> Have to / Don’t have to / Need (to) / Needn’t / Don’t need to / Must / Mustn’t + We use must and have to to express obligation in the present or future. T must buy Sanna present for his birthday You have to wenr a helmet when you go go-kartng + We use need to when itis necessary for us to do something. (We have no other choice.) IT need to talk to you. + We use don’t have to, don’t need to and needn't ‘when it ant necessary fr us to do something You don't have to go ou with her if you don’t ike her. You don's need to give me back the morey. ‘She needn't buy me a present. + We use musta’ when we are not allowed to do something. You mustn't smoke inside the building. ‘The past tense of have to and must is had to. Need is used: + aa main verb in all tenses, in the affirmative, negative and question form. tis followed by to + base form and forms the negative and question form with auxiliary verbs. + a6 a modal verb only in the negative and question {orm of the Present Simple. Its followed by a base {orm and forms the negative and question form without auxiliary verbs. Mime I need to go HefShe/It needs to go WelYou/They need to go re T don’t need to go 1 HelShe/lt HelShe/It_ doesn’t need to go | We/¥ourThey don't need to go | We/¥ou/They needn't go Questions Do 1 i Does he/shesit need to got | Need he/shelit go? Do welyou/they welyoulthey 3 Indirect questions We use indirect questions when we ask for information, Indirect questions begin with phrases like: CaniCold you tell me? > Comparative and Superlative Forms + We use the comparative of adjectives when we compare two ople, animals or things. + Welise the superative of adjectives wen we compare one person, animal or thing with several ofthe same kind Roaud adjective + -er more + adjective John is older than Peter. My watch is more expensive than yours. Comparative: } em adjective + est the Tnost + adjective John isthe oldest boy in his clas. This watch is the mast expensive of al Superlative: } eotrin ‘All one-syllable and most wwo- [short shorter shortest syllable adjectives take -er | -est. ‘One-syllable adjectives ending in [safe safer safest setake-r/ st One-syllble adjectives ending in one vowel + one consonant, double the consonant before the ser | st ‘Adjectives ending a consonant + y drop the y and take -ier ist. ‘Adjectives with three or more syllables and some two syllable adjectives take more + adjective most + adjective big bigger biggest easy - easier ~ easiest, dangerous - ‘more dangerous - most dangerous ieee EXEC TED the best The worst the farthest the furthest, many / much the most lite the last > Other Forms of Comparison as-+ adjective + a8 My car is as fst as yours. (= My car and your car are equally fast.) not as + adjective + as He's not as clever as you are. (=You are cleverer than he is.) Module 4 2 Future will Do you kone? Td like to know... 7 DIRECT QUESTION ‘He/She/It will work [Question word] + [Verb] + [Subject] WerYouThey Where the pest offcet INDIRECT QUESTION ++ [Question word] + [Subject] + [Verb ] Can you tell me where the post office is? Phrase Negative 1 HelSherlt WerYou/Th veil not / wor>k Present Perfect Simple Cee 1 have [He/she/It has worked/brought /Wel¥ou/They have Re 1 haven't He/Sherlt hasn't worked/brought, | We/You/They_haven't Creo Have Has helshetit Have_welyouithey worked/brought? ‘We use the Present Perfect Simple: + for an action which happened in the past but we don't ‘mention when exactly. Te traveled 10 the USA twice, + to tlk about a state which started in the past and ‘continues up to the present. have tved in Athens since 1990. (I stile in Athens.) + foran action which happened in the past and finished, bbut the results are obvious inthe present. Tn tired. Ive just finished studying. Look! Jerry has broke his eg! for, since, already, just, yet, recently, lately, ever, never, hhow long, once, twice, before, so far, etc. since/for since +a point in time It refers tothe time when the action started, ve had this collection since 1999. for + period of time Ittefers tothe duration of the action. Present Perfvet Simple + since + Past Simple ‘To indicate when an action which started inthe past and) continues up tothe present started, | ve had this collection for six years Anna has starred i four films since she became an yet already yet is used only with the ‘question and negative form, of verbs, Ibis placed at the end of the sentence. Mime and question fon] £7 heady se ha ‘of verbs. It is placed between | film, the auxiliary and the main | You've finished eating verb, or at the end of the already! sentence for emphasis Have you finished yet? ‘He hasn't arived yet. 2 have/has gone, have/has been have/has gone means that someone has gone somewhere and isstill there, ‘The Greens have gone to Rome ‘They are stil in Rome) hhaverhas been means that someone has visited a place bbuthas come back, ar fas been to the new shopping centre. (He visited the new shopping centre at some point in the past but he's not there any more.) > Present Perfect Simple vs Past Simple + We use the Present Perfect Simple for actions that happened at some time inthe past, but the exact time is not mentioned. have heard this ong before. * We use the Past Simple for actions that happened at a finite time in the past and the time is mentioned, heard this song on the radio las ihe, Module 3 2 can/could/may + We use Cam 1.2, Could 1.2, May 1? to ask for permission. Can/Could/May I go to the party? Yes, you can/may. No, you can’t/may not, + We use Can 1.2, Could make requests. Can/Could/May I help you? Can/Could/May Ihave some more cake? + We use Can/Could you.? to make polite requests and ask fora favour, Could is more polite. Can/Could you help me open she door? May 1. to offer help and + We use shall to make suggestions orto offer {0-do something, Shall is used only in the frst person singular and plural (I, we). ‘Shall we go away for the weekena? ‘Shall (help you? 3K can/could/be able to + We use can to express ability in the present The baby can speak + We nse could to express ability inthe past T could clit tres wher Twas young. + Re able