PEGA STOL WING KIT

Static Longitudinal Stability Analysis

Aircraft Application: ZENAIR CH-701

For:

DEDALIUS AVIATION inc.

January 2001
 PEGA-STOL WING KIT Static Longitudinal Stability Analysis
Application: Zenair CH701

Prepared by:
Mr. Eric Rousseau Eng. - Aeronautical Engineer

Accepted by:
January 2001
Mr. Gilles Boulanger - DEDALIUS AVIATION

and
January 2001
Mr. Denis Roy - DEDALIUS AVIATION

REVISION REVISION COMMENTS

LEVEL DATE

REV 0 01/2001 Initial Analysis

 PEGA-STOL WING KIT Static Longitudinal Stability Analysis
Application: Zenair CH701

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................. 2
REFERENCE DOCUMENTS................................................................................................................ 3
PROJECT DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................................... 4
GENERAL................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 4
CALCULATION SEQUENCE .................................................................................................... 4
CALCULATION DEVELOPMENT ........................................................................................................ 5
RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................................................... 9
APPENDIX A: MATLAB PROGRAM LISTING................................ ................................ .................... 10
APPENDIX B: AIRFOIL DATA ........................................................................................................... 16
 PEGA-STOL WING KIT Static Longitudinal Stability Analysis
Application: Zenair CH701

SECTION 1

INTRODUCTION
This Stability Analysis report describes the procedure and all of the calculation used to determine
the stability effect of the PEGA-STOL wing kit installed on the Zenair CH701. Following the
calculation results, recommendations are given to make ensure stability.

This report is made up of the following sections:

Section 2 lists the reference documents used in this report.

Section 3 states the analysis objectives.
Section 4 provides details about calculation.
Section 5 lists the recommendations.

Appendix A, contains Matlab program listing.

Appedix B, contains profil data

 PEGA-STOL WING KIT Static Longitudinal Stability Analysis
Application: Zenair CH701

SECTION 2

REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
The following documents were used in the stability analysis of the PEGA STOL WING
KIT.

[1] Dedalius Aviation inc., PEGA-STOL Drawings, Rev.: 0, September 1998.

[2] Zenair Aviation inc., S.T.O.L C.H. 701 Drawings, Latest version

[3] Aircraft Design: A conceptual Approach, Daniel P. Raymer, AIAA Education Series, 1989.

[4] Theory of wing section, Ira H.Abbott and Albert E.Von Doenhoff, June 1959

[5] Aerodynamics, aeronautics, and flight mechanics, Barnes W.McCormick, 1979

 PEGA-STOL WING KIT Static Longitudinal Stability Analysis
Application: Zenair CH701

SECTION 3

ANALYSIS DESCRIPTION
GENERAL

The main objective of this project is to determine the stability impact of the PEGA
STOL WING KIT installed on a ZENAIR CH701. To meet this objective a stability
analysis on a CH701 equipped with PEGA -STOL wing kit is required.

CALCULATION SEQUENCE

The following calculation sequence will be required for this analysis:

Determination of the position of the aircraft center of gravity

o Neutral point
o Stability margin
Determination of the tail relative angle of attack
Determination of the elevator angle travel range

This analysis has been done using Matlab software since iterative process is
required in the determination of the above parameters. And also it is more practical
to redo the analysis for another kind of aircraft or if a mistake is discovered.
 PEGA-STOL WING KIT Static Longitudinal Stability Analysis
Application: Zenair CH701

SECTION 4

CALCULATION DEVELOPMENT
Required parameters:

References:

[1], [2], [3], [4], [5]

Assumptions:

NACA 2415 Airfoil for the wing and the tail

Moment Coefficient with flaperon/slat extended = 3 times airfoil coefficient

Required parameters:

The following table contains all aircraft/airfoil data required to perform the stability analysis, some of
the data comes from the drawings, some other from basic calculation or from aeronautic references.
Appendix A can be referred for calculation details.

