EE4440CommTheory

FM(FrequencyModulation)

Purpose:
ThepurposeofthislabistoinvestigateFM.FMsignalswillbeexploredinthetimeand
frequencydomains.ThebandwidthofFMsignalswillbestudied.Demodulationof
simpleFMsignalsusinganapproximateddifferentiatorandenvelopedetectorare
implementedinthelab.

Note:Forthislab,aformallabreportisdue.Therequirementsoftheformallabwrite
upareprovidedonaseparatehandout.Iwouldlikeaverydetailedandformalreport
includingatheorysection.Forexample,explainthefrequencydomainsignalforFM
tonemodulationandhowthedemodulationcircuitworks.

Equipment:
Thelabwillutilizeavarietyofequipment.ThefirstpieceistheAgilent54622Dmixed-
signaloscilloscopeusedinthefirsttwolabs.TheAgilent33120Afunctiongenerator
willbeusedtocreatetheFMsignals.ThecomputerswithLabVIEWandtheData
AcquisitionCards(DAQs)serveasaspectrumanalyzerforthelab.TheAgilentE3631A
triple-outputpowersupplywillbeusedtopowertheapproximatedifferentiatorcircuit.

ProcedureandQuestions:

Notes:
- Use the function generators sync output as the external trigger input for the
oscilloscope(ontheback).Besuretoselectthistriggersourceonthe
oscilloscope(Edgebutton->Extsoftkey)
- Atriggerlevelof180mVworkedsuccessfullyformostofthelab
- Fortimedomainsketchesandobservations,500 s/divisionor1.00ms/division
wereadequatetimebases.Forfrequencydomainsketchesandobservations,1.00
ms/divisionprovidedabetterspectrum
- Measureallbandwidthsasfrequencycontentwithin-20dBofthecarrier
amplitude
- Setthefunctiongenerators output impedance to high impedance
- AllLabVIEWmodulescanbestoppedbypressingtheescape(ESC)key
- TheinputchannelsfortheDAQsarechannel7(redwire)andchannel15(blue
wire)
- BoththeoscilloscopeandLabVIEWcansavewaveforms.Ifyoudonotwishto
sketchdiagrams(andsincethisisaformalreport),feelfreetousethesefeatures.
AsktheTAforhelpifyouarehavingproblems.Note:LabVIEWonlyprovides
a tand fvalue,youwillneedtogeneratethetimeandfrequencyreference
columnsmanually.

Part1:FMToneModulation

TheAgilentFunctionGeneratorwillgeneratetheFMsignalforthislab.To
enableFM,presstheSHIFTkeyandthentheSquareWavekey.Carrier
frequencyandamplitudearedeterminedusingtheFreqandAmplkeys.To
changethemessagefrequency,presstheSHIFTkeyonceandthentheFreqkey.
Frequencydeviation( f)isadjustedbypressingtheSHIFTkeyonceandthenthe
Amplkey.TheFMmessageshapeislocatedunderthemodulationmenu(Menu
On/Off,ModMenu , FMShape, chooseshape).

ThefirstsignalgeneratedwillbeabasicFMsignal.Thecarrierfrequencyshould
bea16Vppsinusoidwith10kHzfrequency.Themessagesignalshouldbea
sinusoidwith1kHzfrequencyand2kHzfrequencydeviation( f).
Observe the time domain signal on the oscilloscope. Use the scopes FFT
functiontoobservethesignalinthefrequencydomain.
Adjustthedisplayssobothareeasilyvisibleontheoscilloscopeatthesame
time.ArecommendedsettingfortheFFTisa50kHzspanwitha25kHzcenter,
20dBscaling,anda15.6dBoffset.

i) Sketchthesignalinthefrequencydomain.Carefullylabelthefrequencies
andtherelativeamplitudesofthesignificantcomponents.
WhatistheapproximatebandwidthoftheFMsignal?Howdoesthis
comparewiththetheoreticalbandwidth?
Foryourlaboratoryreport,readpages264-267inthetextandreview
therelatedclassnotes,andexplaintheobservedfrequenciesand
amplitudes.UseFigure4.7andtheBesselfunctiontableprovidedinclass
notes.
ii) Graduallyincreasethemessagesignalfrequencyto2kHzandobservethe
changesinthetimeandfrequencydomains.Whathappenstothe
bandwidthoftheFMsignal?
iii) Resetthemessagesignalfrequencyto1kHzandgraduallydecrease fto
1kHzobservingthechangesinthetimeandfrequencydomains.What
happenstothebandwidthoftheFMsignal?

