Discussion

Lab 1 (Effect of Controller Gain)

Figure 1 shows 3 different graph plotted in order to observe the oscillations of each graph plotted to study
the effect of controller gain. There are 3 different values of Proportional (P) used which were 0.05, 0.1 and
0.2. As we can see in the graph, we can conclude that the system became stable and less oscillate as the
value of Proportional became higher. A high proportional results in a large change in the controller output
for a given change in the error. However, if the proportional gain is too high, the system can become
unstable. In contrast, a small gain results in a small output response to a large input error, and a less
responsive (or sensitive) controller. If the proportional gain is too low, the control action may be too small
when responding to system disturbances. In term of settling time, the higher the value of controller gain,
the shorter the time it takes for the output to come within a band of the final steady-state value. Furthermore,
rise time and the time of first maximum also became faster as the value of proportional become higher. The
same goes with the overshoot, decay ratio and number of oscillations. The proportionality is given by
controller gain. The amount of output process value (PV) will be determined by the controller gain for a
given change in time. It is the best controller gain if the peak of the graph reaches the set point. From the
graph, controller gain with proportional value of 0.2 is the best since the peak point of the graph is nearest
to the set point. Thus, tis condition will contribute to better processes.

Lab 2 (Effect of Integral Time)

For this experiment, we were to study the effect the integral time to process controllability. From the graph,
we can see that all the system gave an oscillatory response. The most oscillated was system with integral
time of 0.04. The settling time became longer as the integral value increase. Overshoot, decay ratio and
number of oscillations also became larger and higher when the integral value increase. However, the rise
time, period of oscillations and time of first maximum became shorter when increasing the integral value.
Since there are more oscillations, the integration will take part until the area under the curve becomes zero.
If there is decreasing in I or too low Is may result in instability to the system. As can be seen from the
graph, we can conclude that increasing too much I can cause the present value to overshoot the set point
value. In this case, the process with I value of 0.01 is the best process because the peak point reaches the
nearest to the set point. Finally, we can say that higher value of I will cause the graph more oscillate.

Lab 3 (Effect of Derivative Time)

In this experiment, the effect of derivative time was studied. From the graph plotted, we can see that larger
values of derivative will decrease the overshoot. However, the settling time became longer. The decay ratio
value also became larger. Furthermore, rise time, period of oscillations and time of first maximum also
became longer and increasing. Introduction of derivative to the control system will produce offset as we
can see from the graph. With increasing D also, can cause the transient response (the rate of change of the
controller input) to slow down. For noisy process, it is advisable to avoid using D or use lower value. Using
D also good for slow process. However, too much D make controller action faster and may result in
instability.

Lab 4 (Effect of Dead Time)

In this experiment, effect of dead time to process controllability were studied. Based on the graph, we can
conclude that the increasing in dead time or time delay will produce more oscillations on the graph. From
the results, we can see that the settling time are getting longer as time delay increase. The overshoot and
decay ratio also became higher when time delay increase. The number of oscillations, rise time, period of
oscillations and time of first maximum also increasing when the dead time longer. The longer the time
delay, the instability of the system also increase. This is due to long stopped reaction time.