to expreses ability and forms all tenses. It is ‘mainly used in tenses where we cannot use cam. haven’ been abe to go shopping since lst month,>k Prepositions of Time at at six o'clock / at half past two at noon /at night Jat midnight / at midday athe weekend at breakfastunch/dinner at fifteen (at the age of twenty atthe moment in in the morning/afternoon/evening in April in spring/winter/auturn/summer in 2006 fin the 20th century in my free time on on Friday on Friday morninglafternoon, etc: ‘on weekdays ‘on his biethday / on 15th May during, I met him during my trip 0 Venice. after She left after hunch, before He arrived before midnight from... iWVuntilto We usually work from nine tlljantiito five, ago T came back from work an hour ago. > Quanttiers (some/any/no/much/many/a lot of/lots of / (@) little/(a) few) We use tome-+ uncountable / plural countable nouns in sacar aaa eet There irom orange uc in he Bg Would you ike some chipst + We use any + uncountable / plural countable nouns in questions and negative sentences. Is there any orange juice in the fridge? There aren't any chips on the table, ‘We use no (=not any) + uncountable / plural countable ‘nouns in affirmative sentences to give a negative meaning. There iso cheese in the fridge. (= There isn't any cheese in the fridge.) We use much with uncountable nouns, in questions and negative sentences. We don't have much money. + We use many with plural countable nouns, usually in {questions and negative sentences. ‘There aren't many books in the bookcase. + We use a lot offlos of with uncountable and plural countable nouns, usually in afirmative sentences ‘There is lot of coffee in my cup. ‘There are lots of apples in the fridge + We use alittle with uncountable nouns, in affirmative ‘There is a litle cheese on the table + We usea few with plural countable nouns, in afirmative sentences. ‘There are afew magazines on the table. + We use litle with uncountable nouns, when there's not enough of something. We've gor very litle time. + We use few with plural countable nouns when there are ‘not enough of them. ‘There are very few tomatoes lel For emphasis we can use * very, 50, too + litle/few There's very litle milk in my coffee. only +a litle/a few He's got only a few frends. ‘When some, any, much, many, alt, lots, a Utle, a few are used as pronouns, they are not followed by nouns. Do you have any money? No, I don't have any. ‘don’t need ony more hats. Ihave lots. Mme WHe/She/lt was working. WelYou'They were working TET WHe(Sheflt wasn't working, WelVourThey weren't working RII Was Ihe/shelit. working? Were _weyoulthey __working? We use the Past Progressive: + for actions that were happening at a specific point of time in the past Twas watching TV at 7 o'clock yesterday evening. + to describe background scenes toa story. Jill was walking in the forest and it was raining + for actions that were happening atthe same time in the past. In this case, we usually use while. While I was watching TV, my father was cooking >k Past Simple vs Past Progressive Time clauses (when, while, as, as soon as) + Weuse the Past Progressive and the Past Simple in the same sentence when one action interrupted another in the past. We use the Past Progressive for the longer action and the Past Simple for the shorter action. In this case we usually use while, when or as. As/While I was driving, [saw a cat in the sret. was sleeping when the telephone rang. We use as soon as withthe Past Simple. ‘As soon as they lef, we started leaning up the house.Module 1 3K Present Simple vs Present Progressive sees Negative don't doesn't don't Cutan work | 1 He/She/It_ works | He/Shertt We/YoulThey work | We/You/They Questions 1 work? he/sherit work? welyoulthey work? Eas Care Negative I ‘am working|I *mnot HelShe/lt_ isworking He/She/lt_— isn't WelYoulThey are working | We/Youl'They aren't er working working working 1 ‘working? Is helshefit working? ‘Are welyou/they working? We use the Present Progressive: | for temporary states. Tn taking driving lessons ety Pee for permanent states. Ben lives in London. for habits or actions that | this month happen regularly. * for actions happening at We always have breakfast at | the moment of speaking. eight Lucy is sleeping now. + for general truths. + for future arrangements. ‘The earth goes round the sun.| We're flying to Acapulco tonight. SSE Simple pea ‘usually, always, often et every dayiweek, ee. in the morning/spring, ec. J nov, at the moment, today, these days, this weekiyear, etc tonight, tomorrow, ete. next week/year, etc ‘on Mondays/Monday ‘morning, tc. at the weekend, etc. oonce/twice/three times, ete a weekday, etc. OK Stative Verbs ‘The following verbs are not normally used in progressive tenses: + Verbs ofthe senses: feel, hear, smell, taste, seem, look (=seem), appear, etc. + Verbs of emotion: like dislike, love, hate, want, need, prefer, ete + Verbs of perception and opinions: know, mean, think, understand, remember, forget, imagine, hhope, believe, et + Other verbs be, have, own, belong, cost, etc. > Past Simple fm I/Hle/Sheflt ‘WelYou/They [rr worked/went He/ShefIt WelYou'They didn’t work/go Ion Uhe'shelit welyouthey “Oreo? Did ry PIB irregular verbs in the Past Simple don't take -ed. FEI 20 a thelist of regular verbs on page 135. ‘We use the Past Simple for: + actions that started and were completed at a specific time in the past. We bought our house five years ago. + habitual oF repeated actions in the past. always went 0 bed early when I lived with my parents. + completed actions that happened one after the other in the past. I made a sandwich, turned on the TV and watched the mat Gases last night / week f year, ete. yesterday, ago, in 1999, etc wi [EIB The Past Simple ofthe verb canis could. = ‘The Past Simple of the verb be is was/were, 2 Used to Sims WHeIShelt sea to play WelYou/They Negative VHelSheilt ‘WeiYou/They Crem he/shefit welyou/they didn’t use to play Did use to play? + We use used to to talk about something that happened regularly in the past, but no longer does. We used to go skateboarding every afternoon when we were young.