Bibliografa general
[Ary98] Arys A., Philippart C., Dourov N., He Y., Le
Q.T., Pireaux J.J., Analysis of titanium dental im-
plants after failure of osseointegration: combined his-
tological, electron microscopy and X-ray photoelec-
tron spectroscopy approach, Journal of Biomedical Ma-
terials Research (Applied Biomaterials), 43, 3, pp. 300-
312 (1998).
[AST94] ASTM F86, Standard recommended practice for
surface preparation and marking of metallic surgical im-
plants, ASTM (1994).
[Ate97] Ateshian G.A., Wang H., Rolling resistance of
articular cartilage due to interstitial fluid flow, Pro-
ceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers part H,
211, pp. 419424 (1997).
[Bal88] Balkin B.E., Journal of Dental Education, 52 (12),
pp. 683 (1988).
[Bar77] Bars J.P., Etchessahar E., Debuigne J., Kinetic
diffusional and morphological study of the nitrid-
ing of titanium by nitrogen at high temperature, Jour-
nal of Less-Common Metals, 52, pp. 51-76 (1977).
[Bar88] Bars J.P., Guillou A., Debuigne J., Nitruration
du TA6V4 haute temperature dans lazote pur, Pro-
ceedings of the 6 th World Conference On Titanium,
Cannes, France, pp. 1981-1986 (1988).
[Bay94] Bayer R.G., Mechanical wear prediction and pre-
vention, ISBM 0-8247-9027-8, ed. Marcel Dekker Inc,
New York, EE UU, (1994).
[Beh91] Behrndt H., Lunk A., Biocompatibility of TiN
preclinical and clinical investigations, Materials Sci-
ence and Engineering, A139, pp. 58-60 (1991).
[Bel86] Bell T., Bergmann H.W., Lanagan J., Morton P.H.,
Staines A.M., Surface engineering of titanium with
nitrogen, Surface Engineering, 2, pp. 133-143 (1986).
[Bel94] Bell T., Morton P.H., Bloyce A., Towards the de-
sign of dynamically loaded titanium engineering
components, Materials Science and Engineering, A184,
pp. 73-86 (1994).
[Bia96] Bianco P.D., Ducheyne P., Cuckler J.M., Deter-
mination of in vivo titanium release from a non-ar-
ticulating commercially pure titanium implant, Med-
ical applications of titanium and its alloys: The material
and biological issues, ASTM STP 1272, Brown S.A. and
Lemons J.E. Eds., ISBN 0-8031-2010-9, American So-
ciety for Testing and Materials, Ann Harbor, USA,
pp. 346-356 (1996).
[Bia97] Bianco P.D., Ducheyne P., Cuckler J.M., Systemic
titanium levels in rabbits with a titanium implant in
the absence of wear, Journal of Materials Science: Ma-
terials in Medicine, 8, pp. 525-529 (1997).
[Bla92] Black J., Biological performance of materials: fun-
damentals of biocompatibility (2 nd edition), ISBN
0-8247-8439-1, Marcel Dekker Inc., Nueva York
EE.UU., pp. 8 (1992).
[Bla93] Blanchard J.P., Chen A., Bogin Q., The relation-
ship between depth profiles of nitrogen concentra-
tion, hardness, and wear rate in ion-implanted
Ti6Al4V, Nuclear Instruments and Methods In Physics
Research, 82, pp. 63-68 (1993).
[Blo97] Bloyce A., Wear protection of titanium alloys,
Surface performance of titanium, ISBN 0-87339-402-X,
ed. ASM-TMS, pp. 155-169 (1997).
[Bol93] Bolz A., Schaldach M., Haemocompatibility
optimisation of implants by hybrid structuring, Med-
ical and Biological Engineering and Computation, 31, pp.
s123-s130 (1993).
[Bor96] Bordji K., Jouzeau J.Y., Mainard D., Payan E.,
Netter P., Rie K.T., Stucky T., Hage-Ali M., Citocom-
patibility of Ti6Al4V and Ti5Al2.5Fe alloys accord-
ing to three surface treatments, using human fibrob-
lasts and osteoblasts, Biomaterials, 17, pp. 929-940
(1996).
[Bou89] Boukamp B.A., Equivalent circuit users manual,
2nd edition, University of Twente (1989).
[Box93] Box G., Hunter W.G., Hunter J S., Estadstica
para investigadores, ISBN 84-291-5041-2, ed. Revert,
Prats P. trad., pp. 385424 (1993).
[Bra93] Brauner H., Corrosion resistance and biocom-
patibility of physical vapour deposition coatings for
dental applications, Surface and coatings technology,
62, pp. 618-625 (1993).
[Bro95] Bumgardner J.D., Johansson B.I., Effects of ti-
tanium-dental restorative alloy galvanic couples on
cultured cells, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research
(Applied Biomaterials), 43 (2), pp. 184-191 (1998).
