Accepted Manuscript

Performance, Combustion and Emission Study on CI Engine Using Microalgae Oil

and Microalgae Oil Methyl Esters

Sushant. S. Satputaley, Assistant Professor, Dr. D.B. Zodpe, Associate Professor, Dr.
N.V. Deshpande, Director

PII: S1743-9671(15)30436-0
DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2016.05.011
Reference: JOEI 236

To appear in: Journal of the Energy Institute

Received Date: 30 November 2015

Revised Date: 20 May 2016
Accepted Date: 23 May 2016

Please cite this article as: S.S. Satputaley, D.B. Zodpe, N.V. Deshpande, Performance, Combustion
and Emission Study on CI Engine Using Microalgae Oil and Microalgae Oil Methyl Esters, Journal of the
Energy Institute (2016), doi: 10.1016/j.joei.2016.05.011.

This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to
our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo
copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please
note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all
legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

1 Performance, Combustion and Emission Study on CI Engine Using Microalgae Oil and
2 Microalgae Oil Methyl Esters
3
4 Sushant. S. Satputaley1, Dr. D. B. Zodpe2, Dr. N. V. Deshpande3.
5 1. Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, St. Vincent Pallotti College of Engg. & Tech., Nagpur,
6 Maharashtra satputaley@gmail.com 2. Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, VNIT, Nagpur,
7 zodpedb@rediffmail.com 3. Director NIT Silchar, Assam, India, nishu1952@yahoo.com.

PT
8
9 Abstract: The microalgae oil obtained from chlorella protothecoides was converted to
10 microalgae oil methyl ester using transesterification process. The physical and chemical
11 properties of microalgae oil and microalgae oil methyl ester were tested and it was observed that

RI
12 chlorella protothecoides oil and microalgae oil methyl ester can meet the ASTM standards for
13 the characteristics tested. In this research work performance, combustion and emission
14 parameters were analyzed on a Kirloskar single cylinder direct injection compression

SC
15 ignition water cooled diesel engine having capacity 5.2 kW fueled with diesel, microalgae oil
16 and microalgae oil methyl ester. The engine showed the reduction in emission of CO, UBHC,
17 NOx and Smoke Opacity as compared to those of diesel when fueled with microalgae oil and

U
18 microalgae oil methyl ester. A general trend of decrease in the brake thermal efficiency with the
19 use of microalgae oil and microalgae oil methyl ester was observed.
AN
20
21 Key Words: Biodiesel; Microalgae; Chlorella Protothecoides; Transesterification.
22
23 Nomenclatures:
M

24 MAO Microalgae Oil KOH Potassium Hydroxide

25 MAOME Microalgae oil Methyl Ester CO Carbon Monoxide
26 BSFC Brake Specific Fuel Consumption NOx Nitrogen Oxide
D

27 BSEC Brake Specific Energy Consumption CO Carbon Monoxide

28 BTHE Brake Thermal Efficiency O2 Oxygen
TE

29 UBHC Unburned Hydrocarbons TDC Top Dead Center

30
31 1. Introduction:
32 Energy is the prime mover of economic development. Indian energy sector is heavily
EP

33 dependent on petroleum fuels. The diesel engine is a key component for the transportation and
34 agricultural sectors. By chemical and biochemical analysis, it has been found that liquid biofuels
35 from various biomass materials will be more competitive and promising method for near future.
C

36 Liquid biofuels may hence offer a promising alternative to petroleum based transportation fuels.
37 There are two global liquid transportation biofuels namely bioethanol and biodiesel [1,2].
AC

38 Biodiesel is briefly defined as the monoalkyl ester of vegetable oils and animal fats.
39 Biodiesel is the best substitute for diesel fuel in diesel engines. On the other hand biodiesel burns
40 like petroleum diesel and it also reduce pollution. Among emerging feedstock Jatropha, Soybean,
41 Rapeseed and Palm oils currently can be converted to biodiesel with commercial processes,
42 while processes capable of converting algae, crop wastes, perennial grasses, wood and wood
43 wastes are still at pre-commercial stages [3].
44 As compared to conventional diesel fuel, Chlorella protothecoides microalgae oil methyl
45 ester (biodiesel) was found to be meeting the terms of the American Society for Testing of
46 Materials standard for biodiesel (ASTM 6751) for the tested properties and it is feasible for
47 biodiesel production for industrial purpose [4]. Therefore, it is feasible to produce microalgae
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

48 biodiesel as many impotent characteristics of it are close to those of crops biodiesel. Until now,
49 there has been no study undertaken for testing microalgae oil and microalgae oil methyl ester in
50 diesel engines to determine the engine performance and emissions. Therefore, an unmodified
51 single cylinder diesel engine was used to test the performance, combustion and emission
52 parameters. The similar type of work by simulation and modeling using system level engine
53 simulation tool developed by Gamma Technologies, GT-Power, has been used to perform
54 predictive engine combustion simulations using direct-injection jet modeling technique was

PT
55 reported in a paper titled Emissions modeling and testing of a four-stroke single cylinder diesel
56 engine using pure soybean, cottonseed, and algae biodiesel fuels by Hsing-Pang Liu, Shannon
57 Strank, et, al. [5].

