With Robert Laurent and William Zorach, direct carving enters into the story of modern

sculpture in the United States. Direct carving in which the sculptors themselves carve
stone or wood with mallet and chisel must be recognized as something more than just a
technique. Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: that the medium has certain
qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring their own aesthetic
sensibilities into harmony. For example, sometimes the shape or veining in a piece of stone
or wood suggests, perhaps even dictates, not only the ultimate form, but even the subject
matter.

The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenth-century tradition in which
the making of a clay model was considered the creative act and the work was then turned
over to studio assistants to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble. Neoclassical
sculptors seldom held a mallet or chisel in their own hands, readily conceding that the
assistants they employed were far better than they were at carving the finished marble.

With the turn-of-the-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources
of inspiration, such as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new urge for hands-
on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium. Even as early as the
1880's and 1890's, nonconformist European artists were attempting direct carving. By the
second decade of the twentieth century, Americans Laurent and Zorach most notably
had adopted it as their primary means of working.

Born in France, Robert Laurent(1890-1970)was a prodigy who received his education in the
United States. In 1905 he was sent to Paris as an apprentice to an art dealer, and in the
years that followed he witnessed the birth of Cubism, discovered primitive art, and learned
the techniques of woodcarving from a frame maker.

Back in New York City by 1910, Laurent began carving pieces such as The Priestess, which
reveals his fascination with African, pre-Columbian, and South Pacific art. Taking a walnut
plank, the sculptor carved the expressive, stylized design. It is one of the earliest examples
of direct carving in American sculpture. The plank's form dictated the rigidly frontal view
and the low relief. Even its irregular shape must have appealed to Laurent as a break with a
long-standing tradition that required a sculptor to work within a perfect rectangle or square.

1. The word mediumin line 5 could be used to refer to

(A) stone or wood
(B) mallet and chisel
(C) technique
(D) principle

2. What is one of the fundamental principles of direct carving?

(A) A sculptor must work with talented assistants.
(B) The subject of a sculpture should be derived from classical stories.
(C) The material is an important element in a sculpture.
(D) Designing a sculpture is a more creative activity than carving it.
3. The word dictates in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) reads aloud
(B) determines
(C) includes
(D) records

4. How does direct carving differ from the nineteenth-century tradition of sculpture?
(A) Sculptors are personally involved in the carving of a piece.
(B) Sculptors find their inspiration in neoclassical sources.
(C) Sculptors have replaced the mallet and chisel with other tools.
(D) Sculptors receive more formal training.

5.The word witnessed in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) influenced
(B) studied
(C) validated
(D) observed

6. Where did Robert Laurent learn to carve?

(A) New York
(B) Africa
(C) The South Pacific
(D) Paris

7. The phrase a break with in line 30 is closest in meaning to

(A) a destruction of
(B) a departure from
(C) a collapse of
(D) a solution to

8. The piece titled The Priestess has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT
(A) The design is stylized.
(B) It is made of marble.
(C) The carving is not deep.
(D) It depicts the front of a person.

Many ants forage across the countryside in large numbers and undertake mass migrations;
these activities proceed because one ant lays a trail on the ground for the others to follow.
As a worker ant returns home after finding a source of food, it marks the route by
intermittently touching its stinger to the ground and depositing a tiny amount of trail
pheromonea mixture of chemicals that delivers diverse messages as the context changes.
These trails incorporate no directional information and may be followed by other ants in
either direction.
Unlike some other messages, such as the one arising from a dead ant, a food trail has to be
kept secret from members of other species. It is not surprising then that ant species use a
wide variety of compounds as trail pheromones. Ants can be extremely sensitive to these
signals. Investigators working with the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant Atta
texana calculated that one milligram of this substance would suffice to lead a column of ants
three times around Earth.