[Buc87] Buchanan R.A., Rigney E.D., Williams J.M., Ion
implantation of surgical Ti6Al4V for improved re-
sistance to wear-accelerated corrosion, Journal of Bi-
omedical Materials Research, 21, pp. 355-366 (1987).
[Bum98] Bumgardner J.D., Johansson B.I., Effects of ti-
tanium-dental restorative alloy galvanic couples on
cultured cells, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research
(Applied Biomaterials), 43, 2, pp. 184-191 (1998).
[Cab97] Cabrini M., Cigada A., Rondelli G., Vicentini
B., Effect of different surface finishing and of hy-
droxyapatite coatings on passive and corrosion cur-
rent of Ti6Al4V alloy in simulated physiological so-
lution, Biomaterials, 18, pp. 783-787 (1997).
[Cha86] Chaze A.M., Coddet C., The role of nitrogen in
the oxidation behaviour of titanium and some bina-
ry alloys, Journal of Less-Common Metals, 124, pp. 73-84
(1986).
138
[Col88] Coll B.F., Jacquot P., Surface modification of
medical implants and surgical devices using TiN lay-
ers, Surface and Coatings Technology, 36, pp. 867-878
(1988).
[Cor99] Cortada M., Giner L., S.Costa S., Gil F.J., Ro-
drguez D., Planell J.A., Galvanic corrosion behaviour
of titanium implants coupled to dental alloys, Journal
of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, Aceptado
para su publicacin (1999).
[Cue93] Cuevas F.S. de las, Santamarta I.S.J., La
tecnologa del haz de electrones y sus aplica-
ciones, ISBN 84-481-0185-5, ed. McGraw-Hill,
Aravaca, Espaa, pp. 47-57 (1993).
[Cul78] Cullity B.D., Elements of X-ray diffraction (2nd
edition), ISBN 0-201-01174-3, Addison-Wesley Pub-
lishing, Reading, USA, pp. 417-419 (1978).
[Dav93] David D., Garcia E.A., Branger G., A compar-
ative study of insertion and diffusion of oxygen and
nitrogen in -titanium, Proceedings of the VIIth World
Conference on Titanium, Froes FH, Caplan I ed., The
Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, ISBN
0-87339-222-1, pp. 537-547 (1993).
[Dav94] Davidson J.A., Poggie R.A., Mishra A.K., Abra-
sive wear of ceramic, metal and UHMWPE bearing
surfaces from third-body bone, PMMA bone cement
and titanium debris, Bio-Medical Materials and Engi-
neering, 4 (3), pp. 213229 (1994).
[Daw83] Dawson P.T., Burke N.A., Auger-spectrum
simulation techniques for surface analysis of alloys
with overlapping peaks: sputtered and annealed W
Mo alloys, Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related
Phenomena, 31, pp. 355-368 (1983).
[Daw85] Dawson P. T., Tzatzov K.K., Quantitative Au-
ger electron analysis of titanium nitrides, Surface Sci-
ence, pp. 106-118 (1985).
[Dea99] Dearnley P.A., A review of metallic, ceramic
and surface-treated metals used for bearing surfac-
es in human joint replacements, Proceedings of the
Institute of Mechanical Engineers Part H, 213, pp.107-
135 (1999).
[Dec80] Dchamps M., Sassi B.H., Amlioration des
caractristiques de frottement de lalliage de titane
TA6V par dissolution doxygne et durcissement
superficiel contrles, Journal of Less-Common Metals,
69, pp. 93-105 (1980).
[Don89] Donachie M., Titanium: a Technical Guide, ASM,
ISBN 0-87170-309-2, Ohio, USA (1989).
[Dor90] Dorr L.D., Bloebaum R., Emmanual J., Mel-
drum R., Histologic, biochemical and ion analysis of
tissue and fluids retrieved during total hip arthro-
plasty, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 261,
pp. 82-95 (1990).
[Dri87] Driscol T.D., Journal of the California Dental As-
sociation, oct. 16, (1987).
[Enf97] LEnfant H., Laurens P., Sainte Catherine M.C.,
Dubois T., Amouroux J., Kinetics of titanium nitriding
under CW CO laser radiation, Surface and coatings
technology, 96,2 169-175 (1997).
[Esc96] Escudero M.L., Lpez M.F., Ruiz J., Garca-Alon-
so M.C., Canahua H., Comparative study of the cor-
rosion behavior of MA-956 and conventional metal-
lic biomaterials, , Journal of Biomedical Materials Re-
search, 31, pp. 313-317 (1996).
[Fer60] Ferguson A.B., Laing P.G., Hodge E.S., The ion-
ization of metal implants in living tissue, Journal of
Bone and Joint Surgery, 42A, pp. 76-89 (1960).
[Fon95] Fonseca C., Traverse A., Tadjeddine A., Cunha
Belo M., A characterisation of titanium anodic ox-
ides by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and grazing
X-ray diffraction, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemis-
try, 388, pp. 115-122 (1995).
