bulletin de la socit de lgislation compare, T. 5, Paris 1876, S. 319 ff.
Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=VhwDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
" ", S. 155; in: B 156, S. 40[Marxs pagination].
121
Demelic, F.: Le droit coutumier des Slaves mridionaux d'aprs les recherches
de M. V. Bogisic, in: Revue de Lgislation Ancienne et Moderne Franaise et
trangre, Paris, Troisime Livraison, Mai-Juin 1876, S. 253ff. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=vh89AAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
Maciejowski, W. A.: Historia prawodawstw sowiaskich, Warszawa 1832.
Information available at:
http://ebuw.uw.edu.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=101131&from=publication
http://ebuw.uw.edu.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=101130&from=publication
In biblio: February 1856 and, abstract from: Dobrovsk, Slavin; in: B 80,
S.25 [Marxs pagination].
Patterson, A. J.: From Agram to Zara [Part I], in: Fortnightly Review, Vol. XI,
No. 64, [New Series. 1 April] (1872), S. 359-386. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=PIEFAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
In biblio: December 1880-March 1881 in connection with Marxs excerpts from
H. S. Maine; in: B 162, cover sheet (back).
Marxs remark: (House Community in Croatia, Dalmatia, Illyria) [on the
house-communions: a kind of patriarchal and communal tenure of property
122
that prevailed in a decaying mode till the 1870s among the Southern Slavs or
Croato-Serbs, cf. Patterson 1872, Part I, p. 372-374, 383].
Utiesenovic-Ostrozinski, O. M.: Die Hauskommunion der Sdslaven. Eine
Denkschrift zur Beleuchtung der volksthmlichen Acker- und
Familienverfassug des serbishen und des kroatischen Volkes, Wien 1859.
http://books.google.co.in/books/about/Die_Hauskommunionen_der_S%C3%B
Cdslaven.html?id=UcdxpwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y
Excerpted November 1876 onwards, 27 SS. 80; in: B 137, S. 18-45.
Russia5
Belyaev: , . .: ... 1860. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=9ytAAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
A copy of it was in possession of Marx; listed in Ginzburg, S. 382, 387 and, in
Nikolaevsky, S. 402f. Whereabouts questionable since 1933; it contained
numerous underlines and some comments in Marxs hand. See: Chronik, S. 344
also Danielsons correspondence with Marx, in: . , .
, S.284, 288f, 293ff, 298ff, 308 and 310. Danielson
stated in his letter from Petersburg dated 12 (24) July 1873: In Beantwortung
123
ihres Schreibens vom 22. Mrz, worin sie um die Auseinandersetzung des
Streites zwischen Belaiew & Tschitscherin bitten, habe ich Ihnen einige
Schriften zugeschicht ( Tschitscherin, Belaiew's Die Bauern in Russland,
Gortschakow, Sergeiewitsch, Newolin, Skladin etc.) und auerdem die
Literatur, wie auch einiges meiner Gedanken ber diese Frage, und wo man was
finden kann - angegeben. (IISG, Marx/Engels Papers, D 987). See the
following titles.
, 25 1860
, - 1860:
...
. . 25 1860, S. 1-25;
. , : "
",
. . , S. 65-115;
. a, : " ",
. . , S. 117-181.
Ex libris Marx; in possession of IISG, Amsterdam; it contains stamp and
signature endorsements of the "Bibliothque Russe Lavroff-Gotz Paris". Marxs
intense preoccupation with the title sent to him by Danielson in mid-May 1873
is evident from the numerous underlines, markings (by pencil and red crayons)
124
and, marginal notes on pages 14, 20, 22, 24 and especially on 67ff and 119ff.
Marx had approached Danielson in his letter dated 22 March 1873 with a
request to supply him with some information on the views of Chicherin,
relating to the historical development of communal property in Russia and also
on his polemics on that subject with Belyaev. Danielson replied on 10 May
1873 with an extensive report of 27 pages on the corresponding literature, in
which, inter alia, he stated that: Belaiew, dessen Buch "Die Bauern in
Russland" die beste Monographie ber die sociale Lage der Bauern in
<Russland> der Geschichte, ist, hat, nach meiner Ansicht, viele
Unvollkommenheiten. Erstens werde ich das slavjanofilstvo des Verfessers
nennen: es verfinstert ihm die Augen und hindert ihn, die Verhltnisse so wie
sie waren zu betrachten. Z. B. die Zeit Iwan IV. Darber spter. 2) Ferner, wie
seine Recensenten Oustrialow & Weschniakow es schon bemerkt haben, hat er
nicht die Geschichte der Bauern berhaupt, sondern die Geschichte der
Leibeigenschaft geschreiben. 3) Indem er seine Geschichte auslegt, giebt er
hauptschlich nur Thatsachen, ohne Zusammenhang mit anderen socialen
Erscheinungen. Er weist fast niemals auf die allgemeine[n] Ursachen, welche
diese oder jene Folgen hatten. So, z. B., findet man bei ihm nicht einmal den
Namen der Mongolen, whrend dieses Volk, das [das] ganze Leben der Russen
umwlzte, auch nicht ohne wirkung auf das Leben der Bauern blieb. Wie wir
125
spter sehen werden, haben die Mongolen wirklich die Grund &
Bodenverhltnisse radical um[ge]wlzt, indem sie ihre Staatsrechtsidee auf den
russischen Boden geachtet seiner Fehler, ist seine Geschichte bis jetzt die beste
in dieser Art. (IISG, Marx/Engels Papers, C 144 and D 986). At first Danielson
was satisfied to send Vesniyakovs detailed Belyaev-review to the author of the
Capital as the entry ibidem S.119, The original will be sent next week,
shows.
Chicherin: , . . . . :
. .
" ", 1878. The cover of the text shows
authors names in reverse order: . . . Available for
inspection at:
http://shpl.dlibrary.org/ru/nodes/4934-gerie-v-i-russkiy-diletantizm-i-
obschinnoe-zemlevladenie-razbor-kn-a-vasilchikova-zemlevladenie-i-
zemledelie-m-1878#page/7/mode/inspect/zoom/5
Excerpted as of March 1878, 1 S. 80; in: B 141, S. 136-137.
Russian publication in: 12 (1952), S. 162-163.
Comments ca. 1882 [?], S. 80; in: B 167, S. 9-10: Was d. lausige V. Gere
zunchst ber Wasiltschikoff unbedeutendes bemerkt p. 33, 34 ber dessen
schwankenden Begriff v. 'buerlichem' Landbetrieb u. 'bourgeois' betrieb;.
126
Die von Gere und ierin kritisierte Studie Vasilikovs ber Grundbesitz
und Landwirtschaft in Ruland und anderen europischen Staaten (2 Bde. S.-
Peterburg 1876). It also belonged to Marxs personal library. On Marxs
assessment of Chicherin see his correspondence with Danielson, in: MEW, Bd.
33, S. 577; Bd. 34, S. 359 and 362; . , .
, S. 284-311.
Aufzeichnungen ber Gerichtsverfassung in Ruland.
Written between 1876 and 1878, S. 80; in: B 139, S. 43.
Haxthausen, A. von: Studien ber die inneren Zustnde, das Volksleben und
insbesondere die lndlichen Einrichtungen Rulands, Bd. 3, Berlin 1852.
Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=MChOAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
A copy of it was in Marxs possession; it contained underlines, underscores and
marginal notes in his hand; its whereabouts remain doubtful. Photocopy in
ZPA, IML/M, F.1, op.1, Nr. 899. See MEW, Bd. 4, S. 462; Bd. 11, S. 200; Bd.
14, S. 503; Bd. 19, S. 107, 407ff; Bd. 29, S. 360; Bd. 33, S. 183 and 206.
Haxthausen, A. von: Die lndlichen Verfassung Rulands. Ihre Entwiklungen
und ihre Feststellung in der Gsetzgebung von 1861, Leipzig 1866. Available at:
127
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=jYdDAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
Excerpted in May 1876, 25 SS. 80; in: B 138, S. 16-41.
Russian publication in: 12 (1952), S. 86-114.
containing numerous underlines and marginal notes in Marxs hand. See Mew,
Bd.4, S. 462; Bd.11, S.200; Bd. 14, S.503; Bd. 19, S.107, 407ff; Bd.29, S.
360;Bd. 33, S.183 and 206.
Isaev: , A.: , 1881. Available at:
http://publ.lib.ru/ARCHIVES/__Raritetnye_knigi/Isaev_A_A_Arteli_v_Rossii_
1881.pdf
Ex libris Marx; in possession of IISG, Amsterdam; the title page bears the
stamp and catalog number of the Bibliothek der Sozialdemokratischen Partei,
Berlin; there are numerous underlines, underscores and other characteristic
emphases in Marxs hand (occasionally, by green and blue pencil), especially in
the first chapter, where Isaev defined and classified in Artels [some cooperative
associations or occupational guilds of ancient and medieval Russia].
Kalachov: , . .: , -
1864. Available at:
128
http://publ.lib.ru/ARCHIVES/__Raritetnye_knigi/Kalachov_N_Arteli_v_drevn
ej_i_nyneshnej_Rossii_1864.pdf
Ex libris Marx; in possession of IISG, Amsterdam; the title page shows the
stamp and call number of the Bibliothek der Sozialdemokratischen Partei,
Berlin, cut at the edges. It contains many underlines, underscores, noticeable
symbols and marginal notes (by pencil) in Marxs hand, partially mutilated by
the bookbinders cut at the edges. Marx remarked on S. 6: [F]irst artel
contract (under that express name) has nothing to do with workmen [con]tract
of partnership between three farmers of tolls (customs) [] between two
adventurers in Siberian mining business.
Kavelin: , K. .: , reprint from , 1876,
. 3, 5-7. Information available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books/about/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8
%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0
%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.html?id=Ew07HQAACAAJ&red
ir_esc=y
Ex libris Marx; in possession of IISG, Amsterdam; the title page shows the
stamp and call number of the Bibliothek der Sozialdemokratischen Partei,
Berlin, where it remained till 1933. There are cuts at the margins. On almost
every page there are underlines, underscores and Marxs characteristic frontlets
129
(all in pencil), but only a few marginal notes. Among the new arrivals from the
field discussed above by Kavelin - , .: ,
.1, 1875; , .: , .1.
, 1875; Laveleye, . de: De la
proprit et de ses formes primitives, Paris 1874; Keussler, J.: Zur Geschichte
des buerlichen Gemeindebesitzes in Russland. Baltische Monatsschrift, N.
Folge, Bd VI, Drittes Doppelheft (!) Marx considered only Leveleyes
compilation to be slightly significant, without any emphasis added.
Keussler, J. von: Zur Geschichte und Kritik des buerlichen Gemeindebesitzes
in Ruland, 3 Theile in 4 Bnden, Riga/Moskau/Odessa bzw. S.-Peterburg
1876=87; Theil 1. Digital copy available on request from:
http://search.books2ebooks.eu/Record/utl_.b24158471
In biblio: 1877-78; in: B 131, S.28 and 148; B 136, S.95.
Koshelev: , A.: , Berlin
1875. Available for online reading at:
https://knigafund.ru/books/34542/read
Excerpted in 1875, 13 SS.; published in Russian in:
12 (1952), S. 140-160, according to the original kept in IML/M, ZPA.
Ex libris Marx; in possession of IISG, Amsterdam; the title page contains stamp
and signature endorsements of the "Bibliothque Russe Lavroff-Gotz Paris".
130
There are a series of underlines and highlighting (in red pencil) in Marxs hand.
The following passages have been especially highlighted: S. 37.9-12 (
... ?); S. 48.8-11 ( ... ); S. 51.20-52.3 (
... ); S. 110.22-26 ( ... ); S.
112.3-12 ( ... .).
Mineiko: , .:
, 1882. May be read at:
http://en.calameo.com/read/00205596822426396f287
Marx had a copy of it; till 1933 it was in the Library of the Social Democratic
Party, Berlin (cf. Chronik, S. 388).
Russkaya: , , Nr.3, v. 25 1878.
Excerpted after March 1878, S. 80; in: B 141, S. 135.
Published in Russian in: 12 (1952), S. 161.
Sbornik:
, . . .. . . , .-
1880.
Available at:
http://publ.lib.ru/ARCHIVES/__Raritetnye_knigi/Sbornik_materialov_dlya_izu
cheniya_seljskoj_pozemeljnoj_obschiny_01_1880.pdf
Excerpted in 1882 [?], 7 SS. 80; in: B 167, S. 3-10.
131
Published in Russian in: 12 (1952), S.121-139.
Presumably a copy of it was in Marxs possession; cf. Danielsons letter dated
18 (30) November 1880, in: . , . ,
430f.
Sergeevich: , . .: ... 1867. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=NR4YAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
Marx had a copy of it; till 1933 it was in the Library of the Social Democratic
Party, Berlin (cf. Nikolaevsky, S. 402 and Chronik, S. 344). See also Marxs
correspondence with Danielson, in: . , .
, S.290, 294, 300 and 308.
Sokolovsky: , . .:
, .- 1877. Available at:
http://publ.lib.ru/ARCHIVES/__Raritetnye_knigi/Sokolovskij_P_A_Ocherk_ist
orii_seljskoj_obschiny_na_severe_Rossii_1877.pdf
In biblio: 1878; in: B 131, S. 148.
Marx had a copy of it; cf. Chronik, S. 136 and Danielsons letter to Marx dated
7 March 1877, in: . , . , S. 338.
Islamic States
132
Al ibn Ab Bakr Burhan al-Din al-Marghnn: The Hedaya, or Guide; a
Commentary on the Mussulman Laws; Translated, by Order of Governor-
General and Council of Bengal by Charles Hamilton, Volumes I-IV, London
1791. Its 2nd edition of 1870 (4 volumes in 1 book) is available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=tc4DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR40&source=gbs
Belin, Fr.-A.: tude sur la proprit foncire en pays musulmans, et
spcialment en Turquie (rite hanfite), in: Journal asiatique, Srie 5, T. 18
(1861), S. 390-431, 477-517; T. 19 (1862), S. 156-212, 257-358.
Available in a single volume [Paris 1862] at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=wkifTiHgemwC&printsec=frontcover&sou
Eschbach, M.: Lettres de Turquie (La proprit en Turquie), in: L'conomiste
franais, T.1 (1873), No. 22, S. 595f; No. 23, S. 627ff; No. 24, S. 654.
133
Hammer-Purgstall, J. von: ber die Lnderverwaltung unter dem Chalifate.
Eine von der kgl. Akad. d. Wissenschaften zu Berlin am 3. Juli 1832 gek.
Preisschrift, Berlin 1835. Conditionally available at:
See MEW, Bd. 10, S. 267 and Bd. 28, S. 335.
Ohsson, I. M. d: Tableau gnral de l'Empire othoman, divis en deux parties
dont l'une comprend la lgislation mahomtane, l'autre, l'histoire de l'empire
othoman ... [7 volumes in 8 books]. Paris 1788-1824.
Available at:
https://archive.org/details/tableaugnral01mour
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=M-
r7dtO1gNYC&pg=PA472&lpg=PA472&dq=Tableau+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ra
l+de+l'Empire+ottoman,+divis%C3%A9+en+deux+parties+dont+l'une+compre
nd&source=bl&ots=jp5lvdPgZX&sig=I9JHJTyUFBqfL-
WbM43W0bdz7ro&hl=en&sa=X&ei=X9WSUqnAF4j-
rAezyoDgDA&ved=0CG0Q6AEwCTgK#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=BZTIYM3y5okC&printsec=frontcover&so
134
http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=SsJRAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=bxNRAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=0TgwAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=WRVRAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=yEQwAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover
Sic, Fr.-E.: Trait des lois mahomtanes, ou Recueil des lois, us et coutumes
des Musulmans du Dcan, in: Journal asiatique, Srie 3, T. 12 (1841), S. 149-
187, 193-245. Available in one volume at
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=vpxDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1&source=gbs_t
135
Silvestre de Sacy, A. I.: Recherches sur la nature et les rvolutions du droit de
proprit territoriale en Egypte, depuis la conqute de ce pays par les
Musulmans, jusqu' l'expdition des Franais, in: Mmoires de l'Acadmie des
Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, T.1 (1818); T. 5,6 and 7 (1823).
Tischendorf, P. A. von: Das Lehnswesen in den moslemischen Staaten
insbesondere im osmanischen Reiche. Mit dem Gesetzbuche der Lehen unter
Sultan Achmed I., Leipzig 1872. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=VONCAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
Worms, M.: Recherches sur la constitution de la proprit territoriale dans les
pays musulmans, et subsidiairement en Algrie, in: Journal asiatique, Srie 3,
T. 14 (1842), S. 225-318, 321-442; Srie 4, T.1 (1843), S. 126-178, 285-341
and T.3 (1844), S. 61-90, 160-186. An 1846 edition of it is available in one
volume at:
https://archive.org/details/recherchessurlac00wormuoft
136
" ", S. 125, 127 and 147; in: B 156, S. 40[Marxs
pagination].
India6
A Digest of Hindu Law on Contracts and Successions: with a Commentary by
Jaganntha Tarkapanchnana. Translated from the original Sanscrit by H. T.
Colebrooke, 2 Volumes, Madras, 3rd edition 1864. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=kGUSAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=KGUSAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
Boughton Rouse, Ch. W.: Dissertation Concerning the Landed Property of
Bengal, London 1791. Conditionally available online at:
http://discovery.coloradocollege.edu/catalog/record/b1840027
137
Campbell, G.: Modern India: A sketch of the system of civil government. To
which is prefixed, some account of the natives and native institutions, London
1852. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/modernindiasketc00camp
In biblio: October 1879-early 1880 and extracts taken from . .
, " ", cited above S. 75 and 172, which
contained references from the 2nd edition of Campbells book published in
1853; in: B 156, S. 40[Marxs pagination].
Excerpted in June 1853, 18 SS. 80; in: B 65, S. 12-22 and 24-32; cf. Marxs
letter to Engels dated 14 June 1853; in: MEW, Bd. 28, S. 267f, and MEW, Bd.
9, S. 184, 186, 202, 217, 224; Bd. 12, S. 516 and Bd. 23, S. 379.
Dutt, Romesh Chunder [Rameshchandra Datta]: The Peasantry of Bengal,
being a view of their Condition under the Hindu, the Mahomedan, and the
English Rule , Calcutta 1874. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/peasantrybengal00duttgoog
In biblio: 1876-77 and 1879-80; in: B 131, S.28, B 156, S. 28 and B 136, S. 92
[Marxs pagination].
Grady, St. G.: A Treatise on the Hindoo Law of Inheritance ... , London 1868.
138
Available at: https://archive.org/details/atreatiseonhind00gradgoog
In biblio: October 1879-early 1880; in; B 156, S. 28 [Marxs pagination].
Jolly, J. E. (Tr.): Nradya Dharmasstra, or the Institutes of Nrada.
Translated, for the first time, from the unpublished Sanskrit original..., London
1876.
Available at: https://archive.org/details/naradiyadharmasa021669mbp
In biblio: 1876-77 and 1879-80; in: B 131, S.28, B 156, S. 28 and B 136, S. 92
[Marxs pagination].
Loiselur-Deslongchamps, A. L. A.: Manava-Dharma-Sastra. Lois de Manou,
comprenant les institutions religieuses et civiles des Indiens, traduites du
Sanscrit et accompagnes de notes explicatives, Paris 1833. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/manavadharmasast00manuuoft
" ", S. 90-91; in: B 156, S. 28[Marxs pagination].
See MEW, Bd. 24, S. 240.
Mayne, J. D.: A Treatise on Hindu Law and Usage, Madras 1878. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/atreatiseonhind01mayngoog
Mayr, A.: Das indische Erbrecht, Wien 1873. Available at:
139
https://archive.org/details/dasindischeerbr00mayrgoog
Nelson, J. H.: A View of the Hindu Law as administered by the High Court of
Judicature at Madras, Madras, Calcutta, Bombay 1877. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=1RQbAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
Observations on the Law and Constitution of India, London 1825. Available
at:
https://archive.org/details/observationsofth029135mbp
Phear, John B.: The Aryan Village in India and Ceylon, London 1880.
Available at: https://archive.org/details/aryanvillageini02pheagoog
Excerpted between December 1880 and March 1881, 26 SS. 8 0; in: B 162, S.
131-157; available in Krader 1974: S. 243-284.
Rowsell, F. W.: The Doomsday Book of Bengal [A summary and review of W.
W. Hunters A Statistical Account of Bengal, 20 Volumes, London 1875-1879],
140
published in: The Nineteenth Century, Vol.6, No.34, December 1879, S. 1033-
1050. Information available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books/about/The_Domesday_Book_of_Bengal.html?i
d=yluctgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y
containing numerous underlines in Marxs hand.
Sic, Fr.-E. (d.): Lgislation Hindoue publie sous le titre de Vyavahara-Sara-
Sangraha, ... Traduite du Tamil, Pondichry 1857. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/lgislationhindo00sicegoog
Stenzler, A. Fr. (Hrsg.): Yjavalkya dharmastram. Yjnavalkyas
Gesetzbuch, 2 Bde, Berlin 1849. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/yjnavalkyasgese00stengoog
https://archive.org/details/yjnavalkyasgese00yjgoog
Stokes, W.et al (Ed.): Hindu Law Books: The Vyavaharamayukha, translated
by H. Borrodaile; the Daya Bhaga of Jimutavahana and the Law of Inheritance
from the Mitakshara, translated by H. T. Colebrooke; the Dattaka Mimamsa and
141
the Dattaka Chandrika, translated by J. C. C. Sutherland...Madras 1865.
http://www.worldcat.org/title/hindu-law-books-the-vyavahara-mayukha-
translated-by-borrodaile-the-daya-bhaga-of-jimuta-vahana-and-the-law-of-
inheritance-from-the-mitakshara-translated-by-colebrooke-the-dattaka-
mimansa-and-the-dattaka-chandrika-translated-by-sutherland-edited-with-
notes-and-an-index-by-w-stokes/oclc/504823482?ht=edition&referer=di
3. Comparative Legal History and Ethnological Jurisprudence7
Bachofen, J. J.: Das Mutterrecht. Eine Untersuchung ber die Gynaikokratie
der Alten Welt nach ihrer religisen und rechtlichen Natur, Stuttgart 1861.
Available at: https://archive.org/details/Bachofen-Johann-Mutterrecht
In biblio: October 1879-March 1881in connection with the excerpts from M. M.
Kovalevsky and L. H. Morgan; in: B 156, S. 18 [Marxs pagination] and B 162,
sheet 1 (front).
Crmazy, L.: Le droit hindou et le droit franais compars, in: Revue de
Legislation Ancienne et Moderne Franaise et trangre, Jg. 1876, S. 312-338.
A copy of the entire issue of the journal is available at:
142
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=F_o_AAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
Dugmore, H. H.: A Compendium of Kafir Laws and Customs, Mount Coke
1858. Available at: http://www.masseiana.org/dugmores_papers.htm
Included as Section I of a book published in1866, bearing the same title:
http://memory.loc.gov/service/gdc/scd0001/2005/20052004011co/2005200401
1co.pdf
In biblio: December 1880-March 1881 in connection with Marxs excerpts from
H. S. Maine; in: B 162, cover sheet (back).
Kovalevsky: , k,
, , ,
, : .., 1879.
Excerpted in 1879-1880, 46 SS. 80; in: B 156, S. 26-47, 66-90.
These excerpts were first published in Russian translation as: . ,
... (1879); in:
, 1958 (Nos. 3:3-13; 4: 3-22; 5: 3-28);
1959 (no. 1: 3-17) and 1962 (No.
2:3-17); these translations are now available on pp. 153-225 of: . .
143
, , , 45; it is available for downloading
at:
http://www.burkprf.ru/home/2012-12-10-03-36-50/843-2012-12-10-04-05-
30.html
See: MEW, Bd. 34, S. 409; . , . ,
S. 396; and, Harstick 1977, S. 21-109.
Laveleye, . De: De la proprit et de ses formes primitives, Paris 1874.
Available at: https://archive.org/details/delapropritetde00lavegoog
A copy of it was in possession of Marx; whereabouts doubtful since 1911; cf.
Paul Lafargues letters to Engels dated 6 and 15 February 1884 edited by Emile
Bottigelli, Volume 1, pp. 169 and 172; for information on this book see:
http://books.google.co.in/books/about/Correspondence_of_Frederick_Engels_P
aul.html?id=052tQwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y
Maine, H.S.: Lectures on the Early History of Institutions, London 1875.
Available at: https://archive.org/details/lecturesonearly11maingoog
Excerpted during the period December 1880-March 1881, 37 1/3 SS. 80; in: B
162, S. 162-199; available in: Krader 1974, S. 285-336.
144
See also MEW, Bd. 19, S. 386 and 402 and, the letters of Paul Lafargue to
Engels dated 6 and 15 February 1884 (in volume 1 of their correspondence
edited by Bottigelli, pp. 169 and 172), indicating that all the Works of H. S.
Maine were there in Marxs personal library.
Maine, H.S.: Village-Communities in the East and West. Six Lectures
delivered at Oxford, London (1871); 2nd edition 1872. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/villagecommunit01maingoog
The same title is found in a list of books borrowed in March 1878 noted
[presumably] in B 141, S. 144.
Maine, H.S.: The Effects of Observation of India on Modern European
Thought...., London 1875. Available at:
http://fiindolo.sub.uni-
goettingen.de/gretil_elib/Mai875__Maine_EffectsObservationIndia.pdf
Martius, C. Fr. Ph. Von: Von dem Rechtszustande unter den Ureinwohnern
Brasiliens. Eine Abhandlung, Mnchen 1832. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/vondemrechtszus00martgoog
145
Post, A. H.: Die Geschlechtsgenossenschaft der Urzeit und die Entstehung der
Ehe. Ein Beitrag zu einer allgemeinen vergleichenden Stats- und
Rechtswissenschaft, Oldenburg 1875. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=_IwzAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
Post, A. H.: Die Anfnge des Staats- und Rechtslebens. Ein Beitrag zu einer
allgemeinen vergleichenden Staats- und Rechtsgeschichte, Oldenburg 1878.
Available at: https://archive.org/details/dieanfngedessta01postgoog
In biblio: 1880-81; [presumably] in: B 161, sheet 1(front).
Systems of Land Tenure in Various Countries. A Series of Essays Published
under the Sanction of The Cobden Club, London 1870. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/systemsoflandte00cobd
Viollet, P.: Caractre collectif des premires proprits immobilires ...,
(Bibliothque de l'cole des Chartes, T. 33) Paris 1872. Available at:
146
http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/bec_0373-
6237_1872_num_33_1_446436
III. History of Culture and Ethnology1
1. General Accounts
Condorcet, M-J-A-N Caritat, Marquis de: Esquisse d'un tableau historique des
progrs de l'esprit humain, Paris 1795. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=fJJRAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
A copy of it was in Marxs possession; mentioned in Daniels list, cf.
Kaiser/Werchan, S. 213; cf. MEW, Bd. 3, S. 515f.
Drumann, W.: Grundri der Cultur-Geschichte, Knigsberg 1847. Available
at:
http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/resolve/display/bsb10434885.html
Guizot, F. P. G.: Histoire gnrale de la civilisation en Europe. Depuis la chute
de l'Empire romain jusqu'a la rvolution franaise, Cinquime edition, Paris
1842. Available at:
147
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=agBqiBrSPb8C&printsec=frontcover&sour
No. 172).
Klemm, G.: Allgemeine Culturwissenschaft. Die materiellen Grundlagen
menschlicher Cultur..., Leipzig 1855. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=0UcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
containing underlines in Marxs hand.
Latham, R. G.: Descriptive Ethnology, in 2 Volumes, London 1859. Available
at:
https://archive.org/details/descriptiveethn00lathgoog
https://archive.org/details/descriptiveethn01lathgoog
In biblio: December 1880-March 1881, in connection with excerpts from L. H.
Morgan; in: B 162, sheet 1 (front).
Letourneau, Ch.: La sociologie d'aprs l'ethnographie (Bibliothque des
sciences contemporaines. VI.), Paris 1880. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=nGYDAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover
148
Lubbock, J.: The Origin of Civilisation and the Primitive Condition of Man.
Mental and Social Conditions of Savages, London 1870. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=ZaHUj6Yr5VQC&printsec=frontcover&so
Excerpted in 1882, 8 SS. 80; in: B 168, S. 3-10; available in: Krader 1974, S.
337-351.
Mackinnon, W. A.: History of Civilisation, in 2 Volumes, London 1846.
Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=uORAAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
dq=editions:x0AdVSgFZWQC&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UJqYUvzGA8qOrgeW5oC
YDg&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=9WsQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
dq=editions:x0AdVSgFZWQC&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UJqYUvzGA8qOrgeW5oC
YDg&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
Excerpted in 1851, 1 S. 80; in: B 58, S.1; cf. Grundrisse, S. 674.
McLennan, J. F.: Primitive Marriage, an Inquiry into the Origin of the Form of
Capture in Marriage Ceremonies, Edinburgh 1865. Available at:
149
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=1IJJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&sou
In biblio: December 1880-March 1881, in connection with excerpts from L. H.
Morgan; in: B 162, sheet 1 (front).
Morgan, L. H.: Ancient Society, or Researches in the Lines of Human Progress
from Savagery, through Barbarism to Civilization, New York and London
1877. Available at:
http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/morgan_lewis_henry/ancient_society/ancie
nt_society.pdf
Excerpted during December 1880-March 1881, 98 SS. 80; in: B 162, S. 4-101;
available in: Krader 1974, S. 95-241; cf. MEW, Bd. 4, S. 462; Bd. 19, S. 386.
Taylor, W. C.: The Natural History of Society in the Barbarous and Civilised
State: An Essay Toward Discovering the Origin and Course of Human
Development, in 2 Volumes, London 1840. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=oGwEAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
150
http://books.google.co.tz/books?id=A-
hAAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=
onepage&q&f=false
Excerpted in May 1851, 6 SS. 80; in: B 55, S. 83-88.
Thomas, A. L.: Essai sur le caractre, les moeurs et l'esprit des femmes dans les
diffrens sicles, Paris 1773. A 1772 edition of the book is available at:
https://archive.org/details/essaisurlecaract00thomuoft
[An English translation of this book, published in 1781 is available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=G8JYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83
&dq=An+Essay+on+the+character,+manners+and+spirit+of+women+in+differ
ent+centuries&source=bl&ots=QuFlGvJTjr&sig=eQ5k57nc5lZ3uxqsOCZrj0t0
m58&hl=en&sa=X&ei=X9-
aUvG0CcHorQfwmYGgDg&ved=0CG4Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q&f=false ].
Vaughan, R.: The Age of Great Cities, London 1843. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/ageofgreatcities00vauguoft
Excerpted in 1851, S. 80; in: B 59, S.21.
Volz, K. W.: Beitrge zur Kulturgeschichte. Der Einflu des Menschen auf die
Verbreitung der Haustiere und Kulturpflanzen, Leipzig 1852. Available at:
151
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=NexAAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
In biblio: 1976; in: B 131, S. 27.
Wachsmuth, W.: Europische Sittengeschichte vom Ursprungs
volksthmlicher Gestaltungen bis auf unsere Zeit.
Erster Theil: bis zum Verfall des Karolingischen Reiches, Leipzig 1931;
Zweiter Theil: vom Verfalle des Karolingischen Frankenreichs bis zum
Auftreten Gregorius VII, Leipzig 1833;
Dritten Theils, erste Abtheilung: Das Zeitalter der Kirchenschwrmerei und der
Heerschaft des Papstthums im Allgemeinen, Leipzig 1834;
Dritten Theils, Zweite Abtheilung: Die europischen Vlker und Staaten
besonders im Zeitalter der Kirchenschwrmerei und der Heerschaft des
Papstthums, Leipzig 1835. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=ixtBAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=9QRBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA294&lpg=PA2
94&dq=Europ%C3%A4ische+Sittengeschichte+vom+Ursprungs+volksth%C3
%BCmlicher&source=bl&ots=cnVXF1hXak&sig=ukTgoyCqeiUg2B3SXhwX
69r6cpo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7XScUonkJcKCrgfTlICADw&ved=0CGUQ6AEw
Bg#v=onepage&q&f=false
152
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=2xhBAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=8RhBAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
Excerpted: October 1852-1853, 33 SS. 80 and 11 SS. 40; in: B 62, S. 53-77;
B 63, S. 34-43; B 66, S. 1-12; cf. MEW, Bd. 32, S. 507.
Wachsmuth, W.: Allgemeine Culturgeschichte,
Erster Theil: Der heidnische Orient, das klassische Alterthum, das Christenthum
und das christliche Rmerreich, der Islam;
Zweiter Theil: Das Mittelalter;
Dritter Theil: Die neuere Zeit; Leipzig 1850-51.
An 1850-52 edition is available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=pexAAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=iexAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA6&source=gbs_t
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=TlHSK09LjSgC&printsec=frontcover&sour
Excerpted in August-October 1852, 68 SS. 80; in: B 61, S. 18-30, 43-48 and
54-56; B 62, S. 3-40 and 47-51.
153
Watz, Th.: Anthropologie der Naturvlker, 6 Theile (Theil 6 fortgesetzt von G.
Garland), Leipzig 1859-72. May be viewed at:
In biblio: 1876; in: B 131, S. 11.
2. Prehistory and Early History
Ackermann, G. F.: Die Indogermanen oder des weien Menschen Kampf
gegen den Weltenfrost, Thurm b. Zwickau 1870. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=CFZ1e5VXY8gC&printsec=frontcover&so
In biblio: first half of 1876; in: B 131, S. 11.
Baer, W.: Der vorgeschichtliche Mensch. Ursprung und Entwicklung des
Menschengeschlechtes..., Leipzig 1876. An 1880 edition is available for limited
viewing at: http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001879798
In biblio: 1876; in: B 131, S. 20[Marxs pagination].
Gutberlet, C.: Die Pfahlbauten und ihr Zusammenhang mit dem Alter der
Menschheit, Mnster 1872. Information about an 1871 edition is available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books/about/Die_pfahlbauten_und_ihr_zusammenhan
g_mit.html?id=AuIVnQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y
In biblio: ca.1878; in: B 118, S. 106.
154
Lubbock, J.: Pre-historic Times, as illustrated by ancient remains, and the
manners and customs of modern savages, London 1865. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books/about/Pre_historic_Times.html?id=sYUBAAA
AQAAJ&redir_esc=y
In biblio: December 1880-March 1881; in connection with Marxs excerpts
from L. H. Morgan; in: B 162, sheet 1 (front).
Lyell, Ch.: The geological evidences of the antiquity of man with remarks on
the theories of the origin of species by variation, London 1863. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/geologicaleviden00lyelrich
containing numerous underlines and some marginal notes in Marxs hand.
Pallmann, R.: Die Pfahlbauten und ihre Bewohner. Eine Darstellung der Cultur
und des Handels der europischen Vorzeit, Greifswald 1866. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=LTE-
AAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=on
epage&q&f=false
In biblio: ca. 1878; in: B 131, S. 40 and B 136, S. 96.
Taylor, E. B.: Researches into the Early History of Mankind and the
development of Civilisation, London 1865. Available at:
155
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=dQcuAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
Tyler [Taylor], E. B.: Forschungen ber die Urgeschichte der Menschheit und
die Entwicklung der Civilisation. Aus dem Englischen von H. Mller, Leipzig
[1866]. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=IulAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1&source=gbs_t
containing many underlines and some marginal notes in Marxs hand.
3. Cultural History of Antiquity
Brehmer, N. H.: Entdeckungen im Alterthum, Weimar 1822 [Theil 1, Abth. 1:
Forschungen in Asien; Theil 1, Abth.2: Forschungen in Europa]. Information
available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books/about/Entdeckungen_im_Alterthum.html?id=U
o3JtwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y
http://books.google.co.in/books/about/Entdeckungen_im_Alterthum.html?id=Z
50ynQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y
156
In biblio: ca. 1877 and 1878-79; in: B 131, S. 29 and B 136, S. 93 [Marxs
pagination].
Friedlander, L.: Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms in der Zeit von
August bis zum Ausgang der Antonine, 3 Theile, Leipzig 1862-71. Available
at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=U3IBAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=tbEoAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=0cYFAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
In biblio: 1879-1880; in: B 133, S. 1 [Marxs pagination] and B 156, sheet 1
(front and back).
Excerpted: 1879-1880, 5 [?] SS. 80; in: B 156, S. 12-24.
Gouguet, A.-Y.: De l'Origine des Loix, des Arts et des Sciences, et de leurs
Progrs chez les anciens peuples, 3 T. Paris 1758. May be viewed at:
from H. S. Maine; in: B 162, cover sheet 1 (back).
157
Lasaulx, E. von: Der Untergang des Hellenismus und die Einziehung seiner
Tempelgtter durch die christlichen Kaiser, ein Beitrag zur Philosopie der
Geschichte, Mnchen 1854. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/deruntergangdesh00lasauoft
In biblio: 1879-1880; in: B 156, sheet 1 (front).
Pierret, P.: Dictionnaire d'archologie gyptienne, Paris 1875. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/dictionnairedarc00pier
In biblio: 1876; in: B 131, S. cover sheet (back).
4. Various Texts on European Cultural History
General Accounts
Baeumer, W.: Das brgerliche Wohnhaus der Stadt bei den Griechen und
Rmern, im deutschen Mittelalter, im 16.-19. Jahrhundert, Stuttgart 1862.
Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=pHo_AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
In biblio: ca. 1878; in: B 129, S. 106.
Eichhorn, J. G.: Allgemeine Geschichte der Kultur und Literatur des neueren
Europa, 2 Bde, Gttingen 1796-99. Available at:
158
http://books.google.de/books?id=rvgOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=kNQCAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
Reden, Fr. W.: Vergleichende Kulturstatistik der Gebiets- und
Bevlkerungsverhltnisse der Grostaaten Europas, Berlin 1848. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=BDBDAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
Excerpted in October 1850; in: Heft I (Photocopy in ZPA, IML/M, F. 1, op.
1, Nr. 367).
England, France
Guizot, F.P.G.: Histoire de la civilisation en France, Bruxelles 1839, 2 T. T.1 of
an edition of 1840 and T.2 of an edition of 1874 are available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=ZnFAAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=zVdEAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
Marx had a copy of it; listed in Daniels inventory, cf. Kaiser/Werchan, S. 213.
159
Wright, Th.: A History of English Culture from the Earliest Known Period to
Modern Times, London 1874. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=mIoMAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
In biblio: 1877-78; in: B 131, S. 32 [Marxs pagination] and B 136, S. 96.
Germany
Falke, J.: Die deutsche Trachten- und Modenwelt. Ein Beitrag zur deutschen
Culturgeschichte, 2 Theile (Deutsches Leben Bd. 1 u. 2), Altona 1858.
Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=HEEKAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=30kAAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
In biblio: presumably in the summer of 1879; in: B 156, sheet 1 (front).
Russia
Dupr de Saint-Maure, E.: L'hermite en Russie, ou Observations sur les
moeurs et les usages russes au commencement du XIX siecl..., 3 T. Paris 1829.
Available at:
160
http://books.google.fr/books?id=r_R6Ow4PCIcC&printsec=frontcover&source
=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=s8NHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP11&lpg=PP11&
dq=L'hermite+en+Russie&source=bl&ots=MAI3bt65yE&sig=5HPFfUAMsviI
zXcCaNLM7tccZuc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=q2ShUqvNC4etrAeg2oDYBg&ved=0C
EUQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=FCYqbok-
e_AC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&
q&f=false
In biblio: February 1856 and abstracts from J. Dobrovsk, Slavin, B 80, S.
25 [Marxs pagination].
Makushev: , ..:
..., 1861. Available at:
