CIVL 4403 - Study Guide

CIVL 4403: Structural Concrete
Dr. Mohamed Elchalakani

School of Civil, Environmental and
Mining Engineering
The University of Western Australia
Semester 2: 2016
CIVL 4403 Structural Concrete 1
Behaviour and Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams in Flexure
Behaviour and Design of Reinforced Concrete

Beams in Flexure
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 2
UNCRACKED ELASTIC BEAM ANALYSIS .......................................................................... 5
Example1 ................................................................................................................... 6
CRACKED ELASTIC BEAM ANALYSIS ............................................................................... 9
Example 2 ................................................................................................................ 11
FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF BEAMS .................................................................................. 13
Equivalent stress block ............................................................................................ 13
Modes of flexural failure.......................................................................................... 14
MOMENT CAPACITY OF UNDER-REINFORCED RECTANGULAR SECTIONS ....................... 17
Strength design requirements .................................................................................. 18
Example 3 ................................................................................................................ 19
Example 4 ................................................................................................................ 21
Example 5 ................................................................................................................ 22
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS ....................................................................................... 23
Example 6 ................................................................................................................ 25
T-BEAMS ...................................................................................................................... 27
Depth of compression block within the flange ......................................................... 28
Depth of compression block below the flange ......................................................... 29
Example 7 ................................................................................................................ 30
EXERCISE PROBLEM SET : FLEXURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BEAMS .................... 32
Dr Mohamed Elchalakani, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering

Introduction
Concrete is a brittle material, which is weak in tension and strong in compression. The
tensile strength of concrete is very small compared to its compressive strength. In order
to efficiently utilise concrete as a building material, steel bars are used to carry tension.
They are normally placed as close to the extreme fibre in tension as possible. To protect
the steel from the effects of fire and corrosion, a certain amount of concrete cover must
be provided.
The behaviour and level of strains and stresses in a reinforced concrete beam depend on
the value of applied bending moment, cross sectional dimensions, amount of reinforcing
steel and material properties. Consider the simply supported reinforced concrete beam
shown in the Figure 1. The load on this beam is going to be gradually increased from
zero to the peak load that would cause failure. The behaviour of the beam can be
divided into three stages.
a) uncracked
b) cracked
Figure 1: Reinforced concrete beam

Schematic of Moment-curvature Curve of RC Beam
Moment
Mu U
My
Y P
Mcr C
O
c y u p Curvature
C = First cracking
Y= Yield of reinforcement
U = Ultimate moment
P = Complete collapse and fracture at limiting curvature

Concrete Properties Tables
Properties of Standard Grade Concrete

Mean in situ Mean in situ Flexural Uniaxial
Standard comp. elastic tensile tensile
strength strength modulus strength strength Modular
grade [MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa] ratio
f'c fcmi Ec f'cf f'ct n
20 22 24,000 2.7 1.6 8.3
25 28 26,700 3.0 1.8 7.5
32 35 30,100 3.4 2.0 6.6
40 43 32,800 3.8 2.3 6.1
50 53 34,800 4.2 2.5 5.7
65 68 37,400 4.8 2.9 5.3
80 82 39,600 5.3 3.2 5.0
100 99 42,200 6.0 3.6 4.7
Reinforcing Bars Tables
Number of
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
bars -->
N10 80 160 240 320 400 480 560 640 720 800
N12 110 220 330 440 550 660 770 880 990 1100
N16 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
N20 310 620 930 1240 1550 1860 2170 2480 2790 3100
N24 450 900 1350 1800 2250 2700 3150 3600 4050 4500
N28 620 1240 1860 2480 3100 3720 4340 4960 5580 6200
N32 800 1600 2400 3200 4000 4800 5600 6400 7200 8000
N36 1020 2040 3060 4080 5100 6120 7140 8160 9180 10200
N40 1260 2520 3780 5040 6300 7560 8820 10080 11340 12600

Uncracked elastic beam analysis (Point A)
At a low level of applied load, the level of stress in the steel and the concrete is
generally low. If the tensile stress in the concrete is below the tensile strength (modulus
of rupture f r ), then the entire concrete is effective in resisting tension and compression
as shown in Figure 2.
b c c
dn
d
D
st
st
ct ct
Ast
n Ast (n-1) Ast
Figure 2: Elastic untracked section analysis of a reinforced concrete beam
The strain and stress distribution in such a beam can be determined by considering it an
elastic, homogeneous beam and applying the stress-moment relationship = M y / I.
The first step in this is to transform the section to a homogeneous one by replacing the
actual concrete-steel section with a fictitious section that consists of concrete only. This
is known as the transformed section in which an equivalent area concrete is used to
replace the area of steel. Based on the assumption that the strain in the steel is the same
as that in the concrete at the level of steel, the stress in the steel is n times the stress in
the concrete (n = E s /E c is known as the modular ratio). This means that the equivalent
area of concrete replacing the steel should be n A st . Figure 2 shows the transformed
area. To account for the area of concrete replacing the space occupied by the steel bars,
the equivalent area is (n-1)A st .

Example1
A rectangular beam has a total depth D=600 mm, effective depth d=550mm, width
b=300 mm, and reinforced with 3N20 bars. Calculate the stresses in the concrete and
the steel for an applied bending moment of 50 kN.m. The concrete compressive strength
is f c = 25 MPa and the yield strength of steel is 500 MPa.
300
550
600mm
3N20
Solution: Assume that section is uncracked.
Ast = 3 * / 4 * 20 2 = 942 mm 2
Es 200,000
Modular ration n = = 8
E c 5050 25
Equivalent transformed area of steel
= (n 1) A st
= (8 1) 942 = 6590 mm2
The neutral axis of the section coincides with its geometric centroid. Note that this is
only true if stresses are within elastic range.
Depth of neutral axis:
D
bD + ( n 1) Ast d
dn = 2
bD + ( n 1) A st

6002
300 + 6590 550
= 2 = 310mm
300 600 + 6590
Second moment of area I u (u: uncracked)
2
1 D
Iu = bD3 + bD d n + ( n 1) A st (d d n ) 2
12 2
2
1 600
= 300 600 3 + 300 600 310 + 6590 (550 310)
2
12 2
= 5800 10 mm
6 4
Concrete tension stress at the bottom fibre:
M (D dn )
ct =
Iu
50 106 (600 310)

=
5800 106
= 2.5MPa
Tensile strength of concrete:
f r = 0.6 f c = 0.6 25 = 3MPa
Since ct is less than the tensile strength of concrete, the beam is uncracked as assumed.
Concrete compression stress in top fibre:
Md n
c =
Iu
50 106 310
= = 2.7 MPa
5800 106
Steel stress:
M (d d n )
st = n
Iu

50 10 6 (550 310)
=8
5800 10 6
= 17 MPa
By comparing the stresses above with the material strengths for concrete f c and steel
f sy , it is clear that at this stage the stresses are very small.
Cracking Moment M cr
The bending moment required to initiate cracking in the beam can be calculated by
equating the bottom fibre tension stress in concrete f ct to the tensile stress f r .
M cr ( D d n )
ct = f r =
Iu
M cr (600 310)
3.0 =
5800 106
M cr = 60 106 N.mm = 60kN.m

Cracked elastic beam analysis (Point C)
As the load is progressively increased, the tensile stress in concrete reaches the tension
strength f r resulting in the development of tension cracks. These cracks penetrate
upwards pushing up the neutral axis of the section, which results in significant reduction
in the concrete area in compression. Since concrete in a cracked section can not transmit
tension, the steel bars pick up all the tension. The section can be assumed to remain
within the elastic range if the compressive stress in the concrete is approximately less
than 50% of its compressive strength f c (within the assumed elastic range of concrete),
and the steel stress st is less than the yield stress f sy . The strain and stress distributions
in the section are as shown in Figure 3. This state of stress normally occurs in structures
under the applied service loads.
b b c c
kd/3
dn=kd C
d jd=d-kd/3
D
st
st
Ast n Ast T = Ast st
Figure 3: Elastic cracked section analysis of a reinforced concrete beam
The stresses in the section can still be calculated by using the transformed section
method, after ignoring all the concrete below the neutral axis, see Figure 3. The depth
of the neutral axis can be determined by equating the moments of the tension area and
compression area about the axis.
1
b d n = n Ast (d d n )
2
(1)
2
Substituting d n = k d and steel ratio p = A st / bd in Equation 1 and solving for k gives:

k = (np) 2 + 2np np (2)
The second moment of area of the cracked transformed section I cr is calculated by

summing the second moments of the areas about the neutral axis:
1
I cr = bd n + n Ast (d d n ) 2
3
(3)
3
Using the relationship for elastic stresses in a section under flexure, the concrete and
steel stresses can be calculated:
M dn
c = (4)
I cr
The steel stress is calculated by obtaining the stress in the transformed concrete section
at the level of steel and multiplying it by n:
M (d d n )
st = n ct = n (5)
I cr
There are cases when compression steel is needed to increase moment capacity and/or
to decrease deflection of the beam. A similar procedure is used to calculate the
geometric properties of the section and the stresses in the concrete and the steel, see
Figure 4.
(n-1) Asc
b
dsc
dn=kd
d
D
n Ast
Ast
Figure 4 Transformed section of a beam with tension and compression reinforcement.

The depth of neutral axis d n and the second moment of area I cr are to be calculated as
shown in Equations 1 and 3:
1
b d n + (n 1) Asc (d n d sc ) = n Ast (d d n )
2
(6)
2
1
I cr = bd n + n Ast (d d n ) 2 + (n 1) Asc (d n d sc ) 2
3
(7)
3
The stress in the compression steel is calculated from:
M (d n d sc )
sc = n (8)
I cr
Example 2
Calculate the concrete and steel stresses in the beam of Example 1 if the bending
moment is increased to 75 kN.m.
Since M = 75 kN.m is greater than the moment required to initiate cracking M cr = 60

kN.m (see Example 1), the beam is cracked and cracked section analysis must be used.
A st 942
Steel ratio p = = = 0.0057
bd 300 550
np = 8 0.0057 = 0.046
k = ( np) 2 + 2np np
= (0.046) 2 + 2 0.046 0.046
= 0.26
depth of neutral axis d n = kd = 0.26 550 = 143 mm
Second moment of area of cracked section:
1
= b d n + n Ast (d d n ) 2
3
I cr
3
1
I cr = 300 1433 + 8 942 (550 143) 2
3
= 1540 106 mm4

Concrete compressive stress in top fibre:
Md n 75 106 143
c = = = 7 MPa
I cr 1540 106
Steel stress:
M (d d n )
st =n
I cr
75 10 6 (550 143)
= 8 = 160 MPa
1540 10 6
Comparing the results of Examples 1 and 2 reveals the following:
Increasing the bending moment from 50 to 75 kN.m resulted in
a) The neutral axis shifted upwards from a depth of 310 mm to 143 mm.
b) The second moment of area reduced from 5800 x 106 mm4 to 1540 x 106 mm4.
c) Although the bending moment was increased by 50%, the stress in the steel increased
by nearly ten times and the concrete compression stress by nearly 2.6 times.
Try to explain why the above changes occur.