[Fon98] Fonseca C., Comunicacin privada.
[Gar98] Garca I., Damborenea J.J., Corrosion proper-
ties of TiN prepared by laser gas alloying of titani-
um and Ti6Al4V, Corrosion Science, 40 (8), pp. 1411-
1419 (1998).
[Gil93] Gil FJ, Ginebra MP, Padrs A, Planell JA, Obten-
cin y caracterizacin de capas pasivadas en implan-
tes dentales de titanio, Revista Espaola Odontoestoma-
tolgica de Implantes, 2, pp. 113119 (1993).
[Gil95] Gil F.X., Rodrguez D., Planell J.A., Grain growth
kinetics of pure titanium, Scripta Metallurgica et Ma-
terialia, 33 (8), pp. 1361-1366 (1995).
[Gil96] Gil F.J., Rodrguez D., Snchez E., Manero J.M.,
Planell J.A., Nitrogen diffusion hardening for titani-
um and Ti6Al4V alloy, Proceedings of the 5th World Bi-
omaterials Congress, v II, Ed. Canadian Biomaterials
Society, pp. 477 (1996).
[Gil96] Gilbert J.L., Buckley C.A., Lautenschlager E.P.,
Titanium oxide film fracture and repassivation: the
effect of potential, pH and aeration, Medical applica-
tions of titanium and its alloys: The material and biolog-
ical issues, ASTM STP 1272, Brown S.A. and Lemons
J.E. Eds., ISBN 0-8031-2010-9, American Society for
Testing and Materials, Ann Harbor, USA, pp. 199-
215 (1996).
[Glu97] Gluszek J., Masalski J., Furman P., Nitsch K.,
Structural and electrochemical examinations of
PACVD TiO films in Ringer solution, Biomaterials,
2
18, pp. 789794 (1997).
[Got94] Goto T., Tada M., Ito Y., Electrochemical sur-
face nitriding of titanium in molten salt system, Elec-
trochimica Acta, 39, pp. 1107-1113 (1994).
[Gri54] Griest A.I., Moorhead P.E., Frost P.D., Jackson
J.H., Surface hardening of titanium by carburizing
and induction heat treatment, Transactions ASM, 46,
pp. 257-276 (1954).
[Gui88] Guillou A., Debuigne J., Oxynitriding of titani-
um and TA64V at high temperature in dry air at low
pressure, Proceedings of the 6th World Conference On
Titanium, Cannes, France, pp. 1829-1834 (1988).
[Han54] Hanzel R.W., Surface Hardening Processes for
Titanium and its Alloys, Metal Progress, 3, pp. 89-96
(1954).

[Han94] Handbook of Material Properties: Titanium alloys,
Welsh G., Boyer R., Collins E.W., ASM, Ohio, EEUU
(1994).
[Har97] Harman M.K., Banks S.A., Hodge W.A., Wear
analysis of a retrieved hip implant with titanium ni-
tride coating, Journal of Arthroplasty, 12 (8), pp. 938-
945 (1997).
[Hea96] Healy K.E., Ducheyne P., Passive dissolution
of titanium in biological environments, Medical ap-
plications of titanium and its alloys: The material and
biological issues, ASTM STP 1272, Brown SA and Lem-
ons JE Eds., ISBN 0-8031-2010-9, American Society
for Testing and Materials, Ann Harbor, USA, pp. 179-
187 (1996).
[Hir96] Hirakawa K., Bauer T.W., Stulberg B.N., Wilde
A.H., Secic M., Characterization and comparison of
wear debris from failed total hip implants of differ-
ent types, Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 78A, pp.
1235-1243 (1996).
[Hol62] Holmberg B., Structural studies on the titani-
um-nitrogen system, Acta Chemica Scandinavia, 16 (5),
pp. 1255-1261 (1962).
[Hu88] Hu Y., Dai D., Dong Y., The ion nitriding of tita-
nium materials and its applications, Proceedings of he
6th World Conference on Titanium, Cannes, France, pp.
1801-1804 (1988).
[Hu97] Hu C., Xin H., Watson L.M., Baker T.N., Analy-
sis of the phases developed by laser nitriding
Ti6Al4V alloys, Acta Materialia, 45 (10), pp. 4311-4322
(1997).
[Hur73] Hurricks P.L., Some metallurgical factors con-
trolling the adhesive and abrasive wear resistance
of steels. A review, Wear, 26, pp. 285304 (1973).
[Hut83] Hutchings R., Oliver W.C., A study of the im-
proved wear performance of nitrogen-implanted
Ti6Al4V, Wear, 92, pp. 143-153 (1983).
