Cast Iron as an Aggregate

C.L Escotea, A.M Gauiranb,

,A.C Zingapanc,Z Castrod,J.R Angelese,R.Dayagf

College of Engineering
Cagayan State University-Carig Campus
a
elviebalorandelossantos@yahoo.com,
b
jajarufing@gmail.com, rizellmaldepena@yahoo.com,demilmolina09@gmail.com.,fanamariecastr
c

o589@gmail.com.

Abstract
Conservation of natural resources and preservation of environment is the essence of any
development. The problem arising from continuous technological and industrial development is
the disposal of waste material. Due to growing environmental awareness, as well as stricter
regulations on managing industrial waste, the world is increasingly turning to researching
properties of industrial waste and finding solutions on using its valuable component parts so that
those might be used as secondary raw material in other industrial branches. If some of the
materials are found suitable in concrete making not only cost of construction can be put down,
but also safe disposal of waste materials can be achieved. Although cast iron slag is still today
considered as waste and is categorized in industrial waste catalogues in most countries in the
world, it is most definitely not waste, neither by its physical and chemical properties nor
according to data on its use as valuable material for different purposes. Our study is to preserve
the environment by replacing sand partially with cast iron slag in concrete. After the moulding of
cast iron, the dust surrounding the cast iron specimens are collected which are named here as
cast iron slag. In our project, these fine particles are used to replace sand in concrete of grade
M20. The cast iron slag and river sand are tested for analysing their physical properties. Fresh
concrete is prepared for various percentage replacements in concrete grade of M20 and their
workability is analysed. The replacement is done at the rate of 10% to 80% in the increment of 10.
Various cubes are casted by replacing river sand with cast iron slag in concrete and compressive
strength is determined after 7, 14 and 28 days of curing. Finally, the optimum percentage
replacement of cast iron slag in concrete is determined.

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1. Introduction these materials (Hawken, 1994). Recycling provides

In construction industries, the innovation
technologies are expanded in all activities. The need
of innovation in concrete is not only for the making
special type of concrete or high strength concrete, it
is reduced the requirement of raw materials like
cement, sand, gravel. The reuse of Cast Iron as a
partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete is
indirectly reduces Global Warming impact. One of
the main goals of sustainable waste management is to
maximize recycling and reuse. Recycling is a logical
option for materials not suitable for composting.
Metals, plastics and glass are the most common of
opportunities for long-term diversion of major
volumes of market-limited waste from landfills and
for the development of lower-cost and energy-
efficient products (Soroushian et al., 1995). Reuse of
industrial solid waste as a partial replacement of
aggregate in construction activities not only saves
landfill space but also reduces the demand for
extraction of natural raw materials. Preserving natural
aggregates is a matter of sustainable development to
ensure sufficient resources for future generations.
Since approximately three-quarters of the volume of
concrete is occupied by aggregate; it is not surprising
that aggregate quality is of considerable importance.

CE4AC.L Escote,A.MGauiran,A.CZingapan,Z.Castro,J.R.Angeles,R.Dayag,.Cast Iron as an

AggregateP a g e 1 | 3
Not only can the aggregate limit the strength of
concrete, but the aggregate properties also greatly
affect the durability and structural performance of the
concrete.
1.1 Background
Cast iron is primarily composed of iron (Fe), carbon
(C) and silicon (Si), but may also contain traces of
sulphur (S), manganese (Mn) and phosphorus (P). It
has a relatively high carbon content of 2% to 5%.
Cast iron slag is a form of waste produced during the
manufacture of cast iron. These wastes are dumped in
surroundings and are not used for any purpose. Cast
iron slag is still today considered as waste and is
categorized in industrial waste catalogues in most
countries in the world, it is most definitely not waste,
neither by its physical and chemical properties nor
according to data on its use as valuable material for
different purposes. After the moulding of cast iron,
the dust surrounding the cast iron specimens are
collected which are named here as cast iron slag.
These fine particles are used to replace sand in
concrete of grade M20. The cast iron slag and river
sand are tested for analysing their physical properties.
Fresh concrete is prepared for various percentage
replacements in concrete grade of M20 and their
workability is analysed. The replacement is done at
the rate of 10% to 80% in the increment of 10.
Various cubes are casted by replacing river sand with
cast iron slag in concrete and compressive strength is
determined after 7, 14 and 28 days of curing. Finally,
the optimum percentage replacement of cast iron slag
in concrete is determined.
The reuse of these wastes will help to save cost,
conserve limited resources and ultimately protect the
environment. On the other hand, lack in required
quality is the major limitation in some of the above
materials. Now a days sustainable infrastructural
growth requires the alternative material that should
satisfy technical requisites of fine aggregate as well
as its availability of large amount in local areas.
There are different types of cast irons. The Gray cast
iron White cast irons, Nodular cast irons, Malleable
cast irons. Gray cast irons is the cast iron in which
most or all of the carbon is uncombined in the form
of graphite flakes. Most gray cast irons are
hypoeutectic alloys containing 2.5 and 4 percent
carbon.
CE4AC.L Escote,A.MGauiran,A.CZingapan,Z.Castro,J.R.Angeles,R.Dayag,.Cast Iron as an Aggregate
Page2|3
White cast iron is cast iron in which all the cast iron
in the combined form as cementile. All white cast
iron is hypoeutectic.
Nodular cast iron is cast iron in which also known as
ductile iron, in which the graphite is present as tiny
balls or spheroids.
Malleable cast iron is the cast iron in which most or
all of the carbon is uncombined in the form of
irregular round particles known as temper carbon.
There are advantages and disadvantages of cast iron.
Advantages are:
-good compressive strength
-high damping capability (tool machines)
-good mach inability
-good wear resistance (graphite as lubricant)
-lower cost
Disadvantage of cast iron
-gray cast iron has low strength
-gray cast iron has no plastic strain
1.2 .Significance of the Study
The main purpose of this study is to determine the
effect of replacing sand with cast iron slag on
compressive strength of concrete.
1.3Scope and Limitations
1.3 .1Objective:
To study the effect of partial replacement of cast iron
slag and to find the optimum percentage replacement
of cast iron slag in concrete. It is proposed to partially
replace fine aggregates with cast iron slag and find its
effect on the compressive strength characteristics of
concrete.
1.3.2Scope:
To reduce shrinkage and impart economy to
concrete production.
To minimize the wastes materials (cast iron)
and to use it in a useful manner.
To improve the durability, strength
(compressive) of concrete.
To save cost, conserve limited resources and
ultimately protect the environment.
To preserve the environment by replacing sand
partially with cast iron slag in concrete.
To maximize recycling and reuse.
1.3.3 Definition of Terms
Keywords:
Concrete a strong material that is used for building
and made by mixing cement, water and aggregates
Cast iron-the name given to those ferrous metals
containing more than 1.7% carbon.
Compressive-tending to compress
Hypoeutectic-containing less of the minor component
than is contained in the eutectoid.

1.3.4 References
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Aggregates in Properties of Concrete Print ISSN:
1552-6100 | Electronic ISSN: 1943-4618 Volume: 3 |
Issue: 4(Journal of green building)

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