ENGLISH COURSE

T / Mohammed Rahhal Grammar

English sentence

A sentence is:
1 a group of words containing a subject and a verb, that expresses a statement, a
question, etc.

2 The first letter of a sentence always starts with a capital letter.

3 A sentence always ends with a 'stop'

(a period, a question mark, or an exclamation mark).

Example :
Her new shoes are pink .
Capital subject verb stop (period)

Exercise
Put a check mark next to the sentences and a cross by the word groups that are not
sentences.

1The dog jumped over the fence. ..

2 Toward the end of the day. ..
3 Finding nobody at home. ..
4 Rami and Sarah paid for their lunch. ..
5 we thanked Ibrahim for all his help. ..
6 They saw him racing across the field. ..
7 we order all our food online. ..

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1-A noun

A word that is the name of a person, place, thing, animal, concept, or idea. It can be
singular or plural, male or female, countable or uncountable.

Examples:
Rami, Ali, Miral, Laila, London, table, tables, doors, happiness, lion, lions, lioness,
giraffe, giraffes, tiger, tigress, boy, boys, globalization, restaurant.

Exercise: Underline the nouns in these sentences.

1- The dog barked.
2- The Sea is rough.
3- The boy walks to school.
4- The girl is very hungry.
5- I sit at my desk.
6-The children are playing with a ball.
7-The bus driver rings the bell.
8- A monkey is climbing up the tree.
9- The lion is in a cage.
10 Ships sail on the sea.

A- Subject

*The subject of a sentence tells what or who performs the action.

It could be noun or pronoun.
Example :
1- Khalid plays. Who plays? Khalid
2- The earthquake destroyed the city .What destroyed the city?
The earthquake.
Exercise
For each of the following sentences, write the subject on the line.
1- Mahmoud ran along the beach.
2- The girls laughed loudly.

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3- Everyone likes Bilal

4- The cat slept deeply in a sunny window.
5- The train arrived a few minutes early.
6- The flowers looked bright and colorful.
7- The computer screen was blank.
8- The bear enjoyed eating a tasty fish. ...

B-Object

The object is the noun or phrase describing the person or thing that is affected by the
action of a verb.
E.g.: I sent Rami a letter.
Exercise: underline the object in each sentence.
1-Hans bought a rabbit.
2-The monkey climbed a tree and ate a banana.
3-The girl ate an apple, an orange and some grapes.
4-The boy kicked the ball.
5-Ahmed is reading a book.

2-Verb

*A verb is a word or group of words that is used to indicate an action or state.

(e.g.: bring, happen, be..etc)
*A verb can be one word: (sing, dance), or two words: (is singing ,am dancing).
Exercise: circle the verb in these sentences.
1-The giraffe has a long neck. 2-The dog is barking at the cat.
3-The gorilla eats fruits and nuts. 4-Summer begins in June.

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5-Dawood has a new bicycle. 6-The children are working in the classroom.
7-I drink orange juice. 8-Muhammad and Isra'a eat candy.
9-I spent ten dollars yesterday. 10-I bake great cakes.

English verb

Main verb Auxiliary verb

1-The main or lexical verb
It is a word that refers to the action indicated in the sentence and it carries the meaning.
(Like, see, drive, swim, run, dance, watch, love, hate, smell, taste, feel, touch, walk, go,
etc). Examples:

I feel hungry. I like to play football.

I drive my car carefully. I touch with my fingers and toes.

2-Auxiliary verbs

1-Verb to (Be)

(Am ,Is , Are , Was , Were ) + ing form

I I am playing- I am a student
He ,she, it, singular noun: He is playing- He is a student.
We, you, they, plural noun We are playing-We are students.
I ,He ,she ,it ,singular noun I was reading- I was a teacher.
We , you , they , plural noun We were reading- we were students.

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2-Verb to (have)

( Have ,Has ,Had ) + past participle

I ,we , you ,they ,plural noun I have done my homework.

He ,she , it , singular noun He has done his homework .
I ,we ,you ,they , plural noun ,he ,she ,it ,singular noun.
I had done my home work .

3-Verb to (Do)

( Do , Does , Did ) + V1

I , we ,you , they ,plural noun Do you like Mansaf ?

He ,she , it ,singular noun Does he like Mansaf ?
I ,we ,you ,they , plural noun ,he ,she ,it ,singular noun.
Did you visit Osama yesterday?

4-Modals

can Could
will would
shall should + V1
may might
must had to
E.g.:- Hadeel can speak fluent English .
I will visit Cairo next month.

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3-Adjective

- An adjective is a describing word that describes a noun.

-Adjectives make sentences more interesting, add detail ,and make meaning clearer.
-Adjectives tell what kind and how many.
-An adjective usually comes
1- before a noun
2- after verbs (be ,look , feel ,taste ,soundetc.)
Examples: funny ,boring ,narrow ,bright ,huge ,red ,excited ,twelve .
*The thin boy *A stormy sea *The huge elephant
Exercise : circle adjectives in the sentences .
1- The calm sea had boats sailing on it. 2- Boys played on the sandy beach.
3-The large boat had a blue sail. 4-The old man had an untidy beard.
5-The black patch covered his left eye.