[Ima96] Imam M.A., Fraker A.C., Titanium alloys as
implant materials, Medical applications of titanium and
its alloys: The material and biological issues, ASTM STP
1272, Brown S.A. and Lemons J.E. Eds., ISBN 0-8031-
2010-9, American Society for Testing and Materials,
Ann Harbor, USA, pp. 316 (1996).
[Isa92] Isaac G.H., Wroblewski B.M., Atkinson J.R.,
Dowson D., A tribological study of retrieved hip
prostheses, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research,
276, pp. 115-125 (1992).
[Jac96] Jacobs J.J., Skipor A.K., Black J., Patterson L.M.,
Paprosky P., Galante J.O., A 3-year prospective study
of serum titanium levels in patients with primary
total hip replacements, Medical applications of titani-
um and its alloys: The material and biological issues,
ASTM STP 1272, Brown S.A. and Lemons J.E. Eds.,
ISBN 0-8031-2010-9, American Society for Testing
and Materials, Ann Harbor, USA, pp. 400-408 (1996).
[Joh94] Johansson E., Westberg H., Method of producing
integral, hard nitride layer on titanium/titanium alloy,
U.S. Patent n. 5.320.686, Jun. 14 (1994).
BIBLIOGRAFA GENERAL 139
[Kel96] Keller J.C., Stanford C.M., Draughn R.D., Wight-
man J.P., In vitro osteoblast responses to cp Ti and
Ti6Al4V alloy, Medical applications of titanium and its
alloys: The material and biological issues, ASTM STP
1272, Brown S.A. and Lemons J.E. Eds., ISBN 0-8031-
2010-9, American Society for Testing and Materials,
Ann Harbor, USA, pp. 319-332 (1996).
[Kim97] Kim H.M., Miyaji F., Kokubo T., Nakamura T.,
Bonding strength of bonelike apatite layer to Ti met-
al substrate, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research
(Applied Biomaterials), 38, pp. 121-127 (1997).
[Kir98] Kirkpatrick C.J., Bittinger F., Wagner M., Kh-
ler H., van Kooten T.G., Klein C.L., Otto M., Current
trends in biocompatibility testing, Proceedings of the
Institute of Mechanical Engineers part H, 212, pp. 75-
84 (1998).
[Klo95] Kloosterman A.B., de Hosson J., Microestruc-
tural characterization of laser nitrided titanium,
Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia, 33, pp. 567-573
(1995).
[Kno92] Knotek O., Lffer F., Weitkamp K., Physical
vapour deposition coatings for dental prostheses,
Surface and Coatings Technology, 54/55, pp. 536-540
(1992).
[Kok90] Kokubo T., Kushitani H., Sakka S., Kitsugi T.,
Yamamuro T., Solutions able to reproduce in vitro
surfacestructure changes in bioactive glassceram-
ic A-W3, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 24,
pp. 721734 (1990).
[Kon98] Konyashin I., Fox G., Nanograined titanium
nitride thin films, Advanced materials, 10 (12), pp. 952-
955 (1998).
[Kov96] Kovacs P., Davidson J.A., Chemical and elec-
trochemical aspects of the biocompatibility of titani-
um and its alloys, Medical applications of titanium and
its alloys: The material and biological issues, ASTM STP
1272, Brown S.A. and Lemons J.E. Eds., ISBN 0-8031-
2010-9, American Society for Testing and Materials,
Ann Harbor, USA, pp. 163-178 (1996).
[Kru79] Kruger J., Fundamental aspects of the corrosion of
metallic implants, Corrosion and degradation of implant
materials, ASTM STP 684, Syrett BC, Acharya A, Eds.,
ISBN 04-684000-27, American Society for Testing and
Materials, Baltimore, EEUU, pp. 107-127 (1979).
[Kub83] Kubli, Luckey, Titanium Alloys in Surgical Im-
plants, ASTM STP 796, PH, USA (1983).
[Kub99] Kubo T., Sawada K., Hirakawa K., Shimizu C.,
Takamatsu T., Histiocyte reaction in rabbit femurs
to UHMWPE, metal and ceramic particles in differ-
ent sizes, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 45
(4), pp. 363-369 (1999).
[Kur97] Kurtz S.M., Edidin A.A., Bartel D.L., The role
of backside polishing, cup angle and polyethylene
thickness on the contact stresses in metal-backed
acetabular components, Journal of Biomechanics, 30 (6),
pp. 639642 (1997).
[Lai67] Laing P.G., Ferguson A.B., Hodge E.S., Tissue
reaction in rabbit muscle exposed to metallic im-
140
plants, Journal of biomedical Materials Research, 1, pp.
135-149 (1967).
[Lan88] Lanagan J., Properties of plasma nitrided tita-
nium alloys, Proceedings of the 6th World Conference on
Titanium, Cannes, Francia, pp. 1957-1962 (1988).
[Lau91] Lausmaa J., Rstlund T., McKellop H., Wear of
ion implanted pure titanium and Ti6Al4V alloy
against UHMWPE, Surface Engineering, 7, pp. 311-
317 (1991).