Part2:FMmodulationwithasquaremessagesignal

i) Change the FM message pulse shape to square and reset fto2kHz

usingthedirectionsfromPart1.
Ensurethemessagefrequencyisstillsetfor1kHzandthecarrier
frequencyissetto10kHz.
Observethechangeinthefrequencydomainandestimatethe
bandwidthoftheFMsignal.Givesomejustificationforthechangeinthe
FM signals bandwidth.
ii) Sketchthesignalinthetimedomain.Carefullylabelthetimeaxis.Also,
labelthefrequencyofthecarrieratvariousportionsofthetimedomain
signal.
 iii) Increase fto4kHz.Sketchthesignalinthetimedomain.Carefully
labelthetimeaxis.
Again,labelthefrequencyofthecarrierinvariousportionsofthetime
domainsignal.
WhathappenstothebandwidthoftheFMsignal?Howdoesthis
comparewiththeapproximatetheoreticalFMsignalbandwidth?

Part3:FMdemodulationusinganapproximatedifferentiatorandenvelopedetector

ApproximateDifferentiator
ConstructthecircuitshowninFigure1onthenextpage.Aspartofthelab
report,drawaBodeplotfortheresponseofthecircuit(magnitudeandphase).
Whatisthegainofthiscircuitat8kHz,10kHz,and12kHz?Howdothese
gainsrelatetotheoutput?

Note:EnsurenopowerisconnectedtothebreadboardandbesuretheDC
powersupplyisoffbeforemakinganyconnections.Doublecheckyourcircuit
beforeapplyingpower.

FortheDCsupply,youmayusetheolderDCpowersuppliesorthenewer
AgilentE3631TripleOutputDCpowersupply.InstructionsfortheAgilent
powersupplyareoutlinedhere.Theolderpowersupplyisfairlyintuitive,butif
you want to use it and have questions, dont hesitate to ask.

TosetuptheAgilentpowersupply
1) Turnonthepowersupply
2) Pressthe+25button.ThenpresstheDisplay/Limitbutton.
3) Adjustthevoltagetoread15-volts.
4) PresstheVoltage/Currentbuttonundertheadjustmentknob.Adjust
thecurrentlimittobe0.030A(30mA).
5) Pressthe25buttonandrepeattheprocessforthenegativesupply
(-15V30mA).
6) Whenreadytousethesupply,presstheOutputOn/Offbutton.This
enables/disablesthepowersupply.
IfLMTisflashingonthedisplay,presstheDisplay/Limitbuttonto
toggletothemeasurement(actualoutput)mode.
Verifythesupplyisworkingcorrectlybypressingthe+25keyand
the25key.Underbothdisplays,thevoltageshouldbe15V(or15
V)andthecurrentshouldbeminiscule.
IftheCCindicatorontherighthandsideofthedisplaytoggleson,
immediateturntheoutputoff(OutputOn/Off)andcheckyour
connections.Thismeansthesupplyisoperatinginconstantcurrent
mode(asacurrentsource)andtypicallyindicatesashortorotherfault
inthecircuitweareusingforthislab.
 R2=1.6k