http://publ.lib.ru/ARCHIVES/__Raritetnye_knigi/Makushev_V_V_Skazaniya_i
nostrancev_o_byte_i_nravah_slavyan_1861.pdf
161
5. Cultures outside Europe
Asia
Klemm, G.: Allgemeine Kulturgeschichte der Menschheit, 10 Bde, 1843-1852.
6. Bd.: China und Japan. China das Reich der Mitte, Leipzig 1847;
7. Bd.: Das Morgenland, Leipzig 1849.
Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=LOpOAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=0xgPAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
Excerpted in March-May 1853, S. 80; in: B 63, S. 45-46.
Plath, J. H.: ber Schule, Unterricht und Erziehung bei den alten Chinesen
nach chinesischen Quellen, Mnchen 1868. Information available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books/about/Ueber_Schule_Unterricht_und_Erziehun
g_be.html?id=Y-WbXwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y
In biblio: 1876 and 1878-79; in: B 131, S. 2 and B 136, S. 91 [Marxs
pagination].
Plath, J. H.: Nahrung, Kleidung und Wohnung der alten Chinesen, Bd.11,
Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-
Historische Klasse, Mnchen 1832. Available at:
162
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=XmdVAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
In biblio: 1876 and 1878-79; in: B 131, S. 2 and B 136, S. 91 [Marxs
pagination].
Potocki, J.: Voyage dans les steps d'Astrakhan et du Caucase. Histoire
primitive des peuples qui ont habits anciennement ces contres..., 2 T. Paris
1829. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=S7IQAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=amNKAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
Schlagintweit-Saknlnski, H. von: Reisen in Indien und Hochasien. Eine
Darstellung der Landschaft, der Cultur und Sitten der Bewohner in Verbindung
mit klimatischen und geologischen Verhltnissen, 3 Bde, Jena 1869-72.
Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=tkUoAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
163
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=5kUoAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=8hNTAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
In biblio: 1876; in: B 131, S. 14.
North America, Greenland
Adair, J.: The History of the American Indians; particularly those nations
adjoining to the Mississippi, East and West Florida, Georgia, South and North
Carolina, and Virginia, London 1775. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=df5SAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
Bancroft, H. H.: The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America, 5
Volumes, New York 1874-76. Available in an 1882 edition at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=emgLAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=n2kLAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
164
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=TWoLAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=FmwLAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA68&source=gbs
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=MoATAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
In biblio: 1876-77; in: B 131, S. 28 [Marxs pagination].
Marx had this book in his personal collection; cf. Marxs letter to Engels dated
1 August 1877, in: MEGA III, 4, S. 472.
Carver, J.: Three Years Travels through the Interior Parts of North-America...,
Philadelphia 1796. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/threeyearstravel03carv
Hamilton, Th.: Die Menschen und die Sitten in den Vereinigten Staaten von
Nordamerika. Nach der dritten englischen Auflage bersetzt von L. Hout,
Mannheim 1834. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=B5NCAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
165
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=EZNCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA152&lpg=PA1
52&dq=Die+Menschen+und+die+Sitten+in+den+Vereinigten+Staaten&source
=bl&ots=qQiTzeg7h2&sig=aTU6drcMHIcGNUxpjxdAzwf0rTE&hl=en&sa=X
&ei=v_KhUp2FCIT7rAfUzYGICg&ved=0CGQQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q&f=
false
[Original work: Thomas Hamilton, Men and Manners in America, in 2
Volumes, 1833. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=2uBEAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA395&lpg=PA39
5&dq=thomas+hamilton+men+and+manners+in+america+volume+1&source=
bl&ots=TMbP0t1SlZ&sig=i7tGXZ8ixhKAggjSkJ999700oOI&hl=en&sa=X&e
i=G_ehUpHkBIvLrQeO6YCgDQ&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=fa
lse
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=GxQIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
ource=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ]
Excerpted in August 1843, 7 SS. 20; in: B 18, S. 31-38; cf. MEGA I/2, S.
135-36.
Jones, Ch. C.: Antiquities of the Southern Indians particularly of the Georgia
tribes, New York 1873. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=_O6AAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
166
In biblio: in 1876-77 and, in December 1880-March 1881, in connection with
Marxs excerpts from Morgan; in: B 139, S. 32 and, in: B 162, sheet 1 (front)
Morgan, L. H.: Letters on the Iroquois by Skenandoah, in: American Review,
Vol. 5 (1847), SS. 177-190, 242-257, 447-461, 477-490 and 626-633.
http://books.google.co.in/books/about/Letters_on_the_Iroquois.html?id=5TMJP
QAACAAJ&redir_esc=y
In biblio: December 1880-March 1881, in connection with Marxs excerpts
from Morgans Ancient Society; in: B 162, sheet 1 (front).
Morgan, L. H.: League of the Ho-de-no-sau-nee or Iroquois, Rochester, N.Y.
1851. A 1904 edition is available at:
https://archive.org/details/hodenosaunee00morgrich
Schoolcraft, H. R.: Notes on the Iroquois: or, contributions to the statistics,
aboriginal history, antiquities and general ethnology of western New-York
1846. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=wHQTAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
167
Schoolcraft, H. R.: History of the Indian Tribes of the United States...,
Philadelphia 1857. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/60341390R.nlm.nih.gov
Waitz, Th.: Die Indianer Nordamerikas. Eine Studie, Leipzig 1865. Available
at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=RFIaAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&d
q=inauthor:%22Theodor+Waitz%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rImkUp2MCMrPrQeV
7IBI&ved=0CCwQ6AEwADgU#v=onepage&q&f=false
Rink, H.J.: Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo, with a sketch of their habits,
religion, language and other peculiarities. Translated from the Danish by the
author. Edited by R. Brown...Edinburgh and London 1875. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=KDNCAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
In biblio: 1876-77 and 1878-79; in: B 139, S. 28 and B 156, S. 18.
168
Central and South America
Acosta, J. de: Historia natural y moral de las Indias..., Barcelona 1591.
Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=VUpXAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
Marxs remark:
[Worin d. Character d. Indianer gepriesen wird; diese natrlich als Ungeheuer
dargestellt von d. "Colonisten" (Span.), um ihre eignen Ungeheuerlichkeiten als
gttliche Rache an diesen Nachkommen Ham's (sie glaubten sich in Asien,
nicht in Amerika) von d. pfffischen Ideologen in Spanien "apologisiren" zu
lassen, die sich ausserdem berufen auf d. Authoritt St. Augustini, wonach d.
Sklaverei zur Ursache hat - die Snde!]
A few months later Marx noted in a bibliography, in connection with his
excerpts from L. H. Morgan in B 162, sheet 1 (front), an English translation of
this book published from London in 1604 that was published under the title
The Naturall and Morall Historie of the East and West Indies... A copy of it is
available at:
169
https://archive.org/details/natvrallandmoral00acosrich
Appun, C. F.: Unter den Tropen. Wanderungen durch Venezuela, am Orinoco,
durch Britisch Guyana und am Amazonenstrome in den Jahren 1849-1868,
2Bde, Jena 1871. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/unterdentropenwa01appu
https://archive.org/details/unterdentropenwa02appu
Benzoni, G.: La Historia del Mondo nuovo..., Venezia 1565. A copy of a 1572
edition of it is available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=1vZzhmtdPQkC&printsec=frontcover&sou
[Lpez de Gmara, Fr.:] Histoire gnralle des Indes occidentales et terres
neuves qui jusqu' prsent ont est dscouvertes, traduite en franois par M.
Fume, Sieur de Marly le Chastel, Paris 1859. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=dNdQAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
170
" ", S. 48-49 and 158; in: B 156, S. 18 and 40
[Marxs pagination].
Sartorius, C.: Mexiko. Landschaftsbilder und Skizzen aus dem Volksleben (6
Hefte, Darmstadt 1855-58, in engl. bersetzg. hrsg. v. Gaspey, London, 2nd.
ed. 1859. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=VTUCAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
Ternaux-Compans, Ch.-H. (Ed.): Voyages relations et mmoires originaux
pour servir l'histoire de la dcouverte de l'Amrique..., 20 T. Paris 1837-40; T.
XVI: Second requeil de pices sur le Mexique (indites).Conditionally available
at:
Wied-Neuweid, M. A. Ph. Prinz zu: Reise nach Brasilien in den Jahren 1815
bis 1817..., 2 Bde, Frankfurt a. M. 1820-21. Limited view of Bd. 1 and full view
of Bd. 2 available at:
171
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=qSrsAAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_book_othe
r_versions
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=069EAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1&lpg=PR1&dq
=Reise+nach+Brasilien+in+den+Jahren+1815+bis+1817+erster+band&source=
bl&ots=ZfW-
KxQ_I4&sig=aguQyOW5JHR5X83g59F4z5ymQrU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FkeoU
reePMiJrQf16IDACQ&ved=0CHgQ6AEwCTgK#v=onepage&q=Reise%20nac
h%20Brasilien%20in%20den%20Jahren%201815%20bis%201817%20erster%
20band&f=false
Zurita, A. de: Rapport sur les diffrentes classes de chefs de la Nouvelle-
Espagne, sur les lois, les moeurs des habitants, sur les impts..., (Voyages
relations et mmoires originaux pour servir l'histoire de la dcouverte de
l'Amrique, edited by Ch.-H. Ternaux-Compans, T. XI), Paris 1840. Available
at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=JdDtklqiHEQC&pg=PR3&lpg=PR3&dq=R
apport+sur+les+diff%C3%A9rentes+classes+de+chefs+de+la+Nouvelle+Espag
ne&source=bl&ots=X5q-A0dQ_F&sig=j1LKnQJPfLsQ-
ztW50MOtg4i20Y&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1lqoUpDrA8jyrQexjIHYBg&ved=0CG
172
AQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Rapport%20sur%20les%20diff%C3%A9rentes%
20classes%20de%20chefs%20de%20la%20Nouvelle%20Espagne&f=false
IV. Miscellaneous
Historical Geography
Allen, G.: Geology and History, in: The Popular Science Monthly (New York),
Vol. 17, August 1880: 495-507. Available at:
http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_17/August_1
880/Geology_and_History
Excerpted sometime in 1880-1881, 5 SS. 80; in: B 161, S. 14-19.
Barth, H.: Das Becken des Mittelmeeres in natrlicher und kulturhistorischer
Beziehung, Hamburg 1860. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=8TNLAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
A copy of it was in Marxs personal collection; listed in Nikolaevskys
inventory (Library of the Social Democratic Party, Call No. 32114);
whereabouts doubtful since 1933; contained numerous underlines and
underscores in Marxs hand.
173
Fischer, W. und Streit, F. W. (Hrsg.): Historischer und geographischer Atlas
von Europa, 2Bde, Berlin, 2nd ed. 1836-37. Available in 3 books at:
http://books.google.es/books?id=PZtBAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&sour
http://books.google.de/books?id=VptBAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=d
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=aZtBAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
Ex libris Engels; listed in Nikolaevskys inventory (Library of the Social
Democratic Party, Call No. 33066/68); contained numerous underlines and
bookmarks in Marxs hand; was in possession of IML/M, ZPA (F. 1, op. 1, Nr.
6181).
Political Science
Blakey, R.: The History of the Political Literature from the earliest times, in 2
Volumes, London 1855, Vol.2. These 2 volumes are available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=MWMBAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=WF0BAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
Excerpted between 28 February 1858-1862, 5 SS. 80; in: B 91A, S. 102-107.
174
Dove, P.E.: The Elements of Political Science..., Edinburgh 1854. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=XF4BAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
Excerpted in 1865-66, 32 SS. 80; in: B 106, S. 312-282 [sic!].
Social Philosophy
Ferguson, A.: Essai sur l'histoire de la socit civile..., T. 1-2, Paris 1783.
Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=RzbR8PINUG0C&pg=PP7&lpg=PP7&dq=
adam+ferguson+essai+sur+l'histoire+de+la+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+civile+to
me+premier&source=bl&ots=xvnkq47Nn7&sig=JO6KxhsdCQxmjsinngVXPJ1
0PvM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=upepUs72EomQrQeGz4CADQ&ved=0CEgQ6AEwB
A#v=onepage&q=adam%20ferguson%20essai%20sur%20l'histoire%20de%20l
a%20soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9%20civile%20tome%20premier&f=false
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=7EYuQXIogeEC&pg=PP7&lpg=PP7&dq=
adam+ferguson+essai+sur+l'histoire+de+la+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+civile+to
me+second&source=bl&ots=AyVZXi24mX&sig=gigJG31TIPxm4RgZqmcEU
JgmWCk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=e5epUquJNYeYrgf2lIDwDA&ved=0CEIQ6AEw
BA#v=onepage&q=adam%20ferguson%20essai%20sur%20l'histoire%20de%2
0la%20soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9%20civile%20tome%20second&f=false
175
containing underlines in Marxs hand; cf. MEW, Bd. 4, S. 146f; Bd. 23, S. 137,
375, 382ff.
Hole, J.: Lectures on social science and the organization of labor, London 1851.
Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=2zEoAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
Mandeville, B. de: The Fable of the Bees: or, Private vices publick benefits..., 2
Volumes, London 1728-1733, 5th ed. A 1732 edition is available at:
http://files.libertyfund.org/files/846/Mandeville_0014-01_EBk_v7.0.pdf
http://files.libertyfund.org/files/847/Mandeville_0014-02_EBk_v7.0.pdf
Excerpted ca. 1863, 28 SS. 80; in: B 104, S. 83-110.
Millar, John: Observations concerning the distinction of ranks in society,
London, 2nd. Edition, 1773. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=AkxAAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
176
Rousseau, J.J.: Du contrat social, ou Principes du droit politique, Londres
1782. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=9WEHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP9&source=gbs
_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false
Excerpted in July-August 1843, 17 SS. 80; in: B 16, S. 29-46;
cf. MEGA I/2, S. 120f.
Villegardelle, Fr.: Histoire des ides sociales avant la Rvolution franaise...,
Paris 1846. Available at:
http://www.google.fr/books?id=ESwDAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&sou
In biblio: 1876-77 and 1878-79; in: B 139, S. 32 and B 148, S. 93.
Excerpted in 1845, 3 SS. 80; in; B 32, S. 18-20; cf. MEGA IV/3, S. 426-429.
Legal and Political Philosophy, Political Sciences1
Brissot, J. P.: Recherches Philosophiques sur le droit de proprit considr
dans la nature ..., 1782. Information about a 1780 edition of it is available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=BOx-
uAAACAAJ&dq=editions:UOM39015063811536
Excerpted after 6 December 1878; in: B 148, S. 83-90, 81-82, 80, 79, 78, 76-77.
Gumplowicz, L.: Rechtsstaat und Socialismus, Innsbruck 1881.
177
containing underlines and marginal notes in Marxs hand.
Hugo, G.: Lehrbuch des Naturrechts als einer Philosophie des positiven Rechts,
besonders des Pivatrechts (Lehrbuch eines civilistschen Cursus, Bd. 2), Berlin
1798. A 1799 edition is available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=JqlLAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
In biblio: 1880-81; in: B 161, sheet 1 (front); cf. K. Marx, Das philosophische
Manifest der historischen Rechtsschule (Rheinische Zeitung, Nr. 221 von 9.
August 1842), in: MEW; Bd. 1, S. 78-85. An English translation of this article
is available at: http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1842/08/09.htm
Krieken, A. Th. von: ber die sogenannte organische Staatstheorie. Ein
Beitrag zur Geschichte des Staatsbegriffs, Leipzig 1873. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=bXpDAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
In biblio: 1876; in: B 131, cover sheet (front).
Lassalle, F.: Das System der erworbenen Rechte. Eine Vershnung des
positiven rechts und der Rechtspilosophie. 2 Theile, Leipzig 1861; Theil 1: Die
Theorie der erworbenen Rechte und der Collision der Gesetze unter besonderer
Bercksichtigung des Rmischen, Franzsischen und Preuischen Rechts. Theil
178
2: Das Wesen des Rmischen und Germanischen Erbrechts in historisch-
philosophischer Entwickelung. Available at:
yxFAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=
onepage&q&f=false
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=0zoPAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
Lassalle, F.: ber Verfassungswesen, Berlin 1882. A copy of its third Leipzig
edition of 1870 is available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=yjcpAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
Marx had a copy of it; listed in Nikolaevskys inventory (Library of the Social
Democratic Party, Call No. 33491a); whereabouts doubtful since 1933;
contained Lassalles dedication on the cover.
[Linguet, S.N.H.:] Thorie des Loix Civiles ou Principes fondamentaux de la
Socit, 2 T. A Londers, 1767. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=TCpBAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
179
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=9bW_Ypst16QC&printsec=frontcover&sou
Excerpted between 28 February 1958 and 1862, 9 SS. 80; in: B 91A, S. 71-79;
cf. MEW, Bd.16, S. 31; Bd. 23, S. 247, 304,353f, 644,766; Bd.26.1, S. 320ff.
Machiavelli, N.: Vom Staate oder Betrachtungen ber die ersten zehn Bcher
des Titus Livius. bersetzt. v. Joh. Ziegler (Machiavellis Smtliche Werke, 1.
Band), Karlsruhe 1832. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=PNtVAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP4&lpg=PP4&dq
=Vom+Staate+oder+Betrachtungen+%C3%BCber+die+ersten+zehn+B%C3%
BCcher&source=bl&ots=xK9Ej2YNPT&sig=rRJQ0DBZsBpPfutJDSSc-
CM4FGc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=iqyrUtP4DoHOrQf-
8oDgCw&ved=0CEEQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Vom%20Staate%20oder%20
Betrachtungen%20%C3%BCber%20die%20ersten%20zehn%20B%C3%BCch
er&f=false
Excerpted in August 1843, 3 SS. 20; in: B 18, S.39-41; cf. MEGA I/2, S. 136.
Machiavelli, N.: Tutte le opere. Cittadino e segretario Florentino..., T.1-2,
Londra 1767. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=OEdDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
180
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=ZvlCAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
containing numerous underlines and marginal comments in Marxs hand.
Mohl, R. von: Die Geschichte und Literatur der Staatswissenschaften, 3Bde,
Erlangen 1855-58. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Xi01AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
http://books.google.at/books?id=2mMBAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=49IFAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
In biblio: 1876-77; in: B 139, S. 28.
Montesquieu, [Ch.-L. de Secondat]: De lesprit des lois, 4 T. Amsterdam et
Leipzig 1763. Conditionally available at:
Excerpted in July-August 1843 and 1860, 16 SS. 80; in: B 16, S. 51-66 and B 91
A, S. 180; cf. MEGA I/2, S. 121-122; MEW, Bd. 1, S.340; Bd. 17, S.568; Bd.
26.1, S. 274f; Bd. 29,S.573.
181
Montesquieu, [Ch.-L. de Secondat]: Oeuvres..., T. 1-7, Londres 1769.
Various editions are conditionally available at:
http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?author=Montesquieu
&amode=words
containing numerous underlines in Marxs hand in Volumes 1-3.
Mller, A.H. von: Die Elemente der Staatskunst in Vorlesungen, 3 Theile,
Berlin 1809. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=2iVJAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=3CVJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP9&lpg=PP9&dq
=Die+Elemente+der+Staatskunst+in+Vorlesungen&source=bl&ots=daWmupg
wHy&sig=C55WyhR9snzBOVrctuqZHkwVJ6w&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FdurUt3hF
8iMrQfMjoDYCw&ved=0CFwQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=Die%20Element
e%20der%20Staatskunst%20in%20Vorlesungen&f=false
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=3iVJAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
Excerpted in 1857-1858, 2 SS. 80; in: B 89, S. 1-3 [Marxs pagination]; cf.
MEW, Bd. 13, S. 56; Bd. 23, S. 139; Bd. 24, S. 186; Bd. 25, S. 369 and 410f;
Bd. 29, S. 6; Grundrisse, S. 694f.
182
Schn, [J.]: Die Staatswissenschaft, [2. Aufl.] Breslau 1840. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=I_ATAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
Marx had a copy of it; listed in Daniels inventory; cf. Kaiser/Werchan, S. 227.
Stein, L. von: System der Staatswissenschaft, Bd. 1: System der Statistik; der
populationistik und der Volkswirthschaftslehre, Stuttgart und Tbingen 1852.
Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=K5BCAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
Excerpted in the summer of 1858, 3 SS. 80; in: B 62, S. 3-6; cf. MEW, Bd.
13, S. 16, 22; Bd. 32, S. 9. For Marxs assessment of Steins Socialism and
Communism in France today see especially MEW, Bd. 3, S. 480ff.
[End of Harstick 1977: 233-263.]
Women
Alexander, W.: The History of Women, 2 Volumes, London 1782. Available
at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=1XYEAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
183
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=HX4EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA481&lpg=PA4
81&dq=William+Alexander+The+History+of+Women++volume+2&source=bl
&ots=HT05359jbh&sig=c2nKuZgmY1DbJA9VszVHZsMWP48&hl=en&sa=X
&ei=95GyUsKCGOu8iAeXhoDwBA&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q
&f=false
Excerpted in August 1852; in: B 61, S. 50-51.
Jung, G.: Geschichte der Frauen, Frankfurt/M. 1850. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books/about/Geschichte_der_Frauen.html?id=6uJAA
AAAcAAJ&redir_esc=y
Excerpted in August 1852; in: B 61, S. 16.
Thomas, A-L.: Essai sur le caractre, les moeurs et l'esprit des femmes, Paris
1773. A 1772 edition of it is available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Gxg6AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
Excerpted in August 1852; in: B 61, S. 49-50.
Vocational Training
Bellers, J.: Proposals for raising a College of Industry, London 1696. Available
at:
184
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=73YtAQAAMAAJ&source=gbs_similarbo
oks
Excerpted at some time during the years 1859-1860; in: B 93, S. 56-63.
Health services
Bellers, J.: An Essay Towards the Improvement of Physick, London 1714.
Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books/about/An_Essay_Towards_the_Improvement_o
f_Phys.html?id=XvRbAAAAQAAJ&redir_esc=y
Political Corruption
Meyer, R.: Politische Grnder und die Corruption in Deutschland, Leipzig
1877. Available at:
http://books.google.de/books?id=rzhBAAAAIAAJ&dq=inauthor:%22Rudolf+
Hermann+Meyer%22&hl=de&source=gbs_navlinks_s
Excerpted in early June 1879; in: B 155, S. 2-40.
185
B. History of Rest of the Nature1
I. Soil Chemistry, Agriculture and, Geology1
Engelhardt: , . .: ,
, 1872, .2-3.
Excerpted sometime in 1875; in: B 123, S. 44-47.
Engelhardt: , . .: ,
, 1872, .2 4.
Excerpted sometime in 1875; in: B 123, S. 47-60.
Evelyn, J.: A Philosophical Discourse of Earth, London 1676. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=g9g6AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
Excerpted sometime in 1865-1866; in: B 106, S. 246-245 [Marxs pagination].
Fraas, K.: Geschichte der Landwirtschaft: Oder geschichtliche Uebersicht der
fortschritte landwirthschaftliche Erkenntnisse in dem letzen 100 Jahre, Praha
1852.
Fraas, K.: Die Natur der Landwirthschaft: Beitrag zu einer Theorie derselben, 2
Bde, Mnchen 1857. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=oUo7AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
186
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=vEo7AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
Excerpted at some time during the years 1867-1868; in: B 107, S. 88-132 and,
B 111, S. 3-9, 18-35, 48-59, 89-103.
Fraas, K.: Klima und Pflanzenwelt in der Zeit: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte
beider, Landshut 1847. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=tMcGAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
Glich, G. von: Geschichtliche Darstellung des Handels, der Gewerbe und des
Ackerbaus, Bd. 1-5, Jena 1830-1845. Available at;
http://www.digitalis.uni-koeln.de/Guelich/guelich_index.html
Excerpted in 1847; in: B 40, S. 2-114, 117-201.
Hamm, W.: Die landwirthschaftlichen Gerte und Maschinen Englands, 2nd
ed. Braunschweig 1858. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=tz47AAAAcAAJ&pg=PR3&redir_esc=y#v
=onepage&q&f=false
Excerpted at some time during the years 1865-1866; in: B 106, S. 281-264
[Marxs pagination].
Hlubeck, F. X. von: Die Landwirtschaftslehre, 3 Bde, Wien 1851-1853.
187
Excerpted in 1868; in: B 111, S. 104-115, 141-143; and, at some time between
1868 and 1878; in: B 112, S. 22-47.
Jacob, W.: An historical inquiry into the production and consumption of the
precious metals, 2 Volumes, London 1831. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=LEwqAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=sEsqAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
Excerpted in1850; in: B 44, S. 5-22; in: B 45, S. 32-34, 35-36; and in 1851; in:
B 47, S. 16-19.
Johnston, J.F.W.: Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry and Geology, 2nd ed.
Edinburgh 1847. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=wK4EAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
Excerpted in 1851; in: B 59, S. 34-55.
Johnston, J.F.W.: Catechism of Agricultural Chemistry and Geology,
Edinburgh and London 1849. An 1850 edition of it is available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=ROMMAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover
Excerpted in July-August 1851; in: B 50, S. 20-27.
188
Johnston, J.F.W.: Notes on North America: Agricultural, Economical, and
Social, in 2 Volumes, Edinburgh and London 1851. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=IQ1FAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=J7MTAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
dq=editions:2Yh8Lkje2oAC&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XFOuUsjqFsKCrgeb5oCADA
&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q&f=false
Excerpted during the years 1865-1866; in: B 106, S. 263-246 [Marxs
pagination].
Johnston, J.F.W.: Elements of Agricultural Chemistry and Geology, Edinburgh
1856. An 1842 edition of it is available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=PI9UUWWm7rgC&printsec=frontcover&d
q=inauthor:%22James+Finlay+Weir+Johnston%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hlCuUuj
aDcGNrQf46YGoCw&ved=0CFIQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q&f=false
Excerpted ca. May 1878; in: B 143, S. 13-19 [S. 18 contains a sketch by Marx].
Jukes, J.B.: The Students Manual of Geology, Edinburgh 1872. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=8thGAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
Excerpted towards May 1878; in: B 144, S. 9-10, 17-18 [?]; and, towards June
1878; in: B 145, S. 3-110, 133-356.
189
Koppe, J.G.: Unterricht im Ackerbau und in der Viehzucht, 3 Bde, Berlin 1872.
An 1836 edition of these 3 volumes are available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=V2hIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3&d
q=Unterricht+im+Ackerbau+und&source=bl&ots=2jMWvJqhGH&sig=jFWA
m9wbswPGRMLXfEF5OI9K-
RQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=upquUujEGYXArAfAnYGgDA&ved=0CGIQ6AEwBjg
U#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=smhIAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&d
q=editions:ISBN1279364521#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=62hIAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
Excerpted around May 1878; in: B 144, S. 3-8.
London, J.C.: An Encyclopedia of Agriculture..., London 1831. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/encyclopdiaofa02loud
Excerpted in 1851; in: B 59, S. 7.
Morton, J.: On the Nature and Property of Soils..., London 1838. An 1840
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=kH1CAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA358&lpg=PA35
8&dq=john+morton+on+the+nature+and+property+of+soils+1838&source=bl
&ots=_i1T1rZnZO&sig=DLiVgBH32bRn8b-
190
wmqhYYVeLGQE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CW6uUt_nMtHjrAee9oCgDA&ved=0C
EkQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q&f=false
Excerpted ca. May 1851; in: B 55, S. 7-11.
Schleiden, M.J. und E. E. Schmidt: Encyclopdie der gesammten theoretischen
Naturwissenschaften in ihrer Anwendung auf der Landwirtschaft, 3 Bde,
Braunschweig 1850.
Excerpted since March 1876; in: B 130, S. 3-29, 38-54, 61-82; and, in May
1878; in: B 144, S. 3-8.
Schdler, Fr.: Das Buch der Natur: die Lehren der Physik, Astronomie,
Chemie, Mineralogie, Geologie, Botanik, Zoologie und Physiologie umfassend,
6th edition, Braunschweig 1852. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=7lINAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
Excerpted ca. May 1878; in: B 143, S. 2-12, 19-24; and, in: B 144, S. 11-16 [an
overview of the animal world].
Wagner, R.: Die Metalle und ihre Verarbeitung..., Leipzig 1866. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=SR0NAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
dq=inauthor:%22Johannes+Rudolf+Wagner%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=iPyvUoTO
IoqriAeG1oCgCQ&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q&f=false
191
Yeats, J.: The natural history of the raw materials of commerce..., London
1872. A New York edition of 1878 is available at;
https://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryr00yeatgoog
Excerpted at some time between 20 April 1876 and 1878; in: B 138, S. 56-95.
II. Physiology, Chemistry, Agriculture1
Burdach, K.F.: Die Physiologie als Erfahrungswissenschaft, 6 Bde, Leipzig
1826-1840.
In biblio: cf. MEGA IV/3, S.12.26.
Carpenter, W. B.: Principles of General and Comparative Physiology...,
https://archive.org/details/principlesofgene00carp
See Marxs letter to Engels dated 4 July 1864.
Hermann, L.: Grundriss der Physiologie des Menschen, Berlin 1874. An 1877
https://archive.org/details/grundrissderphys1867herm
Excerpted in March 1876; in: B 130, S. 59-60.
Klliker, A. von: Handbuch der Gewebelehre des Menschen..., Leipzig 1863.
Available at:
192
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=7AhbAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
Liebig, J. von: Die organische Chemie in ihrer Anwendung auf Agricultur und
Physiologie, 4th edition, Braunschweig 1842. An 1841 edition of it is available
at:
https://archive.org/details/dieorganischeche00lieb
Excerpted in July 1851; in: B 49, S. 34-46; later on in: B 59, S. 1-7; and, also in
1865-1866; in; B 106, S. 63-105.
Liebig, J. von: Herr Dr. Emil Wolff in Hohenheim und die Agricultur-Chemie,
Braunschweig 1855. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=B2s7AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
Excerpted in 1865-1866; in: B 106, S. 60-62.
Lord, P. B.: Popular Physiology, London 1855. An 1839 edition of it is
available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=qnUEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA14&lpg=PA14
&dq=Popular+Physiology&source=bl&ots=gKhC5t91vo&sig=phspu90zG2M7
2xwTcQf3AvnxZyU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6PGvUgXI7awH1o6AoAs&ved=0CF
0Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q&f=false
193
Ranke, J.: Grundzge der Physiologie des Menschen mit Rcksicht auf die
Gesundheitspflege, Leipzig 1875. Available at:
http://books.google.de/books?id=7kcAAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=
Excerpted during March-May 1876; in: B 130, S. 55-59, 64-82; in: B 131, S. 3-
82; and, in: B 132, S. 3-36.
Schwann, Th.: Microscopical Researches into the Accordance in the Structure
and Growth of Animals and Plants, London 1847. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=m9kHAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
Spurzheim, G.: The Anatomy of the Brain with a General View of the Nervous
System, London 1826. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=ZLt_zM3CR7QC&pg=RA1-
PA28&lpg=RA1-
PA28&dq=The+anatomy+of+brain:+With+a+general+view+of+the+nervous+s
ystem+1826&source=bl&ots=7JKuPYG3HK&sig=VdwVjqfRotVdtopFwv9zg
194
CPBOVU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=lvOvUqf3NcGQrQeskoDoDA&ved=0CDIQ6AE
wAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
III. Inorganic and Organic Chemistry1
Hermann, L.: Grundriss der Physiologie des Menschen, Berlin 1874 [indicated
above].
Jukes, J.B.: The Students Manual of Geology, Edinburgh 1872 [indicated
above].
Khne, W.: Lehrbuch der Physiologischen Chemie, Leipzig 1868. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=q8U9AAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
Meyer, L.: Die modernen Theorien der Chemie und ihre Bedeutung fr die
chemische static, Breslau 1872. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=9BRDAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
Roscoe, H. E.: Kurzes Lehrbuch der Chemie, Braunschweig 1873. Information
available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books/about/Kurzes_Lehrbuch_der_Chemie.html?id=
D2IumgEACAAJ&redir_esc=y
195
Roscoe, H. E. and C. Schorlemmer: Ausfhrliches Lehrbuch der Chemie.
Erster Band. Nichtmetalle, Braunschweig 1877. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=0gw5AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
Zweiter Band. Die Metalle und Spectralanalyse, Braunschweig 1879. Available
at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Aw85AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
IV. Industrial Technology, Physics
Babbage, C.: On the Economy of Machines, 1832.
Excerpted at some time between 28 February 1858 and1862; in: B 91A, S.182-
183.
Babbage, C.: Trait sur l'conomie des machines et des manufactures, Paris
1833. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=DP0JAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
Beckmann, J.: Beitrge zur Geschichte der Erfindungen, Leipzig 1780-1805.
Excerpted in October 1851; in: B 51, S. 44.
196
Fick, A.: Die Naturkrfte in ihrer Wechselbeziehung, Wrzburg 1869.
Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=B040AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
Hospitalier, E.: La physique moderne: Les principales applications de
l'lectricit, Paris 1881. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=HEUOAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
Excerpted at some time between December 1880 and March 1881; in: B 162, S.
200-203.
Leibniz, G. W.: Hypothesis physica nova, Londinum 1671. Information
available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books/about/Hypothesis_physica_nova.html?id=rVBk
NQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y
Excerpted towards the end of 1878; in: B 149, S. 2-3.
Leibniz, G. W.: Correspondences with Clarke, from Leibniti: Opera
philosophica..., Edita...J. E. Erdmann, Berolini 1840.
Excerpted towards the end of 1878; in: B 149, S. 3-4.
197
Mach, E.: Die Geschichte und die Wurzel des Satzes von der Erhaltung der
Arbeit, Prag 1872. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=2gBZAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
In biblio: within Marxs excerpts of 1875, Russian State Archives, F.1, op.1, d
3601; and at the IISG, B 139; ex libris Marx; containing many markings; cf.
MEGA IV/31, Einfhrung, S.645, Funote 66.
Poppe, J. H. M.: Geschichte der Technologie seit der Wiederherstellung der
Wissenschaftler bis an das Ende des achtzenten Jahrhunderts, 3 Bde, Gttingen
1807-1811. Available at:
http://books.google.de/books?id=krFRAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=H7JRAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=5NVBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP6&source=gbs_
selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false
Excerpted ca. October 1851; in: B 51, S. 11-37.
Poppe, J. H. M.: Die Mechanik des XVIII Jahrhunderts und der ersten Jahre des
neunzehnten..., Pyrmont 1807. Available at:
198
http://books.google.co.in/books/about/Die_Mechanik_des_achtzehnten_Jahrhun
dert.html?id=W5c5AAAAcAAJ&redir_esc=y
See Marxs letter to Engels dated 28 January 1863.
Poppe, J. H. M.: Lehrbuch der allgemeinen Technologie..., Frankfurt/M 1809.
http://books.google.co.in/books/about/Lehrbuch_der_allgemeinen_Technologie
.html?id=aKJrPgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y
Poppe, J. H. M.: Die Physik vorzglich in Anwendung auf Knste,
Manufakturen..., Tbingen 1830. Information available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books/about/Die_Physik_vorz%C3%BCglich_in_An
wendung_auf.html?id=qPmVnQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y
Tyndall, J.: Heat: A Mode of Motion, 4th edition, London 1870. A New York
1870 edition of it bearing the title Heat considered as a Mode of Motion is
available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=HZEAAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover
Ex libris Marx; cf. MEGA IV/31, Einfhrung, S. 645.
Ure, A.: Philosophie des manufactures..., Bruxelles 1836.
199
Ure, A.: Technisches Wrterbuch oder Handbuch der Gewerbekunde, 3 Bde,
Prag 1843-1844.
Witzschel, B.: Die Physik falich dargestellt nach ihrem neuesten Standpunkte,
2nd edition, Leipzig 1858. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=paMLAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
dq=inauthor:%22Benjamin+Witzschel%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KO6wUpu_KOf
JiAeo6YDwAQ&ved=0CDgQ6wEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
See: MEGA IV/31, Inhalt und Einfhrung.
[See:
Marx, K. Die technologisch-historischen Exzerpte: Historisch-kritische
Ausgabe, Frankfurt/M. 1981.
Marx, K. Exzerpte ber Arbetsteilung. Maschinerie und Industrie, Frankfurt/M.
1982.
Marx, K.Produkivkraefte und Produktionsverhltnisse, Entstehung, Funktion
und Wandel eines Theorems der materialistischen Geschichtsauffassung.
Frankfurt/M. 1983.]
C. History of Thought
200
I. Language1, Grammar, Lexicons, Aesthetics
Auszge aus der russischen Grammatik.
Excerpted in 1865-1866; in: B 116, S. 1-50 [the last 5 pages are smaller in size].
