Escuela de la Marina Mercante Nacional
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Learning Resource for Marine Engineers
DIESEL PLANT
1 internal combustion engine
2 slow-speed diesel engine
3 medium-speed diesel engine
4 two-stroke engine
5 four-stroke engine
6 compression ignition
7 spark ignition
8 inlet stroke
9 compression stroke
10 expansion/power stroke
11 exhaust stroke
12 cylinder head/cover
13 combustion chamber
14 cylinder liner
15 piston rod
16 piston
17 piston ring
18 piston crown/skirt
19 trunk-piston engine
20 oil ring
21 compression ring
22 diaphragm plate
23 stuffing box
Maritime English Course
In an internal combustion engine, the chemical energy contained in
a fuel is converted to the energy of motion inside the engine.
Large commercial vessels often use a large-bore, two-stroke,
slow-speed diesel engine for propulsion because of its high
thermal efficiency.
When a medium-speed diesel engine is used as a prime mover,
reduction gear is necessary.
In a two-stroke engine, every downward stroke is a power stroke.
Four-stroke engines have inlet and exhaust valves.
In a diesel engine, fuel is ignited by highly compressed, and
therefore hot combustion air. This method is called compression
ignition.
In a gasoline engine, fuel is ignited by a spark produced by a spark
plug. This method is called spark ignition.
During the inlet stroke, the inlet valve is opened, and air is sucked
into the cylinder as the piston moves down in a naturally aspirated
engine.
During the compression stroke, both inlet and exhaust valves are
closed and air is compressed as the piston rises.
During the expansion or power stroke, the burning fuel expands
and lowers the piston, thus creating power.
During the exhaust stroke, the exhaust valve is opened and the
combustion products are driven out of the cylinder.
Remove/Pull out the fuel injectors from the cylinder cover/head.
The cylinder head, cylinder liner, and piston crown form a
combustion chamber.
The piston moves up and down inside the cylinder liner.
The piston rod is bolted to the crosshead in a crosshead type
engine.
The number of piston rings and their location vary considerably
with the type and size of the piston.
Piston rings are placed in the ring grooves and seal the
combustion chamber by spreading outward.
The piston comprises of two parts: the crown and the skirt.
In a trunk-piston type engine, the connecting rod is connected
directly to the crank.
Oil rings scrape the excess oil from the cylinder wall.
Compression rings seal the cylinder and combustion space.
The piston rod passes through the stuffing box, which is bolted to
the diaphragm plate.
The stuffing box contains seal rings and scraper rings.
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Maritime English Course
Learning Resource for Marine Engineers

The scavenging air trunk/ box is pressurized by the auxiliary

24 scavenging air trunk/box blower when starting the engine.
The air cooler cools the scavenging air to increase its air density
25 air cooler by reducing its volume.
The turbocharger is driven by exhaust gas and charges the
26 turbocharger scavenging air trunk with fresh air.
The crank converts the piston's reciprocal motion to the rotational
27 crank motion necessary for turning the propeller.

The crankcase is separated from the scavenging air trunk by a

28 crankcase diaphragm plate in a typical crosshead type engine.

29 crosshead
30 crosshead guide shoe
31 connecting rod
Most marine diesel engines with long strokes are of the crosshead
type.
The crosshead moves up and down along the crosshead guide
shoes.
The connecting rod is pinned to the crank at one end, to the
crosshead or piston at the other.

32 main bearing Main bearings support the weight of the crankshaft.

The thrust bearing supports the thrust created by the propeller.
33 thrust bearing
34 turning gear The turning/jacking gear turns the engine with a motor.
35 flywheel The flywheel stabilizes the crankshaft rotation.
The flywheel is toothed around its perimeter and meshes with the
36 turning gear when it is engaged.
The indicator valves are opened when blowing down the engine.
37 indicator valve/cock
The Bosch fuel injection pump contains a plunger and barrel.
38 fuel injection pump
The fuel injector injects fuel into the combustion chamber in the
39 fuel injector form of a spray through nozzle holes.
The governor maintains the engine speed by controlling the
40 governor amount of fuel injected into each cylinder.
41 rack The rack position is usually controlled mechanically.
The rack rotates the plunger housed in a barrel, and adjusts the
42 plunger and barrel amount of fuel.
Exhaust valves of large slow-speed diesel engines are often
43 exhaust valve controlled hydraulically.
Hydraulic pressure opens the exhaust valve and the air spring
44 air spring closes it.
Exhaust gas flows through the exhaust manifold to the
45 exhaust manifold turbocharger.
In direct-reversing engines, the propeller shaft is directly
46 propeller shaft connected to the crankshaft.
A ship fitted with a CPP does not need to turn its propeller in
47 CPP (Controllable Pitch
Propeller) reverse.
If a ship has a single right-hand, fixed pitch propeller, its stern
48 FPP (Fixed Pitch Propeller) tends to move to port when astern engine is used.

The jacket cooking water cools the top part of the cylinder where
49 jacket cooling water temperature is the highest.
50 auxiliary blower The auxiliary blower charges the scavenging air trunk.
 Escuela de la Marina Mercante Nacional
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Maritime English Course
Learning Resource for Marine Engineers

Large diesel engines are started by admitting starting air into the
51 starting air cylinders in the appropriate sequence for the required direction.