RI
58
59 2. Biodiesel:
60 Biodiesel is a clean burning fuel, produced from renewable resources. It contains no

SC
61 petroleum, but can be blended at any level with petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel blend.
62 Biodiesel is biodegradable, nontoxic and essentially free of sulfur and aromatics. One of the
63 biggest advantages of biodiesel as compared to many other alternative transportation fuels is that
64 it can be used in existing diesel engines, which relieves manufacturers from having to make

U
65 costly engine modifications. Biodiesel can also be mixed, in any ratio, with conventional
66 petroleum diesel. As a result, the alternative fuel can be used in the current distribution
AN
67 infrastructure, replacing petroleum diesel either wholly, or as a diesel fuel blend with minimal
68 integration costs. As per most of the scientists, biofuels including biodiesel will play an
69 increasingly important role in diversifying energy supplies to meet the worlds growing energy
needs [6,7].
M

70
71 Microalgae oil (MAO) is an interesting sustainable feedstock for biofuel/biodiesel
72 manufacturing. It is an alternative to popular feedstocks, like soybean, canola and palm. Algae
73 are considered as promising potential feedstocks for next-generation biofuels, as certain species
D

74 of algae contain high amounts of oil. This oil from algae can be extracted, processed and refined
75 for various uses. This biodiesel can also be used as transportation fuels using currently available
TE

76 technology. Other benefits of algae, as a potential feedstock, their availabilities, they are found in
77 abundance and their growth rates are fast as well. The major technical challenges for microalgae
78 based biodiesel production include identifying the proper strains with the highest oil content with
EP

79 higher growth rates. Developing cost-effective growing and harvesting methods are the key to
80 the success of microalgae based biodiesel production [6].
81
82 3. Microalgae oil and microalgae biodiesel (Microalgae Oil Methyl Esters):
C

83 Microalgae oil extracted from chlorella protothecoides as obtained from the Soley
84 Institute, Turkey, was converted to microalgae oil methyl ester (MAOME) using
AC

85 transesterification process. The transesterification process was conducted by heating 100 ml of

86 microalgae oil with 25 ml of methanol and 0.95 g of KOH at 48 to 52C in round bottom flask
87 equipped with a magnetic stirrer and heater for one and half hour. Then the mixture was kept in
88 separating funnel for 8 to 10 hours to separate the glycerol from the mixture. The glycerol was
89 separated and the obtained microalgae biodiesel was water washed to neutralize pH value [4].
90 The microalgae biodiesel yield obtained was 85%.
91
92
93
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

94 3.1 Physical properties of test fuel:

95 The physical properties of microalgae oil extracted from Chlorella protothecoides,
96 microalgae oil methyl esters, diesel fuel, and biodiesel standards from American Society for
97 Testing of Materials (ASTM) are illustrated in Table I. Chlorella protothecoides oil and
98 microalgae oil methyl esters can meet the ASTM standards for biodiesel for the characteristics
99 mention in the table except kinematic viscosity of microalgae oil.
100 Table I: Comparison of different properties of microalgae oil, microalgae oil methyl esters

PT
101 and diesel with ASTM biodiesel standards.
Properties Diesel Microalgae Microalgae ASTM ASTM ASTM
oil methyl oil biodiesel D6751-02 Method

RI
esters standard limits
Colour Yellowish Greenish Greenish - - -
Yellow

SC
Kinematic 4.1 4.41 33.74 1.9-6 1.9-6.0 D 445
Viscosity,
40C(cSt)
Calorific value 43.472 39.01 37.26 - - -

U
(MJ/kg)
Density (kg/L) 0.83 0.864 0.897 0.86-0.9 - -
AN
Flash point 75 115 220 Min 100 Min 130 D 93
(C)
Acid number Max 0.5 0.374 0.7737 Max 0.5 Max 0.80 D 664
M

(mg KOH/g)
102
103 3.2 Chemical properties:
D

104 The composition of microalgae oil extracted from chlorella protothecoides were
105 measured as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) using a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a
TE

106 FID detector (Perkin Elmer, USA). Analysis was done using a SP-2560column (100m x 0.25mn
107 ID, 0.20 m) supplied by Sigma (Germany). 5-8 l of sample was injected into the GC. The GC
108 conditions were as follows: injector temperature: 260C; column: 140C and detector temp:
109 260C. Helium was used as carrier gas with a flow rate of 1 ml/min.
EP