Auszge zum Thema Aesthetik aus verschiedenen Lexika:
Meyer, J.: Conversationslexikon, Leipzig 1840.
Pierer, H. O.: Universallexikon der Gegenwart und Vergangenheit, Altenburg
1838-1842.
Wigand, O.: Conversationslexicon der neuesten Literatur-, Vlker und
Staatengeschichte, Leipzig 1838-1842.
In biblio: July 1857; in: B 83 A, S. 1-2.
Ducange, C.D.: Glossarium Mediae et Infimae Latinitatis, Paris 1842.
Eichhoff, F. G.: Histoire de la langue et de la littrature de Slaves..., Paris et
Genve 1839. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=0jgTAQAAMAAJ&pg=PR5&lpg=PR5&dq
=Histoire+de+la+langue+et+de+la+litterature+de+Slaves&source=bl&ots=mX
NbFjyyAc&sig=-yVBHcQCorkuO9-9K_3UBrrS-
HQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZGSxUvnTKaGAiQfxv4CYCA&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBQ
#v=onepage&q&f=false
201
Excerpted in February 1856; in: B 77, S. 35-38, 55-57.
English Idiomatic Forms [Notes and Titles of Books].
In biblio: noted in 1853-1854; in: B 69, S. 2.
Forcellini, E. et al: Totius latinitatis lexicon, 4 Volumes, Patavii 1771.
Grimm, J.: Geschichte der deutschen Sprache, 1853.
Excerpted in May 1856; in: B 79, S. 2-54.
Italienische Grammatik.
Mller, E.: Geschichte der Theorie der Kunst bei den Alten, Breslau 1834-
1837.
Excerpted in July 1857; in: B 83 A, S. 12-14.
Vischer, F. Th.: Aesthetik oder Wissenschaft des Schnen, Reutlingen-Stuttgart
1846-1853.
Excerpted in July 1857; in: B 83 A, S. 2-12.
II. Mathematics1
Alembert, J.-B. le R. d: Trait de l'quilibre et du mouvement des fluides,
Paris 1754.
202
Boethius, A. M. S.: Anicii Manlii Torquati Severini Boetii De institutione
arithmetica libri duo..., Hrsg. G. Friedlein, Leipzig 1867.
Boucharlat, J.-L.: lments de calcul diffrentiel et de calcul intgral, 5-m ed.
Paris 1838. Eng. Tr. of the 3rd French ed.: An elementary treatise on the
differential and integral calculus, Cambridge-London 1828.
Des-Cartes, R.: Opuscula posthuma, physica et mathematica, Amstelodami
1701. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=JVU_AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
Excerpted after 6 December 1878; in: B 148, S. 75; and, again towards the end
of 1878; in: B 149, S. 1-2 (continued from B 148?).
Develey, I.-E.-L.: Algbre d'mile, 2 T. Genve 1805.
Euler, L.: lmns d'algbre, Lyon 1795.
Euler, L.: Institutiones calculi differentialis cum ejus usu in analysi finitorum
ac doctrina serierum, Petropolitan 1755.
Euler, L.: Introductio in analysin infinitorum, Lausann 1748.
Feller, F.E. und C. G. Odermann: Das Ganze der kaufmnnischen Arithmetik,
7 Aufl. Leipzig 1859.
Foster, J. L.: An essay on the principle of commercial exchanges, London
1804.
203
Goodwin, H.: An elementary course of mathematics, 4th edition, Cambridge
1853.
Goschen, G. L.: The theory of foreign exchanges, 8th edition, London 1875.
Hall, Th. G.: A treatise on plane trigonometry, London 1833.
Hall, Th. G.: The elements of algebra, 3rd edition, Cambridge 1850.
Hall, Th. G.: A treatise on the differential and integral calculus, and the
calculus of variations, 5th edition, London 1852.
Halley, E.: Methodus nova, accurata et facilis inveniendi radices quetionum
quarumcumque generaliter, sine prvia reduction, Philosophical Transactions
of the Royal Society of London, London 1694.
Hemming, G. W.: An elementary treatise on the differential and integral
calculus, 2nd edition, Cambridge 1852.
Hind, J.: The principles of the differential calculus, with its applications to
curves and curved surfaces, 2nd edition, Cambridge 1831.
Hind, J.: The elements of plane and spherical trigonometry, 3rd edition,
Cambridge 1837.
Hind, J.: The elements of algebra, 4th edition, Cambridge 1839.
Hymers, J.: A treatise on conic sections and the application of algebra to
geometry, 3rd edition, Cambridge 1845.
204
Lacroix, S. F.: Trait lmentaire de calcul diffrentiel et de calcul intgral, 2-e
ed. Paris 1806. Eng. Tr.: An elementary treatise on the differential and integral
calculus, Cambridge 1816.
Lacroix, S. F.: Traite du calcul differentiel et du calcul integral, 3 T. 2-e ed.
Paris 1810-1819.
Lacroix, S. F.: lmns d'algbre, 11-m ed. Paris 1815.
Lacroix, S. F.: Complment des lements d'algbre, 4me ed. Paris 1817. 7-m
ed. Paris 1863.
Lagrange, J. L.: "Nouvelle mthode pour rsoudre les quations littrales par le
moyen des sries," Mmoires de l'Acadmie Royale des Sciences et Belles-
Lettres de Berlin, t. XXIV, 1770.
Lagrange, J. L.: Thorie des fonctions analytiques, Paris 1813.
Landen, J.: The Residual Analysis, London 1758.
Maclaurin, C.: A treatise of algebra in three parts, 1st ed. London 1748; 6th ed.
London 1796.
Maclaurin, C.: Geometria Organica: sive Descriptio Linearum Curvarum
Universalis, Londini 1720.
Moigno, F.: Leons calcul diffrentiel et de calcul intgral, rdiges d'aprs les
mthodes et les ouvrages publis ou indits de M. A.-L. Cauchy par M. l'Abb
Moigno, t. 2, Paris 1840 et 1844.
205
Newton, I.: De Analysi per quationes numero terminorum infinitas, [Londini
1669].
Newton, I.: Phlsophi Naturalis Principia Mathematica, Londini 1687.
Newton, I.: Arithmetica universalis, sive de compositione et resolutione
arithmetica, Cambridge 1707.
Newton, I.: Analysis per quantitatum series, fluxiones, ac differentias: cum
Enumeratione Linearum Tertii Ordinis, Londini 1711.
Poppe, J. H. M.: Geschichte der Mathematik seit der ltesten bis auf die neueste
Zeit, Tbingen 1828. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=4a9EAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&so
Potts, R.: Elementary algebra: with brief notices of its history, London 1880.
Sauri: Cours complet de mathmatiques, par M. l'Abb Sauri, t.5, Paris 1778.
Taylor, B.: Methodus Incrementorum Directa & Inversa, Londini 1717.
III. Religions
Die Staatskirche Russlands im Jahre 1839..., 1844. Information available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books/about/Die_Staatskirche_Russlands_im_Jahre_1
839.html?id=89nRQwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y
206
Krasinski, V.: Sketch of the Religious History of the Slavonic Nations, 1851.
Excerpted in 1853; in: B 67, S. 14, 18-19.
Meiners, C.: Allgemeine Kritische Geschichte der Religionen, 1806-1807.
Neale, J. M.: Introduction to the History of the Holy Eastern Church, Appendix,
1851.
The Greek and Eastern Churches..., 1852.
IV. Philosophy
Aristoteles: De Anima, ca. 350 BCE. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/aristotledeanima005947mbp
Excerpted during November-December 1840; in: B 1, S. 2-14; and, in: B 2, S.
1-7, 8-12.
Aristoteles: De Republica, Liber VIII.
Aristoteles: Ethica nichomachea.
Excerpted in 1850; in: B 46, S. 2.
207
Bauer, B.: Ex libris Marx, 15 titles.
Caspari, O.: Leibniz Philosophie, Beleuchtet vom Gesichtspunkt der
physikalischen Lehre von Kraft und Stoff..., Leipzig 1870. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=TkkJAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
Excerpted after 6 December 1878; in: B 148, S. 72-71, 69-66.
Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature.
Excerpts of 1839-1841 in: A 2-3; cf. doctoral dissertation submitted in1841, at
the University of Jena.
Franz, C.: Die Philosophie der Mathematik: Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Logik
und Naturphilosophie, Leipzig 1842.
In biblio: MEGA IV/3, S. 7, Line 29.
Hegel, G. W. F.: Werke; ex libris Marx.
Hume, D.: ber die menschliche Natur, Erster Band, Halle 1790. Available at:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=mb0AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP7&redir_esc=y#
v=onepage&q&f=false
Excerpted ca. 1841; in: B 3, S. 2-17.
Leibniti: Opera philosophica..., Edita...J. E. Erdmann, Berolini 1840. Available
at:
208
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=SWOSd6gCCPYC&printsec=frontcover&s
Excerpted after 6 December 1878; in: B 148, S. 70 und 66.
Leibniz: Diverse Werke (Philosophie des Leibniz).
Rosencranz, K.: Geschichte der Kant'schen Philosophie, Leipzig 1840.
Available at:
http://hegel.net/rosenkranz/Rosenkranz1840-
Geschichte_der_Kantschen_Philosophie.pdf
Excerpted in 1841; in: B 8, S. 2-16 [2-11 in Marxs hand].
Spinoza: Tractatus Theologico-Politicus, Hamburgi 1670. Available at:
http://spinozaetnous.org/wiki/Tractatus_theologico-politicus
Spinoza: Epistolae. Available at:
http://users.telenet.be/rwmeijer/spinoza/epistol.htm
Excerpted in 1841; in: B 6, S. 2-17; and, in: B 7, S. 2-7.
V. Critique of Political Economy
See: MEGA II:
209
Plus the related materials in MEGA I, III and IV.
[End of the Bibliography.]
Notes Related to the:
Introduction
1. See:
http://www.scribd.com/doc/58605313/Karl-Marx-Notes-and-Excerpts-on-the-
History-of-Land-Relations-in-India-in-Bengali
2. See:
http://www.aalsa.org/elst/Dyaniyals-Marx%20Letter.pdf
http://www.academia.edu/4940527/Karl_Marxs_Study_of_Science_and_Techn
ology_1996
http://www.academia.edu/2955157/A_Review_of_a_Book_on_Marxs_Study_o
f_Philosophy_and_the_Natural_Sciences
http://www.academia.edu/2765852/Draft_of_a_book_proposal_titled_Karl_Ma
rx_and_the_Natural_Sciences
http://www.academia.edu/2765866/A_Detailed_Plan_for_a_series_of_books_o
n_Marx_and_the_Natural_Sciences
210
http://www.academia.edu/1463569/MEGA_IV_31_Natural_Science_Notes_of_
Marx_and_Engels_1877_1883
http://www.academia.edu/3100838/A_Review_of_MEGA_IV_3
3. For an English translation of the 1968 edition of these manuscripts and some
related materials see:
http://www.academia.edu/2765816/Karl_Marx.1994._Mathematical_Manuscrip
ts_together_with_a_Special_Supplement_Marx_and_Mathematics
4. See: Henning, Christoph (2006). Narrativ der Globalisierung: Zur
Marxrenaissance in Globalismus und Globalisierungskritik, Trier:
Studienzentrum Karl-Marx-Haus der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Available at:
http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/kmh/03524.pdf
+__ (2010). Karl Marx und der normative Katalog der Aufklrung; presented at
the Kolloquium des Instituts fr Soziologie, Universitt Jena (5-7-2010).
5. See: Leibniz, Texts, Collected Works and, The Academy Edition:
http://www.helsinki.fi/~mroinila/texts.htm
http://www.leibniz-translations.com/index.html
http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?author=leibniz&amode=wo
rds
http://philosophyfaculty.ucsd.edu/faculty/ctolley/texts/leibniz.html
211
Leibniz Edition Berlin:
http://www.2iceshs.cyfronet.pl/2ICESHS_Proceedings/Chapter_13/R-
5_Knobloch_Hecht.pdf
http://www.bbaw.de/forschung/leibniz_berlin/projektdarstellung
http://leibniz-berlin.bbaw.de/leibniz-online
+ Leibniz Edition Potsdam:
http://www.bbaw.de/forschung/leibniz_potsdam
http://www.bbaw.de/bbaw/Forschung/Forschungsprojekte/leibniz_potsdam/en/
Startseite
6. See: Aristotle, Works:
http://classics.mit.edu/Browse/browse-Aristotle.html
http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/
http://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22Aristotle%22
http://guides.lib.cua.edu/content.php?pid=171159&sid=1441324
Investigations on Marxs studies in the field of history
1. H. Oncken, Friedrich Engels und die Anfnge des deutschen Kommunismus,
in: HZ, Bd.123 (1921), S.252.
2. G. Katsch, A. Loesdau, H. Schleier, Forschungen zur Geschichte der
Geschists-schreibung,-theorie und -methodologie, in: Historische Forschungen
212
in der DDR 1960-1970 (Analysen und Berichte. Zum XIII. Internationalen
Historikerkongre in Moskau 1970), ZfG, 18. Jg. (1970), Sonderband, S. 35.
3. It will appear in an extended version as the Volume 2 of my
Untersuchungen zur Genesis des Marx-Engelsschen
Geschichtsverstndnisses; see:
Current Research in the Netherlands, Humanities 1971. Published by the
Netherlands Organization for Advancement of Pure Research (Z. W. O.), The
Hague, 1973:
http://search.socialhistory.org/Record/427774
pp. 85 and 126; and, also:
Annual Report of the International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam,
1973:
http://socialhistory.org/sites/default/files/docs/annualreport1972.pdf
pp. 22 and 27. [No information is available till date on the World Wide Web on
this promised extended version. P. B.]
4. The completed manuscript was in preparation for a long time. Parts of it were
published in 1974. It covers the following historical sub-disciplines and
problems:
I. General and Political History (Subsections: General History of Europe and
World History, History of Individual Countries of Europe, Non-European
213
History); II. Social History; III. Economic History; IV. Legal and Constitutional
History; V. Cultural History and Ethnology; VI. History of Religions and
Churches; VII. History of Languages and Literatures; VIII. History of Art; IX.
History of Science and Technology; X. History of Wars and Military History;
XI. Miscellaneous.
See also: the photo offset copy of my dissertation titled Vergleichende Studien
zur Geschichte des Grundeigentums im Nachla von Karl Marx..., Anhang I,
S. 1-122, published in 1974, at the Central Office for Photocopies, University of
Mnster, Westphalia:
http://www.worldcat.org/title/vergleichende-studien-zur-geschichte-des-
grundeigentums-im-nachlass-von-karl-marx-exzerpte-aus-mm-kovalesvskij-
obscinnoe-zemlevladenie-1879/oclc/643684096?ht=edition&referer=di
Not available online due to copyright restrictions:
http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015028156464
[4a]. [Hans-Peter Harstick has indicated in footnote 26 on that page that Marxs
excerpts, bibliographic notes, letters and, the books in his personal collection
need to be considered together as source materials. Till date the catalog of the
amalgamated personal libraries of Marx and Engels could be only partially
reconstructed as MEGA IV/32. P. B.]
214
[4b]. [A part of the titles indicated in Harstick 1977: 215-230 have either been
indicated under A. History of Human Society above and/or, are available at:
http://www.scribd.com/doc/58605313/Karl-Marx-Notes-and-Excerpts-on-the-
History-of-Land-Relations-in-India-in-Bengali
P. B.]
5. See my contribution to the Festschrift for Manfred Hellmann on the occasion
of his 60th Birthday, kept as a manuscript in Mnster / Westphalia. 1972;
reprinted separately as Zum Schicksal der Marxschen Privatbibiothek,
International Review of Social History, Vol. 18 (1973), No. 2: 202-222:
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=AD42ADDD6
EFA77D06B01C6AB6A37DF48.journals?fromPage=online&aid=2883336
and, the works of Kaiser / Werchan, Ginzburg and Nikolaevsky cited there. I
would like to add that in the meantime a typed inventory of the Books
containing marginal notes by K. Marx (in the Archives of the German Party)
became available to me from the papers of Boris Ivanovich Nikolaevsky (1887-
1966) [now available at: http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf7290056t/ ],
through the mediation of Bert Andras (Geneva). I have repeatedly quoted from
it. I could obtain an important material for the reconstruction of Marxs Russian
Library, Marxs notebook entry titled Russian books in my bookstall (the
original text was in IML/M, ZPA, F.1, op. 1, No. 4099), only after my archival
215
trip to Moscow in late 1973. The texts in this list of 115 items in total were
perhaps evaluated between July and September 1881. These were in the
Institute of Moscow. B. M. Rudiyak has published the list in the Voprosy istorii
KPSS, 1975, No. 9: 95-113.
[The publications indicated in this note have been superseded by
Vorauspublikation zu MEGA IV/32, 1999; Berlin: De Gruyter. P. B.]
A Bibliography
A. History of Human Society
I. General and Political History
1. Additional information available in: MEW, Bd. 3, S. 41, 181f., 318f.; Bd. 8,
S.270, 308490; Bd. 11, S. 305ff., 384; Bd. 23, S. 662f., 770, 787, 798; Bd. 26.2,
S. 117; Bd. 27, S. 224; Bd. 29, S. 21, 281; Bd. 30, S. 131, 578; Bd. 31, S. 27;
Bd. 32, S. 18; Bd. 35, S. 418.
2. Also see: MEW, Bd.12, S. 226f.; Bd. 13, S. 514 ff.; Bd. 29, S. 273, 429; bd.
32, S. 96, 304.
3. Additional information available in: MEW, Bd. 12, S. 151, 549f.; Bd. 13, S.
97, 511, 521f., 540f.; Bd. 23, S. 141; Bd. 25, S. 346.
216
4. Additional information available in: MEW, Bd.9, S.128, 148ff., 184ff., 217f.,
223f.; Bd. 13, S.108; Bd. 23, S. 360, 379,780; Bd. 24, S.142,239f.; Bd.26.3,
S.428f.;Bd.28, S.252ff.,267ff.;Bd.31, S.555.
5. See also MEW, Bd.29, S.192; Bd.30, S. 165.
6. Additional information available in: MEW, Bd.4, S.344; Bd.15, S.391;
Bd.23, S. 284, 608,704, 794ff.; Bd. 25, S.765; Bd. 27, S.359.
(See also the entries under: III. History of Culture and Ethnology.)
7. See also the entries under: III. History of Culture and Ethnology.
8. Additional information available in: MEW, Bd. 13,S.130; Bd.14, S.231;
Bd.15, S.472ff.; Bd.23, S. 145; Bd. 28, S. 411,413,416,420; Bd. 29, S.280; Bd.
30, S. 222.
II. Legal and Constitutional History
1. Additional information available in: MEW, Bd. 19, S. 378, 380; Bd. 27, S.
401; Supplementary-Bd. 1, S. 4f, 9.
2.Additional information available in: MEW, Bd. 1, S. 78ff, 111; Bd. 12, S.
288, 604ff, 613ff, 619; Bd. 13, S. 536f; Bd. 23, S. 86, 745; Bd. 25, S. 799; Bd.
217
30, S. 378; Bd. 32, S. 42f, 44, 51f; Bd. 33, S. 183, 206; Bd. 34, S. 28;
Supplementary-Bd. 1, S. 9, 527.
3. Additional information available in: MEW, Bd. 8, S. 505; Bd. 11, S. 384; Bd.
12, S. 288; Bd. 23, S. 745, 762ff; Bd. 24, S. 173, 177f; Bd. 25, S. 633f; Bd.
26.3, S. 526; Bd. 32, S. 44, 436,507f.
4. See MEGA I/2, S, 105, 118f, 121 and 125ff: the excerpts from Bailleul,
Chateaubriand, Lancizolle, Heinrich, Schmidt and Wachsmuth made during
Marxs stay in Bad Kreuznach in July-August 1843, referring to the general
political history of France, are almost exclusively devoted to the questions of
history constitutions. See also: MEW, Bd. 3, S.326; Bd. 7, S. 494ff; Bd. 8, S.
126f; Bd. 17, S. 568; Bd. 23, S.765.
5. See also: Marxs correspondence with , ,
, in: . , . , [1967]:
http://books.google.co.in/books/about/%D0%9A_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80
%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A4_%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0
%BB%D1%8C%D1%81_%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5.html?id=17gFYAAA
CAAJ&redir_esc=y ],
as well as MEW, Bd. 11, S. 200; Bd. 19, S. 107; Bd. 29, S. 360; Bd. 32, S. 197,
650; Bd. 33, S.577; Bd.34, S.359, 362, 409.
218
6. Additional information available in: MEW, Bd. 9, S.180ff, 202, 217ff; Bd.
12, S. 516; Bd. 13, S.21; Bd. 19, S.386; Bd.23, S. 379; Bd. 28, S.267ff; Bd. 32,
S. 42, 197,650.
7. See also MEW, Bd. 19, S. 386; Bd. 23, S.745; Bd.34, S.109.
III. History of Culture and Ethnology
1. Additional information available in: MEW, Bd. 1, S. 352, 373; Bd. 4, S. 513;
Bd. 14, S. 472; Bd. 19, S. 386; Bd. 23, S. 110; Bd. 24, S. 437; Bd. 30, S. 165;
Bd. 31, S. 28; Bd. 32, S. 487, 507; Bd. 34, S. 67; Bd. 35, S. 125f.
IV. Miscellaneous
1. Additional information available in:
MEW,Bd.1,S.112,339;Bd.5,S.401;
Bd.13,S.15f,22,36,56,96f,178;Bd.16,S.31;Bd.17,S.565,568;
Bd.23,S.100,139,167,247,304,353f,387f,411,451,644,766;
Bd.25,S.369,398,410f,799;Bd.30,S.195,307,356,607.
B. History of Rest of the Nature
219
1. This part of the bibliography has been reconstructed on the basis of some
earlier publications. These include:
1.1. , .. (1948), " .
( ),"
, 1(3): 72-92.
1.2. Baksi, P. (1996), Karl Marxs Study of Science and Technology, Nature,
Society, and Thought (Minneapolis), 9 (3): 261-296.
1.3. Jckel and Krger, 1997.
1.4. A review of MEGA IV/3 (1998), in: MEGA-Studien (Amsterdam), 2000/1:
129-132.
1.5. A review of MEGA IV/31(1999), in: Nature, Society, and Thought, 14 (4),
October 2001: 377-390.
1.6. A review of Marx for the 21st Century (2006), edited by Hiroshi Uchida,
in: World Review of Political Economy, 2 (2), Summer 2011: 307-327.
I. Soil Chemistry, Agriculture and, Geology
1. For an introduction to Marxs notes and excerpts from some of the titles
indicated here see:
II. Physiology, Chemistry, Agriculture
220
1. For an introduction to Marxs notes and excerpts from some of the titles
indicated here see:
III. Inorganic and Organic Chemistry
1. For an introduction to Marxs notes and excerpts from the titles indicated
here see:
C. History of Human Thought
I. Languages
1. Speech is concrete and, language is abstract. That is why the study of
languages comes under the study of human thought.
II. Mathematics
1. Marxs study of the mathematical literature indicated in this section has been
reflected in: . , , 1968 (Eng. Tr.
Calcutta/Kolkata 1994: http://cfcul.fc.ul.pt/varios/Karl_Marx_small.pdf ).
221
Appendix II. Reading Maximilien Rubel on Marx and Engels on Womens
Emancipation after about 20 years
The text that follows is Maximilien Rubels reconstruction of the course of
evolution of Marxs and Engelss ideas on womens emancipation. Rubel
drafted this survey shortly before his death in 1996. This is a grand
chronological narrative.
In the present transcription of his text from the source indicated below, I have
added some footnotes, mostly to indicate the location of some of the indicated
texts, to add some already known information not used by Rubel, some new
information that has come to light after his death and, some critical remarks on
some of the unjustifiable criticisms levelled by Rubel against Marx and Engels.
This narrative needs to be periodically updated till the completion of the
ongoing work of publication of the Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe (MEGA)1.
In this text Rubel has only cursorily referred to Marxs critique of political
economy. That is why I suggest that Rubels chronological narrative of 1997
may be read together with a cognate intervention by Paresh Chattopadhyay. It is
his review essay: Womens Labor under Capitalism and Marx, Bulletin of
1
<http://mega.bbaw.de/>;
222
Concerned Asian Scholars, Volume 31, Number 4, October-December 1999:
67-752.
The Source: Maximilien Rubel, The emancipation of women in the works of
Marx and Engels, in: Christine Faur (Ed.), 2003, Political and Historical
Encyclopedia of Women: 335-354; New York and London: Routledge. It is an
English translation of Christine Faur (dir.), Encyclopdie Politique et
Historique des Femmes, 1997; Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. The
volume was translated into English by a group of translators; the name of the
translator of Rubels text has not been specifically indicated.
The volume is dedicated to the memory of Maximilien Rubel.
The original article by Maximilien Rubel titled Lmancipation des femmes
dans luvre de Marx et dEngels has been reprinted in: Christine Faur (dir.),
Nouvelle encyclopdie politique et historique des femmes, Paris, Les Belles
Lettres, 2010.
2
This is a review of the relevant parts of Peter Custers, Capital Accumulation and Womens Labor in Asian
Economies, London and New York: Zed Books, 1997. The review essay is available at:
< http://criticalasianstudies.org/assets/files/bcas/v31n04.pdf>
223
The Author: Maximilien Rubel (1905-1996), was born on the 10th of October
1905 in Chernivtsi, Western Ukraine and died in Paris, France on the 28th of
February 1996. He studied law and philosophy in Chernivtsi and Vienna and,
was initially influenced by the ideas of Austro-Marxist Max Adler. He moved
to Paris in 1931 to study sociology at the Sorbonne, which he completed in
1934. He became a French citizen in 1937 and published the magazine Verbe-
Cahiers humains, before being drafted into the French army. He lived
somewhat secretly in France under German occupation owing to the
compulsions stemming from his Jewish roots and his political activities as a
supporter of council communism. After 1945 he continued his studies and
obtained a doctoral degree from the Sorbonne in 1954. He directed the
Bibliothque de la Pliade edition of the works of Karl Marx: conomie, vol. I
(1963; 6th edition, 1994); vol. II (1968; 3rd edition, 1979); Phihsophie (1982);
and Politique, vol. I (1994). He wrote numerous books on Marx, including Karl
Marx. Pages choisies pour une thique socialiste (1948); Marx liberal (1956);
Karl Marx, essai de biographie intellectuelle (195771); Karl Marx devant le
bonapartisme (1960; reprinted in Karl Marx, Les luttes de classes en France,
edited by Rubel [2000]); Marx critique du marxisme (19742000); Marx, Life
and Works (1980); and Marx, thoricien de lanarchisme (1983). He was also
the author of Josef W. Stalin in Selbstzeugnissen und Bilddokumenten (1975;
224
7th edition, 1994); Guerre et paix nuclaires (1997); coauthor together with
Margaret Manale, of Marx without Myth: A Chronological Study of His Life
and Work (1975); and coauthored with John Crump, Non-Market Socialism in
the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (1987). With Jacques Rougerie, he
coedited La Ire Internationale (1965). Joseph OMalley and Keith Algozin
have edited Rubel on Karl Marx: Five Essays (1981). From 1959 to 1994
Maximilien Rubel was director of Marxist studies at the Cahiers de ISMEA
(Institut des Sciences Mathmatiques, conomiques et Appliques, Paris). For a
period after 1991, he was one of the members of the reorganised advisory board
of the Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe (MEGA), currently being published by the
Internationale Marx-Engels-Stiftung [IMES]3. He resigned from that board
shortly before his death in 1996, due to some disagreements on editorial
principles, for instance, regarding the absence of any plan to edit afresh those
volumes of the MEGA that were edited and/or published before the collapse of
the GDR (1949-1990) and USSR (1922-1991) ruled by the Marxist-Leninists.
For more information about his work please go to: Les archives de Maximilien
Rubel (1905-1996),4 at the Bibliothque de documentation internationale
contemporaine5.
3
<http://www.iisg.nl/imes/index.php>
4
<http://www.bdic.fr/pdf/Rubel.pdf>
5
<http://www.bdic.fr/>
225
The Text:
THE EMANCIPATION OF WOMEN IN THE WORKS OF MARX AND
ENGELS
Maximilien Rubel
WITH THE EXCEPTION OF a very few instances in scattered writings from
different periods, the problem of womens emancipation conceived as a
specifically female program of struggle was barely broached or treated by Marx
and Engels. In their minds, the proletarian movementan independent
movement of the vast majority in the interests of that vast majority (Manifesto
of the Communist Party, 1848)was the common concern of workers of both
sexes, and the cause of the working class was that of men and women equally
subject to the laws of capital and the constraints of paid wages. If working-class
women warranted special treatment, it was because their professional status was
close to that of children doing the same work. In both cases, the physical frailty
of the employed individuals demanded a combination of protective measures
and regulations, in the employers own interest, that were to constitute the
matter of the first factory legislation promulgated in England as
industrialization advanced.
226
As the International Workingmens Association (IWA) became active on the
scene from 1864 to 1873, the prospect of an autonomous womens movement
was to become a subject of critical, or even polemical reflection for Marx and
Engels, compelling them to broaden the horizon of their social vision. In the
end, Marxs readings in ethnography led him belatedly to deepen his historical
culture in the realm of the development of the social status of women and the
family across eras and continents. His final studies and thoughts constituted a
legacy that Engels executed, directing the principles of Marxs philosophy of
history toward a posterity in crisis and facing the problems of that theorys
generic survival6.
Early Intellectual Development
Before embarking on their common struggle, Engels and Marx each went
through an early stage of intellectual development, eventually discovering
affinities that would forge a lifelong bond of friendship and produce a two-
headed, or even hybrid work, with unforeseen results both on the theoretical
level and in terms of sociopolitical realities. Engels preceded Marx in the
6
This is not a statement about Marx. It is a statement about Rubels Marx-reception. A mapping of Marxs
study of history, far exceeding the confines of any philosophy of history, whatsoever, is available as Appendix I
above.
227
observation and the study of industrial working conditions under the rule of
private property, competition, and the market economy. Engels was also the
first to develop his criticism of the mode of capitalist production in a written
work based on direct personal experience and authentic sources and entitled,
Die Lage der arbeitenden Klasse in England (1845; The Condition of the
Working-Class in England in 1844)7. The author revealed to the reading public
the physically and morally destructive effects of work in the manufacturing
shops, factories, and mines on all three categories of workersmen, women,
and children. He drew heavily on reports by factory inspectors, which were rich
in descriptions and statistical material on each of the categories of personnel
and provided exact information on general working conditions and the duration,
intensity, and rigor of the physical effort, accidents, mutilations, and work-
related illnesses that workers endured. Although his conclusion announced the
inevitable war of the poor against the rich (which in England would be waged
under the battle cry, War to the palaces, peace to the cottages), and although
Engels alluded to a communistic party that could conquer the brutal element
of the revolution and prevent a Ninth Thermidor, it remained true that the
realities he described were, in the final analysis, reducible to an assessment and
a profoundly negative picture, since workers of both sexes were rarely
7
Available at: <http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17306>
228
portrayed as being engaged in resistance and revoltexcept in the case of a
strike. The first signs that heralded an opposition movement were acts of
resistance to the introduction of machines, soon followed by acts of destruction
at the factories. Engels allotted a chapter of his book to labor movements,
whose beginnings he placed in the first third of the the 19th century, after a law
voted in by a Tory Parliament authorized workers coalitions and Chartism had
become formal opposition to the bourgeoisie.
In the chronicle of these first workers struggles, there was no place for
episodes of resistance specific to women. Quite the contrary, one might say,
since throughout The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844,
Engels expressed his worry about the negative consequences of womens
presence in the factories: The employment of the wife dissolves the family
utterly and of necessity this dissolution, in our present society, which is based
upon the family, brings the most demoralising consequences for parents as well
as children. These working mothers did not know how to be true mothers for
their children, who, raised under such circumstances, would later be incapable
of establishing a harmonious family, since they would have known nothing but
a life of isolation. In some cases, womens work did not entirely dissolve the
family but did distort its function: In many cases the family is not wholly
dissolved by the employment of the wife, but turned upside down. The wife
229
supports the family, the husband sits at home, tends the children, sweeps the
room and cooks. This was man emasculated and woman deprived of her
femininity, a disgraceful state that was the last fruit of the so highly praised
civilization: the final achievement of all the efforts and struggles of hundreds
of generations to improve their own situation and that of their posterity. The
domination of woman over man, produced by the industrial system, was as
inhuman as the primitive domination of man over woman. As for unmarried
women working in factories, they were no better off than married women: It is
self-evident that a girl who has worked in a mill from her ninth year is in no
position to understand domestic work, whence it follows that female operatives
prove wholly inexperienced and unfit as housekeepers (The Condition of the
Working-Class in England in 1844).
It is obvious that behind the detailed description of the work done by women in
the various branches of industry, a moral postulate of universal importance
appeared: the emancipation of women. Marx had explicitly put forth this
postulate in the essay On the Jewish Question (in Early Political Writings)8, a
text that predated Engelss book9. In that text Marx spoke of human
8
Zur Judenfrage [1844], MEGA I/2: 141-169. Berlin: Dietz Verlag, 1982. An English translation of this text is
available at:<https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/jewish-question/>
9
Marx had also excerpted from another topical book that predated Engels 1844 book by 4 years. In his
Brussels Notebook 2 of 1845, Marx noted that the French economist, sociologist and journalist Eugne Buret
(1810-1842) had already raised the questions: Soll das Eigenthum u. der Pauperismus existiren? Soll die Ehe u.
die Prostitution, die Familie u. die Familienlosigkeit existiren? [Should property and pauperism exist? Should
marriage and prostitution, family and familylessness exist?] and, had observed: Alle diese Zustnde haben
230
emancipation. By joining forces, the two authors were to discover together the
specificity of womans role in the process of the regeneration of the human
race.
Critical Criticism: Fleur de Marie
By associating Engels with his first book, Marx undoubtedly sought to
consecrate publicly a very recent friendship, formed during the few days the
visitor from London spent in Paris. Indeed, Die heilige Familie, oder, Kritik der
kiritschen Kritik gegen Bruno Bauer und Konsorten [1845; The Holy Family, or
Critique of Critical Criticism: Against Bruno Bauer and Company, in: Karl
Marx and Frederick Engels, Collected Works (MECW), Volume 4], a work in
which Engelss contribution counted for a mere 15 pages, presented Marxs
first attempt at expressing the culmination of his philosophical and economic
studies, in the form of a polemic against the speculative idealism of a few
sich in ihrer Gegenstzlichkeit entwickelt u. knnen nur noch durch die grte Lge u. Illusion als einfach
positive Zustnde betrachtet werden. [All these conditions have developed into their opposites and, only
through the greatest of lies and illusions could these be treated as simply positive states of affairs.]. Excerpts
in: MEGA IV/3: 142-143. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1998. For Marxs entire excerpts from Eugne Buret, La
misre des classes laborieuses en Angleterre et en France (in 2 Volumes, Paris: Chez Paulin, 1840)
[available at: <https://books.google.co.in/books?id=dmQOAAAAQAAJ&source=gbs_similarbooks>; and,
<https://books.google.co.in/books/about/De_la_mis%C3%A8re_des_classes_laborieuses_en.html?id=kWQOA
AAAQAAJ&redir_esc=y>], see: MEGA IV/2: 551-579 and, MEGA IV/3: 141-156. It is evident that Buret was
far ahead of his younger contemporaries in raising the issues related to gender justice.
231
Hegelian disciples. It also presented the result of his political essays that had led
him to adhere to communism, understood as a real humanism.
In this first assessment of his publishing activity, Marx took the opportunity to
approach the issue of womens emancipation with passionate interest on two
occasions. First, he idealized the character of Fleur-de-Marie, who appeared in
Les Mystres de Paris (184243; The Mysteries of Paris) by Eugne Sue10. He
later borrowed feminist fantasies from Charles Fourier.
A being dehumanized by the demands and the constraints of Christian morality,
Marie primitively represents natural purity in an inhuman and corrupt
environment. A prostitute in the middle of the underworld, she preserves a
nobility of soul, an ingenuousness, and a human beauty that make her a
poetical flower of the criminal world and win for her the name of Fleur de
Marie (Revelation of the Mystery of Critical Religion, or Fleur de Marie,
The Holy Family). In contradiction to her Christian repentance, she adopts an
attitude toward her past that is both stoic and Epicurean: her undeserved
misfortune stifles neither her hope nor her enjoyment of life. She measures her
situation in life by her own individuality, her essential nature, not by the ideal
of what is good. Her lot is an illustration of the destructive effects of religious
alienation, as Ludwig Feuerbach analyzed it in Vorlufige Thesen zur Reform
10
Available at: <https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22The%20Mysteries%20of%20Paris%22>
232
der Philosophie (1842; Preliminary Theses for the Reform of Philosophy) and
Grundstze der Philosophie der Zukunft (1843; Principles of the Philosophy of
the Future)11. Psychically broken by religious superstition, and yet the symbol
of woman as the incarnation of all that remains of nature in bourgeois society,
Marie finally adopts a wholly contrite and remorseful posture, becoming a
living example of the corruption that society continually secretes. Villainous
crime, prostitution, and the obligatory repentance for it were in some ways the
modes of social regulation that became Sues credo as reformer-novelist,
although he did not suspect the sociological import of his fiction. If Marx was
serious about extracting the consummately tragic female character from a
popular novel, it was to argue her case with the Young Hegelian author who
had reduced Marien-Blume (Marie-la-Fleur) to an incarnation of an idea, a
pretext for Hegelian speculation. The illegitimate daughter of Rudolph, a
prince of Gerolsteinanother character in the novelFleur-de-Marie
became an opportunity for the critical critic to launch himself into the
Revelation of the Mystery of the Emancipation of Women, or Louise Morel
(The Holy Family). That revelation was motivated by the fact that Rudolph, a
petty prince and a great patroniser of servants conditions is in no way
11
Available at: <https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/feuerbach/works/future/>
233
inclined to understand that the general position of women in modern society is
inhuman.
Marxs indignation was commensurate with the esteem he felt for one of the
most visionary of French authors, Charles Fourier. Taking critical criticism to
the extent of comparing Prince Rudolph to those thinkers who defended
womens emancipation, Marx had no doubt consulted several of Fouriers
writings. He had immersed himself in these readings to extract material that he
used like aphorisms, to nourish the romantic inclinations that had almost drawn
him into a poetic career. In Revelation of the Mystery of the Emancipation of
Women (The Holy Family). Marx cites at some length Fouriers writings:
Is not the young daughter a ware held up for sale to the first bidder who wishes
to obtain exclusive ownership of her? De mme quen grammaire deux
negations valent une affirmation, lon peut dire quen ngoce conjugal deux
prostitutions valent une vertu [Just as in grammar two negations are the
equivalent of an affirmation, we can say that in the marriage trade two
prostitutions are the equivalent of virtue].
The change in a historical epoch can always be determined by womens
progress towards freedom, because here, in the relation of woman to man, of
the weak to the strong, the victory of human nature over brutality is most
234
evident. The degree of emancipation of woman is the natural measure of
general emancipation.
The humiliation of the female sex is an essential feature of civilisation as
