Physics Reviewer

Relationship Of Physics And Society

-Physics which attempt to understand nature and laws, has become very important field to human
knowledge. It has helped us changed both the physical and social dimensions of our environment
through the development of technology in the form of new tools or gadgets, new products and new
processes.

Energy And Work

Energy: Exist in many forms. Two of these are kinetic and potential energy.

Kinetic Energy: The energy possessed by body in motion.

Where:

KE = mv2

KE= Kinetic Energy

M= Mass ( kg )

V= velocity m/s

Potential Energy: Is associated with the forces that depend on the postion or congifuration of a body
and its surrounding. We can think of potential energy as stored energy.

Gravitational Potential Energy: The energy an object possess at height,h, above some zero reference
level.

Formula: PEg = W = F d = mgh

Where:

Peg : gravitational potential energy ( Joules )

W- work ( Joules )

F- Force ( Newton )

g- gravity ( constant 9.8 m/s 2 )

h- height ( meter )

m mass ( kg )
Example Problems:

A 85 kg box, falls from a bridge, and lands in the water 30 meters below, find its, A) initial potential
energy. , B) KE maximum. , C) 20 meters above the water , D) Velocity.

a) PEI = mgh

PEI = 85 kg X 9.8 m/s2 X 30

PEI = 24, 990 J

b) KE max = PeI

KE max = 24,990 J

c) Find first PE 30 meters below height minus to PE 20 meters above water.

PEI (30 m) = 85 kg X 9.8 m/s2 X 30 m

PEI (30 m)= 24, 990 J

PEI (20 m) = 85 kg X 9.8 m/s2 X 20 m

PEI (20 m) = 16,660 J

PEI (20 m above water) = 24, 990 J 16,660 J = 8,330 J

D) Use KE formula since its the only one that has velocity.

2
V=

2 (24,990)
V= = 24.25 m/s
85

Work: To determine the amount of work done on the object, we have to consider the
magnitude of the force, the displacement the angle between them.

Work is calculated by: W= (F cos ) d

3 rules:

1) When the component of the force is in the same direction as the displacement, the work
done is positive.
2) When the component of the force is opposite to the displacement, the work done is
negative.

3) If the force is perpendicular to displacement, the work is 0.

Ex: A porter pulls a 10-kg luggage along a level road for 5m by exerting a force of 20 N at an
angle of 30o with the horizontal shoulder through a vertical distance of 1.5m and carries it for
another 5m. How much work does he do in (a) pulling, b(lifting), and (c) carrying the luggage on
his shoulder.

a) W = (20 N)(cos 30o)(5m) = 86.60 J

b) F = (10 kg)(9.8 m2/s2) = 98 N

c) W= (98 N)(1.5 s) = 1470 J

Law Of Newton

1) Law Of Inertia Tendency of an object to persist at its state of rest or uniform motion in
straight line is called inertia.

2) Law Of Acceleration - The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly

proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and
inversely proportional to the mass of the object.

F = ma, Where: F = force a = acceleration m= mass

3) Law Of Interaction For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

FA = -FB

Momentum, Impulse, Collision

Linear Momentum describes a quantity of motion(straight line) of an object.

Impulse- The product of force and time of contact between two bodies.

Ft = mv, Where: F= newton, t= seconds, m= kg, v= m/s

Collision- An event which two or more bodies exert forces on each other for a relatively short
time.

Inelastic Collision- Either one object is at rest and one in motion)

Perfectly Elastic Collision Equal velocity and distance

Conservation Of Momentum- states that the total momentum (p) in an isolated system remain
constant.(one system only)

m1bv1b + m2bv2b = m1fv1 + m2fv2f

Ex: An average force of 100N is exerted on a 10 kg cart for 5 seconds. Find its (a) impulse, (b)
change in momentum, (c) mass change in velocity

a) I= Ft = (100 N)(5 sec) = 500 NS

b) p= mv = 10kg5m/s = 50kg m/s

(100 /^2)(5 )
c) V= = = 50 m/s
10

Specific Heat- amount/quantity of Heat Necessary to raise its temperature by 1oC

Specific Heat , slower to heat up

, slower to cool down

Sound Waves-

Properties Of Sound Waves

Reflection- Angle of incident ray is equal to angle of reflected ray.

Refraction- speed of wave changes as it travels from one medium to another

Speed Of Sound

Factors that affect the speed of sound

Density- sounds waves move well through Dense Material

Elasticity- sound waves move fast through elastic material

Temperature- sound waves travel faster through warm air

Constant

1oC = 0.6 m/s, 20oC = 344m/s

Sample Problem:

In the middle of thunderstorm, a lightning bolt flashed. It takes Roberto 5 seconds to hear the
thunder afterwards. How far is the source of lightning form Roberto if the temperature is 22 oC?

V22 = V20 + 2i = 344 m/s + 2(0.6 m/s) = 345.2 m/s

d= vt = (345.2 m/s)(5 s) = 1,726 m