110 The main components in the microalgae oil are palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids at 51%,
111 38% and 8% resectively. These three components comprise of 97% of the total fatty acid profile
112 of microalgae chlorella protothecoides oil as shown in Table II. The vegetable oil, that most
113 closely matches chlorella protothecoides oil in terms of chemical properties, is palm oil which
C

114 consist of 42.6% palmitic, 40.5% oleic and 10.1% linoleic [4].
115
AC

116 Table II: Chemical composition of chlorella protothecoides microalgae oil.

Fatty Acid Carbon Chemical formula Relative Contents (%)
Palmitic C 16:0 C16H32O2 51
Stearic C 18:0 C18H36O2 2
Oleic C 18:1 C18H34O2 38
Linoleic C 18:2 C18H32O2 8
Other - - 1
117
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

118 The composition of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) obtained in the chlorella
119 protothecoides microalgae biodiesel after transesterification process was analyzed by gas
120 chromatograph (GC-FID). Most of the FAMEs were identified by comparison with the retention
121 time of the peaks with those of the standards (supelco 37 component FAME mix, USA).
122 Identities were based on the similarity of spectra between standard and the candidate peaks. The
123 main fatty acid methyl ester of chlorella protothecoides biodiesel is illustrated in table III. The
124 relative contents of the predominant fatty acids are very similar to the results of S. H. Allways et

PT
125 al. [4].
126
127 Table III: The Chemical composition of chlorella protothecoides microalgae biodiesel.

RI
Formula FAME Relative Contents (%)
C15H30O2 Methyl tetradecanaote 1.4
C17H34O2 Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester 13.1

SC
C18H36O2 Heptadecanoic acid methyl ester 1.1
C19H34O2 9.12-Octadecadienoic acid methyl ester 17.6
C19H36O2 9-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester 61.2
C19H38O2 Octadecanoic acid methyl ester 2.8

U
C20H38O2 10-Nonadecenoic acid methyl ester 0.4
C21H40O2 11-Eicosenioc acid methyl ester 0.3
AN
C21H42O2 Eicosanoic acid methyl esteracid ester 0.4
128
129 4. Engine Setup Details:
M

130 Schematic diagram of experimental setup is shown in figure 1. A single cylinder four
131 stroke direct injection water cooled diesel engine (Kirloskar TV1 model, 0.661 liters capacity,
132 5.2 kW at a speed of 1500 rpm) with piezo and crank angle sensors is used for experimental
D

133 study. It is coupled with eddy-current dynamometer with load cell of 50 kg capacity, magnetic
134 pulse pickup and high speed data acquisition system.
TE

135
136
137
138
EP

139
140
141
C

142
143
AC

144
145
146 1-Engine, 2-Eddy-current dynamometer, 3-Exhaust port, 4-Inlet port, 5-Exhaust filter, 6-Air
147 filter, 7-Fuel measuring unit, 8-AVL Digas 4000 light five gas analyzer, 9-Air measuring unit,
148 10-Computer and 11-AVL 437 Smoke meter.
149 Figure 1: Computerized Setup of Single Cylinder Naturally Aspirated Water Cooled Diesel
150 Engine.
151 The original mechanical in-line fuel injection system is used for injecting diesel or
152 biodiesel at a pressure of 225 bar using pintle nozzle and the fuel injection crank angle timing of
153 23 before TDC is maintained throughout the tests. The test data is recorded in IC Engine Soft 9
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

154 software (windows based engine performance analysis software package) used to study engine
155 performance and combustion under different operating conditions.
156 The AVL 437 smoke meter is used to measure the smoke opacity and AVL Digas 4000
157 light, an infrared type gas analyzer is used to measure CO2, CO, UBHC, NOx and O2. At each
158 engine mode, the engine is allowed to run for a few minutes until the exhaust gas temperature
159 and the gaseous emission concentrations reach steady state values and then data is measured
160 subsequently.

PT
161
162 4.1 Test Procedure:
163 The engine was warmed up before starting the experiment after which the engine

RI
164 temperature was maintained constant by controlling the cooling water flow rate. The diesel,
165 MAOME and microalgae oil were used as test fuel in diesel engine with variable load conditions
166 (0 kg to18 kg in steps of 2 kg) at the constant engine speed of 1500 rpm. The engine was initially

SC
167 run on diesel fuel to generate base line data and after that it was run on MAOME and microalgae
168 oil. Three sets of readings were collected on engine using diesel, MAOME and microalgae oil
169 and the average readings were used to carry out the combustion, performance and emission

U
170 analysis of diesel engine.
AN
171
172 5. Result and Discussion:
173 Experimental results of performance, combustion and emission of single cylinder four
174 stroke direct injection water cooled diesel engine testing for diesel, MAO and MAOME for
M

175 different operating parameters is described below.