well as of barbarism. The only difference is that the civilised system raises
every vice that barbarism practises in a simple form to a compound, equivocal,
ambiguous, hypocritical mode of existence No one is punished more severely
for keeping woman in slavery than man himself (Fourier)12.
Meanwhile, Fouriers feminism was of another order altogethersomething
that should not have escaped Marx, but that, for a reason yet to be clarified, did
not hold his attention in this polemic, where he posed the problem of womens
emancipation only on the level of the direct perception of the female
proletariats submission to the harsh conditions of factory work. To conceive of
a form of emancipation in which women would assume the initiative in the
social battle without waiting for exhortation and slogans from their companions
of the strong sex was to move the debate onto a totally different terrainthe
very one on which Fourier had dared to place himself. As touching as Fleur-de-
Marie, a character in a novel, may have been, Fourier was presumably not
thinking of that kind of woman when he wrote:
12
K. Marx and F. Engels, The Holy Family or Critique of Critical Critique: 259. Moscow: Foreign Languages
Publishing House, 1956; <https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/holy-family/ch08_6.htm>
235
I have provided a basis for saying that women, in a state of liberty, will
outdo men in all mental and physical functions which are not dependent on
bodily strength It is women who suffer most under Civilisation, and it is
women who should be attacking it. (Theory of the Four Movements).
Critical Criticism and the Works of Flora Tristan
In addition to Fleur-de-Marie, Sue included in The Mysteries of Paris a
character called Louise Morel. A servant, she is abused by her master, becomes
pregnant, and gives birth. After committing infanticide, she is arrestedthe
occasion for the socialist novelist to voice his own critical ideas on the penal
law through the mouth of Rudolph. The criminal who has in fact driven a girl
to infanticide is not punished the prince declares, but he never questions the
connection with domestic service as such. Faithful in all respects to his
previous theory, he deplores only that there is no law which punishes a seducer
and links repentance and atonement with terrible chastisement (Revelation of
the Mystery of the Emancipation of Women, The Holy Family).
Marx contrasted the thinking of the novelist as Rudolph the most pitiful off-
scourings of socialist literaturewith Fouriers masterly characterization of
marriage or with the works of the materialist [fraction] of French communism.
236
However, in The Holy Family another character emerged, a woman writer
whom Marx could have placed in direct opposition to Eugne Sues female
characters: Flora Tristan (180344)13.
Mentioned three different times, Flora Tristan deserved a choice place in an
apologia for womens emancipation, even if her writings did not truly rank her
among communist materialists. In The Holy Family, Marx and Engels attacked
the young Hegelian critical critic Edgar Bauer, the anonymous author of
several descriptions of French writings, including LUnion ouvrire (184344;
The Workers Union) by Flora Tristan, whom he dubbed the Woman-
Messiah. Engelsfor it was he who was writing herespoke ironically about
Edgars position on non-organized work done in isolation and his defense of
the need for organized work. Flora Tristan, in an assessment of whose work
this great proposition appears, puts forward the same demand and is treated en
canaille [as a rabble-rouser] for her insolence in anticipating Critical Criticism
(The Holy Family). The text cites another critical remark by the critic Bauer:
Flora Tristan is an example of the feminine dogmatism which must have a
formula and constructs it out of the categories of what exists. Engels replied
13
Flora Tristan:< http://dangerouswomenproject.org/2016/05/14/flora-tristan/>;
<https://veganfeministpirate.wordpress.com/socialist-feminist-essays/workers-union-flora-tristan/>
237
that the brothers Bauer were constructing formulas with the existing philosophy
of Hegel:
Formulae, nothing but formulae. And despite all its invectives against
dogmatism, it condemns itself to dogmatism and even to feminine dogmatism. It
is and remains an old womanfaded, widowed Hegelian philosophy which
paints and adorns its body, shrivelled into the most repulsive abstraction, and
ogles all over Germany in search of a wooer. (The Holy Family).
As for Marx, his vague allusions to The Workers Union and its author added
nothing that was essentially different from the remarks by Engels. It was as if
both men had remained insensitive to Tristans popular success and her
reputation as a reforming pioneer, which she had acquired by then as much
through her writing as through her propaganda activity. It was as if the theses
and the revolutionary demands expounded in The Workers Unionan
opuscule already in its third edition when The Holy Family was being
composedhad not yet been assimilated by the future authors of The Manifesto
of the Communist Party. Did Tristan not deserve to appear among the
representatives of critico-Utopian Socialism and Communism, alongside
Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, and Robert Owen? Her presence in that company
was all the more essential given that the misogynist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
was criticized as a conservative or bourgeois socialist for having written
238
and published Philosophie de la Misre (1846; The Philosophy of
Wretchedness/Poverty), after he had garnered praise for his essay, What Is
Property? in The Holy Family.
Construction of a Theory
The intellectual association between Marx and Engels took concrete shape and
was demonstrated in a work that remained unpublished during their lifetimes.
Although methodically constructed, it exhibited only the basic elements of a
theory or an original philosophy of history. While Engels took care to attribute
the discovery of this theory to Marx alone, the latter was content to speak of it
modestly as a vital lead in his research, without seeing any more in it than a
conception of the world, a Weltanschauung free from metaphysical
presuppositions. Calling it materialist and critical, Marx indirectly divulged
his philosophical sources, his first teachers of thought, Epicurus and Spinoza.
It should come as no surprise that, once their philosophical apprenticeship had
ended, Marx and Engels did not reserve a special place for the problem of
womens emancipation when they decided to link their convictions and their
theoretical standards to a movement of general emancipation, in which men and
women of the same social classthe industrial proletariat were engaged in a
239
struggle for liberation. Subjected to a common servitude imposed by an
economic system of exploitation and alienation that was becoming increasingly
oppressive with the progress of mechanization, men and women workers had a
common interest in defending the so-called rights of man without gender
distinction, as much on the material level as on that of human rights.
Transforming the postulates of the charter of human rights into daily reality was
an immediate goal. The French Revolution, despite its failures and its terrors,
had borne witness to the importance of political emancipation. With the
gestation and dissemination of the writings of Saint-Simon, Owen, and Fourier,
there emerged a new social doctrine, for the French thinker, Pierre Leroux,
devised the name socialism. Leroux was perfectly aware of socialisms debt
to earlier utopian thinkers. Marx, who admired Leroux, retained certain lessons
from utopian thought; once he had removed its mystical impulses, he was able
to refer to human emancipation.
Human emancipation necessarily involves a critique of political economy in
concrete terms, for example, a critique of the division of labor:
The division of labour in which all these contradictions are implicit, and which
in its turn is based on the natural division of labour in the family and the
separation of society into individual families opposed to one another,
simultaneously implies the distribution, and indeed the unequal distribution,
240
both quantitative and qualitative, of labour and its products, hence property, the
nucleus, the first form of which lies in the family, where wife and children are
the slaves of the husband. (Social Division of Labour and Its Consequences,
MECW, Volume 5).
Marx extended Fouriers critique of bourgeois marriage to the entire economic
system based on private property. Embodied in a still-rudimentary form within
the family, slavery is the first form of property, as modern economists, for
whom property is synonymous with availability of a foreign workforce, admit.
Division of labor implies antagonism between private interests and common
interests, a state of affairs in which the action particular to man becomes for
him an alien power that oppresses him and thwarts his hopes and anticipations.
One of the main factors of historical evolution, this phenomenon of division and
alienation culminates in the formation of the state: a model of autonomy
detached from real interests, and at the same time the expression of the illusory
community in which social classes are pitted against each other.
In the introductory part of Die deutsche Idologie (184546; The German
Ideology, MECW, Volume 5), Marx established the broad outlines of this
critique of the state, which, together with his critique of capital, was to
constitute the central theme of the work he had promised to a German
publisher. Through his articles and essays in the Rheinische Zeitung (184142),
241
in the Deutsch-franzsische Jahrbcher and in Vorwrts! (1844), he had gained
adherents in Germany among the liberal and republican avant-garde, who
would come into public prominence at the time of the revolutionary and
parliamentary events of 1848. The slogans of this movement were limited to a
single objective: political emancipation. It was this demand that made up the
substance of the first part of the essay, On the Jewish Question, in which the
critique of political emancipation derived from the distinction between the
rights of man and the rights of the citizen, and in which certain articles of the
1791 and 1793 French Dclarations des Droits de lHomme et du Citoyen
(Declarations of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen)14 were invoked, as were
the state constitutions of Pennsylvania and New Hampshire in the United
States.
In Marxs brilliant critical analysis of the charters of the rights of man and the
citizen, the question of womens rights was never even touched upon. However,
the connection between Jews (inferior citizens) and women (the inferior
sex) was obvious: Marx granted that Jews had the right to practice their
14
In the given context one wonders as to why neither Karl Marx (1818-1883) nor Maximilien Rubel (1905-
1996) took note of the historic topical texts:
Condorcet, (1790), On the Admission of Women to the Rights of Citizenship:
<https://www.academia.edu/29211102/ON_THE_ADMISSION_OF_WOMEN_TO_THE_RIGHTS_OF_CITI
ZENSHIP_1790_Marquis_de_Condorcet>; and
Olympe de Gouges (1791), Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Woman-Citizen:
<https://www.academia.edu/3100911/Olympe_de_Gouges._1791._Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_and
_of_the_Woman-Citizen>
242
religion by virtue of the recognized link between civil society and the state. He
now needed new reading material to encounter a school of thought in which
women, beyond their political and human emancipation, would see themselves
raised to cult status with messianic overtones.
Among his readings at this time, Saint-Simon and his school were the most
decisive for Marx. His admiration for the former had been demonstrated several
times, beginning with his polemic against a German author who, in expounding
Saint-Simons doctrine, had resorted to secondary literature without specifying
his sources. This had given rise to errors and unfortunate misunderstandings.
For example, in one passage Herr Grn alleged that in one of his books,
Saint-Simon had uttered mysterious words about womens emancipation.
Marx responded as follows:
Of course, if in some work or other Saint-Simon had spoken of admitting
and nominating women to some unknown position, these would indeed be
mysterious words. But the mystery exists only in the mind of Herr Grn.
One of Saint-Simons books is none other than the Lettres dun habitant de
Genve. In this work, after stating that everyone is eligible to subscribe to the
Newton Council or its departments, he continues: Les femmes seront admises
a souscrire, elles pourront tre nommes [Women will be allowed to
subscribe, they may even be nominated]that is, to a position in this Council
243
or its departments, of course. (Critique of German Socialism According to Its
Various Prophets, The German Ideology, in MECW, Volume 5.)15.
At issue, of course, was a position on the council or in one of its sections, as a
magisterial body of scholars and artists whose vocation it was to exercise
spiritual powera council of wise men charged with questioning facts and, by
interpreting the law of universal gravity, applying this unique law of the
universe. Recalling that Olinde Rodrigus, one of the leaders of the Saint-
Simonian school, printed this message in large type in his 1832 edition, Marx
agreed with the remark of a contemporary historian, confirming that with this
single phrase Saint-Simon effectively launched the idea of womens
emancipation16.
It has been proven that the woman question was the source of the schism in
the school of Saint-Simon. It is not impossible that the mystical feminism of
Saint-Simons disciples was rooted in the following evidence: the history of
humanity in the political sense of the term had been that of the strong sex
until then, woman having systematically been relegated to the background.
15
In another translation of the last quote on p. 500 of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works,
Volume 5, 2010 [Dagenham: Lawrence and Wishart], we read: "Women will be allowed to subscribe, it will be
possible to nominate them." This translation is also available at:
<https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/ch04c.htm#d.2.1.1>
16
Saint Simon composed the above indicated Lettres dun habitant de Genve ses contemporains in 1802; it
was anonymously published in Paris in 1803.
244
Before Saint-Simon, Fourier had already sketched out the prefatory remarks of
an ethics of the regeneration of the human race through the female element.
Departures from Utopianism
It is through the complete emancipation of women that the Saint-Simonian era
shall be indicated, wrote Sbastien Charlty in his Histoire du saint-
simonisme, 1825-1864 (1896; History of Saint-Simonism). By grappling with
such a representative of true socialism, neither Marx nor Engels wanted to
stop at the associative model posited by Fourier, where all social functions were
based on the couple. Marx contented himself with demonstrating that Grns
book was a mixture of plagiarisms, which allowed him to show off his own
erudition in his review of it. His knowledge of the work of Saint-Simon
prevented him from taking seriously the religious morality of the pretentious
followers, who went so far as to deduce from the masters distinction between
idlers and workers the expectation of the Woman Messiah, called upon to heal
the wounds of the family just as the followers themselves had discovered the
secret of healing the wounds of the city.
As for Engels, who was a communist before Marx, he was preparing to set forth
the principles of communism, having come to an agreement with his new
companion, who was readying himself for the same task. What influence would
245
the social order of communism exert over the family? Relations between the
sexes were to be reduced to a purely private affair without interference from
society. The elimination of private property would also bring about the
disappearance of the two foundations of traditional marriage: womans
dependence on her husband and childrens dependence on their parents (since
the upbringing of children was to be a collective practice).
Here also is the answer to the outcry of moralising philistines against the
communist community of women. Community of women is a relationship that
belongs altogether to bourgeois society and is completely realised today in
prostitution. But prostitution is rooted in private property and falls with it. Thus
instead of introducing the community of women, communist organisation puts
an end to it. (The Principles of Communism, MECW, Volume 6).
This theme was to be taken up insistently again in The Manifesto of the
Communist Party, in which one can discern the influence of Fourier, his
critique of the bourgeois family now extended to the proletariat family. The
fully developed family existed only for the bourgeoisie, but there was a
corollary in the absence of family life among the proletariat and in public
prostitution. The bourgeois family naturally declines with the decline of its
complement, and the two disappear with the disappearance of capital (The
Manifesto of the Communist Party). The bourgeois phraseology on family,
246
education, and the intimacy of parent-child relations was all the more repulsive
as big industry destroyed all family ties among the proletarians and transformed
children into articles of commerce and instruments of labor. Distinctions of sex
and age lost all social significance for the working class; all that remained were
instruments of labor, the cost of which varied with age and sex.
The Manifesto of the Communist Party avoided emphasizing differences in the
respective situations of men and women employed in modern industrial
enterprises, and, accordingly, it refrained from attributing to each of the sexes a
clear role in the struggle for the improvement of working conditions and in the
movement of general emancipation. This absence of gender-differentiation was
codified in the call to action that ends the text: Proletarians of all countries
unite!
Far from bearing witness to any such triumphant proletarian unity, the year
1848 offered the spectacle of defeat in episodes of pitiless barbarity. The return
of Marx and Engels to Germany had removed them from the theater of
revolutionary and counterrevolutionary events in France, and there was to be no
echo in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (184849) of the political agitation of
women such as Pauline Roland, Eugnie Niboyet, Jeanne Deroin, and others,
notably George Sand. Equally ignored was the participation of a female avant-
247
garde in the political movement in Germany itself, where a womans press and
womens democratic associations were being created.
Similarly, coming back to the years 184850 in France, Marx clearly focused
on male figures in writing his assessment of class struggles and party conflicts.
As a correspondent in London for the largest American daily newspaper for
about ten years, he paid attention to the condition of workingwomen only to the
extent that their work, like that of children, warranted an official application of
the protection laws. He did not miss the opportunity to mention the case of a
woman who, during a meeting of unemployed persons, rose up against wives
working in the factory, which meant that children were neglected and
household duties were trampled underfoot: with an honest salary for an honest
days work, every worker must be able to keep wife and children alive, etc. The
working wives were summoned to strike in order to obtain fair wages for their
husbands: a resolution that was unanimously adopted.
Womens and Childrens Labor
Up until the creation of the International Workingmens Association in 1864,
Marx and Engels treated the subject of womens emancipation only in an
indirect mannera negative manner so to speakby observing and recording
the harmful physical and moral consequences of women and children working
248
in factories and by taking to task industrialists who were guilty of violating
factory laws. Reports by factory inspectors showed beyond all doubt that the
laws meant to rein in the greed of industrial lords were pure sham, since the
penalty imposed for infraction of labor laws represented only a minuscule part
of profits. The sector of the workforce made up of women and young people
often minorssuffered the majority of work-related accidents.
Womens and childrens labor was among the issues slated for discussion at the
First Congress of the International Workingmens Association in Geneva in
September 1866. Neither Marx nor Engels attended the congress, but the former
did write the Instructions for the Delegates of the Provisory General
Council,17 where the issue appeared in point 3 under the theme limitation of
the working day. The working day was fixed at eight hours only [for] adult
persons, male or female, the latter, however, to be rigorously excluded from all
nightwork whatever, and all sort of work hurtful to the delicacy of the sex, or
exposing their bodies to poisonous and otherwise deleterious agencies. By adult
persons we understand all persons having reached or passed the age of 18 years.
(Documents of the First International, vol. 2).
17
Available at:<https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1866/08/instructions.htm>
249
Under article IV of the Instructions, which dealt with Juvenile and
Childrens Labour (Both Sexes) Marx, as a follower of Robert Owen,
expressed himself in favor of the participation in the great work of social
production by children of either sex, from the age of nine and up, although as
modern industry made that progress a reality under capital it was distorted into
an abomination. It was a question of a rational state of society in which
every child whatever, from the age of nine years, ought to become a
productive labourer. The Instructions further specify that the working day
should not go beyond two hours, after children have had their instruction in the
elementary schools.
We deal here only with the most indispensable antidotes against the
tendencies of a social system which degrades the working man into a mere
instrument for the accumulation of capital, and transforms parents by their
necessities into slaveholders, sellers of their own children. The right of children
and juvenile persons must be vindicated. They are unable to act for themselves.
It is, therefore, the duty of society to act on their behalf (instructions).
Education to be combined with productive labor took three forms: mental,
physical, and technological. In Marxs view, this combination would raise the
working class far above the level of the higher and middle classes. The idea
was picked up again and developed in Das Kapital: Kritik der politischen
250
Oekonomie (1867; Capital: A Critical Analysis of Capitalist Production), but
during the 7 September 1866 session of the Congress of the International
Workingmens Association in Geneva, Marxs program referring to work by
women and children became the object of a lively debate, which included the
following resolution made by Citizens Chemal, Fribourg, Perrachon, and
Camlinat:
On physical, moral, and social grounds the labour of women and
children in factories ought to be energetically condemned on principle as one of
the most prolific causes of the degeneracy of the human species and as one of
the most powerful means of demoralisation put in motion by the capitalist caste.
[Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe (MEGA), I/20]18.
The authors of the resolution added that women were not made to work hard;
their place is at the family fireside; they are the natural educators of the
children; they alone can prepare their children for a civic and free life.19
18
International Association of Working Men. Report of the Congress of Geneva (1866). Sittings of September
7, 1866. Afternoon Sitting on Article IV. Published in The International Courier. Nr. 13, 3. April 1867.
Reprinted in the MEGA, I/20: 700. Berlin: Dietz Verlag, 1992.
19
The proposition of Citizens Chemal, Fribourg, Perrachon and Camlinat was put to the vote and adopted by
the majority. To put the historical records straight, it needs to be mentioned here that, Citizen Lawrence
(London), intervened in the discussion and saidThere is something stronger than all our speeches here; there
is something more true than all the philosophic sentiments we utter in this building and that is, the march of
Society. We ought not to be theorising, we are working men and therefore should aim at being practical rather
than Utopian. Accordingly, if we wish to aid in an efficient manner the emancipation of our class, we must limit
our rle to observing what is taking place around us, to gaining a comprehension of the social movement and
not to think of imposing upon it our personal sentiments and theories. As the commentary of the General
Council very well phrases it "the tendency of modem industry is to make the woman and the child cooperate in
productive labour." This is so true that in certain parts of England, the wife goes out to work and the man
remains at home and does the house-work. We of the London delegation are however far from admiring the
way in which woman is obliged to work, but the fact exists and it would be folly on our part to condemn female
251
The Capital is simultaneously a critical theory of capitalist economy and a
martyrology of workers of both sexes. Like Engels in 1845, Marx turned to
official documentation provided by factory inspectors. The concept of human
emancipation was only suggested here, called for by a long series of
indictments against personified capital, the owner of money or the means of
production and the buyer of the labor of men and women, young girls, and
minors. Previously, the workman sold his own labour-power, which he
disposed of nominally as a free agent. Now he sells wife and child. He has
become a slave dealer (Capital). As for womens emancipation, where female
labor power was concerned, the initiative fell to the male workers, who had
succeeded in forcing the reduction of labor by women and children in the
English factories, while the inspectors accounts criticized the practices of
parent-workers who trafficked in their own children.
labour in an unqualified manner, but what we may do is to protest energetically against the exploitation of
woman as it is carried on by the capitalist caste. The commentary of the General Council on this subject was
put to the vote and carried by a large majority.[Ibid: 700-701.]
252
With regard to factory legislation in England, Marx emphasized its interference
in the lordly rights of capital, as may be noted in the case of work at home,
where every regulation appeared as a direct encroachment upon parental
authority. However, the violence of the facts had shown that, by undermining
the economic foundations of the old family and family work, big industry
turned the former family relationships upside down at the same time. The
rights of the children had to be proclaimed (Production of Relative Surplus
Value, Capital, part IV). The mode of capitalist exploitation resulted in the
degeneration of paternal authority. But however odious the dissolution of
former family bonds in the capitalist system appeared to be, big industry
nonetheless did create the economic basis of a superior form of family and the
relationships between the sexes, thanks to the decisive role it assigned to
women, young people, and children, beyond the sphere of the home, in the
process of socially organized production.
It was not, however, the misuse of parental authority that created the
capitalistic exploitation, whether direct or indirect, of childrens labour; but, on
the contrary, it was the capitalistic mode of exploitation which, by sweeping
away the economical basis of parental authority, made its exercise degenerate
into a mischievous misuse of power. However terrible and disgusting the
dissolution, under the capitalist system, of the old family ties may appear,
253
nevertheless modern industry, by assigning as it does an important part in the
process of production, outside the domestic sphere, to women, to young
persons, and to children of both sexes, creates a new economical foundation for
a higher form of the family and of the relations between the sexes. It is, of
course, just as absurd to hold the Teutonic-christian form of the family to be
absolute and final as it would be to apply that character to the ancient Roman,
the ancient Greek, or Eastern forms which, moreover, taken together form a
series in historic development. Moreover, it is obvious that the fact of the
collective working group being composed of individuals of both sexes and all
ages, must necessarily, under suitable conditions, become a source of humane
development; although in its spontaneously developed, brutal capitalistic form,
where the labourer exists for the process of production, and not the process of
production for the labourer, that fact is a pestiferous source of corruption and
slavery. (Production of Relative Surplus- Value, Capital part IV).
While stressing the priority role of men in the resistance to the dominant
economic system, Marx did not go so far as to deduce from this a standard rule
postulating the moral superiority of the male proletariat. Sometimes he even
seemed to imply the opposite. For example, in order to illustrate the general
law of capitalist accumulation with concrete examples, Marx reviewed the
worst moments of pauperism in England, a country that offered the classic
254
example by its rank in the world market. In a long chapter on the farming
proletariat in the various British counties, the author of Capital began to
indicate the harmful consequences of temporary or local lack of labor. Instead
of causing salaries to be raised, this dearth of manual labor led to the forced
hiring of women and children. One of the fruits of this vicious cycle was the
gang system, the system of wandering gangs consisting of 10 to 40 or 50
people, mainly women, adolescents of both sexes, and children from 6 to 13
years of age.
The farmers have discovered that women work steadily only under the
direction of men, but that women and children, once set going, impetuously
spend their lifeforceas Fourier knewwhile the adult male labourer is
shrewd enough to economise his as much as he can. (The Accumulation of
Capital, Capital, part VII).
The International Workingmens Association
The International Workingmens Association was a predominantly male
organization: most of its members and all of its leaders were men. During the
constitution of the first General Council of the organization, the elected council
members were men who represented a variety of nationalities, and the president
and secretary general were named out of this group. In the inaugural address
255
and the provisional statutes of the association two documents remarkable for
their high level of spirit and the universality of the expressed objectivesMarx
made no specific place for workingwomen, whose oppression was considered to
be simply a part of that of workers. No mention was made of the possibility of
forging ties between the International and the emerging feminist groups in
Germany and Great Britain.
Astonishingly, the presence of women in the IWA does not seem to have been
accepted as natural at the outset: it took seven months after the founding of the
International before the issue was submitted to the General Council and became
the object of inscription in a few laconic lines: A question being asked as to
whether females were eligible as members, Citizen Wheeler proposed, Bordage
seconded, that females be admitted as members. Carried unanimously
(Minutes, 25 April 1865, Documents, Volume l)20.There was thus no debate, but
if the business was so much a matter of course, why was the question posed and
submitted to a vote?
The minutes of the session of the General Council of 3 October 1865 arouse our
curiosity. The record states: A letter was also read from Madame Jeanne
Deroin. The letter had been addressed to the conference but had been delayed.
A laconic remark that would seem to have warranted further clarification, in
20
See: MEGA,I/20: 317.
256
view of the personality of this self-made woman, a laundress by profession who
became militant pedagogue, was active in the womens insurance movement,
and who in 1852 emigrated to England, where she founded womens
periodicals.
Two womens names appeared in the General Council on the occasion of a
debate on the campaign initiated in England on behalf of imprisoned Fenians
(Irish revolutionaries). The minutes of the session of 2 January 1866 record
that:
Fox read from the Cork Daily Herald the appeal of Mrs. ODonovan
Rossa and Mrs. Clarke Luby to the women of Ireland for funds for the families
of the state prisoners now or lately in Ireland and also evidence from the Dublin
Irishman that collections were being made for this purpose in the manufacturing
towns of the North of England. He remarked on the liberty granted by the
British Government to Irish women, who were allowed to proclaim themselves
Fenians without being prosecuted. He finished by moving that the appeal be
sent to the Workmans Advocate by the Central Council with a request for its
publication. (Documents, Volume 1).
257
Finally, more than two years after the creation of the IWA, a well-known
female personality emerged: Harriet Law (1832 97)21, figurehead of the atheist
movement in England, was first invited to attend the General Councils sessions
and was later admitted as a full-fledged member. This is how the minutes of the
General Councils session of 16 April 1867 recorded the first contact with the
British activist:
Fox read a letter from Mrs. Harriet Law on the subject of Womens
Rights and expressed his opinion that perhaps Mrs. Law would go to the
Congress at Lausanne if solicited. By mutual consent Fox undertook to write to
Mrs. Law asking her if she would be willing to attend the Council meetings if
invited. (Documents, Volume 1).
Laws admission into the General Council took place at the session of 25 June
1867, after the suggestion had been made at the 18 June session. Thereafter, the
records confirm the presence of this sole woman at the sessions of the council
throughout the next five years. It does not appear that she deemed it necessary
to go beyond her role of observer except on two specific occasions. During the
session of the council of 2 July 1867, Law announced her intention to establish
a national association of workingwomen in London. Marx was absent from this
21
<http://humanistheritage.org.uk/articles/harriet-law/>;
<http://www.leicestersecularsociety.org.uk/harriet_law.htm>
258
session but was later informed of the announcement by Fox, the secretary
general, who had advised Law to take up contact with Miss Carroll, leader of
the tailoresses of London and occupant of seat at the Tailors Executive (Fox to
Marx, 3 July 1867, Documents, Volume 2). At the session of 27 August 1867,
during a discussion on the need for the IWA to strengthen its propaganda, Marx
expressed his opposition to the transformation of the association into a
debating club, in view of the progress it had made in some countries, and he
added that he was not opposed to the discussion of large questions. Among
the council members who were in favor of debates, Laws name is mentioned in
the minutes. From February 1868 on a second woman, a Mrs. Morgan, was part
of the General Council. No further details are given, but she may have been the
wife of William Morgan, a bootmaker who had been a member of the council
since October 1864 and was active in the Reform League. The minutes indicate
Mrs. Morgans frequent presence at the council sessions, but make no mention
of her participation in the debates.
Both Harriet Law and Mrs. Morgan were present at the council session of 28
July 1868, in which Marx opened the debate on the influence of machinery in
the hands of the capitalists, a broadly developed theme in Capital, but neither
woman is mentioned as having made any comment, while the speaker, talking
of the harmful effects of the use of machines, emphasized the state of servitude
259
of women and children in the factory, a match that traditionally reduced the
female sex to an infantile state.
The woman has thus become an active agent in our social production.
Formerly female and childrens labour was carried on within the family circle. I
do not say that it is wrong that women and children should participate in our
social production. I think every child above the age of nine ought to be
employed at productive labour a portion of its time, but the way in which they
are made to work under existing circumstances is abominable. (Minutes, 28
July 1868, Documents, Volume 2).
It was only at the session of 4 August 1868, when the debates on mechanization
continued, that Harriet Law intervened with a few remarks that seemed to target
Marxs thesis: Mrs. Law said machinery had made women less dependent on
men than they were before and would ultimately emancipate them from
domestic slavery. She must enter her protest against the view taken of womens
labour.
The debate was pursued on 11 August 1868. As the minutes for that
session reveal, Marx stressed the reduction of working hours, a measure that
was needed to offer the working class more time for self-betterment.
260
Legislative restrictions were the first step towards the mental and
physical elevation and the ultimate emancipation of the working classes.
Nobody denied, nowadays, that the State must interfere on behalf of the women
and children; and a restriction of their hours led, in most instances, to a
reduction of the working time of the men. (Documents, Volume 2).
Law made a few more interventions during sessions of the General Council in
1868 and 1869. The most remarkable of these was her gesture on behalf of the
ovalistes (workers who twist silk thread into strands) who were on strike in
Lyon.
A letter was read from Lyons announcing the adhesion of the Ovalistes
of that town, consisting of about 750 women and upwards of 300 men, to the
International Association. An official declaration accompanied the letter, the
contributions are to be paid at the Congress at Ble. The Ovalistes being on
strike, they appealed for aid. (Minutes, 13 July 1869, Documents, Volume 3).
Minutes for the same session record that the ovalistes were accepted as
members of the IWA, and that Respecting the question of pecuniary aid Mrs.
Law expressed an opinion that it would be advisable to communicate with Mr.
Stuart Mill to bring the matter before the Female Suffrage Association who
would meet on Saturday. Law agreed to act as the IWA delegate at the next
meeting of the Womens Association and to collect funds for the strikers of
261
Lyon there. Mrs. Law reported from the Female Suffrage Association that the
question of the Ovalistes of Lyons could not be officially entertained, but that
she would have received private donations had she been provided with a
subscription sheet. The Womens Club in Union Street was willing to collect
subscriptions if a sheet was forwarded (Minutes, 20 July 1869, Documents,
Volume 3). She added that the Womens Club of Union Street was prepared to
