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Complete report of Animal Structure practicum with title Muscle Tissue that arranged by:
Name : Andi Nurhidayah
ID : 1114040171
Class : ICP of Biology A
Group : III (three)
After checked by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, so this report was accepted.
Makassar, May 1th 2012
Asistant Coordinator, Assistant,

Muh. Rizaldy Trias Jaya Putra Nur Afni Suraya B.

ID. 081404024 ID. 081404024
A. Preview of Literatur
Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse") is a contractile tissue of
animals and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. Muscle cells contain
contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. They are classified
as skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscles. Their function is to produce force and cause motion.
Muscles can cause either locomotion of the organism itself or movement of internal organs.
Cardiac and smooth muscle contractionoccurs without conscious thought and is necessary for
survival. Examples are the contraction of the heart and peristalsis which pushes food through
the digestive system. Voluntary contraction of the skeletal muscles is used to move the body and
can be finely controlled. Examples are movements of the eye, or gross movements like
the quadriceps muscle of the thigh. There are two broad types of voluntary muscle fibers: slow
twitch and fast twitch. Slow twitch fibers contract for long periods of time but with little force
while fast twitch fibers contract quickly and powerfully but fatigue very rapidly. Muscles are
predominantly powered by the oxidation of fats and carbohydrates, but anaerobic chemical
reactions are also used, particularly by fast twitch fibers (Anonym a, 2012).
The primary functions of the muscular system are: movement, posture or muscle, tone
heat production. For any of these muscles to produce movement in any part of the body it must be
able to exert a force upon a movable object. Muscles must be attached to bones for leverage in
order to have something to pull against. Muscles are attached to the bones by nonelastic cords
called tendons. Bones are connected by joints. So when the skeletal muscles contracts the bone to
which it is attached will move. Muscles are attached at both ends to bones, cartilage, ligaments,
tendons, skin and sometimes to each other. Muscles move bones by pulling on them. As a rule only
the insertion bone moves. The origin bone stays put, holding firm while the insertion bone moves
toward it ( Aninym b, 2012).
Your bone cannot move without muscle. This is because muscles are able to do
contraction and relaxation. Based on that, muscle is also called active movement organ. As the
active movement organ, muscle has contractibility, extensibility, and elasticity ability.
Contractibility is an ability to shorten from its original size. Extensibility is an ability to lengthen
from its original size. Elasticity is an ability to return to its original size (relaxation). In doing its
activity, muscle are supported by three kinds of protein that is, myogen, myosin, and actin.
Myogen is a soluble protein, while actin and myosin are insoluble protein. The mixture of actin
and myosin will form actomyosin, the main protein in muscles. In this muscle, there is chemical
compound protein, which is very sensitive called acetylcholine. If the muscle is stimulated,
acetylcholine will decompose and will form myogen. Myogen formation will stimulate actomyosin
affected by myogen, muscle will contraction. The muscle contraction will move the bone where
the muscles adhere (Riandari, 2009: 131-133).
The mechanism of muscle contraction is begun with the choline formation into
acetiylcholine that happens in the muscles. The process will be followed by the unification of
calcium ions, troponin, and tropomyosin. This unification will stimulate the unification of myosin
and actin becomes actomyosin. Actomyosin formation couses the muscle cell contraction. In the
plasma cell, calcium ions will separate from troponin until actin and myosin also separated
(Jensen, 1979: 263).
B. Purpose
This experiment has purpose to observe the histology structure of muscle tissue.
C. Work Procedure
1. Prepared the microscope according the way to use it.
2. Took the durable preparate various kinds of muscle tissue.
3. Observed the preparation accurately.
4. Drew the preparation in the paper.
5. Compared your observation result with that picture.
D. Result of Experiment
The Comparison Picture Picture Notes
1. Nonstreated Muscle Magnification:10x10 1. Nucleus
2. Sarcolemma
3. Endomysium
4. myofibrils