176
D

177 5.1 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption:

178 The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is a measure of the fuel flow rate per unit
TE

179 power output. It measures how efficiently the engine uses the fuel supplied to produce work. The
180 brake specific fuel consumption observed for diesel, MAO and MAOME are shown in figure 2.
C EP
AC

181

182 Figure 2: Brake Power Vs Brake Specific Fuel Consumption

 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

183 It is observed that the brake specific fuel consumption in case of MAO and MAOME is
184 more as compared to diesel for all load conditions. This indicates that the engine takes more fuel
185 to give the same power output when using MAO and MAOME as compared to diesel. This trend
186 is observed owing to the fact that MAO and MAOME mixtures have a lower heating value than
187 that of neat diesel fuel, and thus more MAO and MAOME is required for the maintenance of a
188 constant power output.

PT
189 5.2 Brake Specific Energy Consumption:

190 The comparison based on the specific fuel consumption cannot be made since the fuel has

RI
191 different energy content. Therefore a comparison is made based on the brake specific energy
192 consumption (BSEC) of the different blends. The brake specific energy consumption is the

SC
193 product of brake specific fuel consumption and the calorific value of the fuel. The comparison of
194 brake specific energy consumption of diesel, MAO and MAOME is shown in figure 3.

195 A trend of decrease in BSEC with the use of MAO and MAOME is observed from no

U
196 load to full load. The MAO and MAOME show an almost similar trend with that of diesel with
maximum variation limits within +5%. Due to the lower calorific value of the MAO and
AN
197
198 MAOME, it requires more amount of fuel to give the same power output resulting in higher
199 energy consumption.
M
D
TE
C EP

200
AC

201 Figure 3: Brake Power Vs Brake Specific Energy Consumption

202 5.3 p- Diagram:

203 Figure 4 shows the comparison of cylinder pressure Vs crank angle (p diagram) for
204 MAO and MAOME with pure diesel. The comparison of p diagram shows similarity in
205 combustion process for diesel, MAO and MAOME. p diagram of MAO and MAOME is
206 similar to that of pure diesel for entire range of crank angle except between 360 to 380 degrees of
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

207 crank angle. Peak pressure for diesel, MAO and MAOME increases with engine load. The peak
208 pressure value of diesel is 4 to 10% higher as compared to MAO and MAOME due to higher
209 calorific value and lower viscosity [8]. The maximum pressure developed for diesel is 64.4 bar at
210 374 degrees of crank angle, for MAOME 61.32 bar at 374 degrees of crank angle and for MAO
211 58.5 bar at 375 degrees of crank angle indicating 9.16% higher for diesel.

PT
RI
U SC
AN
212

213 Figure 4: Pressure Vs Crank Angle ()

M

214 5.4 Brake Thermal Efficiency:

215 Brake thermal efficiency (BTHE) is the ratio of brake power developed by the engine to
D

216 the energy supplied by the fuel. It is the measure of the engine efficiency or the fuel conversion
217 efficiency. The result obtained for the diesel, MAO and MAOME are shown in figure 5.
TE
C EP
AC

218

219 Figure 5: Brake Power Vs Brake Thermal Efficiency

 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

220 From the figure it is clear that brake thermal efficiency with MAO and MAOME is a
221 little lower than that of neat diesel fuel. The slight reduction of brake thermal efficiency with
222 MAO and MAOME is attributed to poor spray characteristics, poor air fuel mixing, higher
223 viscosity, lower volatility and lower calorific value.

224 MAO and MAOME showed the maximum reduction of brake thermal efficiency of 5.6%

PT
225 and 3.09 % on 5.15 kW brake power respectively. The decrease in the brake thermal efficiency
226 on higher loads in case of MAO and MAOME could be attributed to the poor combustion
227 characteristics on higher loads due to poor fuel atomization of the MAO and MAOME fuels

RI
228 because of their higher viscosity as compared to diesel. The time available for combustion of per
229 unit of fuel at higher load is less as compared to lower loads, which may reduce the brake
230 thermal efficacy of fuel at higher loads [9].

SC
231 5.5 Exhaust Gas Temperature:

232 A measure of exhaust gas temperature is done with a K-type thermocouple. The results

U
233 obtained are presented in figure 6.
AN
M
D
TE
EP

234
C

235 Figure 6: Brake Power Vs Exhaust Gas Temperature

AC

236 Not much drastic variation is observed in the exhaust gas temperature between diesel,
237 MAO and MAOME. The maximum decrease was observed for MAO and MAOME 26.08C and
238 13.2C at 5.15 kW brake power respectively. The similarity in the exhaust temperature between
239 the different fuels could be a possible indication of the similar combustion profile and heat loss
240 from the engine for the different fuels [10].