collect donations by means of a list of signatures. (It was in the course of this
session of the General Council that Marx opened the debate on the question of
inheritance rights, giving rise to a serious exchange of opinions.) During the
session of 27 July 1869, Law handed the sum of two pounds, four shillings, and
six pence over to Eugne Dupont, the secretary for France, for the silkworkers
of Lyons, observing that ladies did not like identifying themselves with
strikes.
The topic of the silkworkers came up again at the session of 10 August 1869:
Declarations of adhesion were received from the Upholsterers Society of
Lyons, 200 from the Ovalistes of St. Symphorien dOzon (Isre), and an
announcement that the adhesion of the Ovalistes of Lyons had been received
(Minutes, Documents, Volume 3). As proposed by Marx, the General Council
decided to grant special credentials to Philomne Rozan, a member of the
International and the president of the Socit des Ovalistes de Lyon (Society of
262
Silkworkers of Lyons). At the same session the issue of education was
broached; that topic had already been discussed at three separate congresses of
the IWA, in Geneva (1866), Lausanne (1867), and Brussels (1868). Taken up
again at the 17 August session, it prompted an intervention from Law, described
in the minutes as follows:
Mrs. Law understood by education everything that would improve a human
being. The working classes had to maintain all kinds of educational
establishments, but derived no benefits from them. The property of the Church
must be secularised and devoted to schools. We wanted fewer parsons and more
schoolmasters. The Law Times prophesied that the Established Church would
not last another ten years, and it was therefore time to stir in the matter. The
dissenters would be on our side and it would induce the clergy of the
Established Church to bestir themselves to find the means. Pope said the proper
study of man was mankind. Milner wanted us to study what kind of a man a
labourer was. Cit. Milner preferred that children should be taught what their
labour was worth and how to get it. If they had been taught, they would not
work so many hours. She proposed that the Church funds should be devoted to
education as a part of our demand. (Documents, Volume 3).
263
We now come to Laws profession of communist faith, when she participated in
the debate about unions and the struggle for fair compensation for work. She
held that the system of competition prevented the worker from seeing his
buying power grow. The market rules the supply and demand of work. In order
to obtain the full value of his product, some power is needed to regulate
production:
[W]e must have communism as Robert Owen wanted it. The
purchasing power could not be increased without increasing the raw material to
work with. In a state of communism the directing power would know what was
required and the labour would be distributed accordingly. Under no other form
could the right to labour and the value of labour be guaranteed, it could not be
done under the competitive system; she was in favour of communism. (Minutes,
session of 31 August 1869, Documents, Volume 3).
From August 1870 until October 1871, Harriet Laws name is missing from the
minutes of the General Council of the IWA. However, it appears among the
signatures of the new General Rules and Administrative Regulations of the
International Workingmens Association published 24 October 1871
(Documents, Volume 4). Meanwhile, it is worth noting that an earlier (October
1868) article written by Marx in response to a campaign of slander against the
International, enumerating British organizations represented in the General
264
Council, contained the following passage, after the names of cooperative
societies, the Reform League, and the National Reform-Association: lastly, the
atheist popular movement [represented] by its well-known orator Mrs. Harriet
Law and Mr. Copeland? (Connections Between the International
Workingmens Association and English Workingmens Organisations
Documents, Volume 3).
Laws absence must have surprised the members of the General Council.
In fact, the minutes of 21 November 1871 (after the defeat of the Paris
Commune) reveal that George Harris, financial secretary of the council, wanted
to know if Mrs. Law [was] still a member of the Council. Engels replied that
she had been asked if she considered herself a member, and she said certainly
(Documents, Volume 5).
Several sessions of the council had been allotted to the issue of the refugees
from the Paris Commune in London. At the session of 2 January 1872, Citizen
Marx announcedthat Mrs. Law had sent two pounds, the proceeds of a lecture
given by her for the refugees. Laws name is among the members of the
General Council who signed the Declaration by the General Council of the
International Workingmens Association on Police Terrorism in Ireland (April
1872). Her signature also appears, alongside those of the other members of the
265
council, in The Fictitious Splits in the International the brochure written in
1872 by Marx and Engels against Bakunin and his followers in Switzerland.
Lessons of the Paris Commune
It took a historic event with incalculable and unforeseeable political
consequences for Marx to come to appreciate a form of revolutionary behavior
among the women of the working class: the Franco-Prussian War and the Paris
Commune (187071). The Commune also enabled him to enrich his political
theorywhich up until then had been faced with the repeated defeats of the
labor movementwith a new dimension, barely begun in earlier writing: the
actions and gestures of bourgeois and workers self-emancipation. As a member
of the General Council of the International and charged with representing the
labor movements in Germany and Russia, he showed little sympathy for the
bourgeois suffragettes, but he showed a great deal of admiration for the
women of the proletariat who fought alongside the male militants. For example,
in his Address on the Commune he showered praise on the real women of
Paris:
Wonderful, indeed was the change the Commune had wrought in Paris!
No longer any trace of the meretricious Paris of the Second Empire. We,
said a member of the Commune, hear no longer of assassination, theft and
266
personal assault; it seems indeed as if the police had dragged along with it to
Versailles all its Conservative friends. The cocottes had refound the scent of
their protectorsthe absconding men of family, religion, and, above all, of
property. In their stead, the real women of Paris showed again at the surface
heroic, noble, and devoted, like the women of antiquity. Working, thinking,
fighting, bleeding Parisalmost forgetful, in its incubation of a new society, of
the cannibals at its gatesradiant in the enthusiasm of its historic initiative!
(The Civil War in France, MEGA, I/22)22.
The Address on the Commune unmistakably had the tone of a political
pamphlet: Marx gave free rein to his passion as a militant communist, and,
above all, the text presents what is essentially a condensed summary of the
major theses of the social criticism he had developed in works such as Die
Klassenkmpfe in Frankreich, 1848 bis 1850 (1850; The Class Struggles in
France, 1848 to 1850), Der achtzehnte Brumaire des Louis Napoleon (1852;
The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte), and Herr Vogt (1860; Mr.
Vogt). In the last third of the 19th century, after several wars of continental and
national dimensions and two aborted revolutions, an event occurred that,
despite its tragic outcome, attested to a wealth of creative initiatives rarely
encountered before in the annals of the movements of social emancipation. The
22
MEGA I/22: 147-148. Berlin: Dietz Verlag, 1978.
267
momentous nature of the events of 1871 explains Marxs use of historical
analogies to castigate the men of Versaillesdefenders of civilization and the
bourgeois order:
Even the atrocities of the bourgeois in June, 1848, vanish before the
ineffable infamy of 1871. The self-sacrificing heroism with which the
population of Parismen, women, and childrenfought for eight days after
the entrance of the Versaillese, reflects as much on the grandeur of their cause,
as the infernal deeds of the soldiery reflect the innate spirit of that civilisation of
which they are the mercenary vindicators
To find a parallel for the conduct of Thiers and his bloodhounds we must
go back to the times of Sulla and the two Triumvirates of Rome. The same
wholesale slaughter in cold blood; the same disregard, in massacre, of age and
sex... (The Commune, Civil War in France)23.
Once again Marx invoked the women of the Commune, whom he ranked
among the self-sacrificing champions of a new and better society, while a
nefarious civilisation, based upon the enslavement of labour, drowns the
moans of its victims in a hue-and-cry of calumny, was changing the serene
workingmens Paris of the Communeinto a pandemonium. Meanwhile,
23
Ibid. 153.
268
Marx speculates that the bourgeois mind of all countries would interpret the
events of the Commune very differently:
The Paris people die enthusiastically for the Commune in numbers
unequalled in any battle known to history. What does that prove? Why, that the
Commune was not the peoples own government but the usurpation of a
handful of criminals! The women of Paris joyfully give their lives at the
barricades and on the place of execution. What does this prove? Why, that the
demon of the Commune has changed them into Megaeras and Hecates!24
The two drafted versions of The Commune are rich in insights that Marx,
being short on time, was not able to retain in the definitive text. For example,
the first draft contains the following passage:
[The] Commune has given order to the mairies25 to make no
distinction between the femmes called illegitimate, the mothers and widows of
National Guards, as to the indemnity of 75 centimes; the public prostitutes till
now kept for the men of order at Paris but for their safety kept in penal
servitude under the arbitrary rule of the police; the Commune has liberated the
prostitutes from this degrading slavery, but swept away the soil upon which,
and the men by whom, prostitution flourishes.The higher prostitutesthe
cocotteswere, of course, under the rule of order, not the slaves, but the
24
Ibid. 154-155.
25
City Hall.
269
masters of the police and governors. (The Civil War in France, First Draft,
MEGA, I/22)26.
In London, Marx changed the image of the Commune into the ideal prototype
of the human city of the future, as he was able to construct it by combining
extracts clipped from English and French newspapers and information sent by
members of the Commune to the General Council of the IWA. Some of the
leading principles of the book on the state, planned in his blueprint for the
Economy (a work he never completed), were set forth in the The
Commune, both on the critical level and as viewed from the angle of
expectation of the postcapitalist and post-state world commune.
The International and Womens Suffrage in the United States
On 11 September 1871, during a session of the subcommittee of the General Council
in preparation for the the IWA conference that was to be held in London a week later,
Marx proposed that the constitution of workingwomens sections be recommended. At
the congress itself, he read the following proposal: The Conference recommends the
formation of female branches among the working class. It is, however, understood that
this resolution does not at all interfere with the existence or formation of branches
composed of both sexes (Documents, Volume 4). According to explanatory notes on
26
Ibid. 45. In the first draft this passage came under the subheading: a) Measures for the Working Class.
270
the resolution, Marx stressed the need for founding womens sections in countries
whose industries engage many women.
As the IWA became increasingly influential, with the creation of several sections in
North America, the emerging feminist movement in the United States did not lag far
behind in challenging the founding charter of the organization, the statutes and
regulations of which insisted on its exclusively proletarian character. In December
1870 representatives of these sections had come together in New York to found a
Central Committee for the United States. In July 1871 two sections classified as
Section 9 and Section 12 had joined this committee under the leadership of two
bourgeois suffragettes, Victoria Woodhull27, and her sister, Tennessee Claflin. Their
followers sought to strengthen their influence in the International, with the intent of
pitting them against other sections that were predominantly German, French, and
Irish, and above all against Section 1 of New York and its Central Committee, which
had a direct relationship with Marx and Engels. Section 12 had its own organ, a
publication with the significant title of Woodhull & Claflins Weekly. The two sisters
had established contact with Marx on the occasion of a rumor in the American press
announcing his death. Thanking them for the highly interesting papers he had
received, Marx sent them a lengthy correspondence from his daughter, Jenny, in
27
Victoria Woodhull [1838-1927]: <http://www.americanheritage.com/content/dynamic-victoria-
woodhull?page=show>;
<https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jul/20/notorious-victoria-first-woman-run-for-us-president>
271
which she recounted the police harassment she and her sisters had experienced during
their vacation in Bagnres-de-Luchon. This tragico-comical episode, he wrote,
seems to me characteristic of the Republic-Thiers (letter to the editors of Woodhull
& Claflins Weekly, first published in No. 23/75, 21 October 1871. Jenny Marxs
account ended with some sarcastic remarks:
The French government are capable de tout [capable of anything], they
really believe in the truth of the wild petroleum fablesthe coinage of their own
distempered brains. They do think the women of Paris are neither brute nor human,
neither man nor woman, but ptroleusesa species of the Salamander, delighting
in their native elementfire
One could afford to treat with silent contempt a government run mad,
and to laugh at the farces in which the pottering pantaloons employed by that
government play their muddling and meddling parts, did not these farces turn out to be
tragedies for thousands of men, women and children. Think only of the ptroleuses
before the court-martial of Versailles, and of the women who, for the last three
months, are being slowly done to death on the pontoons. (Quoted in MEGA I/22)28.
28
Ibid: 476.
272
Marxs sympathy for the American periodical was short-lived. in a schism and led to
the formation of two rival federal councils. In December 1871 agitation by partisans
of Section 12 resulted The General Council in London, where Marx showed his
extreme annoyance with this secessionist agitation, made a decision in favor of the
Federal Committee of New York as representative authority for all American sections.
The decision was published in Woodhull & Claflins Weekly, accompanied by
commentary that gave rise to misunderstanding. Accused of reducing the IWA to a
tool for its own ends in contradiction to the objectives and tasks of the International,
Section 12 was suspended until the following congress. The General Council
emphasized one of the major demands of the general statutes of the IWA, namely the
obligation imposed upon the sections to recruit exclusively from the working class, as
the social conditions of the United States peculiarly facilitate[d] the intrusion into the
International of bogus reformers, middle-class quacks and trading politicians
(Resolutions on the Split in the United States Federation Passed by the General
Council of the I.W.A. in Its Sittings of 5th and 12th March l872 Documents, Volume
5). A recommendation was made that in the future no new section would be admitted
that was not composed of at least three-quarters of salaried workers.
In their obstinacy in considering the United States only from the point of view of the
interests of a working class in formation, Marx and Engels underestimated the role of
the middle classes, which were then involved in the reorganization of the huge country
273
that had just emerged from the more than ten-year-long Civil War. The womens
suffrage movement was a part of these middle-class aspirations to achieve a full social
and economic construction, in the spirit of the historic mission glorified by the
authors of The Manifesto of the Communist Party. The aggressiveness with which
Marx treated the suffragette sisters and their paper was communicated to Engels, who
made the most of his friends critical notes in composing Die Internationale in
Amerika (The International in America), an article published in the 17 July 1872
issue of Der Volksstaat29 (English translation in MECW, Volume 2330). Here are some
samples of Marxs indictments:
October 15th, 1871 was published in the journal of Woodhull (a bankers
woman [sic], free-lover and general humbug) and Claflin (her sister in the same line)
an Appeal of Section No. 12 (founded by Woodhull, and almost exclusively consisting
of middle-class humbugs and wornout Yankee swindlers in the Reform business;
Section IX is founded by Miss Claflin).[] That the whole organisation for PLACE
HUNTING and ELECTORAL PURPOSES: [] This APPEALand the formation
thereupon of ALL SORTS OF MIDDLE CLASS HUMBUG SECTIONS, FREE-
LOVERS, SPIRITISTS, SPIRITIST SHAKERS, etc.gave rise to a split in which
Section I (German) of the OLD COUNCIL demanded the expulsion of Section 12, the
29
Available at: <http://www.mlwerke.de/me/me18/me18_097.htm>
30
MECW, 23: 177-183.
274
nonadmittance of sections in which at least two-thirds of the membership are not
workers. (Marx, American Split, MECW, Volume 23)31.
Marx seems not to have appreciated the fact that, among other things, Section 12 was
demanding that each section have the right to set its own rules of conduct in full
autonomy. He also did not accept the assertion that political equality and social
freedom for all, without any racial or sexual distinction, were necessary preconditions
for the more radical reforms called for by the International. Without comment, he
quoted the following passages of protest from Woodhull and Claflins Journal:
The extension of equal citizenship to women, the world over, must precede any
general change in the subsisting relations of capital and labour. [] Section 12
would also remonstrate against the vain assumption that the International
Workingmens Association is an organisation of the working classes (American
Split, MECW, Volume 2332; emphases added by Marx).
In Marxs view, Section 12s entire campaign for the right to determine policy
autonomouslycontrary to the tactics decided upon by those in charge of Section 1
was motivated by just one goal: using the International as a propaganda instrument for
the Victoria Woodhulls candidacy for the presidency of the United States. Marxs
notes were intended for Engels use in writing the article mentioned above. This time,
31
Ibid: 636-637; <https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1872/09/splits.htm>
32
Ibid: 637.
275
the warning against the two American ladies went beyond the limits of an internal,
local quarrel, since Engels chose the organ of the Social-Democratic Workers Party
as his forum to condemn the campaign of the two sisters,millionairesses, advocates
of womens emancipation and especially free love. Was it not the ambition of their
followers to pass the International off as a bourgeois association? As for Woodhulls
presidential campaign, Engels was careful to note: The whole of America responded
with resounding laughter (MECW, vol. 2333).
The few extracts from articles kept by Marx and Engels are far from doing justice to
Woodhulls crusade for judicial, political, and social emancipation for women. Nor
did they report on her general ideas, set forth in The Origins, Tendencies, and
Principles of Government (1871), about the origins of civilization, the evolution of the
social universe and its sociological periods, the mighty modifying influence of the
civilizing power of modern Europe, the four determining powers of EuropeRussia,
Prussia, France, and Englandtheir rivalries, and the acceleration of the process of
civilization in Asia. In this nearly 250 page volume of her collected articles, Woodhull
showed herself to be closer to deist belief than to spiritualistic superstition. Pondering
the causes of the Civil War from which her country had just emerged, she asserted that
the war was the necessary result of the growth of the principles of freedom within the
general mind, principles that were opposed to private interests. However, although
33
Ibid: 182. The present transcriber fully agrees with the attitude of Marx and Engels on the given issue. One
wonders what propelled a scholar of Rubels stature to indulge in such uncalled for attack on Marx and Engels
and to offer his enthusiastic support to such a shady character.
276
resulting from natural conditions, individuals incapable of mastering the situation had
precipitated the catastrophe. As for her candidacy for the presidency in 1872, her
decision was devoted to the affirmation of a womans right to occupy the highest
office in the gift of the people in accordance with the principles established by the
United States Constitution, which guaranteed the right of suffrage for all citizens
without distinction of race or color34.
Social Progress and the Feminine Ferment
In a letter to Ludwig Kugelmann dated 12 December 1868, Marx wrote:
Everyone who knows anything of history also knows that great social
revolutions are impossible without the feminine ferment. Social progress may be
measured precisely by the social position of the fair sex (plain ones included).
(MECW, Volume 4335).
Almost a decade later, in a letter of 31 July 1877 to Sophie Liebknecht, Engels wrote:
Its all very well for us here [in England] to talk and criticise, when in
Germany any thoughtless or ill-considered work may entail imprisonment and the
temporary disruption of family life. Fortunately our German women do not allow
34
Perhaps Rubel was not aware that such fulsome praise should go in favour of the possible ghost writers of
Victoria Woodhull, namely, James Blood (1833-1885) or, Stephen Pearl Andrews (1812-1886) or, some other
speech writer paid for by someone like her patron, the railroad baron Cornelius Vanderbilt (1794-1877).
35
MECW, 43: 185.
277
themselves to be deterred by this and prove by their deeds that the sickly
sentimentality of which one hears so much is just a class affliction peculiar to
bourgeois women. (MECW, Volume 4536).
Many more examples of sympathy for women could be culled from the
correspondence of Marx and Engels, but even taken as a whole these examples do not
give an adequate sense of the result of the ultimate collaboration of the two friends.
That work was both scientific and political, and, remarkably enough, it took shape
after Marxs death, when, almost as a legacy from his collaborator, Engels published
Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums und des Staats (1884; The Origin of
the Family, Private Property, and the State).
An eternal student, Marx had immersed himself for two years prior to his death in
ethnological reading and was stimulated by the ideas of the American scholar Henry
Lewis Morgan, the author of a work whose title alone could not help but catch the
attention of any mind open to the problems of the historical destiny of the human
species: Ancient Society; or, Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from
Savagery through Barbarism to Civilization (1877). When he discovered one of
Marxs notebooks referring to Morgans work, Engels wrote to Karl Kautsky:
36
MECW, 45: 256.
278
There is a definitive bookas definitive as Darwins was in the case of
biologyon the primitive state of society; once again, of course, Marx was the one to
discover it. It is Morgans Ancient Society, 1877. Marx mentioned it, but my head
was full of other things at the time and he never referred to it again which was, no
doubt, agreeable to him, wishing as he did to introduce the book to the Germans
himself; I can see this from his very exhaustive extracts. Within the limits set by his
subject, Morgan rediscovers for himself Marxs materialist view of history, and
concludes with what are, for modern society, downright communist postulates. (letter
of 16 February 1884, MECW, Volume 4737).
The fruit of a post-mortem collaboration, Engelss Origin of the Family, Private
Property and the State (notably in its 1891 edition) stands out for its enrichment of the
materialist philosophy of history with a scientific foundationa dimension that had
been lacking prior to Marxs ethnological readings, but whose rootswith regard to
womenwere discernable in the works of thinkers such as Fourier, Saint-Simon,
Johann Jakob Bachofen, and Morgan.
In the conclusion of his book, Engels quotes the following passage from Morgans
book, as if to appropriate the supreme lesson for himself and Marx.
37
MECW, 47: 103. Morgans book was sent to Marx by M.M.Kovalevsky when it was published in 1877.
279
A mere property career is not the final destiny of mankind, if progress is to be
the law of the future as it has been of the past. The time which has passed away since
civilisation began is but as a fragment of the past duration of mans existence; and but
a fragment of the ages to come. The dissolution of society bids fair to become the
termination of a career of which property is the end and aim, because such a career
contains the elements of self-destruction. Democracy in government, brotherhood in
society, equality in rights, and universal education, foreshadow the next higher
plane of society to which experience, intelligence and knowledge are steadily tending.
It will be a revival, in a higher form, of the liberty, equality and fraternity of the
ancient gentes. (MECW, Volume 2638; emphases added by Engels).
This vision is essentially the same as that of Bachofen, who had written a work whose
very title resembles the agenda of the communist ethic. Its categorical imperative can
be summed up in these words: human emancipation of women: Das Mutterrecht
(1861; Matriarchy: Research on the Gynecocracy of the Ancient World According to
Its Religious and Judicial Nature).
In his ethnological readingsthe last ones of his life as a researcherMarx
returned to some of Fouriers intuitions that he had already incorporated in his first
book, The Holy Family, written some 30 years earlier.There Marx had adopted the
pronouncement of the visionary genius who had prophesied that women, the first
38
MECW, 26: 276.
280
victims of bourgeois civilization and nevertheless superior to man, would be called
upon to take mens place in the avant-garde of the struggle for human emancipatio
Engels, heir to Marxs ethnological papers, took it upon himself to develop a
kind of supplement to the materialist theory. He particularly relied on the work
compiled by Marx, during his impassioned reading of Morgans Ancient Society.
Morgan had observed and studied the kinship systems and family types among North
American Indians and had there found the key to the enigmas of the most ancient
Greek, Roman, and Germanic history. According to Morgan, the family, far from
being static, is continually evolving from an inferior form to a superior form, while
kinship systems progress only after long intervals and according to radical family
changes. And, adds Marx, the same applies to political, juridical, religious and
philosophical systems generally (The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the
State, MECW, Volume 26). Bachofens work has been qualified as being scientific
prophecy, an assessment that could well be applied also to Morgan, his
correspondent. As for Marx and Engels, they appropriated the fundamental thesis of
the two explorers of primitive communities in order to nourish their own convictions,
made up of prescience as much as science. Bachofen and Morgan discovered the
existence of primitive communism in predominantly matriarchal societies. In a sense
this constituted a heuristic demonstration of a form of womens emancipation rich
with promise for a revival in a higher form.
281
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285
APPENDIX III. A SHORT NOTE ON TIME USE STUDIES
[This note is mainly based on eIJTUR and Time Use: Past, Present and
Future and, Editors Introduction, eIJTUR, volume 1, 2004: i-vii.]
Time is the measure of various forms of change, motion and activities. Time
Use Studies/Researches have been used throughout the 20th Century, for
measuring the activities of human individuals in various parts of the world, with
the aim of understanding the social life of people, on the basis of the patterns of
their time use. Time Use Studies produce an empirical data-base, leading to
some theoretical perspectives that help analyze hitherto uninvestigated or less-
investigated social and economic phenomena and, help generate corresponding
policies.
Time Use or Time-Budget Studies arose out of the nineteenth-century practical
and theoretical interests in the working hours, leisure time and, life styles in
Western Europe; see: Engels (1845) in the Bibliography below. From 1913 till
about the second half of the 20th Century Time Use Studies were mainly
focused on the distribution of time across daily activities and, that of the leisure
time of certain specific social groups, like the industrial workers, farmers and
service sector workers. It may be mentioned in passing, that the first Time
286
Signal sent around the World was broadcast from the Eiffel Tower of Paris, in
July 1913; that the first time use study came out in the USA also in 1913; and,
that Count Helmuth von Moltke of Germany used Standard Time to put into
effect his war plan in 1914. Thus the emergence of World Standard Time and,
that of Time Use Studies appear to be simultaneous. The first exhaustive large-
scale study of 24-hour time budgets of the workers of Moscow was carried out
by S.G. Strumilin in 1924.
By the middle of the twentieth-century Time Use Studies were taken up in the
more industrialized countries like the U.K., U.S.A., U.S.S.R., France and Japan.
In the 1950s-1960s Time Use Research became more frequent and widespread,
often involving large governmental and non-governmental statistics gathering
organizations. The most important event of the 1960s was the Multinational
Time Use Study conducted in 12 countries [namely, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, Federal Republic of Germany, France, German Democratic
Republic, Hungary, Peru, Poland, U.S.A., U.S.S.R. and Yugoslavia] , under the
direction Alexander Szalai (1972) of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and
United Nations Institute for Training and Research. A few more countries
undertook such studies in the 1960s-1980s. The new entrants in this period
included: Canada, South Korea and Ivory Coast. During the 1990s the reach of
Time Use Research was extended to Italy, Sweden, Norway, Israel, Austria,
287
Australia, Dominican Republic, New Zealand, South Africa and India. Chinas
first large-scale Time Use Survey was conducted in 2012.
In India, at first some small-scale Time Use Studies were taken up by individual
scholars and kindred research groups in the period 1970-1996. Then, from July
1998 to June 1999 a pilot survey was conducted by a Technical Committee set
up by the Department of Statistics of the Government of India, in the six states
of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Meghalaya, Tamilnadu, Haryana and Orissa.
Time Use Studies are poised for a tremendous upsurge all over the World. This
coincides with the real time connectivity of global finance, stock exchanges
and, business process related services in the present century.
Our daily, weekly, monthly and yearly time use cycles increase or decrease our
capacities, and hence determine our life-chances, help shape our social and
economic position. What we do with our time determines who we become. A
desired balance of work time and leisure time is a basic desideratum both for
individual and for social well-being.
Time use indicators help map the supply and demand of labor and leisure; have
implications for national accounting practices and, for understanding the
structure, function, and dynamics of social advantages and disadvantages of the
different generations, genders, tribes, castes and classes of our societies. Time
measurements provide a basis for integrating the multifaceted phenomena of
288
paid and unpaid production and consumption in complex and multiform
societies, into a general framework, that may help understand the processes of
change affecting our cultural and socio-economic ground realities.
Historically, the increasingly more and more fine-tuned measurement of the
time parameters of natural phenomena (like, durations, frequencies, cycles,
rates of change, simultaneity, sequences etc.) has been of great importance for
the development of the natural sciences. The emergence and development of
Time Use Studies have created conditions for similar development of the social
sciences. Under present day conditions of accelerated socio-economic
transformation, time is of prime concern for technology, organization and
management of work, economics, sociology/anthropology, health, schooling,
education, media and, for the analysis and development of public policy in
general.
A BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Economy: Gender, Time Use and Poverty in Developing Countries. New York
etc.: Palgrave Macmillan.
Artemov, Viktor et al (1999), The past was rich, the present is difficult, will there
be a future: from vanguard to rearguard? A retrospective of time budget surveys
289
carried out in Russia in the 20th-century. Paper presented at the 1999 conference of
the IATUR, Colchester, U.K.
Bailey, I. (1915), A study of management of farm homes, Journal of family and
economic issues 17(3/4): 409-418.
Bevans, G.E. (1913), How workingmen spend their time. New York: Columbia
University Press.
Bryant, Keith W. et al. (1992), The Dollar Value of Household Work. Cornell
University.
Budlender, Debbie (2007), A Critical Review of Selected Time Use Surveys.
Geneva: UNRISD. Available at:
http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/httpNetITFramePDF?ReadForm&
parentunid=169A34EDDF90D43DC12573240034E24E&parentdoctype=paper
&netitpath=80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpAuxPages)/169A34EDDF90D43DC125
73240034E24E/$file/Budlender-paper.pdf
__ (2008), The Statistical Evidence on Care and Non-Care Work across Six
Countries. Geneva: UNRISD. Available at;
290
parentunid=F9FEC4EA774573E7C1257560003A96B2&parentdoctype=paper
&netitpath=80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpAuxPages)/F9FEC4EA774573E7C1257
560003A96B2/$file/BudlenderREV.pdf
Converse, Philip E. (1968), Time Budgets, in: the International Encyclopedia
of the Social Sciences [Ed. David L. Sills], Volume 16: 42-47. London and New
York: Collier-Macmillan etc.
Dong, Xiao-Yuan and Xinli An (2012), Gender Patterns and Value of Unpaid
Work: Findings from Chinas First Large-Scale Time Use Survey. Geneva:
UNRISD. Available at:
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&netitpath=80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpAuxPages)/7CE1453DB093FB41C1257
A8E004D6A57/$file/Dong%20and%20An.pdf
Engels, Friedrich (1845), The Conditions of the Working Class in England. In:
Marx /Engels, Collected Works, Volume 4: 295-596 [see therein, the references
to the WORKING DAY on pages 435-36,461-66, 481-82, 491-92, 499-500 and,
592-93]. Available at:
291
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(2005). New York: United Nations.
Hamermesh, Daniel S. and Gerard F. Pfann (2004), How People use their time:
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being. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Survey Research Center, Institute
for Social Research.
Merz, Joachim and Manfred Ehling (1999), Time use: research, data, policy.
Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag.
292
Petrosyan, Grachya Sarkisovich (1965),
[Out-of-Work Time of the Working People in the USSR]. Moskva:
Ekonomika.
Proceedings of the International Seminar on Time Use Studies (1999).
Ahmedabad, 7-10 December. New Delhi: Central Statistical Organization.
Proceedings of the National Seminar on Applications of Time Use Statistics
(2002). New Delhi, 8-9 October. New Delhi: Central Statistical Organization.
Prudensky, German Aleksandrovich (1964), [Time and Work].
Moskva: Mysl.
Razavi, Shahra (2007), The Political and Social Economy of Care in a
Development Context: Conceptual Issues, Research Questions and Policy
Options. Geneva: UNRISD. Available at:
parentunid=2DBE6A93350A7783C12573240036D5A0&parentdoctype=paper
&netitpath=80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpAuxPages)/2DBE6A93350A7783C125
73240036D5A0/$file/Razavi-paper.pdf
Robinson, John P. (1977), How Americans use Time. New York: Praeger.
Sorokin, Pitirim Aleksandrovich and Clarence Qinn Berger (1939), Time
Budgets of Human Behavior. Cambridge : Harvard University Press.
293
Stetson [nee Gilman], Charlotte Perkins (1898), Women and Economics: A
Study of the Economic Relation Between Men and Women as a Factor in Social
Evolution. Boston: Small, Maynard & Company.
Strumilin, Stanislav Gustavovich (1964),
, [On the Study of Lifestyles of the Working People in the USSR]
[Collected Works], T.3, Gl. VII: 165249. Moskva:
Nauka. [The first large-scale study of exhaustive 24-hour time budgets of the
workers of Moscow was carried out by S.G.Strumilin in 1924.]
Szalai, Alexander (1966), Trends in Contemporary Time Budget Research.
Paris: UNESCO. Available at:
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001560/156021eb.pdf
__ [edited in collaboration with others] (1972), The Use of Time: Daily
activities of urban and suburban populations in twelve countries. The Hague:
Mouton.
__ (1975), Womens Time: Women in the light of contemporary time-budget
research, Futures, October: 385-99. Available at:
http://www.timeuse.org/files/cckpub/SzalaiA.Womens_Time.pdf
Zuzanek, Jiri (1980), Work and Leisure in the Soviet Union: A Time-Budget
Analysis. New York: Praeger.
294
ELECTRONIC TEXTS AND DATA FILES
May be accessed from the major time use research initiatives and journals like the:
Centre for Time Use Research Information Gateway
http://www-2009.timeuse.org/information/studies/
International Association for Time Use Research
http://www.iatur.org/
Electronic International Journal for Time Use Research [eIJTUR]
http://www.eijtur.org/
United Nations Statistics Division
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/default.htm
EUROSTAT Time Use Project
https://www.h2.scb.se/tus/tus/
UNDP Gender Inequality and Development Related Indexes
http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/gii/
http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/indices/gdi_gem/
U S Bureau of Labor Statistics: American Time Use Survey
http://www.bls.gov/tus/
Das Forschungsinstitut Freie Berufe (FFB) [The Research Institute on
Professions], University of Lneburg, Germany
http://www.leuphana.de/institute/ffb.html
295