Flexural strength of beams (Point U)
When the load on the concrete member is further increased, the strains and stresses in the
section increase and these are no longer within the elastic range. That is, when the concrete
stress in compression exceed 50% of its compressive strength f c , the assumption of linear
elastic behaviour is no longer valid. The relationship between the concrete stress and strain
follows that of the stress-strain curve of concrete. This means that the stress distribution on
the compression side of the section is the same as the shape of the stress-strain curve of
concrete, see Figure 5. The section reaches its ultimate flexural capacity when the concrete
strain in compression reaches its limiting value, conservatively taken as cu = 0.003. This
value represents the crushing strain of concrete.
b
b
c
dn
dn=ku d C
D
d z=d-dn
Ast st
st
T = Ast st
Ast
Figure 5 Distribution of stress near failure of beam
Equivalent stress block
When a beam reaches its near failure state, the concrete stress distribution in compression
varies as shown in Figures 5 and 6. For design purposes, this stress distribution may be
replaced by an equivalent rectangular stress distribution, known as the Whitney stress block,
as shown in Figures 6. The basis of the equivalency is that the resultant compressive force
C is the same and the centroids should also be at the same level. The equivalent stress block
has a uniform stress intensity of 0.85 f c and a depth of
d n = k u d, where is as defined below:

= 0.85 for fc 28 MPa
=0.85 - 0.007 (fc - 28) 0.65 for fc > 28 MPa
fc 0.85 f c
c = u = 0.003
kud
ku d 2
dn = ku d C C
N.A. N.A. N.A.
Strain diagram Actual stress Equivalent stress

distribution block
Figure 6 Distribution of compressive stresses in concrete near failure of beam
Modes of flexural failure
Failure of the beam can in occur in two different ways:
a) If a moderate amount of reinforcement is used, the steel will start to yield before the
concrete reaches its limiting strain value in compression. Yielding of steel continues by
excessive increase of steel strain accompanied by widening of the tension cracks that
propagate upwards, with significant increase in the deflection of the beam. With small
load increment, the concrete compressive strain reaches the limiting crushing value of
0.003 resulting in the crushing of concrete. This mode of failure is gradual. It is
preceded by warnings of impending failure through significant increase of deflection
and widening and upward propagation of cracks. A beam that fails in this manner is
called under-reinforced beam.
b) If a relatively large amount of steel is employed, and as the load is gradually increased,
the concrete compressive strain reaches the crushing strain before the steel starts to
yield. This results in a sudden and often explosive crushing of concrete without
warnings. A beam that fails in this manner is called over-reinforced beam.

From the above, it is clearly desirable to have beam dimensions that would produce an
under-reinforced beam. This would ensure that if the beam is overloaded, the failure would
start by yielding of steel rather than by crushing of concrete. This is a ductile, gradual type
of failure with warnings of distress before complete failure.
These modes of flexural failure may be defined in terms of the strain distribution diagrams
shown Figure 7. A balanced failure state is introduced here in order to establish the limit the
separates an over-reinforced section and an under-reinforced section. A beam is said to
undergo a balanced failure if it has a balanced amount of tension steel. A balanced failure
occurs in a beam when the tension reinforcement reaches the strain corresponding to its
specified yield strain just as the concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain
of 0.003. A balanced beam is of theoretical interest only. It is used to establish limits
between over-reinforced and under-reinforced beams.
c = u = 0.003
kud <
k d dnb = kubd
ductile
balanced
(under - reinforced)
kud >
brittle failure
(over - reinforced)
st < sy (sy = 0.0025 for 500N bars)

st = sy
st > sy
Figure 7 Modes of failure defined through strain state in section

The depth of neutral axis d nb = k ub d in a balanced failure state can be derived as follows:
kub d d f sy
= , sy = where Es = 200,000 MPa
0.003 0.003 + sy Es
600
k ub = , k ub = 0.545, d n b = 0.545 d for 500 N bars
600 + f sy
To ensure a gradual ductile failure, the beam has to be under-reinforced. This can be
satisfied by setting a limit on the depth of neutral axis factor k u to be less than that
corresponding to a balanced failure state:
k u < k ub
According to AS 3600 , k u 0.4. This will result in an adequate ductility provided

in the beam.
Ductility may also be satisfied by setting limits on the amount of tension steel to be
provided in a section. Defining the steel ratio in the section as p = A st / bd, and the steel area
that would result in a k u = 0.4 as A stmax , and considering force equilibrium in the section:
0.85 f c 0.4 d b = A stmax f sy
A smax / bd = 0.34 f c / f sy
Maximum allowable steel ratio for sections with tension reinforcement only:
p mas = A stmax / bd = 0.34 f c / f sy
AS3600 also sets a lower limit on the steel ratio p min . This is based on the requirement that
the ultimate moment capacity M u be greater than the cracking moment M cr by at least 20%.
This is to avoid sudden collapse by steel fracturing upon initiation of cracking.
1.4 0.34 fc
p min = p p max =
fsy fsy

Moment capacity of under-reinforced rectangular sections
b cu=0.003 0.85 fc
C
ku d ku d
d
ju d
Ast
st T = Ast fsy
Figure 8 Rectangular section analysis with tension reinforcement only
k d k
M u =T ju d = Ast f sy d u = Ast f sy d 1 u
2 2
C= T, 0.85 fc k u d b = A st f sy
A st fsy A fsy fsy

ku = = st =p
0.85 fc b d b d 0.85 fc 0.85 fc
p fsy p fsy
M u = A st fsy d 1 , ju = 1
1.7 fc 1.7 fc
0.34 fc
Satisfying k u 0.4 is equivalent to p p max =
fsy
0.34 f c
'
1.4
p min = p p max =
f sy f sy

Strength design requirements
M u : ultimate moment capacity of section
M* : design bending moment
: capacity reduction factor, 0.8 for flexure
M*
M u M , or M u
*
f sy M *
Ast f sy d 1 p
'
1.7 f c

This equation may be simplified by dividing both sides by f c bd2 and substituting
q = p f sy / f c :
q M*
q 1
1.7 f ' c bd
2
To calculate cross sectional dimensions for given design moment M* and steel ratio p:
M*
bd 2
f ' c q (1 0.59q)
To calculate steel ratio for given design moment and cross-sectional dimensions:
1.7 M *
q 0.833 0.695
bd 2 f ' c

Example 3
Calculate the design moment capacity M u for the beam of Example 1.
300
cu=0.003 0.85 fc
C
ku d ku d
550
600mm ju d
3N20 T =Ast fsy

st
Ast = 3 * / 4 * 20 2 = 942 mm 2
p = Ast / bd = 942 /(300 * 550) = 0.0057
f sy
ku = p = 0.0057 * 500 / (0.85 * 25 * 0.85) = 0.158 < 0.4
0.85 fc
since k u < 0.4, section is ductile (under-reinforced)
(depth of neutral axis: k u d = 0.158 * 550 = 87 mm, compare with examples 1 and 2)
Alternatively, ductility may be checked by comparing the steel ratio with p max
0.34 fc
p max = = 0.34 * 0.85 * 25 / 500 = 0.0145
f sy
Since p = 0.0057 < 0.0145 , section is ductile (under-reinforced)

Moment strength:
k d
M u =T ju d = Ast f sy d u = 942 x500 x550 (1 0.85 x0.158 / 2) = 242 x 10 6 N .mm
2
= 242 kN .m
Design moment capacity M u = 0.8 242 = 194 kN.m

Example 4
Calculation of amount of steel for a given design moment and section dimensions.
M* = 400 kN.m, b = 400 mm, d = 600 mm, f c = 25 MPa, f sy = 500 MPa.
1.7 M *
q 0.833 0.695
bd 2 f c '
1.7 400
q 0.833 0.695
0.8 400 600 2 25
q = 0.152
Steel ratio p = q f c / f sy = 0.152 25/500 = 0.0076
0.34 fc
check: p p max = = 0.34 0.85 25 / 500 = 0.0145 OK
fsy
section is under-reinforced (ductile)
check: p p min = 1.4 / f sy = 1.4 / 500 = 0.0028 OK
A st = p bd = 0.0076 400 600 = 1824 mm2
Select 3N28 bars (gives 1848 mm2)
Check if bars can be placed in one layer:
Assuming 12 mm stirrups, 25 mm cover
b 2 25 + 2 12 + 3 28 + 2 30 = 218 mm
b = 400 mm is adequate
Total depth D:
D= 600 + 28/2+12+25 650 mm

Example 5
Calculation of section dimensions b and D for a given design moment and amount of steel.
M* = 500 kN.m, steel ratio p = 0.01, f c = 32 MPa, f sy = 500 MPa.
0.34 fc 0.340.822 32
Check: p p max = = = 0.0179 OK
fsy 500
Check: p pmin = 1.4 / fsy = 1.4 / 500 = 0.0028 OK
q = p fsy / fc = 0.01 500 / 32 = 0.156
M* 500 10 6
bd 2 = = 137.9 10 6 mm 2
fc q (1 0.59q) 0.8 32 0.156 (1 0.59 0.156)
Let b = 350 mm, d 628 mm
Ast = p bd = 0.01 350 628 = 2198 mm2
Select 4N28 bars (gives 2462 mm2)
Check if bars can be placed in one layer:
Assuming 12 mm stirrups, 25 mm cover
b 2 25 + 2 12 + 4 28 + 3 30 = 276 mm
b = 350 mm is adequate
Total depth D:
D= 628 + 28/2+12+25 680 mm

Doubly reinforced beams
In certain situations, the depth of the beam may be restricted due to architectural
considerations, mechanical installations such as ducting and piping or other requirements.
This would normally result in limiting the useable concrete compression area required to
balance the tension steel. In this case reinforcing steel is used in the compression zone to
assist the concrete to balance the force in the tension steel, resulting in increased moment
capacity of the section. A beam section with tension and compression steel is called doubly-
reinforced section. As will be seen in later sections, the presence of compression
reinforcement has another advantage in that it helps to reduce the long-term deflection of
the beam. In some cases top bars are used to support shear reinforcement (stirrups, see
section on shear)
The strength analysis of a doubly reinforced section can be carried out in a manner similar
to that used in the singly reinforced beams.
Figure 9 Doubly reinforced section analysis
Equilibrium of forces in the horizontal direction:
C + Cs = T
0.85 fc ku d b + Asc sc = Ast fsy

assume fsc = fsy
( Ast Asc ) f sy
ku =
0.85 f c bd
check fsc using strain diagram:
sc
= cu
k u d d sc k u d
d
sc = 1 sc cu
ku d
If sc sy , then assumption that fsc = fsy is correct
Moment capacity:
ku d
Mu = 0.85 fc ku d b d + Asc fsy (d dsc)
2
If sc < sy , then fsc < fsy
Recalculate ku and sc :
0.85 fc ku d b + Asc sc = Ast fsy

d
sc = Es sc = Es cu 1 sc
ku d

d
0.85 fc ku d b + Asc Es cu 1 sc = Ast fsy
ku d

The only unknown in the above quadratic equation is ku. Solve for ku, then calculate sc.
Moment capacity:
ku d
Mu = 0.85 fc ku db d + Asc sc (d dsc)