241

242
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

243 5.6 Smoke Opacity:

244 Smoke opacity is an indication of the extent of combustion of the fuel. The AVL 437
245 smoke meter is used to measure smoke opacity. The results obtained are presented in Figure 7. A
246 general trend of decrease in the smoke opacity with the use of MAO and MAOME is observed at
247 all the loads. Because of the heterogeneous nature of diesel combustion, fuel-air ratios, which

PT
248 affect smoke formation, tend to vary within the cylinder of a diesel engine. Smoke formation
249 occurs primarily in the fuel-rich zone of the cylinder, at high temperatures and pressures. If the
250 supplied fuel is partially oxygenated, locally over-rich regions can be reduced and primary

RI
251 smoke formation can be limited [11].

U SC
AN
M
D

252
TE

253 Figure 7: Brake Power Vs Smoke Opacity

254 5.7 Unburned Hydrocarbon Emission:

EP

255 Unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC) emission trends for MAO, MAOME and diesel are
256 presented in figure 8. The reduction of UBHC was linear with the use of MAO and MAOME.
257 The reduction indicates more complete oxidation as compared to diesel due to higher cetane
C

258 number [12]. Biodiesel has a higher cetane number than diesel because of higher oxygen content.
259 The extra oxygen in MAO and MAOME results in better combustion and lower UBHC
AC

260 emission. The amount of UBHC is produced by MAO and MAOME is at an average difference
261 of 4% compared to any load condition [9].
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

PT
RI
SC
262
263 Figure 8: Brake Power Vs Unburned Hydrocarbons

U
264 5.8 Carbon Monoxide Emission:
AN
265 CO is produced due to deficiency of oxygen during combustion. Under low load
266 condition the CO emissions is high due to rich fuel air mixture for engine operation. The
267 variation of CO emission with engine loading for different fuel is compared in figure 9. CO
M

268 emission is lesser for all load condition for MAO and MAOME. These lower CO emissions of
269 MAO and MAOME may be due to their more complete oxidation as compared to diesel due to
270 presence of extra oxygen in MAO and MAOME. Some of the CO produced during combustion
D

271 of biodiesel might have been converted into CO2 by taking up the extra oxygen molecule present
272 in the MAO and MAOME chain and thus reduced CO formation [9].
TE
C EP
AC

273

274 Figure 9: Brake Power Vs Carbon Monoxide

 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

275 5.9 Nitrogen Oxides Emission:

276 The variation of NOx with engine load for different fuels tested is presented in figure 10.
277 The nitrogen oxides emission formed in an engine are highly dependent on combustion
278 temperature, along with the concentration of oxygen present in combustion products. In general,
279 the NOx concentration varies linearly with the load of the engine. As the load increases, the

PT
280 overall fuel-air ratio increases resulting in increase in the average gas temperature in the
281 combustion chamber and hence NOx formation, which is sensitive to temperature increase. A
282 general trend of decrease in the NOx with the use of MAO and MAOME is observed from no

RI
283 load to full load. MAO and MAOME show the maximum decrease of NOx of 38 and 21 ppm at
284 5.15 kW brake power load respectively. The reason for the decrease in the NOx in case of MAO
285 and MAOME fuels could be attributed to the poor combustion characteristics due to higher

SC
286 viscosity and density as compared to diesel.

U
AN
M
D
TE

287
EP

288 Figure 10: Brake Power Vs Nitrogen Oxides

289 6. Conclusion:
C

290 This work deals with the production of biodiesel from chlorella protothecoides
291 microalgae oil and performance study of diesel engine fueled with diesel, MAO and MAOME.
AC

292 The results of the report are summarized as follows:

293 The transesterification process was carried out to produce microalgae oil methyl ester
294 from chlorella protothecoides microalgae oil. The biodiesel yield obtained was 85%.
295 Chlorella protothecoides miceoalgae oil methyl esters can meet the ASTM standards for
296 biodiesel for kinematic viscosity, calorific value, density, flash point and acid number.
297 MAO and MAOME showed the maximum reduction of brake thermal efficiency of 5.6%
298 and 3.09 % on 5.15 kW brake power respectively. The decrease in the brake thermal
299 efficiency on higher loads in case of MAO and MAOME could be attributed to the poor
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

300 combustion characteristics on higher loads due to poor fuel atomization of the MAO and
301 MAOME fuels because of their higher viscosity as compared to diesel.
302 The peak pressure value of diesel is 4 to 10% higher as compared to MAO and MAOME
303 due to higher calorific value and lower viscosity. The maximum pressure developed for
304 diesel is 64.4 bar at 374 degree, for MAOME 61.32 bar at 374 degree and for MAO 58.5
305 bar at 375 degree indicating 9.16% higher for diesel.
306 MAO and MAOME showed the reduction in emission of CO, UBHC, Smoke Opacity

PT
307 and NOx as compared to diesel.
308 This work establishes the feasibility of MAOME as a new alternative fuel for small
309 capacity stationary diesel engine without any engine modifications. This work also establishes

RI
310 the feasibility of MAO as a new alternative fuel for small capacity stationary diesel engine with
311 some compromise on brake thermal efficiency for the similar engine.