Symbol Description Value Unit

Wp Wing Profil NACA 2415
Tp Tail Profil (assumption) NACA 2415
Hacc Distance between L.E. of the wing and quarter chord of the wing. 14.0 inch
Hlc Distance between L.E. of the wing and quarter chord of the stab. 154.375 inch
St Wet Area of the tail. 18.53 ft * ft
Sw Wet Area of the wing. 127.36 ft * ft
Ew Wing Downash. 0.46 Rad
Cmact Tail Moment Coefficient. +0.05 -
Cmacw Wing Moment Coefficient without falps and slats. -0.05 -
Cmacw Wing Moment Coefficient with falps and slats depoyed. -0.15 -
Bw Wing Span. 327.5 inch
Cw Wing Mean Aerodynamic Chord. 56.0 inch
Bs Stab Span. 87.5 inch
Cs Stab Mean Aerodynamic Chord. 30.5 inch
Ce Elevator Chord. 16.1 inch
aw Wing Lift curve slope. 4.5 1/rad
at Stab Lift curve slope. 3.57 1/rad

Table 1: Required parameters

 PEGA-STOL WING KIT Static Longitudinal Stability Analysis
Application: Zenair CH701

Neutral point and position of the Center of Gravity

References:

[5] p.481

Calculation:

The Neutral position is determined using the following relations:

hac = Hacc / Cw;

hl = Hlc / Cw;
CLa = aw + Nt * St/Sw * at*(1 - Ew);
hn = ((hac - hl) * aw + hl * CLa) / CLa;

The neutral point (hn) is the position of the center of gravity where the total aircraft moment is zero.
As an example of your CG is at this position, the actuation of the elevator will not affect the aircraft.
Furthermore, if the CG is backward the this neutral point the Aircraft becomes instable. The CG
MUST BE forward this neutral point.

For our application on the CH701 the neutral point position is 22.15 inches from the leading edge of
the wing slat retracted.

Typically for this king of aircraft the stability margin is fixed from 10% to 30% of the neutral point.
Our application gives us that the CG MUST BE between 5.5 and 16.5 inches from the wing LE
edge.

Figure 1: Position of the Center of gravity

So the weight & balance set -up must be done accordingly to this recommendation.
 PEGA-STOL WING KIT Static Longitudinal Stability Analysis
Application: Zenair CH701

Tail Relative Angle of Attack

References:

[5] p.481

Calculation:

Since our stabilisator is fixed the angle of the tail relative to the wing chord must be determined. To
determine it, the aircraft is trimmed using only the stabilisator (all movable tail configuration, without
elevator). The equations used for this application are:

CM = (Cmacw + Cmf + Nt*St/Sw*at*Cmact) +

(hl - hn) * Nt * St/Sw*at*it - (hn - h)*CL
it for CM = 0
it = ((hn - h)*CL -(Cmacw + Cmf + Nt*St/Sw*Cmact))
------------------------------------------------
((hl - hn) * Nt * St/Sw*at)
fficient de portance CL (-)

The matlab simulation gives the following figures:

Angle du Stabilisateur VS CL
3

2.5 hn - h = 10%

1.5 hn - h = 30%

1
Co

0.5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Angle du Stabilisateur it (deg)

Figure 2: Lift coefficient as a function of the stab angle, normal configuration

According to this figure, in normal configuration, cruise performance, the Lift coefficient required to
maintain the aircraft flying at a cruise speed of approx 90 mph is 1.0. If we take as assumption that
generally the CG will be between the 10% and 30% margin, we can fix the stab angle to 10 deg.
Positive angle = tail LE down. With this configuration the aircraft will be trimmed only with the stab
during the cruising regime. If we assume that the airfoil used for the stab is a NACA 2415 with an
2deg of alpha CL=0, the real stab relative angle becomes 8deg.
 PEGA-STOL WING KIT Static Longitudinal Stability Analysis
Application: Zenair CH701

Elevator Travel Angle

References:

[5] p.489

Calculation:

Now the stab angle is fixed to 10 deg down relatively to the wing MAC. Since the flight regime is
not limited to cruise but also takeoff, landing, approach, climb , the elevator will be used to
compensate the aerodynamic moment during the other flight regimes. The worst situation is during
approach phase when flaperons and slats are deployed. The motion equation used to calculate the
elevator deflection is:

de = (Cmacw + Cmf + Nt*St/Sw*Cmact + (hl-hn)*Nt*St/Sw*at*itfix

(hn h)*CL) / ((hl-hn)*Nt*St/Sw*at*0.8 - Nt*St/Sw*(-0.86))

Using Matlab again, the lift coefficient can be visualized as a function of the the elevator deflection in
approach configuration and for a stab angle of 10 deg.