The vapor of the evaporating pheromone over the trail guides an ant along the way, and the
ant detects this signal with receptors in its antennae. A trail pheromone will evaporate to
furnish the highest concentration of vapor right over the trail, in what is called a vapor
space. In following the trail, the ant moves to the right and left, oscillating from side to side
across the line of the trail itself, bringing first one and then the other antenna into the vapor
space. As the ant moves to the right, its left antenna arrives in the vapor space. The signal
it receives causes it to swing to the left, and the ant then pursues this new course until its
right antenna reaches the vapor space. It then swings back to the right, and so weaves
back and forth down the trail.

20. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The mass migration of ants
(B) How ants mark and follow a chemical trail
(C) Different species of ants around the world
(D) The information contained in pheromones
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (B) How ants mark and follow a chemical trail
Tipe Soal: Main Idea Question
Cara Jawab: Cukup lihat baris pertama setiap paragraf

Paragraf 1: Many ants forage across the countryside in large numbers and undertake mass
migrations; these activities proceed because one ant lays atrail on the ground for the others
to follow.
Paragraf 2: Unlike some other messages, such as the one arising from a dead ant, a
food trail has to be kept secret from members of other species.
Paragaf 3: The vapor of the evaporating pheromone over the trail guides anant along the
way, and the ant detects this signal with receptors in its antennae.

Cara termudah untuk tahu, tanpa berpikir panjang: Lihat keyword (kata yang terulang).
Kita lihat terdapat "ants" dan "trail". Dari pilihan jawaban sangat jelas pilihan jawaban yang
paling sesuai (Pilihan B).

21. The word forage in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) look up
(B) walk toward
(C) revolve around
(D) search for food
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (D) search for food
Tipe Soal: Vocabulary-in-Context Question (Pertanyaan ini menginginkan Anda
mengidentifikasi arti dari kata yang digunakan dalam passage)
Cara Jawab: Temukan sinonim dari kata yang dipertanyakan. Jika dalam pilihan jawaban
terdapat lebih dari 1 sinonim, sesuaikan makna jawaban dengan konteks kalimat.

forage: to go from place to place searching, especially for food

Jadi, pilihan jawaban yg sesuai / sinonim ialah jawaban D.

22. The word intermittently in live 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) periodically
(B) incorrectly
(C) rapidly
(D) roughly
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (A) periodically
Tipe Soal: Vocabulary-in-Context Question (Pertanyaan ini menginginkan Anda
mengidentifikasi arti dari kata yang digunakan dalam passage)
Cara Jawab: Temukan sinonim dari kata yang dipertanyakan. Jika dalam pilihan jawaban
terdapat lebih dari 1 sinonim, sesuaikan makna jawaban dengan konteks kalimat.

intermittent: not happening regularly or continuously; stopping and startingrepeatedly or

with periods in between
Jadi, pilihan jawaban yg sesuai / sinonim ialah jawaban A.

23. The phrase the one in line 8 refers to a single

(A) message
(B) dead ant
(C) food trail
(D) species
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (A) message
Tipe Soal: Reference Question (Pertanyaan ini menginginkan Anda untuk mengidentifikasi
noun yang diganti menjadi sebuah pronoun / siapa atau apa yang dirujuk oleh kata ganti
tertentu)
Cara Jawab: Idetifikasi Noun sebelum Pronoun.

Unlike some other messages, such as the one ... (Line 8)

Kita lihat Noun yang sangat jelas berada di belakang 'the one" ialah "message".
24. According to the passage, why do ants use different compounds as trail pheromones?
(A) To reduce their sensitivity to some chemicals
(B) To attract different types of ants
(C) To protect their trail from other species
(D) To indicate how far away the food is
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (C) To protect their trail from other species
Tipe Soal: Factual Question (Pertanyaan seperti ini menginginkan Anda untuk menemukan
informasi spesifik yg ada dalam passage).
Cara Jawab: Temukan kalimat yang berisi informasi spesifik sesuai yang dinyatakan pada
pertanyaan.
Keyword: different compounds

