Chapter 113
Volcano Deformation Monitoring in Indonesia:
Status, Limitations and Prospects
H.Z. Abidin, H. Andreas, M. Gamal, M.A. Kusuma
Department of Geodetic Engineering, Institute of Technology Bandung,
J1. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia, E-mail : hzabidin@indo.net.id
M. Hendrasto, O. K. Suganda, M.A. Purbawinata
Directorate of Vulcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, J1. Diponegoro 57, Bandung, Indonesia
F. Kimata, Irwan Meilano
Research Center for Seismology and Volcanology and Disaster Mitigation (RCSVDM), Nagoya University,
Japan
Abstract. Indonesia has 129 active volcanoes.
With a population of approximately 200 million,
and the fact that the most populated island in
Indonesia (i.e. Java) has the largest number of
active volcanoes, then it is obvious that the
Indonesian people live under the very real threat
of volcanic eruptions.
Monitoring volcanic activities can be done by
using several methods, of which one of them is
the deformation method. In Indonesia volcano
deformation has been monitored using Tiltmeter
observations, EDM measurements, Levelling
Surveys, and Repeated or Continuous GPS Survey
techniques.
This paper will describe and discuss the
implementation status of the GPS survey method
for deformation monitoring of Indonesian
volcanoes, along with their limitations and
prospects. The obtained results and experiences
will be presented to illustrate the discussions.
Keywords. Volcano deformation monitoring,
Indonesia, GPS survey
1 Introduction
Indonesia has 129 active volcanoes and 271
eruption points as a consequence of interactions
and collisions among several continental plates.
With a population of around 200 million, and the
fact that the most populated island in Indonesia
(i.e. Java) has the largest number of active
volcanoes, then it is obvious that the Indonesian
people live under the very real threat of volcanic
eruptions. According to (Katili & Siswowidjojo,
1994), around 10% of Indonesians live in areas
endangered by volcanic eruptions, and several
million of them live in the danger zones. This fact
alone suggests that in Indonesia the monitoring of
volcano activity should be performed not only
routinely, but should also be done as reliably as
possible.
In relation to the deformation of a volcano, it is
already well known that explosive eruptions are
usually preceeded by relatively large inflation of
its body [Scarpa and Gasparini, 1996, Scarpa and
Tilling, 1996]. In the case of a volcano that has
been 'quiet' for sometimes, the deformation of its
body is one of the reliable indicators of its
reawakening phase. Moreover, according to Van
der Laat (1996) and Dvorak & Dzurisin (1997),
the deformation of a volcano body, represented by
the point displacement vectors and their velocity
vectors, could provide information on the
characteristics and dynamics of the magma
chamber.
Monitoring the deformation of the volcano itself
can be done using several methods. In Indonesia,
volcano deformation has been monitored using
Tiltmeter observations, EDM measurements,
Levelling Surveys, and Repeated or Continuous
GPS Survey techniques. This paper will describe
and discuss the implementation status of the GPS
survey method for deformation monitoring of the
Indonesian volcanoes.
2 Deformation Monitoring of
Indonesian Volcanoes
Monitoring volcanoes in Indonesia is continuously
and routinely conducted by the Directorate of
Vulcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation of
Indonesia. Up to now, the seismic and visual
methods are the most used methods for
monitoring Indonesian volcanoes. The
deformation method is also widely used.
The Department of Geodetic Engineering,
Institute of Technology Bandung (ITB), in
cooperation with the Directorate of Volcanology
 Chapter 113 Volcano Deformation Monitoring in Indonesia: Status, Limitations and Prospects 791

and Geological Hazard Mitigation, has conducted Locations of the volcanoes being studied are
several GPS surveys in order to study the shown in Figure 1. The characteristics of these
deformation of several volcanoes in Indonesia. volcanoes are explained in DVMBG (2003).
105-" 110 -~ 115 ~
I ~ ~ -5 -~
/

-10,-~
I S11JDIEDVOLC~IOE S
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
........
~
3 -10 ~-
105-" 110 ~ 115 -=
A GPS, E [~, a r,d Le~,'e[i r~ A GPS a nd EB~\ /_~ GI:'S

Fig. 1 I_acation of studied volcames in Indo~ sia.

Several GPS surveys have been conducted in the the typical length of sessions was around 10 to 24
studied volcanoes, as summarized in Table 1. The hours. The data were collected with a 30 second
GPS surveys were conducted using dual- data interval, and elevation mask was set at 150
frequency geodetic-type receivers. For all surveys for all stations.