[Lau97] Laurens P., LEnfant H., Sainte Catherine M.C.,
Blchet J.J., Amouroux J., Nitriding of titanium un-
der CW CO laser radiation, Thin Solid Films, 293,
2
pp. 220-226 (1997).
[Lei97] Leito E., Silva R.A., Barbosa M.A., Electrochem-
ical and surface modifications on N+-ionimplanted
316L stainless steel, Journal of Materials Science: Ma-
terials in Medicine, 8, pp. 365-368 (1997).
[Lem93] Lemons J.E., Biomaterials for dental surgical
implants, Materials Technology, 8 (1.2), pp. 22-25
(1993).
[Li94] Li P., Otshuki C., Kokubo T., Nakanishi K., Soga
N., de Groot K., The role of hydrated silica, titania
and alumina in inducing apatite on implants, Jour-
nal of Biomedical Materials Research, 28, pp. 715 (1994).
[Lug91] Lugowski S.J., Smith D.C., McHugh A.D., Van
Loon J.C., Release of metal ions from dental implant
materials in vivo: determination of Al, Co, Cr, Mo,
Ni, V, and Ti in organ tissue, Journal of Biomedical
Materials Research, 25, pp. 1443-1458 (1991).
[Lt85] Ltgering G., Gysler A., Titanium Science and
Technology, 4, Deutsche Gessellschaft fr Metallkunde,
pp. 2068 (1985).
[Mak91] Maksimovich G.G., Fedirko V.N., Pogrelyuk
I.N., Mechanism of surface hardened layer forma-
tion on titanium alloys in a rarefied nitrogen atmos-
phere, Fiziko-Khimicheskaya Mekhanika Materialov, 27,
pp. 38-42 (1991).
[Man88] Mansfeld F., Lin S., Chen C., Sihn H., Minimi-
zation of highfrequency phase shifts in impedance
measurements, Journal of the Electrochemical Society:
Electrochemical Science and Technology, 135 (4), pp.906
907 (1988).
[Man93] Mansfeld F., Analysis and interpretation of EIS
data for metals and alloys, chapter 4, Technical report
26, SolartronSchlumberger (1993).
[Man95] Mansfeld F., Use of Electrochemical Imped-
ance Spectroscopy for the Study of Corrosion Pro-
tection by Polymer Coatings, Journal of Applied Elec-
trochemistry, 25, pp. 187-202 (1995).
[Man97] Manero J.M., Estudio del comportamiento a
fatiga oligocclica de la aleacin Ti6Al4V tratada tr-
micamente, Tesis de doctorado dirigida por el Dr.
J. A. Planell, Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya,
Barcelona (1997).
[Mar85] Martinella R., Wear behaviour of
nitrogen-implanted and nitrided Ti6Al4V alloy, Ma-
terials Science and Engineering, 69, pp. 247-252 (1985).
[Mar97] Martnez J., La columna de Juan Martnez,
Tratamientos Trmicos, octnov, pp. 17 (1997).
[Mau93] Maurer A.M., Brown S.A., Payer J.H., Merritt
K., Kawalec J.S., Reduction of fretting corrosion of
Ti6Al4V by various surface treatments, Journal of
Orthopaedic Research, 11 (6), pp. 865-873 (1993).
[Max96] Maxian T.A., Brown T.D., Pedersen D.R., Cal-
laghan J.J., A sliding-distancecoupled finite element
formulation for polyethylene in total hip arthroplasty,
Journal of Biomechanics, 29 (5), pp. 687692 (1996).
[McG97] McGloughlin T.M., Monaghan J.M., Contact
stress analysis of the tibial component of prosthetic
knee implants, Proceedings of the Institute of Mechani-
cal Engineers part H, 211, pp. 391399 (1997).
[McK81] McKellop H.A., Clarke I., Markolf K., Amstutz
H., Friction and wear properties of polmer, metal and
ceramic prosthetic joint materials evaluated on a
multi-channel screening device, Journal of Biomedical
Materials Research, 15, pp. 619-653 (1981).
[McK90] McKellop H.A., Rstlund T. ., The wear be-
havior of ionimplanted Ti6Al4V against UHMWPE,
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 24, pp. 1413
1425 (1990).
[Mer96] Merritt K., Brown S.A., Distribution of titani-
um and vanadium salts and corrosion products in
cells fluids and organs in vivo and in cell culture in
vitro, Medical applications of titanium and its alloys: The
material and biological issues, ASTM STP 1272, Brown
S.A. and Lemons J.E. Eds., ISBN 0-8031-2010-9,
American Society for Testing and Materials, Ann
Harbor, USA, pp. 357-367 (1996).
[Mil94] Miloev I., Navinsek B., A corrosion study of
TiN (physical vapour deposition) hard coatings de-
posited on various substrates, Surface and Coatings
Technology, 63, pp. 173-180 (1994).