4- Adverb

An adverb is a word that describes a verb. It tells us how, when or where and action
happens. Examples:
- The boy shouted loudly.
- They rarely go to the theater.
- The mother looked everywhere for her daughter.
Exercise: underline the adverb in each sentence.
1- He moved slowly up the steep hillside.
2-They cheered excitedly at the fast moving game.

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3-The lion roared ferociously at the zoo visitors.

4-The teacher spoke sternly to the disobedient boy.
5-The starving man thought longingly of a juicy steak.

5- pronouns

A pronoun takes the place of one or more nouns in a sentence.

1-Subject pronouns

singular Plural

I We
You You
He ,she ,it They

Example:
1-I eat an apple daily 2- He swims in the sea

Exercise: Rewrite these sentences .Put a pronoun in place of the underlined words.
1- My mother carried the bag home.

2-The meal was delicious.

3-My father bought ice cream for me. ..

4-Sarah , Ali and I went to the beach . .

5-Matt and Carlos ran to school. ..

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2-Object pronouns

singular Plural

Me Us
You You
Him ,Her ,It Them
Example :-
I saw Ali .I saw him .
Exercise :Rewrite these sentences. Put a pronoun in place of the underlined words
1-John carried the shopping home. 2-The dog slept in front of the fire.
3-Father bought shoes for the children . 4-He gave it to me and John .

5-I saw the boys crash their bicycles in the wall.

3-Possessive adjectives

Singular Plural

My Our
Your Your
His ,Her ,Its Their

Example : Its Ali's bicycle \ It is his bicycle

Exercise: Rewrite these sentences .Put a pronoun in place of the underlined word.
1-The children's books are very neat.
2-John does not like John's teacher.
3-The baby is pulling the cat's tail.
4-Ahmeds sister is ill at the moment.
5-The fire fighters' ladder is against the wall.

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4-Possessive pronouns

Singular Plural

Mine Ours
Yours Yours
His ,Hers Theirs

Example : It is my bicycle \ It is mine

Exercise: Rewrite these sentences .
1.This is my book. This book is
2.This is Johns house. This house is .
3.That is Sumaias new car. That new car is..

5-Reflexive pronouns

Singular Plural

Myself Ourselves
Yourself Yourselves
Himself, Herself ,Itself Themselves
Examples :-
1-I hurt myself when I fell from the tree .
2-They enjoyed themselves at the birthday party .
Exercise: fill in the spaces with the correct reflexive pronoun.
1-I cut on a piece of broken glass.
2-He is going to buy a new shirt.
3-She often talks to when she is alone.
4-We dried carefully after swimming.
5-They shared the chocolate among .6-You must take better care of .

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6- Relative Pronouns.
Relative pronouns are used to join two sentences together.

A- Who: Subject. The man who is a doctor is my neighbor.

B- Whom: Object. The man whom I saw was Mr. Mahmoud.

C- Which: Things. The book which is on the table is mine.

D- Whose: Possessive. I know the man whose car was stolen.

E- Where: Place. The building where he lives is very high.

F- When: time. Ill never forget the day when I met you.

1-Defining relative clauses.

Defining relative clauses come immediately after a noun and give vital
information about the noun.

*They can go in the middle or the end of sentences.

-Hes the doctor who helped my grandmother.

-The man who told me about this place was old.

2-Non-defining relative clauses.

*Non-defining relative clauses come immediately after a noun and give extra
information about the noun.

*They can go in the middle or the end of sentences, and start with a comma and
end with a comma or full stop.

-Abraham Lincoln, who was president of the United States in the nineteenth
century, was shot while he was attending a play.

-My cousin lives in Oxford, which is about 80 kilometers west of London.

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Exercise1: Complete the questions, using the suitable relative pronoun.

1What do you call a place ..people go to watch films ?

2 What do you call a person job is to design buildings?

3 What do you call a woman .. takes orders and serves food in a restaurant?

4 What do you call a camera . records video pictures?

5 What do you call a shop you can buy all kinds of food and drink?

6 What do you call a person .. is in charge of a shop or a company?

7 What do you call a machine records TV programmes?

8 What do you call a person. place of work is a surgery?

9 What do you call a day ..celebrate your birthday?

10 What do you call a year.there are 366 days?

Exercise 2 : Complete the sentences with relative pronoun.

1 A rucksack is a bag you wear on your back.

2 Flip-flop are shoes .. you wear on the beach.

3 A building site is a place .houses are built.

4 A widow is a woman ..husband is dead.

5 A plumber is a person .. repairs water pipes.

6 A surgery is ... a doctor sees their patients.

7 A shoplifter is a person . steals from shops.

8 A successful writer is a person ..books are published.

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VERB TENSES

1- Simple present

A The simple present says that something was true in the past , is true
in the present , and will be true in the future , It is used for general
statements of facts.
1- Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.
2- Most animals kill only for food.
3- The world is round.
B The simple present is used to express habitual or everyday activity.
1- I study for two hours every night .
2- My classes begin at nine .
3- She always eats a sandwich for lunch.
C Certain verbs are not used in the continuous tenses. With these verbs , the simple
present may indicate a situation that exists right now , at the moment of speaking
1- I have only a dollar right now .
2- I dont recognize that man.
3- He needs a pen right now .