Angle
l
vateur VS CL
3

2.5 hn - h = 10%
fficient de portance CL (-)

1.5 hn - h = 30%

1
Co

0.5

0
-45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5
Angle l
vateur de (deg)

Figure 3: Lift coefficient as a function of the elevator angle, STOL configuration

This figure shows that for a STOL aircraft configuration, at very low speed (high CL), and if the CG is
placed at the forward limit, a elevator angle of 40 deg (TE up) is required to compensate the
aerodynamic moment. Allowing 20 deg (TE down) will be enough for descent manoeuvring.
 PEGA-STOL WING KIT Static Longitudinal Stability Analysis
Application: Zenair CH701

SECTION 5

RECOMMENDATIONS
This section summarizes all of the recommendations raised during the longitudinal stability
analysis. The most important recommendation to ensure a good aircraft behavior is the CG location
as mentioned in recommendation 1. Recommendation 2, optimizes cruise speed and finally
recommendation 3 permits enough elevator travel to trim any flight regimes.

Table 2: Recommendations

Recommendations: Page:
Recommendation 1: 7
The CG must be positioned between the following limits: 5.5 16.5 from
the wing LE. Slat retracted. See the following figure.

Recommendation 2: 8
The stab angle must be 8 deg down relatively to the wing MAC. The
following figure shows the stab and the wing angles referred to the Zenair
CH701 fuselage datum.

Recommendation 3: 9
The elevator travel angle must be from 40 deg up to 20 deg down.
 PEGA-STOL WING KIT Static Longitudinal Stability Analysis
Application: Zenair CH701

APPENDIX A

MATLAB PROGRAM LISTING

%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Proprit de Ddalius Aviation Inc
% tude de stabilit statique longitudinale
% Pega STOL wing kit install sur le Zenair CH701
% Auteur: Eric Rousseau
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Description:
% Cette routine Matlab calcul les paramtres lis
% l'tude de la stabilit longitudiale

% Objectifs:
% - Dterminer l'emplacement du centre de gravit
% pour une marge de stabilit de 10 a 30 pc.
% - Dterminer un angle de stabilisateur adquat.
% - Visualiser les courbes caractristiques.

%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Variables d'entres:
% Distance entre le bord d'attaque aile et le quart de corde de l'aile (Hacc,d1) [in]
% Application au PEGA-STOL: Hacc = 56.0''* 0.25 = 14''
% Distance entre le bord d 'attaque aile et le quart de corde du stabilisateur (Hlc,d2)
[in]
% Application au PEGA-STOL: Hlc = (146.75'' + (30.5'' * 0.25)) = 154.375''
% Surface alaire de la queue (St,d3) [ft^2]
% Application au PEGA-STOL: St = 30.5'' * 87.5'' / 144 = 18.53 ft * ft
% Surface alaire de l'aile (Sw,d4) [ft^2]
% Application au PEGA-STOL: Sw = 56.0'' * (142.75'' * 2 + 42'')/ 144 = 127.36 ft *
ft
% Downwash de l'aile (Ew,d5)[rad]
% Ref: McCormick p. 487 pour estimation
% Application au PEGA-STOL:
% b'/b = pi/4, b= 327.5 '', b' = 257.1
% lac = 154'', lac/b' = 0.6 et ht/b' = 0.0, nous obtenons (voir Figure 8.6a) AR*Ew/aw
= 0.6
% Nous obtenons donc Ew = 0.6 / (327.5 ''/56.0'') * 4.5 = 0.46
% Cofficient de Moment de la queue (Cmact, d6) [ -]
% Applica tion au PEGA-STOL wing: Hypothse: Profil Naca 2415
% Ref: Raymer p. 692 pour estimation, Cmact = +0.05 (Nose up)
% Cofficient de Moment de l'aile (Cmacw, d7) [-]
% Application au PEGA-STOL wing:Profil Naca 2415
% Ref: Raymer p. 692 pour estimation, Cmacw = -0.05 (Nose down)
% Si slat et flap deploys hypothse: Cmacw = -0.15
% Coefficient de moment du fuselage (Cf,d8) [-]
% Envergure et corde moyenne de l'aile (Bw,Cw,d9,d10) [in]
% Application au PEGA-STOL: Bw = 327.5'', Cw = 56.0''
% Envergure et corde moyenne du stabilisateur (Bs,Cs,d11,d12) [in]
% Application au PEGA-STOL: Bs = 87.5'', Cs = 30.5''
% Vitesse de l'air vue par l'aile (Vw, d13) [kts]
% Vitesse de l'air vue par la queue (Vt, d14) [kts]
% Densit de l'air (rho,d15) [lbf/ft^3]
% Corde de l'lvateur (Ce, d16) [ft]
% Dessin CH701 Dessin No. 7.H.1, Ce = 410 mm / 25.4 = 16.1''/12 = 1.345 ft
% Pente du Cofficient de portance de l'aile VS alpha (aw, d17) [1/rad]
% Application au PEGA-STOL wing: Profil Naca 2415
% Ref: Raymer p. 692 pour estimation
% aw profile = (.8 + .9)/(6deg+10deg) = 1.7/0.279 rad = 6.09
% Pour une aile finie (ref: McCormick p.137): aw = 6.09 * ARw/(ARw+2)
% avec ARw = Bw/Cw = 327.5/56.0 = 5.84 , aw = 6.06 * 5.84/7.84 = 4.5
% Pente du Cofficient de portance du stabilisateur VS alpha (at, d18) [1/rad]
% Application au PEGA-STOL wing: Hypothse: Profil Naca 2415
 PEGA-STOL WING KIT Static Longitudinal Stability Analysis
Application: Zenair CH701