( )
[Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering, Siberian Branch of the Russian
Academy of Sciences]
http://www.sbras.ru/sbras/db/show_doc.phtml?3+eng+22
Central Statistical Organization, Ministry of Statistics and Programme
Implementation, Government of India
http://statsinfoindia.weebly.com/index.html
Appendix IV. Literacy, Matheracy and Technoracy for Justice and Equality
1. A desired reconstruction of the critique of political economy as a science of

the 24 hour totality of human work in the family-market continuum needs
time use data on a world scale. The collection of such data may become
possible in the course of attainment of universal or near-universal literacy,
matheracy and technoracy. Women and children constitute more than half of
the population of the world. They perform most of the unpaid work till date.
If all the people of the world do not get the skills and motivations for
recording and providing their own time use data, then the measurement of
gender-based and inter-generational inequalities will remain beyond the
grasp of the sciences. Search for justice and equality are very strong
motivations for learning. These motivations may be harnessed for attaining
universal literacy, matheracy and technoracy.
2. Many new technical devices and approaches, such as the evolving I-Slates
[Palem and others, 2009], Virtual Open Schooling [The Report, 2013]
296
may be used to promote the required literacy, matheracy and technoracy on a
world scale.
3. The collected time use data are so far being analyzed with the help of
predictive analytics related soft wares, like the SPSS and/or STATISTICA,
which use some currently dominant understanding of statistics and
probability theory.
4. People of the whole world need to use these products of the presently
globally dominant and sacralized Mediterranean Basin Ethnomathematical
Culture, just as the prairie Amerindians needed to use the guns [DAmbrosio
and Rosa 2008: 103-04]. However, desacralization and demystification of
these concrete ethnomathematical disciplines, theories and products may
facilitate faster attainment of universal literacy, matheracy and technoracy.
5. To desacralize and demystify these ethnomathematical disciplines and