SC
312 7. Acknowledgement:

313 The authors gratefully acknowledge the support from the National Environmental

U
314 Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur and Visvesvaraya National Institute of
315 Technology (V.N.I.T), Nagpur who provided the laboratory facility for the research work. The
AN
316 authors also acknowledge the support from Soley Institute, Turkey, who provided the Chlorella
317 protothecoides oil for this experimental study.

318 8. References:
M

319 1. Anoop Singh, Poonam Singh Nigam, Jerry D. Murphy. Renewable fuels from algae: an
320 answer to debatable land based fuels. Elsevier, Bioresource Technology 102 (2011) 10
D

321 16.
322 2. M. Fatih Demirbas. Biofuels from algae for sustainable development. Elsevier, Applied
TE

323 Energy 88 (2011) 34733480.

324 3. Sharma P. B., et. al. Biodiesel production from microalgae A sustainable fuel. New
325 Frontiers in Bio Fuels, Scitech Publications (India) PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Page 115 to
326 127.
EP

327 4. S. H. Allwayzy, et. Al. Microalgae as alternative fuel for compression ignition (CI)
328 engines. Southern Region Engineering Conference, 11-12 November 2010, Toowoomba,
329 Australia.
C

330 5. Hsing-Pang Liu, Shannon Strank, et, al. Combustion Emissions Modeling and Testing of
331 Neat Biodiesel Fuels. ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability,
AC

332 Volume 1, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, May 1722, 2010, Paper No. ES2010-90038, 131-
333 140.
334 6. Brian J. Gallagher. The economics of producing biodiesel from algae. Elsevier,
335 Renewable Energy 36 (2011) 158e162.
336 7. Misra O.P., Padalkar A.S., Sane N.K. Straight vegetable oils for CI engines: A review.
337 Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India) Mechanical Engineering Division, Vol 91,
338 JAN 2011, Page 41-47.
339 8. Avinash Kumar Agarwal. Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for
340 internal combustion engines. Elsevier, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 33
341 (2007) 233271.
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

342 9. Chunxiang Chen, Xiaoqian Ma, Kai Liu. Thermogravimetric analysis of microalgae
343 combustion under different oxygen supply concentrations. Elsevier, Applied Energy 88
344 (2011) 31893196.
345 10. Ambarish Datta, Bijan Kumar Mandal. Biodiesel production and its emissions and
346 performance: A review. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research,
347 Volume 3, Issue 6, June-2012 1 ISSN 2229-5518.
348 11. Amit Pal, Ashish Verma, S.S. Kachhwaha, S. Maji. Biodiesel production through

PT
349 hydrodynamic cavitation and performance testing. Elsevier, Renewable Energy 35 (2010)
350 619624.
351 12. Pooja Ghodasara, Mayur Ghodasara. Experimental studies on emission and performance

RI
352 characteristics in diesel engine using bio-diesel blends and EGR (exhaust gas
353 recirculation). International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering,
354 ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 2, February 2012.

SC
355 13. M. Mubarak. Performance and emission analysis of diesel engine using biodiesel blendes
356 produced from Salvinia Molesta and Indigenous Algae. 23rd National conference on I.C.
357 Engine and combustion (NCICEC 2013) SVNIT, Surat, India. 13-16, December 2013.
358 14. Niraj S. Topare, et, al. Biodiesel from algae oil as an alternative fuel for diesel engine,

U
359 International Journal of Chemical, Environmental and Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 2,
360 No. 2-3, 116-120 May-December 2011.
AN
361 15. Ayhan Demirbas, M. Fatih Demirbas. Importance of algae oil as a source of biodiesel.
362 Elsevier, Energy Conversion and Management 52 (2011) 163170.
363 16. Yusuf Chisti. Biodiesel from microalgae. Elsevier, Biotechnology Advances 25 (2007)
294306.
M

364
365 17. James E. Coons, Daniel M. Kalb, Taraka Dale, Babetta L. Marrone. Getting to low-cost
366 algal biofuels: A monograph on conventional and cutting-edge harvesting and extraction
367 technologies. Elsevier, Algal Research 6 (2014) 250270.
D

368 18. James W. Richardson, Myriah D. Johnson, et, al. Harvesting and extraction technology
369 contributions to algae biofuels economic viability. Elsevier, Algal Research 5 (2014) 70
TE

370 78.
371 19. A.J. Ward, D.M. Lewis, F.B. Green. Anaerobic digestion of algae biomass: A review.
372 Elsevier, Algal Research 5 (2014) 204214.
EP