% Ref: Raymer p. 692 pour estimation

% aw profile = (.8 + .9)/(6deg+10deg) = 1.7/0.279 rad = 6.09
% Pour une aile finie (ref: McCormick p.137): aw = 6.09 * ARs/(ARs+2)
% avec ARs = Bs/Cs = 87.5/30.5 = 2.86 , aw = 6.06 * 2.86/4.86 = 3.57
%
% [ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 ]
% [14.0 154.375 18.53 127.36 0.46 0.05 -0.05 0.0 327.5 56.0 87.5 30.5 1 1 0.001648
1.345 4.5 3.57]
% Systme d'hypersustentation dploy:
% [14.0 154.375 18.53 127.36 0.46 0.05 -0.15 0.0 327.5 56.0 87.5 30.5 1 1 0.001648
1.345 4.5 3.57]
 PEGA-STOL WING KIT Static Longitudinal Stability Analysis
Application: Zenair CH701

subplot(1,1,1)

%----------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------
% Interface Usag:
disp('Proprit de Ddalius Aviation Inc')
disp('tude de stabilit statique longitudinale')
disp('Pega STOL wing kit install sur le Zenair CH701')
disp('Eric Rousseau, Dcembre 2000' )
disp('Entrez les variables suivantes sous forme vectorielle:')
disp('[Hacc Hl St Sw Ew Cmact Cmacw Cf Bw Cw Bt Ct Vw Vt rho Ce aw at]')
d=input('Vecteur 1*18=[...]: ' );

%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Assignement des variables d'entres:
Hacc = d(1);
Hlc = d(2);
St = d(3);
Sw = d(4);
Ew = d(5);
Cmact = d(6);
Cmacw = d(7);
Cmf = d(8);
Bw = d(9);
Cw = d(10);
Bt = d(11);
Ct = d(12);
Vw = d(13);
Vt = d(14);
rho = d(15);
Ce = d(16);
aw = d(17);
at = d(18);

%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Calcul des pressions arodynamique vues par l'aile et le stabilisateur:
qw = 1/2 * rho * Vw^2;
qt = 1/2 * rho * Vt^2;

% Rendement de l'lvateur (Nt) [-]

% Ref: McCormick p. 481
Nt = qt / qw;

% Allongement de l'aile et queue (ARw, ARt)[ -]

% Ref: McCormick p.61 (Aspect Ratio)
ARw = Bw / Cw;
ARt = Bt / Ct;

%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Calcul de la position Neutre:
% Ref: McCormick p. 481
hac = Hacc / Cw;
hl = Hlc / Cw;
CLa = aw + Nt * St/Sw * at*(1 - Ew);
hn = ((hac - hl) * aw + hl * CLa) / CLa;
disp ('La position du point Neutre est [%MAC]: '),hn
disp ('La position du point Neutre est [in]: '),hn * Cw
disp ('Limite avant du CG [%MAC]: '), hn - 0.3
disp ('Limite arrire du CG [%MAC]: '), hn - 0.1
disp ('Limite avant du CG [in]: '), (hn - 0.3)*Cw
disp ('Limite arrire du CG [in]: '), (hn - 0.1)*Cw