Vd cano GPS Su r ~ y s Vd cano GPS Su Reys

May 1979.`Feb, 200 I.`
Kelud June 2002.` A u~ 2903.`
Nov, 1996.` Feb, 1997, June June 2004.` Sept, 2005
1997., N ~ , 1997.` Us rch 1998.`
Feb, 2001~ June 2002.`
Gunlsur Oct, 1998, April 1999.` Sept, Bmmo
Au8, 2903.` June 2004
1999.` Feb, 2030.` A p ril 2001 .`
Au~ 2032, June 2003 May 1999, Feb, 2001,
Ba~ur June 2032, A~=, 2003,
June 2004
Oct, 19.90.`Iga rch 1999.` lien June 2002, June 2904
Dec, 1999.` June 2031 .`
Papandayan
AuN, 2002, Nov, 2002.` Semeru AugJ~ 2003
June 2903.` A~t, 2005

June 200 I.`Aup~ 2002.` T ang<uban

Gal un~gung Septem be r 2902
June 2903 Perahu

Processing of all GPS surveys data is done using
BERNESE 4.2 scientific software (Beutler et al.,
2001). Processing is done in radial mode from a
certain reference station. The reference station is
assumed to be stable for the deformation study,
and its coordinates are computed in relation to
Indonesian IGS stations in Bakosurtanal,
Cibinong, Bogor. For all computations, the precise
ephemeris is used, and residual tropospheric and
residual ionospheric biases are estimated. All
cycle ambiguities are successfully resolved and
the final position solution is obtained using the
narrow-lane signal [Hofmann-Wellenhof et al.,
1994].
3 Some Obtained Results and
Experiences
The study of volcano deformation using GPS
methods has yielded results and experiences that
have been reported in Abidin et al. (1998a, 1998b,
1998c, 1998d, 2002, 2004, 2005). In the following
pages some aspects that have been learned are
presented and discussed.
3.1 D e s i g n i n g the Volcano Monitoring
Network
Establishment of the GPS network for monitoring
the volcano deformation consists of two main
activities, i.e. choosing the locations for the points
to be monitored, and establishing the monuments
representing those points on the ground. In
principle, the monitoring network should be
designed in such a way so that the network
geometry is good and reliable, the GPS surveys
can be carried out in an efficient and effective
manner, and the deformation signal and its
characteristics can be revealed with high quality
(low uncertainty).
In designing the GPS monitoring network for
volcano deformation monitoring and choosing the
792 H.Z. Abidin H. Andreas M. Gamal M. A. Kusuma M. Hendrasto O. K. Suganda M. A. P u r b a w i n a t a F. K i m a t a . I. Meilano

