DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC LAB LABORATORY

(CEWB 221)

OPEN ENDED LAB

SECTION : 01
GROUP : 01
LECTURER : DR. MD SHABBIR HOSSAIN
DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 10th JANUARY 2016
DATE OF SUBMISSION : 12th JANUARY 2016
GROUP MEMBERS :
NO NAME STUDENT ID
1 AIMAN BIN NORDIN CE097897
2 MOHD SAUFI BIN ALI CE097988
3 MOHAMAD ASYRAF BIN FADZIAL CE097733
4 ABDULLAH FARHAN BIN NASRALDDIN CE098137
5 MOHAMMAD SYAKIRIN BIN ISMAIL CE097866
MARKING SCHEME:
LABORATORY REPORT (P09 Psychomotor level 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5)
Scale 1 2 3 4 5
a. Appearance,
formatting and
grammar/spelling
b. Introduction and
objective
c. Procedure
d. Results: data,
figures, graphs,
tables, etc.
e. Discussion
f. Conclusions
TOTAL
TABLE OF CONTENT

NO ITEM DISCRIPTION PAGE

1. Cover Pages 1

2. Table of Content 2

3. Introduction 3

4. Objective 3

5. Apparatus 3

6. Procedures 4

7. Data, Result and Calculation 5-7

8. Discussions 8-9

9. Conclusion 10

10. Appendix 11 -12

11. Reference 13
INTRODUCTION

Different type of piers has different kind of effect on the water flow. In order to minimise the
effect of the flow on the piers, the safest shape will need to be determined so that
maintenance cost can be reduced to the lowest value as possible.

OBJECTIVE

The purposes of this experiment is to:

Identify the effect of the different shape of pier to the water flow.
The most likely shape to be choose in order to build the flyover piers.

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS

1. Hydraulic Bench
2. Weir Channel
3. Hook & Point Gauge
4. Volumetric measuring tank
5. Rectangular weir
6. Dye
7. Dye injection needle
8. Dye reservoir tank
PROCEDURE

10. Testing the flow over a Rectangular Notch Weir

a. Place the rectangular notch weir plate at the spot and secure with five thumb
nuts.
b. Turn on the pump and slowly open the bench regulating valve until the water
level reaches the crest of the weir and the water level was measure to
determine the datum level ( Hzero ).
c. Then the flowrate in flowmeter is increase by opening the bench regulating
valve to set up heads above the datum level in steps of 5 litre/min.
d. Measure the time taken for 3 litre of water to discharge over the notch
e. At each condition, the condition of the flow was observed and recorded.

11. Observing the discharge and flow pattern changes to canal due to pier
installation
a. The pier models that are to be studied were placed in the channel one after
one.
b. Put the dye injection set before the models and adjust the dye flow to ensure
full visibility.
c. Increase the flowrate in flowmeter from 5 litre/min to 10 litre/min and 15
litre/min.
d. The dye flow condition and the time taken for 3 litre of water to discharge
over the notch was observed and recorded.
SAMPLE OF CALCULATION

Flow rate = volume of water /time

= 3L/ (19.53/60) min
= 9.21659 Lt/min
H = level above notch water at lowest point
= 7.471 cm 6.34 cm
= 1.131 cm
Log Q = log 9.21659
= 0.96457 Lt/min
Log H = log 1.131
= 0.053463 cm

Cd = (3/2) Q(1/(B2H1.5))

= (3/2) 9.21659 (1/ (5 cm2(9.81) (1.131)1.5))

= 0.230656
 graph of coefficient of discharge vs level above the notch
when pier is installed
0.25

0.2
coefficient of discharge

0.15

rectangular pier
0.1
circular pier

0.05

0
7.4 7.6 7.8 8 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8
level above the notch

graph of coefficient of discharge vs level above the notch

without pier
0.21

0.205
coefficient of discharge

0.2

0.195

0.19

0.185 coefficient of discharge

0.18

0.175

0.17
8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8
level above the notch
DISCUSSION

Form the experiment we can see that:

1. There are two different shape of the pier we used in the experiment:
Rectangular pier (juice box).
Circular pier (mineral water bottle).
2. The installation of new pier will affect:
Coefficient of discharge of the water through the weir.
Velocity of the flow will get slower.
Erosion on the riverbanks if not line with concrete or any other protective
material.
Ecosystem at that particular area.
3. When using the rectangular pier:
Water velocity is slowest compared to the original water flow velocity and the
water flow velocity using the circular pier. This happen because of the
geometric property of the pier itself. When water hit flat surface, it will need
more energy to change the movement of the flow to the side of the pier, thus it
will reduce the velocity of the water flow.
Corrosion will likely to occur because of the force applied by the water
movement straight hitting the pier surface and will reduce the lifespan of the
pier.
The disturbance of the flow will likely lead to the water to flow straight to the
riverbank and will corrode the rivebank if it is not well line also caused water
pollution from the corrosion of the riverbank.
4. When using the circular pier:
The use of this shape of pier will reduce the force that originated from the
flow of water when hitting the pier. This happen because of the geometrical
shape of the pier that not flat surface, also will reduce the friction between the
water and the pier surface.
Although when this pier is applied, the velocity will get slower than the
velocity of the flow when there is no pier inside installed.
5. When the choice of the type of pier to be used, circular pier will likely to get choose
because of its geometry that contribute lower amount of resistance to the water flow.
Circular pier also contributed huge amount of support for the flyover that need to be
build.
CONCLUSION

There is a slight changes occur to the flow characteristics in the canal due to
the installation of pier
The installation of piers has slightly slowed the flowrate in the canal
The flow pattern has also change with the new pier installation.
Based on the experiment, the circular pier has the minimal impact to the flow
pattern.

From the experiment that been conducted, we can conclude that the most suitable shape for
the flyover piers is the circular shape. This is because the minimal disturbance to the water
flow is obtained when we use the circular shape bottle during the experiment.
APPENDICES

Water flow pattern when there is rectangular shape obstruct the flow.

Water flow pattern when there is circular shape obstruct the flow.
Water discharged through the rectangular weir.
REFERENCES
1. Opened ended lab manual for hydrology and hydraulic engineering laboratory version
October 2013
2. MSMA 2nd edition est.2013
3. http://www.samsamwater.com/library/Pub58.pdf
4. http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wr/measuring/images/pdf/guidelines_selectiopench
annelmeter.pdf
5. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&
uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjR_PfY1LrRAhWLuY8KHS0_DeYQFggbMAA&url=https
%3A%2F%2Fcanalrivertrust.org.uk%2Fmedia%2Flibrary%2F6524.pdf&usg=AFQjC
NHxBgbKnezytfzxX39QFYMOU2DxAg&sig2=oDk42dD3mUS96lBdW_E5pQ
6. http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/sea/shorelines/smp/handbook/chapter12.pdf