The scavenging ports open as the piston approaches bottom dead

52 scavenging port center.
53 starting air valve Pilot air opens the stating air valve.
The cams attached to the cam shaft controls valve timing.
54 cam
The cam shaft turns at the same rate as the crankshaft in a two-
55 cam shaft stroke engine.
56 push rod Push rods and rocker arms control the valve timing.
The starting air distributor is driven by the camshaft and
57 distributor distributes starting air to the cylinders.
58 bore The inner diameter of a cylinder is called "bore."
The opening pressure of a fuel injector must be adjusted properly
59 fuel atomization to ensure optimal fuel atomization.
60 fuel filter The fuel filter removes foreign objects from fuel.
Heavy fuel oil is heated by a fuel heater to reduce viscosity.
61 fuel heater
Purifiers remove water and sludge from fuel or lubricating oil using
62 purifier centrifugal force.
63 strainer Strainers removes relatively large foreign objects.
Circulating pumps circulate lubricating oil and cooling water.
64 circulating pump
Lubricating oil and cooling water are mostly cooled by sea water in
65 heat exchanger heat exchangers.
Lubricating oil used in the crankcase is collected in the sump tank.
66 sump tank
Oil mist detectors in the crankcase is designed to prevent
67 oil mist detector crankcase explosion due to "hot spots."
The economizer reclaims waste heat contained in the exhaust gas.
68 economizer
The fuel settling tank removes water and relatively large foreign
69 fuel settling tank objects from the fuel.
Fuel in the settling tank is transferred to the day service tank.
70 day-service tank
The stern tube seals the area where the propeller shaft penetrates
71 stern tube the hull.
Relief valves fitted to the crankcase are designed to release the
72 relief valve high pressure that develops inside in case of crankcase explosion.

Bilge can be discharged outboard only after reducing its oil

73 bilge concentration below 15ppm by an oily water separator.

All oil tankers and vessels of 300 gross tons or more are required
74 oily water separator to have an oily water separator.
 Escuela de la Marina Mercante Nacional
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Maritime English Course
Learning Resource for Marine Engineers

TURBINE PLANT
external combustion A steam turbine isan external combustion engine because the
engine combustion takes place outside the engine itself.

boiler The boiler uses the heat energy extracted from fuel to change
water into steam.
water-tube boiler A water-tube boiler has water and steam drums connected by
small water tubes.
water tube Water tubes of small diameter are used to maximize heat transfer
by increasing the total surface area.
water drum Blow down the water/steam drum.
steam drum The feedwater from the main feed pump is sent to the steam drum.

steam separator The steam separator separates steam from water.

superheater The soot blower for the superheater is inserted automatically.

soot blower Soot blowers remove soot from water tubes, superheaters, and
other devices inside the boiler.
superheated steam The superheater turns saturated steam into superheated steam.

saturated steam Saturated steam is steam at the boiling point of water at a given
pressure.
forced draft fan The forced draft fan forces combustion air into the boiler.

economizer The economizer reclaims the heat contained in the exhaust before
it is discharged through the funnel.
gas air heater The gas air heater uses the exhaust gas and heats the combustion
air to increase efficiency.
burner Several sets of burners are used in rotation.
swirler The swirler makes combustion air "swirl" and keeps good
combustion condition.
maneuvering valve The maneuvering valve controls the engine power when
maneuvering.
nozzle control valve The nozzle control valves controls the amount of steam sent to
the high-pressure turbine.
high-pressure turbine Steam leaving the maneuvering valve enters either the high
pressure turbine or astern turbine.
low-pressure turbine The low-pressure turbine is larger than the high pressure turbine
because the steam volume increases as it expands.

astern turbine The astern turbine shares a rotor with the low-pressure turbine.

rotor The moving blades are attached to the rotor.

stationary blade The stationary blades are attached to the turbine casing.

stage As the steam passes through each stage, it expands and loses its
heat energy.
nozzle Stationary blades form nozzles that direct steam to the moving
blades.
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Maritime English Course
Learning Resource for Marine Engineers

casing The clearances between the moving blades and the casing are very
small.
moving blade The moving blade is designed to extract maximum amount of
energy from the working fluid.
receiver pipe The receiver pipe connects the two turbines.
main condenser Steam is cooled in the main condenser and returns to water.

vacuum pump A vacuum pump or an ejector is used to create vacuum in the main
condenser.
ejector The evaporator uses an ejector to reduce the pressure inside.

evaporator The evaporator/distiller boils sea water under low pressure and
condenses the steam to create distilled water.

distilling plant A turbine ship must have a distilling plant to supply enough
feedwater.
main circulating pump The main circulating pump sends sea water to the main condenser.

main feed pump The main feed pump is often driven by steam and sends feedwater
to the steam drum.
feed water heater Feedwater heaters in most shipboard steam plants use bleed
steam to heat the feedwater.
bleed steam A turbine plant that utilizes bleed steam to heat the feedwater is
said to work on the regenerative cycle.
warm-up steam Warm-up steam is used to warm up the turbines.
deaerator The deaerator not only heats the feewwater but also removes
oxygen from it.
Direct Contact heater The deaerator is also called the DC (Direct Contact) heater
because the steam comes in direct contact with the feedwater.

reduction gear Reduction gear reduces the turbine revolution to optimal propeller
speeds.
gravity tank As a safety measure against an LO pump failure, a turbine plant
usually has a gravity tank that can provide lubricating oil to the
turbine bearings and reduction gear.

safety valve A safety valve opens automatically at a pre-set pressure to

prevent the boiler from exploding.
Escuela de la Marina Mercante Nacional
-0-
Maritime English Course
Learning Resource for Marine Engineers