Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Meskipun pakta non-agresi sepuluh tahun yang ditandatangani pada tahun 1934 ,
Hitler menyerang Polandia pada 1 September 1939. Pasukan Soviet menyerbu dari
timur pada 17 September , dan 28 September , kesepakatan Jerman Soviet dibagi
Polandia antara Uni Soviet dan Jerman . Wladyslaw Raczkiewicz membentuk
pemerintahan di pengasingan di Perancis , yang pindah ke London setelah kekalahan
Perancis pada tahun 1940 . Semua Polandia diduduki oleh Jerman setelah serangan
Nazi pada Uni Soviet pada bulan Juni 1941 . Kebijakan pendudukan Nazi Jerman di
Polandia dirancang untuk memberantas budaya Polandia melalui eksekusi massal
dan untuk membasmi minoritas Yahudi yang besar di negara itu .
Dipimpin oleh Solidaritas , serikat buruh independen yang didirikan oleh seorang
tukang listrik , Lech Walesa , pekerja meluncurkan drive untuk kebebasan dan
perbaikan kondisi . Sebuah pemogokan nasional untuk hari kerja lima hari pada
tahun 1981 Januari menyebabkan pemecatan Perdana Menteri Pinkowski dan
penamaan perdana menteri keempat dalam waktu kurang dari satu tahun , Jenderal
Wojciech Jaruzelski . Darurat militer dideklarasikan pada 13 Desember , ketika
Walesa dan pemimpin Solidaritas lainnya ditangkap , dan Solidaritas dilarang .
Hukum darurat militer secara resmi berakhir pada tahun 1984 namun pemerintah
mempertahankan kekuasaan darurat . Meningkatkan oposisi terhadap pemerintah
karena ekonomi gagal menyebabkan gelombang baru pemogokan pada tahun 1988 .
Tidak untuk memadamkan pembangkangan sepenuhnya , pemerintah relegalized
Solidaritas dan memungkinkan untuk bersaing dalam pemilu .
Pada tahun 1999 , Polandia menjadi bagian dari NATO , bersama dengan Republik
Ceko dan Hungaria .
Pro Uni Eropa Civic Landasan memenangkan pemilu bulan Oktober , dan
membentuk pemerintahan koalisi dengan Partai Petani . Donald Tusk menjadi
perdana menteri pada bulan November .
Simbolisme waktu dan lokasi bencana tidak dapat diabaikan . The Katyn
pembantaian tetap menjadi isu perdebatan antara Polandia dan Rusia . Beberapa hari
sebelumnya , Perdana Menteri Rusia Vladimir Putin menjadi pemimpin Rusia
pertama yang menghormati para korban Polandia .
Pemilihan parlemen pada Oktober 2010 melihat Civic platform partai menang
pluralitas Perdana Menteri Donald Tusk atas Jaroslaw Kaczynski dan Partai Hukum
dan Keadilan . Kanan-tengah Civic Platform mengambil 39 % suara , dengan 30 %
akan penantang konservatif , Partai Hukum dan Keadilan . Dengan kemenangan
tersebut , Platform Civic menjadi partai Polandia pertama yang memenangkan dua
istilah berturut-turut sejak jatuhnya komunisme pada tahun 1989
POLISH COUNTRY
Poland, a country the size of New Mexico, in north-central Europe. Most countries
are plain without natural limits except the Carpathian Mountains to the south and the
Oder and Neisse rivers to the west. Other major rivers, important for trade, are
Vistula, News, and Bugs.
The Polish government in exile was replaced with the Communist Committee
dominated by Communist - National Liberation by the Soviet Union in 1944.
Moving to Lublin after the liberation of the city, he declared himself the Provisional
Government of Poland. Several former members of the Polish government in
London joined the Lublin government to form the Polish National Unity
Government, which Britain and the United States recognized. On August 2, 1945, in
Berlin, President Harry S. Truman, Joseph Stalin, and Prime Minister Clement Attlee
of England established a new de facto western frontier for Poland along the Oder
River and Neisse rivers. (The frontier was finally approved by West Germany in a
non-aggression pact signed on 7 December 1970.) On August 16, 1945, the Soviet
Union and Poland signed the Soviet-Polish delimitation treaty border. Under this
agreement Poland moves to the west. In the east, it lost 69,860 square miles (180,934
square km), in the west, it gained (subject to final peace conference approval) 38,986
square miles (100,973 sq km).
A "People's Democracy"
A new constitution in 1952 made Poland a "people's democracy" of the Soviet type.
In 1955 Poland became a member of the Warsaw Treaty Organization, with its
foreign policy identical to the Soviet Union. The government persecutes the Roman
Catholic Church as a source of remaining opposition. Wladyslaw Gomulka was
elected leader of the American Workers (Communist) Party in 1956. He denounced
the Stalinist terror, overthrown Stalinists, and improved relations with the church.
Most collective farms are dissolved, and the press becomes more free. An attack that
began in the shipyard and spread to other industries in August 1980 resulted in a
stunning victory for workers when a hard-pressed economic government was
accepted for the first time in a Marxist state of workers' right to organize in an
independent union.
Members of Solidarity won a stunning victory in 1989, taking almost all the seats in
the Senate and all 169 seats they were allowed to contest at the Sejm. This gave them
an important influence in the new government. Tadeusz Mazowiecki was appointed
prime minister. Lech Walesa won the 1990 presidential election with 74% of the
vote. In 1991, the first fully free parliamentary elections since World War II resulted
in representations for 29 political parties. Attempts to transform Poland into a market
economy, however, led to economic difficulties and widespread dissatisfaction. In
both the democratic parliamentary elections of September 1993, voters returned
power to former Communists and their allies. Solidarity of popularity and influence
continues to diminish. In 1995, Aleksander Kwasniewski, leader of the Communist
Party's successor, the Democratic Left, won the presidency during Walesa in a
landslide.
In 1999, Poland became part of NATO, along with the Czech Republic and Hungary.
Pro - EU Civic Platform won the election in October, and formed a coalition
government with the Peasants Party. Donald Tusk became prime minister in
November.
On August 14, 2008, Poland, after months of stalling, agreed to allow the United
States to install anti-missile systems in its territory. The move by Poland is seen as
one strategically meant to defend itself from the threat of similar attacks by Russia
and to build closer ties with the West. Russia says that Poland is not in danger of
retaliation. On 20 August, US Secretary of State Condeleezza Rice and Polish
Foreign Minister Radek Sikorski signed the deal in Warsaw. Rice stressed that the
missile system, which is scheduled to begin operation in 2012, is "defensive and
aimed at anyone. "President Barack Obama abandoned plans for a missile shield in
September 2009, instead choosing to install smaller, more mobile systems that could
destroy short and medium Iranian missiles.
The symbolism of disaster time and location can not be ignored. The Katyn massacre
remains an issue of debate between Poland and Russia. A few days earlier, Russian
Prime Minister Vladimir Putin became the first Russian leader to honor Polish
victims.
Kaczynski's twin brother and former prime minister, Jaroslaw Kaczynski, ran for
president against Bronislaw Komorowski of the Civic party governing the Platform.
Komorowski took both the first and second rounds of the election and was sworn in
as president in July.
Parliamentary elections in October 2010 saw Civic platform winning plurality party
Prime Minister Donald Tusk over Jaroslaw Kaczynski and the Law and Justice
Party. The middle-right Civic Platform takes 39% of the vote, with 30% going to be
a conservative challenger, the Justice and Law Party. With the victory, the Civic
Platform became the first Polish party to win two consecutive terms since the fall of
communism in 1989