%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Manche balai fixe, stabilisateur mobile
% Dtermination de l'angle de stabilisateur optimal (it):
% Ref: McCormick p.481
 PEGA-STOL WING KIT Static Longitudinal Stability Analysis
Application: Zenair CH701

% CM = (Cmacw + Cmf + Nt*St/Sw*at*Cmact) + (hl - hn) * Nt * St/Sw*at*it - (hn - h)*CL

% it pour CM = 0
% it = ((hn - h)*CL -(Cmacw + Cmf + Nt*St/Sw*Cmact))
% ------------------------------------------------
% ((hl - hn) * Nt * St/Sw*at)

% Gnration d'un vecteur CL (0,3.0)

CL = linspace(0,3.0,100);

% Marge de stabilit statique entre 10% et 30% (hn -h):

marge(1) = 0.1; marge(2) = 0.3;

% it en fonction de CL pour la marge de stabilit statique:

it1 = (marge(1)*CL -(Cmacw + Cmf + Nt*St/Sw*Cmact)) / ((hl - hn) * Nt * St/S w*at);
it2 = (marge(2)*CL -(Cmacw + Cmf + Nt*St/Sw*Cmact)) / ((hl - hn) * Nt * St/Sw*at);
 PEGA-STOL WING KIT Static Longitudinal Stability Analysis
Application: Zenair CH701

% Affichage graphique de CL = F(it,marge)

figure(1)
plot (it1*180/pi,CL,it2*180/pi,CL)
title ( 'Angle du Stabilisateur VS CL')
xlabel ('Angle du Stabilisateur it (deg )')
ylabel ('Cofficient de portance CL (-)')
text (2.0, 2.5, 'hn - h = 10%' )
text (25.0, 1.5, 'hn - h = 30%')

%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Manche balai fixe, stabilisateur fixe, lvateur mobile
% Dtermination du dbattement de l'lvateur (de)
% Ref: McCormick p.489
% CM = (Cmacw + Cmf + Nt*St/Sw*(Cmact + dCmact/dde*de) +
% (hl - hn) * Nt * St/Sw*at*(it - tau*de) - (hn - h)*CL
% de pour CM = 0
% de = Cmacw + Cmf + Nt*St/Sw*Cmact + (hl-hn)*Nt*St/Sw*at*it - (hn-h)*CL
% --------------------------------------------------------------------
% (hl -hn)*Nt*St/Sw*at*tau - Nt*St/Sw*dCmact/dde
%
itfix = input('Entrez la valeur pour angle stabilisateur (deg): ');
itfix = itfix * pi/180.;
de1 = (Cmacw + Cmf + Nt*St/Sw*Cmact + (hl-hn)*Nt*St/Sw*at*itfix - marge(1)*CL) / ((hl -
hn)*Nt*St/Sw*at*0.8 - Nt*St/Sw*(-0.86));
de2 = (Cmacw + Cmf + Nt*St/Sw*Cmact + (hl-hn)*Nt*St/Sw*at*itfix - marge(2)*CL) / ((hl -
hn)*Nt*St/Sw*at*0.8 - Nt*St/Sw*(-0.86));

% Affichage graphique de CL = F(de,marge) pour un angle de stabilisateur fix a itfix

figure(2)
plot (de1*180/pi,CL,de2*180/pi,CL)
title ( 'Angle lvateur VS CL' )
xlabel ('Angle lvateur de (deg)')
ylabel ('Cofficient de portance CL (-)')
text (-20.0, 2.5, 'hn - h = 10%')
text (-35.0, 1.5, 'hn - h = 30%')

%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% FIN
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 PEGA-STOL WING KIT Static Longitudinal Stability Analysis
Application: Zenair CH701

APPENDIX B
 PEGA-STOL WING KIT Static Longitudinal Stability Analysis
Application: Zenair CH701

AIRFOIL DATA
PEGA-STOL WING KIT Static Longitudinal Stability Analysis
Application: Zenair CH701