Unlike some other messages, such as the one arising from a dead ant, a food trail has to be
kept secret from members of other species. It is not surprising then that ant species use a
wide variety of compounds as trail pheromones. (Paragraph 2)

a wide variety = different (keyword)

has to be kept secret from members of other specie = to protect their trail from other
species (answer key)

25. The author mentions the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant in line 11 to point out
(A) how little pheromone is needed to mark a trail
(B) the different types of pheromones ants can produce
(C) a type of ant that is common in many parts of the world
(D) that certain ants can produce up to one milligram of pheromone
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (A) how little pheromone is needed to mark a trail
Tipe Soal: Factual Question (Pertanyaan seperti ini menginginkan Anda untuk menemukan
informasi spesifik yg ada dalam passage).
Cara Jawab: Temukan kalimat yang berisi informasi spesifik sesuai yang dinyatakan pada
pertanyaan.
Keyword: the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant

Investigators working with the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant Atta texana calculated
that one milligram of this substance would suffice to lead a column of ants three times
around Earth. (line 11-13)

one milligram of this substance = how little pheromone

would suffice to lead a column of ants = is needed to mark a trail

26. According to the passage, how are ants guided by trail pheromones?
(A) They concentrate on the smell of food.
(B) They follow an ant who is familiar with the trail
(C) They avoid the vapor spaces by moving in a straight line.
(D) They sense the vapor through their antennae.
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (D) They sense the vapor through their antennae.
Tipe Soal: Factual Question (Pertanyaan seperti ini menginginkan Anda untuk menemukan
informasi spesifik yg ada dalam passage).
Cara Jawab: Temukan kalimat yang berisi informasi spesifik sesuai yang dinyatakan pada
pertanyaan.
Keyword: guided

The vapor of the evaporating pheromone over the trail guides an ant along the way, and the
ant detects this signal with receptors in its antennae. (line 14-15)

the ant detects this signal with receptors in its antenna = They sense the vapor through
their antennae.

27. The word furnish in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) include
(B) provide
(C) cover
(D) select
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (B) provide
Tipe Soal: Vocabulary-in-Context Question (Pertanyaan ini menginginkan Anda
mengidentifikasi arti dari kata yang digunakan dalam passage)
Cara Jawab: Temukan sinonim dari kata yang dipertanyakan. Jika dalam pilihan jawaban
terdapat lebih dari 1 sinonim, sesuaikan makna jawaban dengan konteks kalimat.

furnish: to provide with furniture; to put furniture in

Sangat jelas, jawabannya ialah B (provide).

28. The word oscillating in line 17 is closest in meaning to

(A) falling
(B) depositing
(C) swinging
(D) starting
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (C) swinging
Tipe Soal: Vocabulary-in-Context Question (Pertanyaan ini menginginkan Anda
mengidentifikasi arti dari kata yang digunakan dalam passage)
Cara Jawab: Temukan sinonim dari kata yang dipertanyakan. Jika dalam pilihan jawaban
terdapat lebih dari 1 sinonim, sesuaikan makna jawaban dengan konteks kalimat.

oscillating: to move repeatedly from one position to another

swing: to move easily and without interruption backwards and forwards or from one side to
the other, especially from a fixed point, or to cause something or someone to do this

29. According to the passage, the highest amount of pheromone vapor is found
(A) in the receptors of the ants
(B) just above the trail
(C) in the source of food
(D) under the soil along the trail
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (B) just above the trail
Tipe Soal: Factual Question (Pertanyaan seperti ini menginginkan Anda untuk menemukan
informasi spesifik yg ada dalam passage).
Cara Jawab: Temukan kalimat yang berisi informasi spesifik sesuai yang dinyatakan pada
pertanyaan.
Keyword: highest amount

A trail pheromone will evaporate to furnish the highest concentration of vapor right over the
trail, in what is called a vapor space. (line 16-17

the highest amount = the highest concentration (keyword)

over the trail = just above the trail (kunci jawaban)