2

Example 6
A rectangular beam has a total depth D=400 mm, effective depth d=340mm, width b=400
mm, and reinforced with 5 -N32 bars in tension and 4N20 bars in compression. Calculate the
design moment strength Mu. Take fc = 32 MPa.
60
4N20
280
60 5N32
400
Ast = 4022 mm2 , Asc = 1257 mm2
0.85 fc kud b + A sc sc = A st fsy
assume sc = fsy
( Ast Asc ) f sy
ku =
0.822 f cbd
=
(4022 1257 ) 500 = 0.455
0.85 32 0.822 400 340
Check sc :
using strain diagram
d
sc = 1 cu
ku d
60
= 1 0.003 = 0.00184 < sy = 0.0025
0.455 340
sc < fsy
Recalculate sc:
0.85 fc ku d b + Asc sc = Ast fsy ... a

d
sc = Es sc = Es cu 1
k u d
60
= 200,000 0.003 1
k u 340
0.177
= 600 1 .. b
k u
Substitute equation b in equation a:
0.177
0.85 32 0.822 ku 340 400 + 1257 600 1 = 4022 500
k u
ku2 0.413 ku 0.0439 = 0
0.413 + 0.413 2 + 4 0.0439

ku = = 0.5 > 0.4 Not OK (non ductile section
2
according to AS3600 but ku < 0.6 meaning tensile steel has yielded)
0.177
sc = 200,000 0.003 1 = 388 MPa
0.5
ku d
Mu = 0.85 fc ku b d d + Asc sc (d dsc)
2
0.822 0.5
Mu=0.85 32 0.822 0.5 400 3402 1
2
+ 1257 388 (340 60) = 547 10 N.mm = 547 kN.m
-6
Mu = 0.8 547 = 438 kNm

T-Beams
In most cases of building construction, concrete slabs are built monolithically with the
supporting beams. This results in part of the slab to act integrally with beam section in
resisting bending moments. The resulting section is T-shaped, as shown in Figure 10.
bf 0.85 fc
cu=0.003
C
ku d ku d
tf
d
ju d
Ast
T = Ast fsy
st
bw
Figure 10 T-section analysis
The analysis of T-sections is similar to that of rectangular sections, except that the flange
must be accounted for in the equilibrium equations.

There are two cases to consider:
Depth of compression block within the flange

bf 0.85 fc
cu=0.003
C
ku d ku d
d tf
ju d
Ast
T = Ast fsy
st
bw
Figure 11 T-section analysis: compression block within flange
This section can be treated as a singly reinforced rectangular section with effective depth d
and width equal to the flange width bf . Analysis of the section can be carried out as given
on the section on singly reinforced rectangular sections.

Depth of compression block below the flange
bf 0.85 f'c
cu =0.003
Cf
flange flange ku d ku d
web
tf Cw
d
d - tf/2
ju d
Ast
T = Ast fsy
st
bw
Figure 12 T-section analysis: compression block extends below flange
Compression force in the flange Cf = 0.85 f'c (bf - bw) tf

Compression force in the web Cw = 0.85 fc bw ku d
Equilibrium in horizontal direction:
Cf + Cw = Ast fsy
ku = [Ast fsy - 0.85 f'c (bf-bw)]/( 0.85 f'c bw d)
Moment strength:
Mu = Cw ju d + Cf (d-tf /2)
= Cw (d - ku d /2) + Cf (d - tf /2)

Example 7
A T-beam has a total depth D=700 mm, effective depth d=600mm, flange width bf=800
mm, flange depth tf = 100 mm, web width bw= 300 mm and reinforced with 8N28 bars.
Calculate the design moment strength Mu. Take fc = 25 MPa.
800
100
600
100 8N28
300
Ast = 4924 mm2 ,
Assume compression block depth ku d to be less than flange depth tf :
Ast fsy = 0.85 f'c bf ku d
ku d = Ast fsy / 0.85 f'c bf
= 4924 500 / (0.85 25 800) = 145 mm > tf = 100 mm
Stress block depth extends below flange.
Compression force in the flange Cf = 0.85 f'c (bf - bw) tf
= 0.85 25 (800-300) 100 10-3 = 1063 kN
Cw + Cf = Ast fsy
Cw = 4924 500 10-3 - 1063 = 1399 kN

Cw = 0.85 fc bw ku d
ku = Cw / ( 0.85 f'c bw d)
= 1399 103 / (0.85 25 3000.85 600) = 0.430 > 0.4
Non-ductile section (over-reinforced according to AS3600 but smaller than 0.6-

steel has yielded)
Moment strength:
Mu = Cw (d- ku d/2) + Cf (d-tf /2)
= 1399 0.6 (1- 0.85 x 0.43 /2 ) + 1063 ( 0.6 - 0.1/2) = 1271 kN.m
Mu = 0.8 1271 = 1017 kN.m

Exercise Problem Set : Flexural Analysis and Design of Beams
Problem 1:
Calculate the design moment strength Mu for the following sections. Take fc = 32 MPa.
Sketch the strain and stress distribution diagrams for each section and try to work out your
solutions using equilibrium conditions.
530
70 4N20
(a)
400
1000
75
560
(b)
60 3N28
350
60
5N20
330
(c)
5N32
60
400

150 150 150
100
200
530
5N28 (d)
75
450
150
600
75
5N32
75
150 400 150 (e)

Problem 2:
The reinforced concrete beam shown in figure below is to carry a UD load which produces the
factored design moments M* at mid-span and at supports as indicated. The 28-day
compressive strength of concrete is 32 MPa. Using N28 bars, calculate the area of
reinforcement and number of bars required at mid-span and at supports. Take effective depth d
= 670 mm.
1000
150
600
300
column beam column
800 kNm
-
B.M.
+ 550 kNm

CIVL 4403 Design of Concrete Structures 35
Serviceability Design: Control of Deflections
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DESIGN SERVICE LOAD ...................................................................................................................................36

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE DEFLECTIONS ...........................................................................................................37
CALCULATION OF DEFLECTIONS .....................................................................................................................38
SIMPLIFIED METHOD (CLAUSE 8.5.3) ............................................................................................................38
SHORT-TERM (ELASTIC) DEFLECTION .............................................................................................................38
LONG-TERM DEFLECTION: (CLAUSE 8.5.3.2) .................................................................................................42
TOTAL DEFLECTION ........................................................................................................................................42
DEEMED TO COMPLY SPAN-TO-DEPTH RATIOS FOR DEFLECTION CONTROL ................................................43
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN Lef / d and / Lef ( DERIVATION ) .................................................................44
EXAMPLE PROBLEM ........................................................................................................................................45

Design Service Load
Short-term effects G + s Q
Long-term effects G + Q
Table 2.4 (AS 1170.1)

Short-term ( s ) and long-term ( l ) load factors for the serviceability limit states
Type of live load Short-term factor ( s ) Long-term factor ( l )

Floors
Domestic 0.7 0.4
Offices 0.7 0.4
Parking 0.7 0.4
Retail 0.7 0.4
Storage 1.0 0.6
Other As per storage, unless As per storage, unless
assessed otherwise assessed otherwise
Roofs
Trafficable 0.7 0.4
Non-trafficable 0.7 0.0
Note: In choosing performance criteria for serviceability limit states, useful

guidelines may be obtained from ISO 4356

Maximum Allowable deflections
Table 2.4.2 (AS 3600), Handbook 3.14

Limits for Calculated Deflection of Beams and Slabs
Type of member Deflection to be Deflection limitation

Deflection limitation
considered (/L ef ) for spans (/L ef ) for
(Notes 1 and 2) cantilevers
(Note 3)
All members The total deflection 1/250 1/125
Members The deflection which 1/500 1/250
supporting occurs after the where provision is where provision is
masonry partitions addition or made to minimise made to minimize
attachment of the the effect of the effect of
partitions movement, otherwise movement, otherwise
1/1000 1/500
Bridge members The live load (and 1/800 1/400
impact) deflection
Notes:
1. In flat slabs, the deflection to which the above limits apply is the theoretical deflection of
the line diagram representing the idealised frame defined in Clause 7.5.2.
2. Deflection limits given may not safeguard against ponding.
3. For cantilevers, the values of /L ef given in this table apply only if the rotation at the
support is included in the calculation of .

Calculation of deflections
AS 3600 gives three methods for calculation of deflections:
1. Refined calculations (Clause 8.5.2), not covered in this course

2. Simplified calculations (Clause 8.5.3)
3. Deemed to comply span-to-depth ratios (Clause 8.5.4)
Simplified Method (Clause 8.5.3)
Short-term (elastic) deflection
Values of elastic deflections s for various cases

Loading Elastic deflection s
w
5 w L4 ef
384 E I
Lef
P
P L3 ef
( 3 4 2 )
48 EI
Lef
5 L2 ef
w [M m 0.1 ( M a + M b )]
Ma Mb 48 EI
where M m is the mid-span moment

Lef
w L2 ef
Mm = 0.5 ( M a + M b )
8

s short term elastic deflection
L ef = effective span length, taken as the lesser of L & L n + D (Clause 1.6.3.)
D
= Ln + for a cantilever
2
L = centre to centre span
L n = clear span
D = total depth of member
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete
= 0.043 1.5 fcm (Clause 6.1.2)
= 5050 fcm (normal weight conc. = 2400 kg/m3)
f cm = mean compressive strength (target strength)
= f c + 1.65 * s , where s is the standard of deviation ( 0.15 fcm )
Ief = effective moment of inertia
3
M
Ief = Icr + (Ig - Icr) cr Ie,max (Clause 8.5.3.1)
Ms
where,
Ie,max = Ig when p = Ast/(bd) 0.005
Ie,max = 0.6Ig when p = Ast/(bd) < 0.005
b = width of the cross-section at the compression face
Icr = moment of inertia of cracked elastic section
Ig = gross moment of inertia of uncracked section (neglecting reinf.)
Ig
Mcr = cracking moment = ( f cf - fcs )
yt
fcf = 0.6 fc (Clause 6.1.1.2)

fcs = the maximum shrinkage-induced tensile stress on the uncracked section at the extreme
fibre at which cracking occurs, and for a singly reinforced section may be taken as
1.5 p
= E s cs
1 + 50 p
cs = the design shrinkage strain determined in accordance with Clause 6.1.7
Ief for simply supported beams
Calculate section properties at mid-span of beam.