2. Cardiac Muscle Magnification:10x40 1. Nucleus

2. Cross striations
3. Myofibril

3. Striated Tiased Muscle Magnification:10x40 1. Nucleus

2. A band
3. Endomysium
4. I band
5. H zone
E. Discussion
1. Nonstreated Muscle
In this experiment, nonstreated muscel or smooth muscle we was saw that smooth muscle
have fusiformed characteristic, with one nucleus in its center, do not stick in bones, and have
slower activity. Smooth muscle is not striated. Smooth muscle fibers are small and tapered -
with the ends reducing in size, in contrast to the cylindrical shape of skeletal muscle. Each
smooth muscle fiber has a single centrally located nucleus.
The slide shown on the left is a section of the small intestine showing smooth muscle in
the lower right and dense irregular connective tissue in the upper left. Note how the smooth
muscle forms neat, parallel lines, while the dense irregular connective tissue is more wavy and
less organized. The slide on the right is a close up the smooth muscle seen on the left. Smooth
muscle features long, narrow "spindle" shaped cells with a single central, somewhat elongated,
nucleus. These cells are arranged parallel to one another in situ and do not show any striations
microscopically. This type of muscle is called "involuntary" because it acts to contract and relax
without conscious thought. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of the digestive tract, uterus,
bladder, blood vessels and other internal organs.
2. Cardiac Muscle
In this experiment, the cardiac muscle look like skeletal muscles, but the nucleus i on the
middle. Besides, the difference between skeletal muscles is cardiac muscles have an
anastomosis. The anastomosis is a unified (bridge) of some long muscle branches. Cardiac
muscle fibers are striated, branched (sometimes described as Y-shaped), and have a single
central nucleus. These fibers are attached at their ends to adjoining fibers by thick plasma
membranes called intercalated discs.
Cardiac muscle differ from striated muscle in the following aspects: they are shorter,
the striations are not so obvious, the sarcolemma is thinner and not clearly discernible, there
is only one nucleus present in the centre of each cardiac fibre and adjacent fibres branch but are
linked to each other by so-called muscle bridges. The spaces between different fibres are filled
with areolar connective tissue which contains blood capillaries to supply the tissue with the
oxygen and nutrients.
3. Striated Tiased Muscle
This muscle is called skeletal muscle because they adhere on skeleton and have the
function to move the skeleton. From the observation, we saw that this muscle has long shape
with the nucleus is on side. The skeletal muscle is also called striated muscle because if it was
seen by microscope the structure looks like bright cross lines with dark spaces.
Skeletal muscle is the most abundant tissue in the vertebrate body. These muscles are
attached to and bring about the movement of the various bones of the skeleton, hence the
name skeletal muscles. The whole muscle, such as the biceps, is enclosed in a sheath of
connective tissue, the epimysium. This sheath folds inwards into the substance of the muscle to
surround a large number of smaller bundles, the fasciculi. These fasciculi consist of still smaller
bundles of elongated, cylindrical muscle cells, the fibres. The nuclei are oval in shaped and are
found at the periphery of the cell, just beneath the thin, elastic membrane (sarcolemma).
 The sarcoplasm also has many alternating light and dark bands, giving the fibre astriped or
striated appearance (hence the name striated muscle). With the aid of an electron microscope it
can be seen that each muscle fibre is made up of many smaller units, the myofibrils. Each
myofibril consists of small protein filaments, known as actin and myosin filaments. The myosin
filaments are slightly thicker and make up the dark band (or A-band). The actin filaments make
up the light bands (I-bands) which are situated on either side of the dark band. The actin
filaments are attached to the Z-line. This arrangement of actin and myosin filaments is known
as a sacromere.
F. Conclution
According to the experiment had done, we can conclude that the muscle tissue there are
three kinds of it. There are skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle. Structure of
skeletal muscle are that muscle has long shape with the nucleus is on side. The skeletal muscle is
also called striated muscle because if it was seen by microscope the structure looks like bright
cross lines with dark spaces. Then, characteristic of smooth muscle have fusiformed characteristic,
with one nucleus in its center, do not stick in bones, and have slower activity. Smooth muscle
is not striated. And then cardiac muscles structure is look like skeletal muscles, but the nucleus i
on the middle. Besides, the difference between skeletal muscles is cardiac muscles have an
anastomosis.
G. Sugestion
1. For the apprentice should be carefull to do this observation, especially when used microscope.
We have to carefully cause this microscope is very easy to broken.
2. For assistant to please watch out and contiguous, so the result of observation can be good and
process of observation can be fast.
Bibliography
Anonym . 2012. Muscle Tissue. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle. Accessed at April 29th 2012.
a

Anonymb. 2012. Muscle Tissue. http://biologijakophutapea.blogspot.com/. Accessed at April 29th 2012.

Jensen, William A. 1979. Biology. California: A Division of Wadsworth, Inc.
Riandari, Henny. 2009. Biology 2. Jakarta: PT Tiga Serangkai Pustaka Mandiri.