C2=0.001 F

R1=16k VCC=15V

2 7
C1=0.01 F VCC
741 OUT 6
vi
-VEE
3 4 vo

-VEE-15V

Figure1ApproximateDifferentiatorCircuit

Onthefunctiongenerator,reset fto2kHzandthemessagesignalfrequency
to500Hz.
Adjustthecarriersignalto7Vppand10kHz.Leavethemessagesignalasa
square wave initially. You may turn off the scopes FFT function if you wishto
freeupsomespaceontheoscilloscopedisplay.
Alsoforthisportionofthelab,hooktheLabVIEWspectrumanalyzertothe
inputandoutputofthesystemandobservethefrequencycontent.Themoduleis
named Dual Channel Spectrum Analyzer.vi and should be on the desktop of the
machine.
Recommendedoptionsforthemodulearetosetthesamplingrateto40000
samples/sec,4096Framesize,4096FFTsize,aVonHann(Hann,Hanning)
window,andanaveragingfactorof4.Youarefreetoadjustthesettingstobetter
settingsifyouwishtoobtainbetterresults.

i) Observetheinputonchannel1ofthescopeandonechannelofthe
LabVIEWspectrumanalyzer.Dothesamefortheoutputwithchannel2
oftheoscilloscopeandtheotheranalogchanneloftheDAQ.
TurnonthecircuitpowerandruntheLabVIEWmodule.
Whatobservationscanbemadeabouttheinputandtheoutputfromthe
oscilloscope?Sketchtheoutputfromtheoscilloscope.
ObservetheinputandoutputontheLabVIEWspectrumanalyzerand
roughlysketchthefrequencyoftheoutputshownbyLabVIEW.Which
spectrumisbetter,theoscilloscopeorthespectrumanalyzer?Why?
ii) Changethemessageshapetosineandobservethechanges.Sketchthe
outputspectrumfromeithertheoscilloscopeorLabVIEW.
 iii) Graduallyincrease f.Howdoesthewaveformchange?Describethe
changesforbothasquarewavemessagesignalandasinemessagesignal.

Part4:Envelopedetector

Ifnotdoneintheprelab,designabasicenvelopedetectorusingadiode,resistor,
andcapacitor(asintheAMlab.RefertoFigure4.12aonpage168ofyourtext
forconnections).Letthecapacitorvaluebe0.01 F.Choosearesistorvalue
givenacarrierfrequencyof10kHzandamessagefrequencyof500Hz.

Onthefunctiongenerator,reset fto2kHz.Ensureboththemessageandcarrier
signalaresinusoidal.Remembertoturnoffthepowersupplyoutputandapply
theoutputoftheapproximatedifferentiatortotheenvelopedetector.Connect
channel1oftheoscilloscopeandonechanneloftheLabVIEWspectrumanalyzer
totheoutputofthedifferentiator.Connectchannel2oftheoscilloscopeandthe
otherchanneloftheLabVIEWspectrumanalyzertotheoutputoftheenvelope
detector.

i) Sketchtheoutputfromtheoscilloscopeandlabelitcarefully.
ii) Changethemessagesignalshapetoasquareandsketchtheoutput.
iii) Doestheenvelopedetectorwork?Ifso,howwelldoesitwork?Ifnot,
whatproblemsdoesitappeartohaveandhowmayyougoaboutfixing
them?
 EE4440CommTheoryPrelabforLab3

Thefollowingquestionsaretobeansweredbeforecomingtolab.Theprelabwillbedue
atthebeginningofthelabperiod.

1) Designanenvelopedetector(seeyourAMlab)forasignalwitha10kHzcarrier
anda500Hzmessagefrequency.Useacapacitorvalueof0.01 F.The
equationsusedsofarinclassrequireustoknowthemodulationcoefficient.
However,we dont know the modulation coefficienthere.Instead,youcanuse
1
theequation: RC .
c

2) GivenasimplewidebandFMsystemwitha10kHzcarrierwaveat8-volt
amplitude,amessagefrequencyof1kHz,andafrequencydeviationof
approximately12566.3rad/s,whatisthetheoreticalbandwidthoftheFMsignal?
Assumebothcarrierandmessagesignalaresinusoidalinnature.Besuretoshow
yourwork.