products, let us invert the entire presently dominant Mediterranean Basin
approach to elementary mathematics-statistics instruction. The dominant
practice of this instruction first introduces determinate constant numbers
09; then determinate unknown quantities; then indeterminate quantities x,
y etc., which assume successive values, for instance, 09; then algebraic
functions involving such quantities; then in the Cartesian application of
algebra to geometry the unknown quantities x, y etc., turn into variables and
the known quantities into constants [Marx 1994: 172-177: On the Concept
of Function], and, then, at some later level, a random variable is introduced
as a variable resulting from variations due to chance. Let us reverse this
entire course of instruction: let us at first introduce some concept of
interdependent random variables as primary, with the help of many
examples from the realms of nature, society and thought; then redefine
ordinary variables as special cases of abstractions from these interdependent
random variables; and, finally redefine constants as special cases of
abstractions from these ordinary variables. This approach may make
instruction of statistics-mathematics more compatible with our
understanding of nature, society and thought as complex and non-linear
living systems. It will be more truthful, more convincing and hence, more
easily comprehensible. If, some people feel such a need, then the details of
297
the proposed approach or, of other alternative desacralizing approaches to
statistics-mathematics instruction may be worked out by them.
References
DAmbrosio, U. and Rosa, M. (2008). A dialogue with Ubiratan DAmbrosio: A
Brazilian conversation about ethnomathematics. Revista Latinoamericana de
Etnomatematica, 1(2): 88-110. Available at:
http://www.etnomatematica.org/v1-n2-julio2008/DAmbrosio-Rosa.pdf
Marx, Karl. (1994). Mathematical Manuscripts [together with a Special
Supplement: Marx and Mathematics]. Calcutta/Kolkata: Viswakos Parisad.
Available at:
http://cfcul.fc.ul.pt/varios/Karl_Marx_FINAL.pdf
Palem, K. and others (2009).I-Slate, Ethnomathematics and Rural Education.
Available at:
http://www.cs.rice.edu/~lc6/visen/2009islate.pdf
The Report: Technical Workshop for Virtual Open Schooling, 2013. Available at:
http://www.nios.ac.in/media/documents/TWVOSFinal_Report.pdf
Milton Rosa et al (2016), Current and Future Perspectives of Ethnomathematics
as a Program. Springer Open. Available at:
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-319-30120-4.pdf
298
Kolkata
08 August 2017
pradipbaksi@gmail.com
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Towards Measurement of Gender Inequality