Ief for beams with negative end moments:
Calculate Ief at sections a-a, b-b and m-m.
Average Ief for the whole beam = 0.5 [ Ief, m + (Ief, a + Ief, b) / 2]
Cols. Cols.
a m b
Ast Ast
Asc Ast Asc
a m
b
Interior span of a continuous beam
bef
bw
Uncracked (gross) section
bef
d d
d
bw
Section b-b
Section a-a
Section m-m
Cracked sections

Alternatively, a conservative approach is to use the following:
For rectangular sections

Ief = (0.02+2.5p) bd3 when p 0.005
= (0.1+13.5p) bd3 0.06 bd3 when p < 0.005
For T & L sections

3
b
Ief = 0.045 bef d 0.7 + 0.3 w
3
b ef
Long-term deflection: (Clause 8.5.3.2)
Multiplier Method: (Clause 8.5.3.3)
Long-term deflection = kcs s.sus
where s.sus : immediate (short-term) deflection due to sustained load
A sc
kcs : multiplier = 2 1.2 0.8
A st
Total deflection
tot = s +
tot all (allowable deflection)

Deemed to Comply Span-to-Depth Ratios for Deflection Control
Clause 8.5.4 of AS 3600 states the following:

For reinforced beams of uniform cross-section subject to uniformly distributed loads only and
where the live load q does not exceed the dead load g, beam deflections shall be deemed to
comply with the requirements of Clause 2.4.2 if the ratio of effective span to effective depth is
not greater than the value given by:
1/ 3
k ( / L ef ) b ef E c
L ef / d 1
k 2 Fd ,ef
where
/Lef = the deflection limit selected in accordance with Clause 2.4.2.
Fd,ef = the effective design load per unit length, taken as:
(a) (1.0 + kcs)g + (s + kcs 1)q for total deflection; or
(b) kcs g + (s + kcs 1)q for incremental deflection which occurs after the
addition or attachment of the partitions.
where
kcs is determined in accordance with Clause 8.5.3.3. s and 1

are given in Table 2.4 of AS 1170.1.
k1 = Ief / bd3, which may be taken as:

(Rectangular sections)
= (0.02+2.5p) (when p 0.005)
= (0.1+13.5p) 0.06 (when p < 0.005)
(T- and L- sections)
= 0.045 (0.7 + 0.3 bw / bef)3
k2 = the deflection constant, taken as:
(a) for simply-supported beams, 5/384; or
(b) for continuous beams, where in adjacent spans the ratio of the
longer span to the shorter span does not exceed 1.2 and where no
end span is longer than an interior span:
(i) 2.4/384 in an end span; or

(ii) 1.5/384 in interior spans.
Relationship between Lef / d and / Lef ( derivation )
tot = s + = s +k cs s.sus
2
ML M L
= C s ef +k cs C sus ef
E c I ef E c I ef
2
L
= C ef (M s +k cs M sus )
E c I ef
For uniformly loaded members:
Ms = C1 ws Lef2
Msus = C1 wsus Lef2
L ef 4
tot = C C1 (w s + k cs w sus )
E c I ef
let Fd.ef = ws + kcs wsus
C and C1 are functions of the beam support conditions,
let k2 = C C1
let Ief = k1 bef d3
k 2 L ef 4 Fd. ef
tot =
E c k 1 b ef d 3
tot limiting deflection to max. allowable
4
k 2 L ef Fd.ef

k1 d 3 E c b ef
1/ 3
L ef k 1 E c b ef

d L ef k 2 Fd .ef

Example Problem
The simply supported reinforced concrete beam shown in figure below is to carry a UD dead
load of 12 kN/m (including beam weight) and a UD live load of 15 kN/m. Use fcm = 25 MPa.
a) Calculate the gross moment of inertia Ig and cracking moment Mcr .
b) Calculate the moment of inertia of cracked section Icr.
c) Calculate the mid-span maximum stress in concrete and stress in the reinforcing bars under
full service loads.
d) Calculate the effective moment of inertia Ief .
e) Calculate the short and long term deflections at mid-span and check with the AS3600
maximum allowable deflections assuming the beam to be part of an office floor carrying
brick partitions which are likely to be damaged by excessive deflections.
f) Alternatively, check the beam deflection requirements using the deemed to comply
span-to-depth ratio method.
NOTE: Step (c) does not provide values to be used for deflection calculations. It only serves
to show the level of stress in steel and concrete to be within the elastic range and thus justifies
the use of elastic deflection relations used for the calculation of short-term (immediate)
deflections.
6Y2
10 000 mm
ELEVATION
bef = 1250 mm
150
700
650
6Y28
300
SECTION
a) Gross moment of inertia Ig:

1250
dn
80
yt
0
bw
150 800
150 950 + 300 800
dn = 2 2
150 950 + 300 800
= 279mm
2
1 150
I g = 950 1503 + 950 150 279
2 2
+ 300 8003 + 300 800(400 279 )2

1
2
= 22.5 109 mm 4
Tensile strength of concrete f c f = 0.6 f c = 0.6 25 = 3MPa

' '
Cracking moment (neglecting effect of shrinkage, i.e. fcs = 0)

f cf' I g 3 22.5 10 3
M cr = = = 0.130 MN .m = 130kN .m
Yt (0.8 0.279)

b) Moment of inertia of cracked section Icr:
1250
300 c fc
dn
d-dn
fst
st
n Ast T = Ast fst
Ec = 5050 f cm = 5050 25 = 25250 MPa

Es 200,000
Modular ratio n= = = 7.92 8
Ec 25250
Tension Steel Ast = 3720 mm 2 (6Y 28)
nAst = 8 3720 = 29760mm 2
Steel ratio p = Ast/(bd) = 3720 /(1250 x 700) 0.004
N. A. Location:
t
nAst (d d n ) = (b bw )t d n + bw d n n
d
2 2
150 dn 2
29760(700 d n ) = (1250 300 ) 150 d n + 300
2 2
dn 2 + 1148d n 210130 = 0
1148 11482 + 4 210130

dn = = 161mm
2
2
t
I cv = nAst (d d n ) + bw d n3 + (b bw )t 3 + (b bw )t d n
2 1 1
3 12 2

( )
2
150
= 29760 700 1612 + 300 1613 + (1250 300 ) 1503 + (1250 300 ) 150161
1 1

3 12 2
= 10.38 109 mm 4
c) Full service load g + q = 12 + 15kN / m

27 10 2
M = = 338kN .m. > M cr = 130kN .m
8
section is cracked
Md n 338 10 3 0.161
comp. stress in conc. f c = = = 5.24 MPa
I cv 10.38 10 3
M (d d n ) 338 10 3 (0.7 0.161)
Tensile stress in reinf. f s = n = 8 = 141MPa
I cv 10.38 10 3
fc and fs are both within elastic range.
d) Service load for short-term deflection = g + s q

s = 0.7 office building (AS 1170.1)
w s = 12 + 0.7 15 = 22.5 kN / m
22.5 10 2
Ms = = 282kN .m
8
Effective moment of inertia:
3
M
I pf = I cv + (I g I cv ) cr I e,max
Ms
Since steel ratio p = 0.004 < 0.005, Ie,max = 0.6 Ig = 0.6 x 22.51 x 109 = 13.5 x 109 mm4
130
3
= 10.38 + (22.51 10.38) 10
9
282
= 11.6 10 9 mm 4 < I e max

Alternatively,
3
bw
I ef = 0.045bd 3 0.7 + 0.3 (clause 8.5.3.1c)
b
3
300
= 0.045 1250 7003 0.7 + 0.3
1250
= 8.88 109 mm 4 (is not used in this example)
5 w L4 ef
e) Short-term deflection: s =
384 Ec I ef
5 22.5 10 4
s = = 0.010m = 10mm
384 25250 10 3 11.6 10 3
f) Long-term deflection: l = .kcs s.sus

service load for long-term deflection = g + l q (also known as sustained load)
= 12 + 0.4 15 = 18kN / m
( l = 0.4 office building, AS1170.1)
service load) long - term w

s sus = s = sus s
service load) short - term ws
18
= 10 = 8mm
22.5
Total long-term deflection tot = s + l = 10 + 2 8 = 26mm
Max. allowable deflection:
Lef 10 103
lim = = = 40mm
250 250
tot < lim OK

g) Incremental long-term deflection
Since beam carries partitions likely to be damaged by excessive deflections, the

Lef
incremental deflection which occurs after addition of partitions should not exceed
500
(Table 2.4.2 AS 3600).
inc = s + s sus
inc
sq sq
s = =
inc
ws g + s q
0.7 15
sinc = 10 = 4.7 mm
22.5
inc = 4.7 + 2 8 = 20.7 mm
Lef 10 103
lim = = = 20mm
500 500
inc lim OK

Check deflections using deemed-to-comply span-to depth ratio method:
1
Lef k1 Ec bef 3
=
d Lef k 2 Fd .cf

3
b
k1 = 0.045 0.7 + 0.3 w
b
ef
3
300
= 0.045 0.7 + 0.3 = 0.0207
1250
5
k2 = simply supported beam
384
Total deflection check:
Fdef = (1 + k cs )g + ( s + k cs 1 )q
= (1 + 2 ) 12 + (0.7 + 2 0.4 ) 15
= 58.5kN / m
10
= = 14.3 < 15.1
Lef 0.7
1
1 0.0207 25250 103 1.25 3
= 15.1

250 5 / 384 58.5
Lef 10
= = 14.3 < 15.1 OK
d 0.7
Incremental deflection check:
Fd .ef = k cs g + ( s + k cs l )q
= 2 12 + (0.7 + 2 0.4 ) 15 = 46.5kN / m
1
=
Lef 500
1
1 0.0207 25250 103 1.25 3
= 12.9
500 (5 / 304 )

46.5
Lef
= 14.3 > 12.9 Not good !
d
NOTE: We know from deflection calculations that the incremental deflection satisfies the code
limit. The deemed-to-comply method is a conservative method, it resulted in the incremental
deflection not satisfying the limit.

Design for shear and diagonal tension in RC beams
Design for Shear and Diagonal Tension in RC Beams
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SHEAR IN HOMOGENEOUS, ELASTIC BEAMS .................................................................... 55

CRACKING TYPES BY APPEARANCE ................................................................................. 56
SHEAR RESISTANCE MECHANISMS IN BEAMS WITHOUT SHEAR REINFORCEMENT ........... 57
ULTIMATE SHEAR STRENGTH FOR BEAMS WITHOUT SHEAR REINFORCEMENT ................ 58
SHEAR STRENGTH CONTRIBUTION OF VERTICAL STIRRUPS (SHEAR REINFORCEMENT) ... 59
SHEAR DESIGN ACCORDING TO AS 3600 ......................................................................... 60
DESIGN STEPS .................................................................................................................. 61
REVIEW STEPS.................................................................................................................. 63
EXERCISE PROBLEMS ........................................................................................................ 64
SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 1 ................................................................................................. 67

Shear in Homogeneous, Elastic Beams
To determine how reinforced concrete beams resist shear, it is essential to understand the
phenomenon of diagonal tension and the failure it causes. Most failures which are
termed shear failures are in fact diagonal tension failures.
Prior to the formation of cracks, reinforced concrete beams tend to have stresses similar to
those which develop in homogeneous beams. Consider the state of stress in the beam
shown below prior to the formation of cracks. This will explain how diagonal cracks
develop in beams.
P P
My VQ
b = =
I Ib
Flexural Stress Shear Stress

1 2
t t

1
2 1 =
2 =
45
2 1

Cracking Types by Appearance
With reference to the portion of a continuous beam shown below, cracks which develop in
reinforced concrete beams may be classified as follows:
TYPE I: Flexural cracks; occur in regions of high moment-to-shear ratios.
TYPE II: Flexural-Shear cracks; occur in regions of moderate moment-to-shear

ratios.
II I II II I II
A B
Shear force
diagram, span AB
Bending moment
diagram, span AB

Shear Resistance Mechanisms in Beams without Shear Reinforcement
The nominal shear strength of a beam without shear reinforcement is defined as the shear
force required to form the first diagonal tension crack.
C
Vc
Va
Vd
V c = Shear resistance of uncracked concrete
V d = Dowel shear resistance
V a = Vertical component of aggregate interlock force
Total shear capacity V uc = V c + V d + V a