[Mir82] Mirra J.M., Marder R.A., Amstutz H.C., The
pathology of failed total hip arthroplasty, Clinical
Orthopaedics, 170, pp. 175 (1982).
[Mit64] Mitchell E., Brotherton P.J., Surface treatments
for improving the wear-resistance and friction prop-
erties of titanium and its alloys, Journal of the Insti-
tute of Metals, 93, pp. 381-386 (1964-65).
[Mor88] Morton P.H., Bell T., Surface engineering of ti-
tanium, Proceedings of the 6th World Conference On Ti-
tanium, Cannes, France pp. 1705-1712 (1988).
[Mur98] Muramaki T., Higaki H., Ohtsuki N., Moriya-
ma S., Nakanishi Y., Adaptive multimode lubrica-
tion in natural synovial joints and artificial joints,
Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers Part
H, 212, pp. 2335 (1998).
[Nak98] Nakayama T., Wake H., Ozawa K., Kodama
H., Nakamura N., Matsunaga T., Use of a titanium
nitride for electrochemical inactivation of marine-
bacteria, Environmental Science & Technology, 32 (6),
pp 798-801 (1998).
[Nar94] Narayan J., Fan W.D., Narayan R.J., Tiwari P.,
Stadelmaier H.H., Diamond, diamond-like and tita-
nium nitride biocompatible coatings for human body

parts, Materials Science and Engineering B, 25, pp. 5-
10 (1994).
[NIH85] NIH Publication #86-23 Rev. 1985, Guide for
the care and use of laboratory animals (1985).
[Pal54] Palty A.E., Margolin H., Nielsen J.P., Titanium-
nitrogen and titanium-boron systems, Transactions of
the ASM, 46, pp. 312-328 (1954).
[Pan96] Pan J., Thierry D., Leygraf C., Electrochemical
impedance spectroscopy study of the passive oxide
film on titanium for implant application, Electrochim-
ica Acta, 41, pp. 1143-1153 (1996).
[Pap95] Pappas M.J., Makris G., Buechel F.F., Titanium
nitride ceramic film against polyethylene, Clinical
Orthopaedics and Related Research, 317, pp. 64-70
(1995).
[Par90] Park M.J., Leyland A., Matthews A., Corrosion
performance of layered coatings produced by phys-
ical vapour deposition, Surface and Coatings Technol-
ogy, 43/44, pp. 481-482 (1990).
[Pea96] Peacock D., All at sea with titanium: its role in
offshore applications, Materials World, 12, pp. 696-698
(1996).
[Pet88] Peterson C.D., Hillberry B.M., Heck D.A., Com-
ponent wear of total knee prostheses using Ti6Al4V,
titanium nitride coated Ti6Al4V, and CoCrMo fem-
oral components, Journal of Biomedical Materials Re-
search, 22, pp. 887-903 (1988).
[Piv87] Pivin J.C., Pons F., Takadoum J., Study of The
Correlation Between Hardness And Structure of Ni-
trogen-Implanted Titanium Surfaces, Journal of Ma-
terials Science, 22, pp. 1087-1096 (1987).
[Pog94] Poggie R.A., Mishra A.K., Davidson J.A., Three
body abrasive wear behaviour of orthopaedic im-
plant bearing surfaces from titanium debris, Journal
of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 5, pp. 387
392 (1994).
[Pol95] Polmear I.J., Light Alloys, Metallurgy of the light
metals (3rd edition), ISBN 0-340-63207-0, ed. Arnold,
Great Britain, pp. 248-314 (1995).
[Por92] Porter D.A., Easterling K.E., Phase transforma-
tions in metals and alloys, ISBN 0-412-45030-5, Chap-
man & Hall eds., Londres, UK, pp. 73-74 (1992).
[Pre91] Preisser F., Minarski P., Mayr P., Hochdruck-
nitrieren von Titanwerkstoffen, HTM, 46, pp. 361-365
(1991).
[Pre93] Preisser F., Minarski P., Results on nitriding ti-
tanium and Ti6Al4V with a new thermochemical
treatment under high gas pressure, Proceedings of the
6th World Conference on Titanium, Cannes, France, pp.
1979-1987 (1993).
[Rau93] Rauschenbach B., Mechanical properties of ni-
trogen ion implanted Ti6Al4V alloy, Surface and Coat-
ings Technology, 2, pp. 2128 (1993).
[Rem93] Rembges W., Oppel W., Process control of plas-
ma nitriding and plasma nitrocarburizing in indus-
try, Surface and Coatings Technology, 59, pp. 129-134
(1993).
BIBLIOGRAFA GENERAL 141
[Rig78] Rigney D.A., Glaesser W.A., The significance
of near surface microstructure in the wear process,
Wear, 46, pp. 241250 (1978).