location of its monitored points, there are several 3.3 Planning and Executing GPS Surveys
factors that should be taken into account, namely: in a Volcano Environment
geological and geophysical structure and
characteristics of the volcano and its surrounding In planning and executing GPS surveys in a
area, history of volcanic activities, GPS-related volcano environment there are several factors that
observing requirements, location of the existing should be taken into account, namely the timing
GPS points in the area, the existing sites of other and length of the GPS campaign, time interval
monitoring techniques being implemented/used between surveys, the length of an observation
(e.g. EDM, levelling, tiltmeter, etc.), site session, the number of teams and their members,
accessibility, site stability, and pillar safety. movement of the observing teams between sites,
communication method among the teams, and the
However, rough topography and dense vegetation
availability of power supply, logistics and
often has hampered the establishment of good
accommodation, local labours, and supporting
quality monitoring networks. In such cases,
tools and equipments (e.g. tents, flashlights,
geometrical optimization can not always be done
sleeping bags, etc.).
and therefore the observation strategy has to be
optimized, and combination with other monitoring In performing a GPS survey in the unfriendly
techniques has to be undertaken. environment of a volcano, the survey should be
preferably done when the weather conditions are
3.2 Monumentation relatively good and the activity of the volcano
After the locations for GPS points have been poses no danger for the survey team. However it
decided then the next activity is to set up the should be noted that the weather in a volcanic area
monuments at those points. Since the volcano is sometimes quite unpredictable. Therefore in
deformation is studied by observing the carrying out the survey in a volcanic area, the
movement of the monuments, the monumentation survey personnel should always be well equipped
has to be carefully established such that the to overcome the worst possible weather conditions.
erected monuments are only sensitive to the In monitoring volcano deformation, the time
deformation signal of the volcano body, and not to interval between two consecutive GPS surveys
localized movements caused by other phenomena. has to be synchronized with the activity level of
In order to fulfill that condition each monument that volcano. Determining the most optimal time
should have a robust construction, placed on a interval between two surveys, however, is not an
stable and safe location, and have a strong and easy task. Besides the fact that the character of a
deep foundation, if possible reaching the bedrock volcano is difficult to precisely predict, the rate of
beneath it. If in the selected location large and volcano deformation is also not always linear. The
deep rooted rock is available at the surface, then results provided by other monitoring techniques,
rather than erecting the monument, the stone e.g. seismic, EDM, levelling, tiltmeter, should
could be drilled and the GPS point established also be taken into account in deciding the optimal
there. time interval between GPS surveys.
In erecting GPS monuments in a volcano For each GPS survey, the campaign length should
environment, the main problem is generally be appropriate for the required accuracy of
related to the transportation of materials such as coordinates, the number of points in the network,
stone, sand, cement and water to the the number of available GPS receivers, the travel
monumentation sites. For relatively difficult sites, times required for team movement between points,
such as on the summit and flank of the volcano, and also the available budget.
monumentation construction would require much
local labours and could be quite time consuming.
For example in the case of the Guntur volcano, 3.4 Some Issues in Data Processing
erecting two monuments, i.e. on the summit and The quality of the coordinates of the monitored
the flank, required about 20 local labourers and points derived by GPS survey, which in turn
one working day. In addition several days are would dictate the achievable quality of the
required for concrete drying and strengthening of deformation information, would strongly depend
the monument. Therefore the monumentation on the data processing technique and strategy
process should be done at least several days being implemented. The higher the quality being
before the first survey is conducted, and, if sought, the more stringent the strategy and
possible, it should not be done in rainy season. technique that should be used.
 Chapter 113 Volcano Deformation Monitoring in indonesia: Status, Limitations and Prospects 793

For data processing of GPS surveys, there are network is relatively small (i.e. a few kms in size),
some issues that are worthwhile elaborating, such or the volcano deformation signal to be detected is
as commercial vs. scientific software, single- vs. of the level of several cm or more.
dual-frequency solutions, static vs. kinematic
solutions, broadcast vs. precise ephemeris
solutions, radial vs. network solutions, the effects 3.5 Single vs. Dual Frequency Solutions
of tropospheric bias, and the effects of multipath. The obtained monitoring results for several
Based on the authors' experiences, it can be volcanoes shows that in general the differences
concluded that for data processing of GPS surveys between single- and dual-frequency solutions for
intended for volcano deformation monitoring, epoch-by-epoch solutions are of the order of a few
which requires a relatively high accuracy, then it cm. However, whenever a new satellite is rising
is advisable to use a scientific software package and its related ambiguity could not be resolved
rather than the commercial software provided by correctly, the differences could go up to 1-2 dm,
GPS instrument manufacturers. Commercial GPS as illustrated by an example shown in Figure 2
software might be used when the monitoring between epochs 300 and 340.
25
E
o 20 - H e i g h t D i f POS-LERENG, S u r v e y - 5
r- 15 - Diffe fences bet~oeen L 1+ L_2 and L 1 l~
O
.,-
4-' _
kin em atic uoith-30 m inutes-i nit-ial ization 0
10 solu~ons of SKIPro o o
"E

0 ,,p.. i --.- --.,,.---,-.T,.. -~----"-'- ,ai,-Ti..,.,. -.,,-

21 ,i.
4-. -5 .4_9 . . . . . . .
r-

c~ -10 G U N T U R VOLCANO .,~

;5
4
- r -15
- I I I I I I I I I I I I ~ I I I I I I I ~ I I ~ I I I I I I I I ~ I I I I
71 $I 91 121 151 181 211 241 271 701 ?71 761 791
N u m b e r of epochs (30 seconds interva0
Fig. 2 Example of the diffeiences beN,een G P S single and dual frequency
kinematic (he ig ht] so lutions.