Ultimate Shear Strength for Beams without Shear Reinforcement
AS-3600 uses the following expression for the shear strength contribution of concrete. It is
based on an expression proposed by Zsutty back in 1968.
1/ 3
A f
V uc = 1 2 3 b v d o st c (Clause 8.2.7, AS 3600)
b d
v o
The parameters in the above V uc equation are:
do
1 = 1.1 ( 1.6 ) 11
.
1000
2 = 1 members with no axial force
N*
= 1 0 members with axial tension
3.5 A g
N*
= 1+ members with axial compression
14 A g
Case of concentrated load near support

Zone of
3 = 1 ; or av diagonal
compression
2 do
= 2
av do
bv = bw for T or L beams
= b for rectangular beams
All dimensions in mm
All force units in N
d do
D
A st
bw

Shear Strength Contribution of Vertical Stirrups (Shear Reinforcement)
As shown in figure below, the vertical stirrups can be considered as vertical reinforcement
spaced along the length of the beam. These have to be well anchored in the compression
zone and are usually bent around the longitudinal flexural steel. Each stirrup crossing a
diagonal crack will develop a force F v . The following derivation gives the contribution to
shear strength provided by the stirrups.
s s s
V
do
Fv
~ do
~
Fv
T
v
do cot v
Asv
d o cot v
V us = m F v , m= , F v = A sv f sy.f
S
m = number of stirrups crossing a diagonal crack
F v = force in each stirrup

A sv = cross-sectional area of one stirrup (all legs)
d o cot v
V us = A sv f sy.f (Clause 8.2.10, AS 3600)
S
30 v 45
Total shear strength of beam V u = V uc + V us
School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering

Shear Design According to AS 3600
V* V u = (V uc + V us )
where V* = design shear force for strength
= strength reduction factor, 0.7 for shear
1/ 3
A f
V uc = 1 2 3 b v d o st c (Clause 8.2.7)
bv do
A sv
V us = f sy.f d o cot v (Clause 8.2.10)
S
V * Vu.min
= 30 + 15 (Clause 8.2.10)
Vu.max Vu.min
or let v = 45 (conservative)
V u.max = 0.2 f c bv do (Clause 8.2.6)
ultimate shear strength limited by web crushing failure.
Vu.min = Vuc + 0.6 bv do (Clause 8.2.9)
ultimate shear strength of beam provided with minimum shear

reinforcement.
bv S
Asv.min = 0.35 (Clause 8.2.8)
fsy. f
area of minimum shear reinforcement.

Design Steps
(a) If V* > Vumax

increase section dimensions to make V* < Vumax
(b) If V* 0.5 Vuc

no shear reinforcement is required except when D > 750 mm,
provide minimum shear reinforcement Asv.min
(c) If 0.5 Vuc V* Vumin

provide minimum shear reinforcement Asv.min with
stirrup spacing S min. (0.75 D, 500 mm)
(d) If V* > Vu.min

calculate shear reinforcement as follows:
V * Vu.min
(i) calculate v = 30 + 15
Vu.max Vu.min
or let v = 45 (conservative)
(ii) calculate Vus = V* - Vuc
A sv Vus
(iii) calculate = , select stirrup diameter and
S fsy. f d o cot v
calculate spacing S.
S min , 300 mm
D
2
NOTE:
bw
If V* Vuc in beams, with overall depth D min (250 mm, ), slabs and
2
footings, no shear reinforcement is required.

W*
Ln
V*
Vu min
0.5 Vuc
Calculate Min. shear No shear reinf.

reinf. based on Asvmin required
Smax = min.( D , 300mm) Smax = min.(0.75D,
2
(Step e p.6) (Clause 8.2.8)

Review Steps
For a given cross-section already designed for shear, calculate the design shear strength:
(a) Calculate Vuc (Clause 8.2.7)
(b) Determine v as follows:
bv S
A sv.min = 0.35
fsy. f
bv S Vuc
A sv.max = 0.2 fc
fsy. f bv do
A sv A sv.min
v = 30 + 15
A sv.max A sv.min
Note: Asv is given - the sum of cross-sectional areas of the legs of stirrup.
(c) Determine Vus :
A sv
Vus = fsy. f d o cot v
S
(d) Determine design shear strength:
Vu = (Vuc + Vus)
check web crushing shear:
Vumax = 0.2 fc bv do
if Vu > Vumax , then design shear strength
is controlled by web crushing: Vu = Vumax.

Exercise problems
Problem 1:
The reinforced concrete beam shown in figure below is to carry a UD dead load of 40 kN/m
(including self-weight) and a UD live load of 30 kN/m. Use fc = 25 MPa.
a) Calculate Y12 U stirrup spacing required at most critical section.
b) At what distance from support is shear reinforcement no longer needed?
c) At what distance from support does the minimum shear reinforcement govern shear
design?
d) Detail shear reinforcement for the whole beam and show stirrup spacings on a beam
elevation.
2Y1
6Y2
6000
ELEVATION
bef = 1500 mm
2Y16 100
400
6Y28
300
SECTION
Problem 2
The RC cantilever beam shown in figure below is to carry 40 kN/m UD dead load (including
self weight). Based on flexural and shear considerations, calculate the maximum allowable UD
live load the beam can carry. Take fc = 32 MPa.
5Y28
2Y16
R10 Stirrups @ 200mm
2000 mm
ELEVATION
bef = 1000 mm
5Y28 100
R10 @ 500
200
2Y16
300
SECTION

Problem 3
A simply supported beam has a span of 6.0 m. The cross section is a rectangle with b = 300
mm and do = 550 mm. The beam is reinforced with 4Y32 bars. It is to be designed to carry
a service dead load (including self-weight) of 25 kN/m and a service live load of 50 kN/m.
Using R10 U stirrups, design the beam for shear strength. Take fc = 32 Mpa.
Problem 4
A T-beam having bw = 300 mm, b = 1,000 mm, t = 100 mm, do = 400 mm and has a span of
6.0 m. The left support has a restraining factored moment of 200 kN.m while the right
support is simply supported. The beam carries a factored uniform load of 100 kN/m and a
central concentrated factored load of 70 kN. The beam is reinforced with 4Y24 bars for
both positive and negative moments. If fc = 32 Mpa, establish the following:
a) Through what parts of the beam would shear reinforcement be required
b) At what distance from support would the maximum stirrup spacing govern
shear design.
c) Calculate stirrup spacing required at the most critical section.
Problem 5
Redesign the beam of problem 3 if it is subjected to:
a) factored axial compressive force of 300 kN
b) factored axial tensile force of 300 kN
in addition to the loads defined in problem 3.
Problem 6
A 7 metre simply supported T-beam having bw = 300 mm, b = 1000 mm, t = 100 mm and do
= 500 mm is reinforced with 4Y24 bars. Shear reinforcement consists of U stirrups R10 @
200 mm throughout the beam. If the super-imposed service dead load is 15 kN/m (not
including self-weight), calculate the maximum allowable live load the beam can carry.
Your calculations should be based on flexural and shear strength of the beam. Take fc = 32
MPa.

Solution to problem 1
95 kN/m
6m
285 kN V*
w* = 1.25 40 + 1.5 30 = 95 kN/m
w* L
V*max =
2
95 6
= = 285 kN
2
28
Effective depth d = 500 40 12 28 = 406 mm (assume 40mm cover)
2
28
do = 500 40 12 = 434 mm
2
Shear at critical section d from face of support:
V* = 285 0.406 95 = 246 kN

Check Vumax = 0.7 0.2 fc b do

= 0.7 0.2 25 300 434 103 = 456 kN
V* < Vumax , O.K. Section dimension adequate for shear.
Shear Strength of Concrete

1/ 3
A f
Vuc = 1 2 3 b do st c
b d
o
1 d 1.1
= 1.1 1.6 o
1000
2 = 1.0 no axial force
3 = 1.0

Ast = 282 6 = 3649 mm2
4
3696 25
1/ 3
Vuc = 1.283 300 434 103

300 434
= 149 kN
Vuc = 0.7 149 = 104 kN
Since V* = 246 > 0.5 Vuc = 52 kN
shear reinforcement is required.
Vumin = 0.7 (Vuc + 0.6 b do)
= 0.7 (149 + 0.6 300 434 10-3) = 159 kN
Since V* = 246 kN > Vumin = 159 kN
more than the minimum shear reinforcement is required.

Calculate Shear Reinforcement
V* = Vu = (Vuc + Vus)
V*
Vus = Vuc

246
Vus = 149 = 202 kN
0.7
V * Vu min
=30 + 15
Vu max Vu min
246 159
= 30 + 15 = 34.4 o
456 159
Cot = 1.46 , As = 220 mm2

(2 legs of Y12 stirrup)
f sy.f d o Cot
S = As
Vus
500 434 1.46

S = 220 = 345mm
202 10 3
D 500
Smax = min , 300mm = min , 300mm
2 2
= 250 mm
Since S = 345 mm > Smax = 250 mm
Use Y12 Stirrups @ 250 mm.

b) Shear reinforcement is no longer needed in regions where V* 0.5 Vuc = 52 kN
285 kN
52 kN
2450 mm x
3000 mm
52
x= 3000 = 547 mm
285
distance from support = 3000 547 2450
c) Shear reinforcement is governed by the minimum in regions where
V* Vumin = 159 kN
285 kN
159 kN
1330 mm x
3000 mm
159
x= 3000 = 1674mm
285
Min shear reinforcement governs at 3000 1647 1330 from support.

d) Shear Reinforcement Detailing
from face of support to point 1330 mm from support: use 6 Y12 @250
from 1330 mm to 2450 mm, use Asmin:
b .S
Asmin = 0.35
f sy . f
As minf sy.f
S = , let Asmin = 220 mm2 (Y12 stirrups)
0.35b
220 500
S = = 1048mm
0.35 300
Smax = min. (0.75 D, 500 mm)
= min (0.75 x 500, 500) = 375mm
Use Y12 @ 375 mm
from 2450 mm to beam centre line, no shear reinforcement is required.
Note: It is good practice to extend minimum shear reinforcement to cover the central part of
the beam as well.
6 Y12 stirrups Y12 stirrups 6 Y12 stirrups

@ 250mm @ 375mm @ 250mm
6000 mm
Detailing of shear reinforcement

Design of One-Way Slabs
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ONE-WAY SLABS .................................................................................................... 73
One-Way Slab Design Example using the Simplified Method .................................. 75
Calculation of loads ............................................................................................... 75
Design moments and shears ................................................................................... 77
Flexural reinforcement ........................................................................................... 77
Shear strength ......................................................................................................... 80
Detailing of bars .................................................................................................... 81

ONE-WAY SLABS
A one-way slab is that which carries the applied loads in primarily one direction. It is
usually supported on two opposite sides as shown in the figure below. Even if a slab is
supported on all four sides, it may be designed as a one-way slab if the ratio of the long
span to the short span is more than two. This is because most of the load is carried in
the short direction to the supporting beams or walls.
The design of a one-way slab is usually carried out by considering a strip of unit width
spanning at right angles to the supports. This strip is designed as a rectangular beam
with unit width, normally taken as one metre. The depth of this beam is equal to the
depth of the slab. Its span is taken as the span L between the supporting edges.
1 metre
strip
Ln2
Ln1
Ln2
Ln1
Since the applied load is to be transmitted to the opposite supporting members, it means
that bending moments will develop in the slab in the direction normal to the supports
only. This requires all flexural reinforcement to be placed in the direction normal to the
supports, which is the direction of load transfer. Reinforcement in the other direction is
also required to control temperature and shrinkage cracks.
To determine the bending moments and shear forces in the slab strip, methods of
analysis normally used for continuous beams are also used for one way slabs. The
approximate AS 3600 Code coefficients (Section 7.2 of AS 3600) for moments and
shears are considered adequate if the slab strip satisfies the limitations of this method
(section 7.2.1 of AS 3600).
The slab example attached serves to demonstrate the steps used for the analysis and
design of one-way slabs. The approximate Code Coefficients for moments and shears
are used since the chosen slab satisfies the limitations of this method.

