Presentation on theme: "Historical Foundations"

Presentation transcript:
1 Historical Foundations
Chapter 4

2 Historical Foundations
Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and
sports growth.Identify some of the outstanding leaders in the fields.Discuss recent
developments in physical education, exercise science, and sport.Draw implications from
history of our fields for the future of physical education, exercise science, and sport

3 Sport History Emerged as a subdiscipline in the late 1960s

and early 1970s. field of scholarly inquiry with multiple and often intersecting foci,
including exercise, the body, play, games, athletics, sports, physical recreations, health,
and leisure. (Struna)How has the past shaped sport and its experiences today?1973:
North American Society for Sport History held its first meeting.

4 Sample Areas of Study...How did urbanization influence the development of sports in

America?How did the sports activities of Native Americans influence the recreational
pursuits of the early colonists?How have Greek ideals influences the development of
sportsmanship?How did segregation impact sports opportunities for blacks?What factors
influenced the inclusion of physical education in the school curriculum?

5 Greece Golden Age of physical education and sport

Unity of the mind, body and spiritBody beautifulArete the pursuit of excellenceVital
part of the education of every Greek boyNational festivalsOlympic Games

6 Rome Exercise for health and military purposes.

Greek gymnastics were introduced to Rome after the conquest of Greece but were not
popularRome did not believe in the body beautifulPreferred to be spectators rather than
participantsPreferred professionalism to amateurism.Exciting blood sports: gladiatorial
combats and chariot races. Duel to the death or satisfaction of spectators.

7 GermanyPeriod of nationalism - focus on development of strong citizens through

school and community programs of physical educationPhysical education should be
included in the school curriculum programs emphasizes the development of
strengthJahn ( ) Turnverein movement to mold youth into strong, hardy citizens capable
of overthrowing foreign control

8 Sweden Scientific study of physical education

Use anatomy and physiology to study the effects of physical education on the
bodyExercises use Swedish apparatus - Per Ling ( )Design of gymnastic programs to
meet specific individual needs3 Types: Educational gymnastics, military gymnastics, and
medical gymnasticsTeachers of physical education must have foundational knowledge of
the effects of exercise on the human body.

9 Great Britain Home of outdoor sports Maclaren (1920-1884)

Eager to make physical training a science; a system that was adopted by the British
ArmyHealth is more important than strengthExercise adapted to the individualPhysical
education essential in school curriculumMuscular ChristianitySport contributes to the
development of moral characterReconciles sport and religion
10 PE in the U.S. Influenced by European ideals
Systems of gymnastics (exercises)Philosophies of physical educationGrowth of influence
of Ancient Asian culturesYogaMartial artsRelationships between the mind, body, and
spirit

11 Colonial Period ( )Colonists led an agrarian existence - physical activity through

performing tasks essential to living and survival.Colonists brought sports with them from
their native lands.Puritans denounced play as evil; recreational pursuits frowned
upon.Reading, writing, and arithmetic in schools, not physical education.2

12 National Period (1784-1861) Growth of private schools for females

Introduction of German gymnastics to schools1852: First intercollegiate competition: a
crew race between Harvard and Yale.Catherine Beecher ( )Calisthenics performed to
musicOne of the first to advocate for daily physical educationInvention of
baseballHorseracing, foot races, rowing, and gambling on sport events popular3

13 Civil War Period until 1900Turnverein societies continue to grow and include both
girls and boysDio LewisPrograms for the weak and feeble in societyTraining school for
teachers in BostonInclusion of gymnastic programs in the schoolsNissen - Swedish
Movement Cure grows in popularity and recognized for its inherent medical valuesYMCA
established; international training school at Springfield College4

14 Civil War Period until 1900 Growth of American sport in popularity

TennisGolfBowlingBasketball (Naismith)Founding of forerunner of Amateur Athletic
Association (AAU)Revival of Olympics in AthensColleges and universities develop
departments and expand programs

15 Civil War Period until 1900 Expansion of intercollegiate athletics

Abuses raise concernsEstablishment of governing bodiesEmphasis on teacher
preparation, scientific basis of PE, diagnosis and prescription of activityOrganized PE
programs in elementary and secondary schoolsFounding of the forerunner of
AAHPERDBattle of the Systems6