Karl Marxs critique of political economy is a sublation or Aufhebung of classical

self-emancipation of the wage-labourer. He divided his corresponding task into 6

Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe (MEGA) I-IV: http://mega.bbaw.de/struktur

plans and, correspondences. Each and every attempted investigation therein is

Wage-labour and wageless-labour together constitute the universe of discourse of

studies. This paper proposes a research programme for extending and

supplementing the wage-labour related component of Marxs critique of political

economy, by utilizing the data generated on wageless/unpaid-labour by gender

Keywords: Measurement of Gender Inequality; Karl Marx; Critique of Political

Economy; Wage-Labour; Wageless/Unpaid-Labour; Time Use Studies; Universal

Literacy; Emerging Technologies.

Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy] (1859) with the following

I examine the system of bourgeois economy in the following order: capital,

landed property, wage-labour; the state, foreign trade, world market.

Commodity, 2. Money or simple circulation, 3. Capital in general. The present

clarification at widely separated periods; their remoulding into an integrated

[Marx/Engels, Collected Works (MECW), 29: 261].

democrat, theoretician of the Second International and, first editor of Marxs

[in 1897]; (2) the economist, advocate of cooperative-socialism, author of Die

Frauenarbeit, ein Problem des Kapitalismus [Womens Work, a Problem of

Capitalism] (1906), and a colleague of the first editor of Marxs mathematical

(3) the non-Marxist, council-communist, Marx-editor Maximilien Rubel [in 1973]

had reminded us of this 6 book master plan of investigations, over a period of

remained incomplete; see:

order incompletenesses. First, the incompleteness of Marxs Capital is a part of

of this Critique remained unwritten. Next, his incomplete Critique of Political

open ended, investigations remain available for inspection in the following

Engels, are available online at:

It is based on the collected papers of Marx and Engels indicated above.

Three, a catalog of the partially reconstructed personal libraries of Marx and

Engels available as MEGA IV/32 (1999).

bibliography reflecting Marxs encyclopedic approach to the study of history [see:

MEGA, Section II contains 6 different editions of the Capital, Volume I [MEGA

535-64 are titled: Wages. At the very beginning of Chapter XX of Capital,

forms of wages belongs to the special study of wage-labour, not therefore to

[see: note 2].

already published or yet to be published volumes of MEGA I-IV. It has been

observed that Marxs corresponding lifelong investigations for self-clarification

about 15 countries [see: Rojahn 1998; and, MEGA IV/32, Einfhrung].The

materials that he collected for self-clarification, in respect of his planned second

ethnology (1974) and, on comparative history of landed property (1977). These

included in some of the volumes of MEGA IV.

form of the still surviving, historical siblings of wage-labour happens to be the

wageless/unpaid-labour of women and children in patriarchal families. In many

wage-labour in the marketplace and, the domestic wageless-labour in the

universe of discourse of labour in the world as a whole.

family works on contract or on piece rate, within the capitalist system of

wage-labour is performed under conditions of total or partial bondage of the

operates under the overarching constraints imposed by an entrenched caste system,

imperial partocratic bureaucracy, as in the case of countries like the erstwhile

place, then it becomes difficult to disentangle wage-labour and wageless/unpaid-

labour at a given point of time.

common time-measure of both wage-labour and wageless-labour by the time use

be further extended today by investigating their implications for critique of

Electronic International Journal for Time Use Research (eIJTUR).

Section I: Wageless/Unpaid Labour Measure for Gender Inequality

wage-labourers from the system of wage-labour. That is the goal of communism

However, the arrival of such a condition must be preceded by a precondition,

where no one remains bound to any form of wageless-labour. Right now

patriarchal family is the largest and strongest citadel of wageless-labour. Marx

state are incompatible with all forms of wageless-labour.

constitutional standpoint by some of the leading thinkers of the first French