[Rin85] Ring M., Dentistry: an illustrated history, Mosby
C.V. Co. eds., St. Louis, EEUU, p. 28 (1985).
[Rin98] Rinner M., Volz K., Ensinger W., Assmann W.,
Rauschenbach B., Composition and microstructure
of titanium nitride formed on Ti6Al4V by nitrogen
plasma immersion ion-implantation, Surface & Coat-
ings Technology, 101 (1-3), pp. 66-371 (1998).
[Rod95] Rode H., Hlavacek V., Detailed kinetics of tita-
nium nitride synthesis, AIChE Journal, 41 (2), pp. 377-
388 (1995).
[Rog96] Rogers S.D., Howie D.W., Haynes D.R.,
Pearcy M.J., The in vitro response to particulate
titanium alloy, Medical applications of titani-
um and its alloys, editors Brown S.A., Lemons
J.E., ISBN 0-8031-2010-9, ed. ASTM, USA, pp.
297-305 (1996).
[Rol88] Rolinski E., Effect of nitriding on the surface
structure of titanium, Journal of Less-Common Met-
als, 141, pp. L11-L14 (1988).
[Ros89] Rstlund T., Albrektsson B., Albrektsson T.,
McKellop H., Wear of ion-implanted pure titanium
against UHMWPE, Biomaterials, 10, pp. 176-181
(1989).
[Sai90] Saillard P., Gicquel A., Amouroux J., Moncoffre
N., Tousset J., Role of oxygen contamination on tita-
nium nitriding, Surface and interface analysis, 16, pp.
530-534 (1990).
[Sai93] Sailer R., McCarthy G., JCPDS 44-1294
(-titanium), JCPDS-International Centre for Diffrac-
tion Data (1993).
[Sal88] Salehi M., Bell T., Morton P.H., Structural char-
acterization of plasma nitrided titanium alloys, Pro-
ceedings of the 6 th World Conference on Titanium,
Cannes, France, pp. 2127-2134 (1988).
[Sem97] Semlitsch M., Willert H.G., Clinical wear be-
haviour of UHMWPE cups paired with metal and
ceramic ball heads in comparison to metal-on-metal
pairings of hip joint replacements, Proceedings of the
Institute of Mechanical Engineers Part H, 211, pp. 73-
88 (1997).
[Sha97] Shanbhag A.S., Jacobs J.J., Black J., Galante J.O.,
Glant T.T., Effects of particles of fibroblast prolifera-
tion and bone resorption in vitro, Clinical Orthopaed-
ics, 342, pp. 205-217 (1997).
[She82] Shepard S.R., Suh N.P., The effects of ion im-
plantation on friction and wear of metals, Journal of
Lubrication Technology, 104, pp. 29-38 (1982).
[She94] Shetty R.H., Method of surface hardening ortho-
paedic implant devices, US Patent n. 5.326.362, Jul. 5,
1994.
[She96] Shetty R.H., Mechanical and corrosion proper-
ties of nitrogen diffusion hardened Ti6Al4V alloy,
Medical applications of titanium and its alloys: The ma-
terial and biological issues, ASTM STP 1272, Brown S.
A. and Lemons J. E. Eds., ISBN 0-8031-2010-9, Amer-
142
ican Society for Testing and Materials, Ann Harbor,
USA, pp. 240251 (1996).
[She99] Shettlemore M.G., Bundy K.J., Toxicity meas-
urement of orthopaedic implant alloy degradation
products using a bioluminescent bacterial assay, Jour-
nal of Biomedical Materials research, 45 (4), pp. 395-403
(1999).
[Shi94] Shibata H., Tokaji K., Ogawa T., Hori C., The
effect of gas nitriding on fatigue behaviour in titani-
um alloys, Fatigue, 16, pp. 370-376 (1994).
[Sie99] Sieber H.P., Rieker C.B., Kttig P., Analysis of
118 second-generation metal-on-metal retrieved hip
implants, The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, 81B (1),
pp. 46-50 (1999).
[Sio90] Sioshansi P., Improving the properties of titani-
um alloys by ion implantation, Journal of Metals, 3,
pp. 30-31 (1990).
[Soh93] Sohn Y., Bars J.P., Etchessahar E., Harmelin M.,
Debuigne J., Metallurgy of the Ti-N system: heat
treatment of titanium mono-nitride, Proceedings of the
6th World Conference on Titanium, Cannes, Francia, pp.
1989-1996 (1993).
[Sol79] Solar R.J., Corrosion resistance of titanium sur-
gical implant alloys: a review, Corrosion and degrada-
tion of implant materials, ASTM STP 684, Syrett B.C.,
Acharya A., Eds., ISBN 04-684000-27, American So-
ciety for Testing and Materials, Baltimore, EEUU, pp.
259-273 (1979).
[Sta79] Starke E.A., Ltgering G., Cyclic plastic deforma-
tion and microstructure, fatigue and Microstructure,
ASM ed., pp. 237 (1979).
