CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Now a days, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are emerging as a challenging and interesting
area. Wireless Sensor Network consists of a large number of heterogeneous or homogeneous
sensor nodes which communicates through wireless medium and works together to sense or
monitor the environment. The number of sensor nodes in a network can vary from hundreds
to thousands. The node senses data from environment and sends these data to the gateway
node. Mostly WSNs are used for applications such as military surveillance and disaster
monitoring. WSNs are multi-hop networks, which depend on the intermediate nodes to relay
the data packet to the destination. These nodes are equipped with lesser memory, limited
battery power, little computation capability, small range of communication and need a
secured and efficient routing path to forward the incoming packet delay by data aggregation)
and multipath sensor networks to increase the resilience and reliability of the network. The
localization information is crucial for the operation of WSN.

The general goal is to make wireless sensor network that is capable to sense the surroundings,
compute some task and communicate with each other to attain some objective like
monitoring some phenomenon, target tracking, forest fire detection, and battlefield
surveillance.
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 2: WIRELESS SENSER NETWORK

2.1 Wireless sensor network:

Wireless sensor network made up of large number of static and mobile sensor nodes that are
small, intelligent, and cheap, multi functional..These sensor nodes form a wireless network.
These sensor nodes can sense the environmental condition and gather information and data
from environment and transmit the sensed data to the user. These sensor nodes can connect
with some wireless interface through which they can communicate to each other. Sensor
nodes are used to monitor physical and environmental conditions such as temperature , sound
,pressure and pass their data to other location Wireless sensor network was motivated by
military application but now a days wireless sensor network are using in many applications
such as monitoring ,health monitoring ,target tracking and so on Battery is the main power
source in sensor node..

WSN can be two types:

Unstructured WSN: An unstructured WSN has many nodes or dense connection between
nodes. Failure detection in unstructured WSN is very difficult due to dense network

Structure WSN : In structured WSN all or some sensor nodes are deployed in pre-planned
manner and In this we can deploy some nodes with lower network maintenance and cost
performance of WSN is affected by various factors such as node deployment, localization,
synchronization, routing, data aggregation etc.

Nodes in WSN are un-aware of their location at the time of deployment..Location awareness
is necessary. Without Knowing the location of Node collected data is useless

Beacon Node

Unknown Node

Monitor Area

Fig 2.1 Beacon node and unknown node[3]

The general goal is to make wireless sensor network that is capable to sense the surroundings,
compute some task and communicate with each other to attain some objective like
monitoring some phenomenon, target tracking, forest fire detection, and battlefield
surveillance. In the majority of the applications, location information of each node in the
network is needed. However, in a large amount of cases, sensor nodes are deployed randomly
right through some region. Thus, the first task is to find out the location of the nodes. To find
out the physical location of sensor node in WSN operation is crucial problem because of its
use in (i) identification of the origin of sensor reading, (ii) energy aware geographic routing,
(iii) self organization and self configuration of networks. Apart from the above, in various
applications the location itself is information of interest. There is one easy way i.e. manual
configuration but this is impractical in large scale deployment. Simple wireless sensor
network is shown in figure 2.1.2.