373 20. Chun-Yen Chen, et. Al. Cultivation, photobioreactor design and harvesting of microalgae
374 for biodiesel production: A critical review. Elsevier, Bioresource Technology 102 (2011)
375 7181.
376 21. Anoop Singh. Mechanism and challenges in commercialisation of algal biofuels.
C

377 Elsevier, Bioresource Technology 102 (2011) 2634.

378 22. J. Pruvost, et. al. Systematic investigation of biomass and lipid productivity by
AC

379 microalgae in photobioreactors for biodiesel application. Elsevier, Bioresource

380 Technology 102 (2011) 150158.
381 23. Schenk, P.M., et. al. Second generation biofuels: high-efficiency microalgae for biodiesel
382 production. Elsevier, Bioenergy Res. 1, 2043.
383 24. Rishiram Ramanan, Krishnamurthi Kannan, et. al. Enhanced algal CO2 sequestration
384 through calcite deposition by chlorella sp. and spirulina platensis in A mini-raceway
385 pond. Elsevier, Bioresource Technology, 101 (2010) 26162622.
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

386 25. Abhay B. Fulke, K. Krishnamurthi, et. al. Bio-mitigation of CO2, calcite formation and
387 simultaneous biodiesel precursors production using chlorella sp. Elsevier, Bioresource
388 Technology 101 (2010) 84738476.
389 26. Anshul Singla, et. al. Biodiesel production from microalgae a sustainable development.
390 New frontiers in biofuels, scitech publications (India) pvt. Ltd., 2009, Page no 115-127.
391 27. Ronald Halim, et. al. Oil extraction from microalgae for biodiesel production. Elsevier,
392 Bioresource Technology 102 (2011) 178185.

PT
393 28. Anoop Singh, Stig Irving Olsen. A critical review of biochemical conversion,
394 sustainability and life cycle assessment of algal biofuels. Elsevier, Applied Energy 88
395 (2011) 35483555.

RI
396 29. Peter K. Campbell, Tom Beer, David Batten. Life cycle assessment of biodiesel
397 production from microalgae in ponds. Elsevier, Bioresource Technology 102 (2011) 50
398 56.

SC
399 30. Jose A. Gerde, Linxing Yao, JunYi Lio, ZhiyouWen, TongWang. Microalgae
400 flocculation: Impact of flocculent type, algae species and cell concentration. Elsevier,
401 Algal Research 3 (2014) 3035.
402 31. Javed Iqbal, Chandra Theegala. Microwave assisted lipid extraction from microalgae

U
403 using biodiesel as co-solvent. Elsevier, Algal Research 2 (2013) 3442.
404 32. Prafulla D. Patil, Veera Gnaneswar Gude, et. al. Optimization of direct conversion of wet
AN
405 algae to biodiesel under supercritical methanol conditions. Elsevier, Bioresource
406 Technology 102 (2011) 118122.
407 33. Brian J. Krohn, et. al. Production of algae-based biodiesel using the continuous catalytic
mcgyan process. Elsevier, Bioresource Technology 102 (2011) 94100.
M

408
409 34. Peter H. Pfromm, Vincent Amanor-Boadu, Richard Nelson. Sustainability of algae
410 derived biodiesel: A mass balance approach. Elsevier, Bioresource Technology 102
411 (2011) 11851193.
D

412 35. James W. Richardson, Myriah D. Johnson, et. al. A financial assessment of two
413 alternative cultivation systems and their contributions to algae biofuel economic viability.
TE

414 Elsevier, Algal Research 4 (2014) 96104.

415 36. Jay J. Cheng, Govinda R. Timilsina. Status and barriers of advanced biofuel technologies:
416 A review. Elsevier, Renewable Energy 36 (2011) 3541e3549.
EP

417 37. Hariram V., G. Mohan Kumar. Combustion analysis of algae oil methyl ester in a direct
418 injection compression injection engine. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology
419 Vol. 8, No. 1 (2013) 77 - 92.
420 38. Md. Nurun Nabi , Md. Mustafizur Rahman, Md. Shamim Akhter. Biodiesel from cotton
C

421 seed oil and its effect on engine performance and exhaust emissions. Elsevier, Applied
422 Thermal Engineering 29 (2009) 22652270.
AC

423 39. Usman Asad, Ming Zheng. Fast heat release characterization of a diesel engine. Elsevier,
424 International Journal of Thermal Sciences 47 (2008) 16881700.
425 40. E. Sendzikiene, V. Makareviciene, P. Janulis. Influence of fuel oxygen content on diesel
426 engine exhaust emissions. Elsevier, Renewable Energy 31 (2006) 25052512.
427 41. T. Ganapathy, R.P. Gakkhar, K. Murugesan. Influence of injection timing on
428 performance, combustion and emission characteristics of Jatropha biodiesel engine.
429 Elsevier, Applied Energy (2011).
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

430 42. M. Pugazhvadivu, S. Rajagopan. Investigations on a diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel
431 blends and diethyl ether as an additive. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol.2
432 No 5 (May 2009) ISSN: 0974- 6846.
433 43. Gvidonas Labeckas, Stasys Slavinskas. Performance of direct-injection off-road diesel
434 engine on rapeseed oil. Elsevier, Renewable Energy 31 (2006) 849863.
435 44. A.S. Ramadhas, S. Jayaraj, C. Muraleedharan. Use of vegetable oils as I.C. engine
436 fuelsA review. Elsevier, Renewable Energy 29 (2004) 727742.