One-Way Slab Design Example using the Simplified Method
A two-span one-way slab-beam floor system is to be designed to carry a uniformly

distributed live load of 4 kPa. In addition to self-weight, the slab must carry a super-
imposed dead load of 1.3 kPa. Use the simplified coefficients method for moments and
shear forces. Take f c = 25 MPa, E c = 25000 MPa, f sy = 400 MPa.
1000mm
PLAN
A B C
a 200mm b
SECTION
300 5 500mm 5 500mm 300
-1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1
M: 24 11 9 9 11 24
AS3600 1 1.15 1.15 1
7.2 V: 2 2 2 2
Assume slab depth = 200 mm
Calculation of loads
Loads: Self-weight 0.2 2400 9.81 103 = 4.7 kPa
Super-imposed D.L = 1.3 kPa
g = 6.0 kPa
Live Load q = 4.0 kPa

Check Slab Thickness:
Deemed to comply span-to depth ratio for R.C. Slabs (AS3600 9.3.4.1):
( / L ef )E c
1/ 3
Lef
k 3k 4
d Fd.ef
k3 = 1.0 for one-way slabs
k4 = 2.0 for end span
1
=
L ef 250
F d.ef = (1 + k cs )g + ( s + K cs )q
A sc
k cs = 2 1.2 = 2.0
A st
s = 0.7 , = 0.4
F d.ef = (1 + 2) 6 + (0.7 + 2 0.4) 4 = 24 kPa
L ef. = 5800 mm c/c span
d = 200 20 6 = 174 mm
Lef 5800
= = 33.3
d 174
(1 / 250) 25000 10 3
1/ 3
1.0 2.0 = 32.2 Not OK but method is

24
conservative

Design moments and shears
Fd = 1.25g + 1.5q = 1.25 6 + 1.5 4 = 13.5 kN/m
Fd L2 n 13.5 5.52
M* a _ = = = 17 kN.m/m
24 24
Fd L2 n 13.5 5.52
M* b _ = = = 45.4 kN.m/m
9 9
Fd L2 n 13.5 5.52
M* ab+ = = = 37.1 kN.m/m
11 11
1.15 Fd L2 n 1.15 13.5 5.5

Vb = = = 42.7 kN/m
2 2
Flexural reinforcement
ku d
M* = A st f sy d
2
A st f sy A
ku = , p = st
0.85f cbd bd
f sy
M* = p f sy bd2 1 0.6 p f
c
500
45.4 106 = 0.8 p 500 1000 1742 1 0.6 p 25

p = 0.004
A stb = p bd = 0.004 1000 174 = 696 mm2/m
1000mm 1000mm
using Y12 bars, spacing = = = 162 mm
A st / A b 696 / 113
Use Y12 @160 mm top bars at support B

17
Ma* : p = 0.004 = 0.0015
45.4
use p min 0.002 (AS 3600 9.1.1)
A st,a = 0.002 1000 174 = 348 mm2/m
1000
Spacing S = = 324 mm
(348 / 113)
Use Y12 @ 320mm top bars at supports A & C
37.1
M* ab+ : p = 0.004 = 0.0033 > P min
45.4
A stab = 0.0033 1000 174 = 574 mm2/m
1000
Spacing S = = 197 mm
(574 / 113)
Use Y12 @ 190mm bottom bars, spans AB & BC
For crack control S max = lesser of (2.5D, 500) = 500 mm (AS3600

9.4.3.1)
All spacings < 500 mm O.K.
Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement (AS3600 9.4.3.3, 9.4.3.4)
In the transverse direction of slab, reinforcement should be provided to control cracking

due to temperature and shrinkage. Assuming floor is restrained in the transverse
direction, slab is fully enclosed within the building, with moderate degree of crack
control,
A sh = (3.5-2.5 cp ) bD x 10-3 = (3.5-0) 1000 200 x 10-3 = 700 mm2/m
1000
S= = 161 mm, Use Y12 @ 160 mm
(700 / 113)


Minimum code Requirements for Transverse Steel

(AS3600 &Table 19.1 Warner et. al.)
Exposure Degree of crack control required Ratio of shrinkage and

Classification* temperature steel to gross
concrete area
f sy = 400 f sy = 450
MPa MPa
All cases 0.0018 0.0016
A1, A2 Minor 0.0018 0.0016
Moderate 0.0035 0.0031
Strong 0.0063 0.0056
A1, B2, C All eases 0.0063 0.0056

*For exposure classification, see Clause 4.3.1 of AS 3600
Shear strength
V* = 42.7 0.174 13.5
= 40.3 kN d
8.2.7 42.7 kN
V*
1/ 3
A f
V uc = 1 2 3 b d o st c (AS3600 8.2.7)
bd o
d
1 = 1.1 1.6 o = 1.57
1000
2 , 3 = 1.00
870 25
1/ 3
V uc = 1.57 1000 174 103

1000 174
8.2.5 = 137 kN/m
V uc = 0.7 114 = 80 kN
V* < V uc O.K. (AS3600 8.2.5)

Detailing of bars
1650mm
1650mm
Y12 @ 320 top Y12 @ 125 top
1100
Y12 @ 150 bot
550
Y12 @ 160
PLAN
Cut-off points (AS3600 9.1.3.2):
Top bars : Support B

50% cut off 0.2 L n = 0.2 5500 = 1100 mm
100% cut off 0.3 L n = 0.3 5500 = 1650 mm
Top bars : Supports A & C

100% cut off 0.3 L n = 1650 mm
Bottom bars: spans AB & BC

50% cut off 0.1 L n = 0.1 5500 = 550 mm

Reinforced Concrete Short and long Columns
REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Types of Columns ....................................................................................................... 82
Example problem: Interaction diagram for a rectangular tied column ....................... 84
Pure axial compression Nu 0 ( M = 0 ) ................................................................... 84
Zero stress in tension bars ...................................................................................... 85
Balanced failure condition ...................................................................................... 85
Pure moment capacity Mu o ( N = 0 ) ...................................................................... 87
Pure axial tension N uot ( M = 0 ) ............................................................................ 88
Construction of interaction diagram....................................................................... 88
Design of short columns using Design Charts: Rectangular Tied Column. .............. 90
Design of Short Columns Using Design Charts: Circular Spiral Columns. .............. 93
Design of Long Columns ............................................................................................ 94
Example of Long Columns ......................................................................................... 95


Types of Columns
1) Rectangular Tied Columns
ties
column section column elevation
2) Spiral Columns, Circular or Square
core core
spiral
3) Composite Columns
concrete concrete
steel tube
steel pipe

Example 1: Interaction diagram for a rectangular tied column
A 700 400 mm tied column is symmetrically reinforced as shown in figure below. Establish an
approximate interaction diagram for axial compression and bending about the strong axis. The diagram
is to be based on the following:
a) Pure axial compression N uo ( M = 0 )
0
70
b) Zero stress in tension bars
c) Balanced failure state
d) Pure moment capacity M uo ( N = 0 )
e) Pure axial tension N uto (M = 0)
24
4Y
400
24
4Y
Take f c = 25 MPa, f sy = 400 MPa.
62
62
Nuo
Solution:
Pure axial compression Nu 0 ( M = 0 )
Nu 0 = 0.85 f c' bD + Asc f sy + Ast f sy

= (0.85 25 400 700 + 2 1810 400 ) 10 3
= 5950 + 1448 = 7398kN
Nu 0 = 0.6 7398 = 4440kN
u
st
sc
5
8
0.
fsy
t
As
fsy
c
As

Zero stress in tension bars
Zero stress in tension bars means that the neutral axis passes through these bars, i.e., k u d = d, or
k u = 1.0
st = 0, f st = 0
d = 700 62 = 638mm
Nu
e
638 62
sc = 0.003 = 0.0027 > sy = 0.002
638
f sc = f sy = 400 MPa
N u = Cc + Cs = 0.85 f c'ku db + Asc f sy
= (0.85 2.5 0.85 1.0 638 400 + 1810 400 ) 10 3
= 5334kN
N u = 0.6 5334 = 3220kN
0
70
k d
N u .h = Cc d u
2
400
+ Cs (d d )'
0.85 638
5334h = 4610 638 + 724(638 62 )
2
d
d
h = 395mm
700
e = 395 62 = 107mm
0
sc
cu
st =
2
ku d
M u = N u .e = 5334 0.107 = 571kNm

ku d
M u = 0.6 571 = 342kNm

0.85 fc
fsy
c
As
=0
fsy
Ast

Balanced failure condition

c = cu , st = sy , f st = f sy
600 600
ku = = = 0.6
Nu
600 + f sy 600 + 400
e
ku d = 0.6 638 = 383mm
ku d d ' 383 62
sc = cu = 0.003
ku d 383
= 0.0025 > sy
f sc = f sy
Cc = 0.85 f c'ku db
= 0.85 25 0.85 383 400 10 3 = 2767 kN
Cs = Asc f sy = 1810 400 10 3 = 724kN
0
70
Ts = Ast f sy = 1810 400 10 3 = 724kN
N u = Cc + Cs Ts
400
= 2767 + 724 724 = 2767 kN
N u = 0.6 2767 = 1660kN
ku d
N u .h = Cc d (
+ Cs d d ' )
d
2
0.85 383
2767 h = 2767 638 + 724(638 62 ) u
sy
sc
c
=
st
2
h = 626mm
d
ku
D 700
e = h d ' = 626 62
2 2
d
ku

= 338mm
M u = N u .e = 2767 0.338 = 935kN .m

fc
85
0.
M u = 0.6 935 = 561kN .m

fsy
c
As
fsy
Ast
A subscript b is normally added to indicate

balanced failure state: N ub , M ub and e b

Pure moment capacity Mu o ( N = 0 )
C c + C s = Ts
= 0.85 f c' bk u d + Asc f sc = Ast f sy (1)
Mu
In the above equation both k u and f sc are unknown.
They can be determined exactly by using a
compatibility equation from the strain diagram:
k ud d '
sc = cu
ku d
ku d d '
f sc = E s sc = 200,000 0.003
ku d
ku d d '
= 600
0
70
(2)
ku d
Substitution of Eq.2 in Eq.1 results in a second degree