The authors' experiences suggest that that single- quite significant in the case of GPS monitoring in
frequency GPS data would be more efficient for a volcano area, where it can be expected that the
monitoring the volcano with a deformation signal altitude of stations have relatively large variations
in the range of several cm to several dm with between each other and the meteorological
relatively short baselines. For volcanoes with conditions will be different from station to station,
deformation signals of the order of several mm as depicted in Figure 3. Moreover in the case of an
then dual-frequency data should be used. eruption during the survey, the eruption column
3.6 Effects of Relative Tropospheric Bias will also contribute another tropospheric bias
effect.
The effects of relative tropospheric bias would be

(.; o ~ " ~'.'1 r:11 i. ;~ . . . . .

...... . . . .
"%-.
..
%. - ..
..
| ... - ,

|
,
..
i',i ...
..
| . . .
..
!


i~ _ " ". " G ~ N .i~.~.~.q I"
I .-"
... i1%. .
, ~ ." r~ ~ . ~ . h ~ ~ L . ~ - :i .: "" .: :i "" I
I .1 II .:" .: ".'..."

I~P~ I ~ :J. 2 -.1"1

r~asnt J . _...._~__---~
i.

F~. 3 Effects of Tropospheric Bias in a Volcamc Area.

From the obtained results it can be concluded that the effects of unaccounted for relative tropospheric
794 H.Z. Abidin H. Andreas M. Gamal M. A. Kusuma M. Hendrasto O. K. Suganda M. A. Purbawinata F. Kimata. I. Meilano

delay on the point displacements could reach up to surveys in Guntur volcano, where the height
a few cm. In the case of vertical displacements, variations between stations can be up to about 1500 m.
the effects usually become larger with an increase The GPS data was processed twice using BERNESE
in station altitude, as illustrated by an example 4.0 software; one by applying tropospheric estimation
shown in Figure 4. These results are from GPS and another without applying it.
Sur~ey 2 - Survey 1
30

-~- 25 f GUNTUR VOLCANO .....

..m,,

2t
I,,4
15 ,."",..."' ",,,"~ .""I
_.~,.,:, 10 ..._.,.....i........-................ ,,,~.~

o
--
0
~'------~'-----'~------ "it""
o -5
"3-
"101 I I I I I
Leles Cikatel Pos BLK Dano Leren8 Puncak

Survey 2- Survey I
15

~ 105t___....._m...............
-= . . . . . . ~ ..............
= ..... ---.
!

~ ~ ~ I II
IA
=t5 -5 ",,,,,,
-~ -10 "~
O
=_'-P - 1 5 VC~th t topos phe tic co rre ct b n ",,,,

> -20 - W~tho u t t no pos pl-, e tic co rre ctio n ",

-25 I I I I I
Leles Cikatel Pos BLK Dano Leren8 Pun oak
Fig, 4 The effects of relative tropos~te tic delay
on the point displacements.
These results suggested that for GPS volcano 3.7 Multipath in a Volcanic Environment
deformation monitoring surveys requiring a GPS observations in volcanic environment are
relatively high accuracy, the relative tropospheric also prone to multipath, as illustrated in Figure 5.
delay has to be estimated. The GPS signals can be reflected either by cliffs,
caldera rim, surface of crater lake, volcano flank,
or other reflective objects in the area.
...1
I<.du."l u~,l,:an,:, k . , . ,-,,,

Fig, 5 Mulfipath m a Volcamc Emdrortmertt

The effects of multipath on GPS-derived have not been investigated by the authors. More
displacement vectors are however unknown, and research is required.
 Chapter 113 Volcano Deformation Monitoring in Indonesia: Status, Limitations and Prospects 795

3.8 G P S - d e r i v e d Results Figure 6 shows an example of the horizontal and

In studying the characteristics of volcano vertical displacements of GPS points in Bromo
deformation, there are several important variables volcano, which is derived from two GPS surveys
that can be provided by GPS, namely: horizontal conducted in February 2001 and June 2002. These
and vertical displacements, horizontal distance displacements indicate the inflation of Bromo
changes, temporal height variations and pressure volcano during that observed period.
source characteristic.