PT
437 45. Hossain A. B. M. S., Nasrulhaq Boyce A., Salleh A., Chandran S. Biodiesel production
438 from waste soybean oil biomass as renewable energy and environmental recycled
439 process. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 9(27), pp. 4233-4240, 5 July, 2010.

RI
440 46. Metin Gu,, Atilla Koca, et. al. Biodiesel production from waste chicken fat based sources
441 and evaluation with Mg based additive in a diesel engine. Elsevier, Renewable Energy 35
442 (2010) 637643.

SC
443 47. Torel Patel, et. al. Performance and emission analysis of CI engine using biodiesel. 23rd
444 National conference on I.C. engine and combustion (NCICEC 2013) SVNIT, Surat,
445 India. 13-16, December 2013.
446 48. G. Kasiraman, et. al. Experimental investigation to study the performance, combustion

U
447 and emission characteristics of neat cashew nut shell oil (CNSO) diesel blends in a
448 direct injection single cylinder diesel engine. 23rd National conference on I.C. engine and
AN
449 combustion (NCICEC 2013) SVNIT, Surat, India. 13-16, December 2013.
450 49. T. Prakash, et. al. Experimental investigation of the performance of a single cylinder
451 diesel engine using castor oil biodiesel-coconut oil / camphor oil blends. 23rd National
conference on I.C. engine and combustion (NCICEC 2013) SVNIT, Surat, India. 13-16,
M

452
453 December 2013.
454 50. Kamlesh A. Sorate, et. al. Combustion characteristics of CI engine fueled with high free
455 fatty acid oil biodiesel. 23rd National conference on I.C. engine and combustion
D

456 (NCICEC 2013) SVNIT, Surat, India. 13-16, December 2013.

457 51. P. Lingfa, et. al. A study on performance and emission characteristics running with castor
TE

458 biodiesel blends in compression ignition engine. 23rd National conference on I.C. engine
459 and combustion (NCICEC 2013) SVNIT, Surat, India. 13-16, December 2013.
460 52. K. Sivaramakrishnan, P. Ravi Kumar. Determination of cetane number of biodiesel and
EP

461 its infulance on physical properties. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Science,
462 Vol 7, No. 2, February 2012.
C
AC
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Paper Title: Performance, Combustion and Emission Study on CI Engine Using Microalgae
Oil and Microalgae Oil Methyl Esters.

Highlights:

This work deals with the production of biodiesel from chlorella protothecoides
microalgae and performance study of diesel engine fueled with diesel, microalgae oil and

PT
microalgae oil methyl esters. The results of the report are summarized as follows:

The transesterification process was carried out to produce microalgae oil methyl ester

RI
from chlorella protothecoides microalgae oil. The biodiesel yield obtained was 85%.
Chlorella protothecoides miceoalgae oil methyl esters can meet the ASTM standards for
biodiesel for kinematic viscosity, calorific value, density, flash point and acid number.

SC
MAO and MAOME showed the maximum reduction of brake thermal efficiency of 5.6%
and 3.09 % on 5.15 kW brake power respectively. The decrease in the brake thermal
efficiency on higher loads in case of MAO and MAOME could be attributed to the poor
combustion characteristics on higher loads due to poor fuel atomization of the MAO and

U
MAOME fuels because of their higher viscosity as compared to diesel.
The peak pressure value of diesel is 4 to 10% higher as compared to MAO and MAOME
AN
due to higher calorific value and lower viscosity. The maximum pressure developed for
diesel is 64.4 bar at 374 degree, for MAOME 61.32 bar at 374 degree and for MAO 58.5
bar at 375 degree indicating 9.16% higher for diesel.
M

MAO and MAOME showed the reduction in emission of CO, UBHC, Smoke Opacity
and NOx as compared to diesel.
D

This work establishes the feasibility of MAOME as a new alternative fuel for small
TE

capacity stationary diesel engine without any engine modifications. This work also establishes
the feasibility of MAO as a new alternative fuel for small capacity stationary diesel engine with
some compromise on brake thermal efficiency for the similar engine.
EP

Sushant Satish Satputaley

Ph. D research scholar at VNIT
C

(Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology) Nagpur, Maharashtra, India

Assistant Professor
AC

Department of Mechanical Engineering

St. Vincent Pallotti College of Engineering & Technology, Nagpur