Polynomial in k u . Solve for k u and calculate f sc from
400
equation 2.
Moment capacity:
d
k d
M u = Cc d u + C s d d ' ( )
2
u
sc
c
st
An approximate, but less involved procedure may be used:

d
ku
assume C s = 0, (i.e. ignore Asc )
d
ku

0.85 f c'bk u d = Ast f sy

1810 400
fc
85
0.
ku d = = 100mm
0.85 25 400 0.85
fsc
c
As
fsy
Ast
k d
M uo = A st f sy d u
2
0.85 100 6
= 1810 400 638 10
2
= 431kN
M uo = 0.8 431 = 345kNm
Pure axial tension N uot ( M = 0 )
N uot = Asc f sy + Ast f sy (all steel in tension)

= (2 1810 400 ) 10 3
= 1448 kN
N uo = 0.8 1448 = 1158 kN
Construction of interaction diagram
POINT Nu Mu
(kN ) (kN .m )
A 7398 0 Pure axial comp. (M u = 0 )
B 5334 571 Zero stress in tension bars
C 2767 935 Balanced failure condition
D 0 431 Pure moment capacity ( N u = 0)
E 1158 0 Pure axial tension (M u = 0)
POINT Nu Mu
(kN ) (kN .m )
A 7398 0
B 5334 571
C 2767 935
D 0 431
E 1158 0

Strength interaction diagram (Failure envelope)

A
8000
7000
A
Axial force capacity Nu (kN)
6000 B
5000
4000
3000
Exact
2000 C
1000 Approximate
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
-1000 D
E
-2000
Moment capacity Mu (kN.m)



Example 2: Design of short columns using Design Charts: Rectangular Tied Column.
Design axial force N * = 600kN

Design bending moment M * = 200kNm (about x-axis)
f c' = 32 MPa , f sy = 400 MPa
Solution:
Select column dimensions b = 300mm , D=500mm

*
M 200
e= *
=
N 600
= 0.333m
= 333mm
e min = 0.05 D = 0.05 500
= 25mm, e > e min (if e < e min , calculate new M* based on e min )
N N * 600 10 3
= = = 4 MPa
bD bD 300 500
M u M* 200 10 6
= = = 2.67 MPa
bD 2 bD 2 300 500 2
300
Assume concrete cover to centre of bars = 50 mm
500 2 50
g= = 0.8 4Y20
500
From Chart 6.7 of the Concrete Design Handbook

500 x x
p = 0.01 (Note p min = 0.01, p max = 0.04 )
R10 ties
@ 240 mm
Astotal = 0.01 300 500 = 1500 mm 2
USE 8Y16 (1600mm 2 )

4Y20
Ties; R10 spacing:

min ( 15d b , least dimension) (AS 3600 10.7.3.2)
(15 16 = 240, 300)

Example 3: Design of Short Columns Using Design Charts: Circular Spiral Columns.
N * = 800kN
M * = 150kN .m
f c' = 40 MPa
f sy = 400 MPa
Select column diameter D = 400mm
M * 150
e= =
N * 800
= 0.188 m = 188 mm
e min = 0.05 D = 0.05 400


Ag = 400 2 = 126 10 3 mm1
4
N u N * 800 10 3
= = = 6.4 MPa
Ag Ag 126 10 3
M u M* 150 10 3
= = = 3MPa
Ag D Ag D 126 10 3 400 8Y20
400 2 60
g = = 0.7
400
From Chart 6.42 of the Concrete Design Handbook Spiral R10

p = 0.02 ( p min < p < p max ) @ 300mm
Astotal = 0.02 Ag = 0.02 126 10 3
= 2520mm 2
USE 8Y20
Pitch of spiral: min (15d b , D ) (AS 3600 section 10.7.3.2)

(
15 20 = 300 , 400 )
= 300mm
Spiral R10 @ 300mm

Design of Long Columns
The bending moment which is relatively present in any real column produces bending deformation and
lateral deflection. The effective eccentricity of the applied load is thereby increased, and this in turn
increases the internal moments in the column. This is shown in the Fig. below where the end load P is
applied with an eccentricity e at the end of the pin-ended column. At mid-height, the lateral deflection
is D and so the maximum moment is
= ( + )
The eccentricity e is measured from the centroidal axis of the column, which is often taken to pass the
plastic centroid of each cross section. The moment Pe which would exist is the undeformed member is
referred to as the primary moment (denoted by Mo) while the additional moment produced by the lateral
deflections (i.e. by the P- effect) is termed the secondary moment even though it might be larger than
the primary moment Mo. The strength of a short column is governed by the strength of its individual
components of the cross section while the strength of a long (slender) column is mostly affected by its
length.
N
Po X: short
Y: long
Nu-Mu
Mo =Pe P Interaction diagram
(Strength line)
Z: very long
M
O

For the pin-ended column shown on the previous fig., the load carrying capacity can be shown on the
Nu-Mu interaction diagram (strength line). At each stage of loading, the internal force N is equal to the
external applied load P. For a short column where there is insignificant lateral deflection at mid-span
(=0), the loading is line OX. The load carrying capacity of the section and hence of the column is
reached when this loading line intersects the strength line at X. this is the case studied for a short column.
For a long column, the lateral deflection at mid-height 0 and hence its loading line is OY which
deviate from the short column loading line OX by the moment increment P. The load carrying capacity
of the long column has been reduced where at Y Nu is smaller than that at X. Failure represented by
points X and Y is called material failure.
The secondary moment P depends on the slenderness of the column. Line OZ represents the situation
for a very long column. The rapid increase in deflection and hence in P moment is such that the peak
load is reached without material failure occurring at mid-height. The failure condition at Z is clearly
different in nature to that at X and Y. Point Z represents a stability failure.
Example 4 Long Columns:
An elevation of part of a regular rectangular unbraced framed building is shown in Figure 1-a where the
columns are at 6800mm centres each way. Concrete grade 40 and Reinforcement grade 500.
Reinforcement for the 400 600 column on grid C between levels 2 and 3 is to be designed. Column
C 2-3 has the cross-section shown in Figure 1-b. floor-to-floor heights are 3200mm and the width of the
column strip of the flat slab floors is 3400mm. Band beams are 2000mm wide and 320mm deep. Relative
sway between the floors is not prevented (Unbraced frame). The design stress resultants shown have
been determined from a linear elastic analysis and the column is subject to bending only about its x-axis.
Using the chart given Figure 1-c, determine the required amounts of longitudinal and transverse
reinforcement.
NG
Note d = NG+NQ = 0.70 (CL10.4.3).

(a)
(b)
Figure 1. Elevation of structural System and typical section through columns

(c)
Figure 2. Structural System for Tut.18 (cont.)

Calculation of effective length :

The column is subjected to uniaxial bending. As it is unbraced, both b and s will have to be evaluated.
Taking the effective second moment of area of the column section as 80% of the gross section (CL.
10.4.3), the second moment of area for the column is calculated as:
0.8 400 6003
Ic = = 5760 106 mm4
12
and its length is L = 3200mm.
(320+240)
In calculating the T-beam stiffness, for simplicity we shall use an average depth of = 280mm
2
over the width of the column strip of 3400mm. Since the floor slab is rigidly connected to the column at
its far end, = 1 (Table 10.5.4-AS3600, unbraced frame). The effective second moment of area of the
slabs/beams (taken as the width of the column strip) as 40% of the gross section (CL. 10.4.3)is then:
0.434002803
Ib = = 2490 106 mm4 .
12
Table 10.5.4 AS3600. Fixity factor ()

Fixity conditions at the far end Beam or slab, or both, in a Beam or slab, or both, in an
of a beam or slab, or both braced frame unbraced frame
Pinned 1.5 0.5
Rigidly connected to a column 1.0 1.0
Fixed 2.0 0.67
For all interior columns, Eq. 10.5.4 gives the end restraint coefficients as:
( ) Eq. 10.5.4
=
(())
I2 5760 106
L
1 = 2 = c
= 3200 = 4.9
I 2 1 2490 106
L
b 6800
And from Figure 10.5.4-b inAS3600 (next page), for an unbraced frame, k = 2.2. Thus, the effective
length of the internal columns is determined as:
= CL. 10.3.1
Le = 2.2 (3200 320) = 6340mm

Figure 10.5.3(AS3600). Effective length factors for columns in framed structures

For the exterior columns, the end restraint coefficients are:

I
2 5760 106
L
1 = 2 = c
= 3200
I 1 2490 106
L
b 6800
= 9.8 Eq. 10.5.4
For which k = 3 and Le = kL = 3 (3200 320) = 8640mm.
Check Slenderness
Min radius of gyration according to AS3600-CL. 10.5.2
= 0.3 = 0.3 400 = 120
6340
: / = = 52.83 22 (, , . 10.3.1)
120
8640
: / = = 72 22 (, , . 10.3.1)
120
Calculate the buckling loads Nc (AS3600-CL. 10.4.4):
Assuming 50mm cover, fitment R10, N28 long bars. The distance from the extreme compressive fibre
of the concrete to the centroid of the outermost layer of tensile reinforcement is:
do = 600 74 = 526mm
In Figure 1-c, for N = 2000kN and M = 360kNm, p is less than the minimum value of 0.01 and
therefore we shall assume = 0.01, noting that this assumption needs to be checked later in the design
process and if need to be modified. For this proportion of steel, Mub = 495kNm ( k u =0.545 , =0.6)
For the interior columns the critical buckling load is calculated from Eq. 10.4.4 as:
2 1820 Eq. 10.4.4
= 2
1 +
2 182 526 495 106
Nc = 103 = 6840 kN (Interior)
63402 1 + 0.7
2 182 526 495 106
Nc = 103 = 3680 kN (Exterior)
86402 1 + 0.7
Determine the moment magnifier for column C 2-3:
As the frame is unbraced, the moment magnifiers for both the braced and unbraced conditions must be
evaluated. For the braced condition gives:
= 0.6 0.4(1 2 ) 0.4 Eq. 10.4.2

270
k m = 0.6 0.4 = 0.9
360
And the moment magnifier b is calculated as :
Eq. 10.4.2
= 1.0
1
0.9
b = = 1.27
2000
1 6840
For the unbraced condition gives s as:

1 Eq. 10.4.3
=
1 ( )( )
1
s = = 1.42
(2 1100 + 4 2000)
1
(2 3680 + 4 6840)
The moment magnifier is the larger of b and s and thus = 1.42.
Proportioning of reinforcing steel:

The magnified moment for the column section is (AS3600-CL. 10.2.2):

= 2

MMAX = 1.42 360 = 511 kNm and N = 2000 kN
Plotting these on Figure 1-c, p=0.012. This sufficiently close to the value of p=0.01 used earlier to
calculate Mub , Nc and the moment magnification factors, b and s , and thus there is no need to
iterarte. The total amount of longitudinal reinforcement required is therefore:
As = 0.012 400 600 = 2880mm2
For which we provide 3N28 bars in each face. Total Area of reinforcement A st =3694 mm2 > 2880 (OK).
Fitment Design AS3600-CL. 10.7.4.3

R10 fitments are required at a spacing not exceeding the lesser of Dc (the smaller column dimension
=400mm) and 15db = 15 28 = 420mm. Thus, R10 fitments are spaced at 400mm centres. The steel
reinforcement is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 3. Column reinforcement

Reinforced Concrete Short Columns
REINFORCED CONCRETE SHORT COLUMNS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Types of Columns......................................................................................................... 2
Example problem: Interaction diagram (failure envelope) for a rectangular tied
column .......................................................................................................................... 4
Pure axial compression Nu 0 ( M = 0 ) .................................................................... 4
Zero stress in tension bars ........................................................................................ 5
Balanced failure condition ....................................................................................... 5
Pure moment capacity Mu o ( N = 0 ) ....................................................................... 7
Pure axial tension N uot ( M = 0 ).............................................................................. 8
Construction of interaction diagram ........................................................................ 8
Design of short columns using Design Charts: Rectangular Tied Column. .............. 10
Design of Short Columns Using Design Charts: Circular Spiral Columns. .............. 13
Design of Long Columns............................................................................................ 14
Example of Long Columns ......................................................................................... 14


Types of Columns
1) Rectangular Tied Columns
ties
column section column elevation
2) Spiral Columns, Circular or Square
core core
spiral
3) Composite Columns
concrete concrete
steel tube
steel pipe

Example problem: Interaction diagram (failure envelope) for a rectangular

tied column
A 700 400 mm tied column is symmetrically reinforced as shown in figure below.