F
0
18 mm I PC~ t'
Vertical
Displacements
(in crn)
_C

0
Z

-i000
J, BAT,"J~
,----.,. 111111111
,.,. " ".,,,

~on-~, ', ', B ROr,'lO

.--._-.- ~Smm
-2000 K.URSI
I
H ori zontal di sp I~=ements from GPS survey s,
from Feb. 20 01 to June 20 02 BATOK B ROMO KURS I
-3000 i i i i L i
-3000 -2000 -:L000 0
Ea~cing (rn)
Fig. 6 Displacement vectors from GPS stm,eys (B romo

Horizontal distance changes derived from the it can provide distances between points which do
corresponding GPS coordinates are also the not have intervisibility. It can also cover the
important variables to be examined in the case of relatively longer distances. The examples of the
volcano deformation. In comparison with EDM horizontal distance changes derived from two
measurement, GPS survey is more flexible, since consecutive GPS surveys are shown in Figure 7.

Ho Hzon tal distanc e changes (cm) ~ k POS North

from t1~o GPS survey5 .,.,
(Feb. 20 01 - June 2 002) ,"" ."
_..-" , .1'
- _, |
0---2 .....
~O~.
J
%-, . - | Jj I,'
"" .1~ J JJ "
_ JJJ ~, 2~ ,I

BATOK .-.-"" ~,/ .,~ ....re;

........ .......,,"
- ..... ,;" .... : . . ,
2" '
,
J 9

O" "" ~'BKMG ~--~n~ tom DPN5

.., .,. ,, --..m BRO4 b ~paudayan
J

o__~
L

DPN3 "O.O l,rn

~.~, ".. ,4- ,' llo~auo ,e---,~gj~ PARK - 1.4 lcn
,~',: ~P ,' ~ Q., BI<MG ~ 1.6 Ion
"~." "1~1 ,"
"" ," '" %% lI '~ji "1 f.Zl .~-ive 7 ~ KAtft~ " 2.1 km
Bro mo ""............ "" "~ ~, i
c ra~e r ,~ L C r e t e , / / Horizontal
Distance Changes
KURSI ~J Aug. 2002 to J u n e 2003

Fig.7 GPS-derived horizontal dista~e cha~es (Bromo aM Papar~ya~ volcanoes).

Figure 7 shows the distance changes from Bromo crater in the order of 1 to 2 dm. The area closer to
volcano (left Figure) and Papandayan volcano the crater experienced the largest displacement.
(right Figure). In this case, Bromo represents the The fact that the changes were observed on June
normal active period and for Papandayan the 2003, which is about 6 months after the eruption
observed period contain the eruption events of period, shows the viscoelastic nature of the area
November 2002. The results shown in these around Papandayan crater.
Figure suggest that the 2002 Papandayan eruption If its data processed in kinematic mode, GPS
had introduced the inflation of area around the survey can also reveal the inflation process before
796 H.Z. Abidin H. Andreas M. Gamal M. A. Kusuma M. Hendrasto O. K. Suganda M. A. Purbawinata F. K i m a t a . I. Meilano

the eruption. The following Figure 8 show the suggested that the avai-lability of GPS continuous
temporal height variation of GPS stations prior to moni-toring system can be very useful in
November 2 0 th Papandayan erup-tion which indi- anticipating the coming of large eruption event of
cate the inflation of the stations. The results a volcano.

20
Inflatio m), befo re 20 N w . enm pti om) ?
E 10
O

C
o 0 W --
p p d m P d d p p d
F p d m P
.;-- m d - - P - - P
m

_. __ p m. _. __ .m d -- P m "mm'--'l

"O
-20 K MA S, 18 N or. 2002
07:00-11:00
-30
~5

c
D P N O, 48 N or. 2 0 0 2 ~,
25 16:00 - 2?:-00
Si gll o f illflatio 11~ ~f
15 before 20 N or. eni pt ion ?. ~.-"# ~ , ~
.;-
_ _ n m _ _ _ _ _ _ _ m _ p . - . - - wm "mm m'-
5

-15

Fig.8 Te mlooral height V aria~on of GPS S tabons (2002 Paloandayan

Eruption Period)