[Ste80] Steinmann S.G., Corrosion of surgical implants
in vivo and in vitro tests, Evaluation of Biomaterials,
Winter G.D., Leray J.L., de Groot K. eds., John Wiley
& Sons, New York, USA, pp. 1-34 (1980).
[Str91] Streicher R.M., Weber H., Schn R., Semlitsch
M., New surface modification for Ti6Al7Nb alloy:
oxygen diffusion hardening (ODH), Biomaterials, 12,
pp. 125-129 (1991).
[Str96] Streicher R.M., Semlitsch M., Schn R., Weber
H., Rieker C., Metal-on-metal articulation for artifi-
cial hip joints: laboratory study and clinical results,
Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers Part
H, 210, pp. 223232 (1996).
[Suh77] Suh N.P., An overview of the delamination the-
ory of wear, Wear, 44, pp. 116 (1977).
[Sun83] Sundgren J.E., Kinetics of nitride formation on
titanium targets during reactive sputtering, Surface
Science, 128, pp. 265-280 (1983).
[Tok94] Tokaji K., Ogawa T., Shibata H., The effect of
gas nitriding on fatigue behaviour in pure titanium,
Fatigue, 16, pp. 331-336 (1994).
[Uhl53] Uhlig H.H., Corrosion handbook (4th edition),
Chapman & Hall eds., Londres (UK), pp. 1137 (1953).
[Vac90] Vaccari J.A., Surface hardening with pure ni-
trogen, American Machinist, April, pp. 61-62 (1990).
[Wal86] Walter G.W., A review of impedance plot
methods used for corrosion performance analysis of
painted metals, Corrosion Science, 26 (9), pp. 681703
(1986).
[War92] Warren L.D., Rai P., Comparison of the elec-
trochemical properties of various orthopedic porous
metals, Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering, 2, pp.
107-113 (1992).
[War98] Ward L.P., Subramanian C., Sliding wear stud-
ies of selected nitride coatings and their potential for
long-term use in orthopaedic applications, Proceed-
ings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers Part H, 212,
pp. 313-315 (1998).
[Wil81] Williams D.F., Toxicology of implanted metals,
Fundamental aspects of biocompatibility, Williams D.F.
ed. CRC Press Inc, Boca Raton, USA, pp. 45-61 (1981).
[Wil87] Williams D.F., Definitions in Biomaterials: Pro-
ceedings of a consensus conference of the European
Society for Biomaterials, Chester, UK, ed. Elsevier,
Amsterdam (1987)
[Wil93] Wilson A., Matthews A., Housden J., Turner R.,
Garside B., A comparison of the wear and fatigue
properties of plasma-assisted physical vapour dep-
osition TiN, CrN and duplex coatings on Ti6Al4V,
Surface and Coatings Technology, 62, pp. 600-607 (1993).
[Woo84] Woodman J.L., Jacobs J.J., Galante J.O., Urban
R.M., Metal ion release from titanium-based pros-
thetic segmental replacements of long bones in ba-
boons: a long-term study, Journal of Orthopaedic Re-
search, 1 (4), pp. 421-430 (1984).
[Wri87] Wriedt H.A., Murray J.L., The N-Ti system,
Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams, 8 (4), pp. 378-388,
(1987).
[Wya54] Wyatt J.L., Grant N.J., Nitriding of titanium
with ammonia, Transactions ASM, 46, pp. 540-567
(1954).
[Yas93] Yashiki T., Sugizaki Y., Tomari H., Satoh H., Elec-
trochemical behavior of TiN coated titanium in a
hydrochloric acid solution, Proceedings of the VIIth.
World Conference on Titanium, Froes F.H., Caplan I.,
ed., The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, ISBN
0-87339-222-1, pp. 21192115 (1993).
[Yil95] Yilbas B.S., Sahin A.Z., Ahmad Z., Abdul Aleem
B.J., A study of the corrosion properties of TiN coat-
ed and nitrided Ti6Al4V, Corrosion Science, 37, pp.
1627-1636 (1995).
[Zei97] Zeitler M., Gerlach J.W., Kraus T., Rauschen-
bach B., Evolution of texture at growth of titanium
nitride films prepared by photon and ion-beam-as-
sisted deposition, Applied Physics Letters, 70 (10), pp.
1254-1256 (1997).
[Zha95] Zhang Q.Y., Quantitative-determination of ti-
tanium nitride films by highenergy resolution Au-
gerelectron spectroscopy, Journal of Vacuum Science
& Technology A-Vacuum Surfaces and Films, 13 (5), pp.
2384-2389 (1995).
[Zit87] Zitter H., Plenk Jr. H., The electrochemical be-
havior of metallic implant materials as an indicator
of their biocompatibility, Journal of Biomedical Mate-
rials Research, 21, pp. 881-896 (1987).