2- Present continuous
A The present continuous expresses an activity that is in progress at the moment of
speaking . It began in the recent past ,is continuing at present , and will probably end
at some point in the future
1-Rami and Osama are talking on the phone. 2-Shadi is sleeping now.

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B Often the activity is of a general nature: something generally in progress this week,
this month, this year.
1- I am taking five courses this semester .

A The simple past indicates that an activity or situation began and

ended at a particular time in the past.
1- I walked to school yesterday.
2- I bought a new car three days ago.

B - If a sentence contains when and has the simple past in both clauses, the action in
the " when clause" happens first.

1- I stood under a tree when it began to rain.

2- When I dropped my cup , the coffee spilled on my lap.

3- Past continuous

A It expresses two actions occurred at the same time, but one action began earlier
and was in progress when the other action occurred.
1- I was walking down the street when it began to rain.
2- I was standing under a tree when it began to rain.

B Sometimes the past continuous is used in both parts of a sentence when two
actions are in progress simultaneously.
1- While I was studying in one room of our a apartment , my roommate
was having a party in other room.

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1-Simple Present.
1- It........................ in Syria yearly. (snow).
2- I ........................ television everyday. (watch).
3- Water.................... of Oxygen and Hydrogen. (consist).
4- Nurses ..................... patients in hospitals. (look after).
5- In summer Miral usually ...................... tennis twice a week. (play).
6- I usually.................... tired in the morning. (feel).
7- The museum always....................... at 7 am. (open).
8- I usually ........................ at 8 am. (wake up).
9- Laila sometimes ...................... 12 hours. (sleep).
10- Osama ....................... at a 5-star hotel. (work).

5-Simple past.
1- It............................ yesterday. (snow)
2-I ............................ my friend last night. (visit)
3-............................ you go out last night? (do)
4-I......................... under a tree when it began to rain. (stand)
5-He ..................... the prize last week. (win)
6-They .................. their house last year. (build)
7-You .................... me, but I wasnt at home. (phone)
8-We ..................... our car last week. (buy)
9-She.................... to get a job yesterday. (manage)
10-It.................... heavily yesterday. (rain)

6- Past continuous.
1-He ............................ when I arrived. (sleep).
2-I ............................ down the street when it began to rain. ( walk).
3-While she........................... , it was raining. (study).
4-This time last year I ............ in Brazil. (live).
5-They ..............................home when they met Abeer. (go)
6-It ......................... this morning. (rain).
7-While I .............................. my friend came. (sleep).
8-We ........................... when it rained. (play).
9-When you phoned me I ............................. my homework. (do).
10-When she arrived, her mother ............................. clothes. (wash).

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1. Guided Writing

A.
How to improve your English Language?
*listen to English programs.
*read English newspapers and magazines.
*join English courses regularly.

B.
What should happen to motorists who break the speed limits?
*go to prison.
*pay a fine.
*attend awareness lectures

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C.
Why do people use internet websites?
*buy things
*book holidays
*access bank accounts

D.
Reasons that make people leave their home countries
*seek a better life.
*complete education.
*find better jobs.
*learn about different cultures.

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Irregular Verb List

V1 Meaning V2 V3 V1 Meaning V2 V3
be was/were been Lose lost lost
beat beat beaten Make , made made
become became become Mean meant meant
begin began begun Meet met met
bend bent bent Overcome overcame overcome
bite bit bitten pay paid paid
blow , blew blown Put put put
break broke broken Read read read
bring brought brought Ride rode ridden
build built built Ring , rang rung
burn burnt burnt Run ran run
buy bought bought Say said said
can could been able See saw seen
to
catch caught caught Sell sold sold
choose chose chosen Send sent sent
come came come Set , set set
cost cost cost Shake , shook shaken
cut cut cut Shine shone shone
deal dealt dealt Shoot shot shot
do did done Show showed shown
draw drew drawn Shut shut shut
drink drank drunk Sing sang sung
drive drove driven Sink sank sunk
eat ate eaten Sit sat sat
fall fell fallen Sleep slept slept
feed , fed fed Smell smelt smelt
feel felt felt Speak spoke spoken
fight fought fought Spell spelt spelt
flee fled fled Spend , spent spent
find found found Spill spilt spilt
fly flew flown Split , split split
forget forgot forgotten Spread spread spread
get got got Spring sprang sprung
give gave given Stand stood stood
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go went gone/been Steal stole stolen

grow grew grown Swim swam swum
hang hung hung Take took taken
have had had Teach taught taught
hear heard heard Tear tore torn
hide hid hidden Tell told told
hit hit hit Think thought thought
hold held held Throw threw thrown
keep kept kept Understand understood understood
know , knew known Wake woke woken
lay laid laid Wear wore worn
lead led led Win won won
learn learnt/ed learnt/ed Write wrote written
leave left left
lend lent lent

The End

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