3.9 Interpretation of the Results vectors of the points located on the body of
In order to gain a correct picture of volcano volcano and its surrounding area. In this case,
deformation, the interpretation of displacement there are several things that have to be defined,
vectors derived by GPS should be done by namely the model to be used for transforming the
simultaneously considering the geological and displacement vectors into the characteristics of the
geophysical characteristics, and structures of the magma chamber, the parameters of which can
volcano and its surrounding area. In addition, the properly describe that model, and the estimation
data and information provided by other mechanism for computing those parameters.
monitoring techniques, e.g. seismic, EDM, Pressure source modelling of volcano deformation
levelling, tiltmeter, etc., should be taken into actually can be based on several models (Mogi,
account and somehow should be correlated with 1958; Okada, 1985; Trasatti, 2003). It should be
information provided by GPS. noted in this case that the Mogi model is by far the
In this regard there are several issues that are most widely used, and the simplest model to fit
interesting to be elaborated, such as : ground deformations in volcanic areas. The model
assumes that the Earth's crust consists of an
how to derive the physical meaning of
elastic half-space, the source of deformation is
the computed GPS vector displacements?
small and spherical as a point-like-source with
how to determine the characteristics of radial expansion, and it exerts hydrostatic pressure
the magma chamber from the surface vector on the surrounding rocks. Whilst none of those
displacements? assumptions strictly apply, many volcanoes show
how to correlate the GPS-derived deformation patterns close to those predicted for
information with information from other the Mogi theoretical model (McGuire et al., 1995).
monitoring methods? Figure 9 show an example of the pressure location
The other challenge is to determine the magma of Bromo, Guntur and Kelut volcanoes based on
chamber characteristics, i.e. its depth, size, shape, Mogi model, as estimated using GPS-derived
and supply rate, from the ground displacement displacement vectors.
 Chapter 113 Volcano Deformation Monitoring in Indonesia: Status, Limitations and Prospects 797

_,. -- .~... .,.

,..
, .... ..
-. reliable method for studying and monitoring
....-- .... ....
.. -..
volcano deformation. The method is capable of
V OL CAN O " _... ~:" . -" ..

detecting a deformation signal that has a relatively

,,~ .., . ,. . .... ..~ _ . ,.-..
small magnitude, of the order of a few cm, or even
......;. :. . . . :. ;'. --,..,:,,~.~,,
":.'.,,. , " .., ", several mm (although achieving this level of
~ p o s " - " accuracy is not an easy task). In this case the use
B A TC:K ~
".a-
"" ""e' ~'. "" of dual-frequency geodetic-type GPS receivers is

.... .
mandatory, along with good survey planning,
..
.. _ . .
..
K U P, S [ ,- ... careful observation strategy, and stringent data
t '

...... ' - - > ' . i:

processing methodology using scientific GPS data
.~,',:...
.|. -- . ,"
processing software. Considering its relatively
..-
.,,.....
~..
..
high accuracy, all-time weather-independent
.

operational capability, wide spatial coverage, and

Loc orion o[ p r e s s u r e its user friendliness, the use of repeated GPS
source ( e'e p ~ = t surveys for volcano deformation monitoring is
highly recommended.
Besides the technical aspects in using repeated
GPS surveys there are some non-technical issues
which have to also be addressed. Based on the
E 0 authors' experience gained from conducting
v
surveys on some Indonesian volcanoes,
&O -2
C
operational issues such as team movement,
[-
0
-4 availability of sufficient power supply and local
Z
labourers, preparation of logistics and
-6
GUNTUR VOLC4NO I accommodation for survey personnel, and
-4~ Locodon o[ p t e s s m ~ communication mechanisms among survey teams,
sotn,~e ( d e p t h = 5 k ~ are a real challenge. The unfriendly and harsh
-10 i
-14 -1'o ' ' ' k '
environment of a volcano also should be taken
Easting (kin) into consideration when selecting the survey team
members.

PDO~
I
500

KELUT
Although GPS surveys can provide accurate
O-
VOLCAHO ground displacement vectors, in order to gain
/ LAKE better and more detail information on the volcano
g -5m- deformation characteristics, the GPS survey
method should be integrated wherever possible
-1000- with other monitoring techniques such as EDM,
SUHt levelling, tiltmeter measurements and InSAR
-1500-
l ocdt~,n of p~J~,e (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar)
-2000 ,
(Massonnet and Feigl, 1998). By increasing the
3000 3~0 40bo 4 s b o solo 5~0 60oo 6 5 b 0 7000 available data and information, more reliable
Eastin8 (m)

F~.9 OPS-~rived~ssttte solmzelocalionofBromo.Otmturaru:tKelut deformation and pressure source modelling can be

obtained.
n the case of volcanoes studied by the authors, the
deformation modelling is still on-going. At the
present time the intention is to derive the magma References
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Setyadji, R. Sukhyar, J. Kahar, T. Ta-naka, C. Rizos
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Tanaka (1998d). Some aspects of volcano deformation
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