16 Early Twentieth Century (1900s-1940s)

Extensive interscholastic programs - controversy over programs for girlsGrowth of
intramural programs and emphasis on games and sports in our programsIncreased
concern for the physically underdeveloped in our societyPlayground movementHigher
standards for teacher training (4 year preparation)NCAA established to monitor collegiate
athletics8

17 World War I ( )Physical educators developed conditioning programs for armed forces
.After the war, health statistics revealed that the nation was in poor shape (1/3 of men
were physically unfit for armed service).Growth and upgrade of PE programs in schools
following war due to legislation in some states.10

18 Golden Twenties ( )Move away from formal systems of gymnastics toward games,
sports, and valuable recreation and leisure time.New physical education emphasized
contribution to the total development of the individual; education through the physical
vs. education of the physical.Calls for reform of collegiate athletics due to increasing
professionalism, public entertainment, and commercialization.Womens programs
increase staff, activities, required participation, and facilities.11

19 Depression Years ( )Economic forces lead to cutbacks in PE programs and growth of

recreational programs.Physical educators more involved in recreational programs for the
unemployed.Growth of interscholastic, intercollegiate and womens programs.Charles
McCloy ( ) advocated education of the physical and stressed the importance
documenting results and measuring progress of using scientific data12

20 Mid-twentieth Century (1940-1970)

Impact of WW II physical training programsPhysical fitness movementPresidents Council
on Physical Fitness and SportsAthleticsIncrease opportunities for girls and
womenIncreased interest in lifetime sportsSport programs below high school level
increaseIncreased number of intramural programs13

21 Mid-twentieth Century (1940-1970)

Professional preparationColleges and universities increase programs for
teachersAmerican College of Sports Medicine (1954)National Athletic Trainers
Association (1950)Programs for individuals with disabilitiesSpecial Olympics
(1968)Research grows in importance and becomes increasingly specialized14

22 Significant Recent Developments

Emergence of subdisciplinesDisease prevention and health promotionHealthy
PeopleObjectives for the NationSurgeon Generals Report on Physical Activity and
HealthHealthy People 2000Healthy People 2010Legislation promoting opportunities for
girls and women, and people with disabilitiesIncreased technology15

23 School Physical Education

Recognition of the critical role school PE in achieving national health goalsFitness status
and physical activity of children and youth is a concernCongressional support for high-
quality, daily physical educationDaily PE declines from 42% in 1991 to 28% in 2003.Only
one state, Illinois, requires daily PE for all students, K-12National Content Standards offer
a national frameworkEmergence of new curricular models

24 Physical Fitness and Participation in Physical Activity

Expansion of the fitness movement and involvement in physical activityShift from
performance- to health-related fitness to an emphasis on moderate-intensity physical
activityPhysical inactivity recognized as a major health problem

25 The Growth of SportPhenomenal growth of participation in sports at all levelsYouth

sports involve more than 25 million childrenInterscholastic sports involve more than 6
million boys and girlsTrend toward early specialization

26 The Growth of SportIntercollegiate sports involves nearly 400,000 athletesGrowth of

sport as big business in some institutionsGrowth of recreational sport leagues and
amateur sports for adults of all agesProfessional sports continue to expand including
professional leagues for women

27 Girls and Women in Sport

Rapid growth since the passage of Title IX in 1972Changes in governance of
intercollegiate sportsChallenges to Title IXChanges in physical education classes
following passage of Title IX

28 Programs for Individuals with Disabilities

Federal LegislationPL Section 504 of the Rehabilitation ActPL Education of All
Handicapped Children Act of 1975Amateur Sports Act of 1978PL Americans with
Disabilities ActParalympics17
29 Olympics Rebirth of the Olympics in 1896
Centennial Olympics celebrated in Atlanta in 1996Politicization of the Olympic
GamesEvolving definitions of amateurismFairness issues in the OlympicsAddition of
non-traditional sportsCommercialization of the Olympics

30 Technology Computer technology and sophisticated research equipment

Has led to record-breaking achievements for elite athletes in nearly all sportsFacility
improvementFitness tests data available in schools with addition of heart rate monitors