Establish an approximate interaction diagram for axial compression and bending about
the strong axis. The diagram is to be based on the following:
a) Pure axial compression N uo ( M = 0 )

b) Zero stress in tension bars 700
c) Balanced failure state

d) Pure moment capacity M uo ( N = 0 )
e) Pure axial tension N uto (M = 0)
4Y24 4Y24 400
Take f c = 25 MPa, f sy = 400 MPa.
62 62
Nuo
Pure axial compression Nu 0 ( M = 0 )
Nu 0 = 0.85 f c' bD + Asc f sy + Ast f sy

= (0.85 25 400 700 + 2 1810 400 ) 10 3
= 5950 + 1448 = 7398kN
Nu 0 = 0.6 7398 = 4440kN
st sc cu
0.85 fc
Ast fsy Asc fsy

Zero stress in tension bars
Zero stress in tension bars means that the neutral axis passes through these bars,
i.e., k u d = d, or k u = 1.0
st = 0, f st = 0
d = 700 62 = 638mm
h e Nu
638 62
sc = 0.003 = 0.0027 > sy = 0.002
638
f sc = f sy = 400 MPa
N u = Cc + Cs = 0.85 f c'ku db + Asc f sy
= (0.85 2.5 0.85 1.0 638 400 + 1810 400 ) 10 3
= 5334kN
N u = 0.6 5334 = 3220kN

700
k d
N u .h = Cc d u
2
+ Cs (d d ' )
400
0.85 638
5334h = 4610 638 + 724(638 62 )
2 d
h = 395mm d
700
e = 395 62 = 107mm st = 0 sc cu
2
M u = N u .e = 5334 0.107 = 571kNm ku d
M u = 0.6 571 = 342kNm ku d
0.85 fc
Asc fsy
Ast fsy=0

Balanced failure condition

c = cu , st = sy , f st = f sy
600 600
ku = = = 0.6 h
600 + f sy 600 + 400 e Nu
ku d = 0.6 638 = 383mm
ku d d ' 383 62
sc = cu = 0.003
ku d 383
= 0.0025 > sy
f sc = f sy
Cc = 0.85 f c'ku db
= 0.85 25 0.85 383 400 10 3 = 2767 kN
Cs = Asc f sy = 1810 400 10 3 = 724kN 700

3
Ts = Ast f sy = 1810 400 10 = 724kN
N u = Cc + Cs Ts
400
= 2767 + 724 724 = 2767 kN
N u = 0.6 2767 = 1660kN
ku d
N u .h = Cc d
2
(
+ Cs d d ' )
d
0.85 383
2767 h = 2767 638 + 724(638 62 )
2 st =sy sc cu
h = 626mm
D 700 ku d
e = h d ' = 626 62
2 2 ku d
= 338mm
M u = N u .e = 2767 0.338 = 935kN .m

0.85 fc
M u = 0.6 935 = 561kN .m
Asc fsy
Ast fsy
A subscript b is normally added to indicate
balanced failure state: N ub , M ub and e b

Pure moment capacity Mu o ( N = 0 )
C c + C s = Ts
= 0.85 f c' bk u d + Asc f sc = Ast f sy (1) Mu
In the above equation both k u and f sc are unknown.

They can be determined exactly by using a
compatibility equation from the strain diagram:
k ud d '
sc = cu
ku d
ku d d '
f sc = E s sc = 200,000 0.003
ku d
ku d d '
= 600 (2) 700
ku d
Substitution of Eq.2 in Eq.1 results in a second degree

Polynomial in k u . Solve for k u and calculate f sc from 400
equation 2.
Moment capacity:
d
k d
M u = Cc d u + C s d d ' ( )
2
st sc cu
An approximate, but less involved procedure may be used:
ku d
assume C s = 0, (i.e. ignore Asc )
ku d
0.85 f c'bk u d = Ast f sy
1810 400 0.85 fc
ku d = = 100mm
0.85 25 400 0.85
Asc fsc
k Ast fsy
M uo = Ast f sy d ud
2
0.85 100 6
= 1810 400 638 10
2

= 431kN
M uo = 0.8 431 = 345kNm
Pure axial tension N uot ( M = 0 )
N uot = Asc f sy + Ast f sy (all steel in tension)

= (2 1810 400 ) 10 3
= 1448 kN
N uo = 0.8 1448 = 1158 kN
Construction of interaction diagram
POINT Nu Mu
(kN ) (kN .m )
A 7398 0 Pure axial comp. (M u = 0 )
B 5334 571 Zero stress in tension bars
C 2767 935 Balanced failure condition
D 0 431 Pure moment capacity ( N u = 0)
E 1158 0 Pure axial tension (M u = 0)
POINT Nu Mu
(kN ) (kN .m )
A 7398 0
B 5334 571
C 2767 935
D 0 431
E 1158 0




Design of short columns using Design Charts: Rectangular Tied Column.
Design axial force N * = 600kN

Design bending moment M * = 200kNm (about x-axis)
f c' = 32 MPa , f sy = 400 MPa
Select column dimensions b = 300mm , D=500mm

*
M 200
e= *
=
N 600
= 0.333m
= 333mm
e min = 0.05 D = 0.05 500
N N * 600 10 3
= = = 4 MPa
bD bD 300 500
M u M* 200 10 6
= = = 2.67 MPa
bD 2 bD 2 300 500 2
300
500 2 50
g= = 0.8 4Y20
500
From Chart 6.7 of the Concrete Design Handbook

500 x x
p = 0.01 (Note p min = 0.01, p max = 0.04 )
R10 ties
@ 240 mm
Astotal = 0.01 300 500 = 1500 mm 2
USE 8Y16 (1600mm 2 )

4Y20
Ties; R10 spacing:

min ( 15d b , least dimension) (AS 3600 10.7.3.2)
(15 16 = 240, 300)

Design of Short Columns Using Design Charts: Circular Spiral Columns.

N * = 800kN
M * = 150kN .m
f c' = 40 MPa
f sy = 400 MPa
Select column diameter D = 400mm
M * 150
e= =
N * 800
= 0.188 m = 188 mm
e min = 0.05 D = 0.05 400


Ag = 400 2 = 126 10 3 mm1
4
N u N * 800 10 3
= = = 6.4 MPa
Ag Ag 126 10 3
M u M* 150 10 3
= = = 3MPa
Ag D Ag D 126 10 3 400 8Y20
400 2 60
g = = 0. 7
400
From Chart 6.42 of the Concrete Design Handbook Spiral R10

p = 0.02 ( p min < p < p max ) @ 300mm
Astotal = 0.02 Ag = 0.02 126 10 3
= 2520mm 2
USE 8Y20
Pitch of spiral: min (15d b , D ) (AS 3600 section 10.7.3.2)

(
15 20 = 300 , 400 )
= 300mm
Spiral R10 @ 300mm

Design of Long Columns
The bending moment which is relatively present in any real column produces bending
deformation and lateral deflection. The effective eccentricity of the appied load is
thereby increased, and this in turn increases the internal moments in the column. This is
shown in the Fig. below.
Example of Long Columns
A 700 400 mm tied column is symmetrically reinforced as shown in figure below.

Establish an approximate interaction diagram for axial compression and bending about
the strong axis. The diagram is to be based on the following:

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CIVL 4403: Structural Concrete

Dr. Mohamed Elchalakani

Behaviour and Design of Reinforced Concrete

Dr Mohamed Elchalakani, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering

Figure 1: Reinforced concrete beam

Dr Mohamed Elchalakani, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering

Schematic of Moment-curvature Curve of RC Beam

Dr Mohamed Elchalakani, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering

Concrete Properties Tables

Properties of Standard Grade Concrete

Reinforcing Bars Tables

Dr Mohamed Elchalakani, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering

Uncracked elastic beam analysis (Point A)

Figure 2: Elastic untracked section analysis of a reinforced concrete beam

Dr Mohamed Elchalakani, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering

Solution: Assume that section is uncracked.

Equivalent transformed area of steel

Depth of neutral axis:

Dr Mohamed Elchalakani, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering

Second moment of area I u (u: uncracked)

Concrete tension stress at the bottom fibre:

50 106 (600 310)

Tensile strength of concrete:

f r = 0.6 f c = 0.6 25 = 3MPa

Concrete compression stress in top fibre:

Dr Mohamed Elchalakani, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering

M cr = 60 106 N.mm = 60kN.m

Dr Mohamed Elchalakani, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering

Cracked elastic beam analysis (Point C)

Ast n Ast T = Ast st

Figure 3: Elastic cracked section analysis of a reinforced concrete beam

Substituting d n = k d and steel ratio p = A st / bd in Equation 1 and solving for k gives:

Dr Mohamed Elchalakani, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering

k = (np) 2 + 2np np (2)

The second moment of area of the cracked transformed section I cr is calculated by

Figure 4 Transformed section of a beam with tension and compression reinforcement.

Dr Mohamed Elchalakani, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering

The stress in the compression steel is calculated from:

Since M = 75 kN.m is greater than the moment required to initiate cracking M cr = 60

= (0.046) 2 + 2 0.046 0.046

depth of neutral axis d n = kd = 0.26 550 = 143 mm

Second moment of area of cracked section:

Dr Mohamed Elchalakani, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering

Concrete compressive stress in top fibre:

Comparing the results of Examples 1 and 2 reveals the following:

Increasing the bending moment from 50 to 75 kN.m resulted in

Try to explain why the above changes occur.

Dr Mohamed Elchalakani, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering

Flexural strength of beams (Point U)

Figure 5 Distribution of stress near failure of beam

Equivalent stress block

Dr Mohamed Elchalakani, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering

= 0.85 for fc 28 MPa

=0.85 - 0.007 (fc - 28) 0.65 for fc > 28 MPa

N.A. N.A. N.A.

Strain diagram Actual stress Equivalent stress

Figure 6 Distribution of compressive stresses in concrete near failure of beam

Modes of flexural failure

Failure of the beam can in occur in two different ways:

Dr Mohamed Elchalakani, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering

st < sy (sy = 0.0025 for 500N bars)

Figure 7 Modes of failure defined through strain state in section

Dr Mohamed Elchalakani, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering