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C HA R A C TER C S O F A G O O D FU E L
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(8 ) E a s y to tr a n s p o r t Fu lm tbe _ to h a n e d
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tranat a lo w co s t s o lic l n n d liq tic l
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tr a n s p o r ta tio n o fgase o u s fL e ls
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D A N D G A S E O U S FU E LS
(A ) S o lid Fu e ls A dv a n ta ge s : (1 ) T h e y y to tr a n s p o r t (2 ) T h e y a r e
a re e a s co n v e n ie n t t() s to r e ,
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d e y 7o s s e ss tto d e a te ig n tiu t iTllTe r n ttr s
n n y
D is a dv a n ta ge s a s h c o n te n t is
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c o m b u s tio n In o th e r h
w o rd s, t e r i t e r n ta i
e ic e n c y is o u (3 ) T h e y b u r n w ith c lin k e r fo r m a tio n (4 ) T h e y
b u s tio tio n s c a n n o t b e c o n tr o lle d e a s ily (5 ) T h e ir c o s t o f h a n d lin g is /ig : (6 ) T h e ir c a lo r ific v a lu e
c o m n o pe ra
is o z t) T a s c o m p a re d to th a t a f liq u id fu e ls (7 ) T h e y re q u ir e la r g e ex cess o a ir lo r co m p
e te co m b u s tio n (8 ) T h e y
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5 T h e y c a n b e s to r e d
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tn )// tt b y
h fla m e p r o d u c e d b y b u n in g liq u id fu e ls c a n e a s ily b e c o ll
in c le fin ite ly w ith o u t a n y lo s s (6 ) T e il
m a n c a ll e a s y
e d b y p ip e s a n e l o n e
,
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s u p p ly (7 ) L iq u id fu e ls a r e g e n e r a lly h a n d L
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f f a c e s s im u lta n e o u s y ( )
l 8 T h e y a r e c te a n in ls e a n d e c o n o m ic in a
r e g u la te a la r g e n u m b e r o u r n
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t d t r e a te r c le a n lin e s s (1 o ) T h e y r e q u ir e le s s e x c e s s o f n
o f h e a t to c h im n e y s u e w o to u e o g ,
d te a r o f w a te b a r s
c e s p a c e fo r c o m b u s tio n ( 1 2 ) T h e r e is lo w e a r a n
c o m b t s tio n (1 1 ) T h e y r e q u i r e le s s m a
c ls
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13) T h e y c a n b e u s e d a s n te r rTn ! c o 17 b
l ik s o lid fu e ls (
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T h i e ba d o d o t r (5 ) F o r e ffic ie n t b u r n in f
\ h ig h ly in fla n n Lm n
b lc n n d v o la tile q ul i id fu e l (4 ) e y g v g o liq u id
ke )a n d a r e a s h le s s , s o th e is la b o in te d in ash h a n d lin g e tc (7 ) T h e y a re
m iM a tt ry s to t
a (o r sm o re n o u r v o ,
b du c e d by u s in g e v e n th e /To o r es t
c lea n in u se (8 ) T h e y q u ir e a n y s p e c ia l b u r n e r s (9 ) T h e y c a n e p r o
do ilo t r e
1 1 T h e y b u r n in s lig h t
q u a n tity o f c o a l E tc (1 0 ) T h e y b u r n w ith o u t h e a t lo s s d u e to c o n v e c tio n c u r r e n s ( )
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C o n s tr u c p le s k e tc h o f b o m b c a lo r im e te r is s h o w n in F ig 1 l t c o n s is ts o f a s tr o n g
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F U E LS A N D C O M B U S T
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th t t
t c tn n\e s T h e b n m l) lid i ti h l
s g t y s c r e w e d a n e l b m b fille d w ith o x
b u m i) is th e n lo w e r e c l in t y g e n tn 2 5 il tm o s p h e r ic r e s
o c t \p p e r c a
o r im e te r c o n tn in in a kn o w n m ass o f
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i
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e n c o n n e c te d to
n p le te d T h e s a m
C ( v r lt b a tte r n n d c if c u it
p e b u r n s a n d h e a t is lib e r a te d U n ifn n n s tir r in o f w a te r is o y
te m p e r n tu r e a tta in e d is g c n tin t e c l a n d th e m a x i
re c o rd e d m u m
C a lc u la tio n Let x - m a ss in g f fu l s a m p le ta k e n in c r u c ib le
o e
W
c i\ lo r im
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o w a r e te r t2 - fin a I te m p e r a tu re o f w le in lo r m
a r c a e te r L - h ig h e
c a o r ific v a lu e in fu e l in ca l/ g
H lib e r a te d b y b u r n in o f fu e l
ea t L
g = x
a n d he a t a b so r b e d b y w a te r a n d a
p p a r a tu s e tc ,
-
(W + u ) (t
2 tl )
B u th e a t lib e r a te d b y th e fu l- H t a b s o rb
e e a e d by te r , a
w a
p p a r a tu s ,
e tc
x L =
tw + t u ) (l t)
2
o r
N o te T he rm tr r t u iu a l t o f tle c a /o r in
e te l is d e te r m in d b y b u r n in g a fu e l o f k n o zu c n o r ,c u rrlu e a n d u s in
th e a b o v
e
g
e e q u a tio n Th e fu e ls u se d fo r th is b e rrz o ic n c itl (H C V = 6 , 3 2 5 k c a l/ k ) a n d
p u rp o se a re
g //it/t/u re (H C V
i
- 9 , 6 k c a l/ k g )
If H =
pe rc e n ta g e o f h y d r o g e n in fu e l, th e n
9H
g M fH 0 fr o 1 g f fu l= 0 09 H g
m a ss o m o
-
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ll
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o c n e r a t in gta Th e y a r e v e r y e ffe c t iv e in
ra t in g ) R e s p o n s e t o t h e a d d itio n o f r a is in g o c ta n e r a tin g o f lo w
T E L is p o o r d u e t o t h e , q u a lity g a s o lin e T h e y h e p
p r e s e n c e o f s u lp h lr c o n in c o ld s ta r tin a d u e to h ig h
p tm d s v o la t ility
S ta b ility G oo d sbility s n ,
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28 N A T U R A L G A S
N in lg a s (g e n e ra ith p e tr o le u m d e p o s it s ) h o b ta in e d ir o n t Tu e lls d tg in tile
ly a s s o c ia te d w
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o i b e a r in g r e g io ? s W
b u te n e a n d b u t a n e w h ic h a r e u s e a s L P G O n th e
d
w e t g a s is tr e a t e
d to r e m o v e p r o p a n e , p r o p e n e ,
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tio n a b le i?g r e d im ts s u c h a s w a e r
t
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c HE
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p h e r ic p r e s s u re C N G is b e in o f rla t
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p l a tiv e l!' h ig h e r th a n U a t o f e LT in e d e s i n e d to u s e e t o l/ d ie l I
as a fu e l
g g p r se n D e lh i it i
s , m an d a tq
W h y is C N G
p r e fe r r e d o v e r L P G ? (i) C N G is a rm c h s tle r fLi e l s in c e it i n ite
g & a a hi
tc n p c r a tu r e th a n
g a s o lin e a n d d ie s e l (ii) T h e c o n v e r s io n o f g a s o lin e o p e r a te d a u to g ,
m o b ile s
C N G o p e r a te d v e h ic le is v e r
y a s y (iii) T h e o p e r a tin g c o s t o f C N G fu e l is m u c h lo w e r c o
m pa
to g a s o lin e o e r a tio n
p (izJ) C o m b u s tio n o f C N G le a d s to le s s e r C O e m is s io 1 s th a n g a s o lin e
m ix e s b e tte r w ith a ir th a i\ li u id f
(u )C N
q u e ls (o i) E L is s io n fr o m C N G o p e r a te d v e h ic le c o n ta in
m r e g L tla te d
p o llu ta n ts (e g s Jn o k e 5 0 2 5 0 3 C 6 H 6 H C H O ), , / , /
29 C O A L G A S
C o a l ga is
b ta i e t o n e n c o a l is c a r b o n iz e d o T h e a te d in t th e a b s e n c e o a iy
s o , f (t a b o tit 3 00 c
e itn r c o k e o u e s o r
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g n s rttT k in g r e to r ts C o a l is fe d in c lo s e d s ilic a r e to r ts w h ic h , a re th e n h e a te d
L t 1 , 3 0 0 C (b y b u r n in g p r o d u c e r
g a s a n d a ir m ix tu r e )
1 , 3 0 0 C
C O A L > C O K E + C O A L G A S
(h d e a b se n ce (R e s id u e in
o f a ir ) r e to r t )
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m u c h o f th e ta r is th e n
d b y c o o lin g th e g a s in
re m o v e a h u g e w a te r c o o le d h e a t e x c h a n g e r c a .
c o r td c s r A n y r e m a h - in g ta r a n d a m m o n ia , p r e s e n t in th e g a s , a r e re m o v e d b y s c r u b b in g \
w a te r in a s c r u b be r T h e c o o le d g a s is th e n s c r u b b e d w ith c r e o s o te o il ,
w h ic h D is s o lv e s b e n
n a p h th a le L e ,
e tc T h e g a s is th e n fr e e d fr o m h y d r o g e n s u lp h id e b y p a s s in g it o v e r n zo is tje r r zc o x
c o n ta in e d in a p Ll lq ic r A n y h y d r o g e n s u lp h id e g a s if p r e s e n t is r O V e d h e r e (s e e F ig 1 5 )
, ,
2 F e (O H )3 (s ) + 3 H 2 S \ F e S (s ) + 6 H 2 0 ( )
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F ig 15 M a n u fa c tu r e o fco a lg a s
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U E L S A N D C O M B U S T IO N 87
2 F e zs 3 (s ) + 0 2 (g ) 2 F e 20 3 (S ) + 6 H 2 S (S )
th e p u r ifie d co a l g a s is fin a lly s to r e d o z)e r t u a te r in g a s h o ld e r s
C o a t g a s i a c o lo
r le s s ga s h a v in g a c la r a c te r is tic o d o u r It is lighter th a n a ir a n d b u m s w ith
Bo L G A S
o
O il g a s is o b ta in e d b y c r a c kin g o Fk e r o s e ?e o it T H la n t u s e d c o n s is ts o f a s tr o n g c a s t ir o n r e to r t,
p
e n c lo s e d in a c o a lr e d Tu r n a c e A b o n n e t is fitte d a t th e m o u th o f r e to r th r o u g h a m o lte n le a d s e a
T h e o th e r e n d o f th e b o n n e t is c o n n e c te d to a h y d r a u lic m a it th r o u g h a w a te r s e a l A p ip e fr o m th e ,
C ra c k in g
C 12
H 26
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,
ta n k c o n t a in in g w a te r ) H e r e t a r g e ts c o n d e n s e d T h e n a t th e te s tin g c a p , th e p r o p e r c r a c k in g o f th e
o il is e s tim a te d fr o m th e c o lo u r o f th e g a s p r o d u c e d A g o o d o il g a s s h o u ld h a v e a g o ld m c o lo u r
d i h
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re qu re d l
co o u r c an b e o b t i
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t
s o ye d o t g T u a te r in g a s h o ld e r s (s e e F ig 1 6 ) T h e y ie ld o f g a s is a b o u t 4 0 t o 5 0 %
F ig 1 6 L a b o ra to r y p r e p a ra tio n
o f o ig a s
F u rn a c e H y d ra u lic
m a in
The f il g a s is C H 2 5 30 % H 50 55% C O 1 0 12 %
a v e ra ge c o m p o s itio n o o 4
-
2
- =
C0 = 3 Its c a lo r ific v a lu e is bo t 4 , 5 0 0 5 , 4 0 0 k c a l/
3
It is d a b to ry
2 a u n u se a s o ra ga s
31 PR O D U C ER G A S
Pro du cer ga s is essm tia lly a m ix tu r e o f c o m b 1s tib e ga s es ,
ca rbo n d }ty d r o g m
m on ox id e an ,
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a rg e p e r c en t o f n o t c o m b u s tib le g a s e s , N z C O z I
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U Jith a little (a b o u f c o a l) o e r a in ta in e d a t a b o u t 1 , 1 0 0 C in
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ti p t e in
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c a rb o n bu rn s a n d fofm C O an d C0 2 The perature o f th is z o n e is abo u t 1 , 10 0 C
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bo
p p lie c th e te m p e y a tu r e o f the p r o d u c e r fu r th e r r is e s a n d th is m a y W
a u t L ,0 0 C f n o s te a y ris s u
,
{ls / m t d r (' r tT c to r
f y tiin g T o a v o id th e s e tr o u b le s a n d to p r o d u c e r ic h e r g a b i a ittle s te a i a d
w ith a ir is ts e d In a c tu a l r a ti k so
p c c e a b a la n c e b e tw e e n th e a ir a n d s te a m s u p p
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m a in ta in
p r o p e r te m p e r a tu r e o f a b o u t 1 , 0 0 0 C
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z o n e
d by (4 o o 8 o o c ) th e d o w
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g = g a s e s , s in c e a s th e g a s e s g iv e th e ir s e n s ib le h e a t to th e c o a l T h e h e a t iv e n b y g
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a n e l h e a t r a d ia te d f
fo m th e r e d u c t io n z o n e h e l s to d is til th f l th
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F U E LS A N D C O M B U S T IO N
89
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p c le a n d e a s ily
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p r e p a r a b le g a s a n d is u s e d (i) fo r /e tti
u rn a c e s (in s te e l an d g la s s m u u fa c tu r e i m u ffle fu r n a c e s r e t g o p e n h e a r th
l
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a llt 1\ v in g y g e n g a s (a n d n o t a ir ) a n d s u e r h t d
o x
p ea e s te a m a t a b o u t 3 0 a tm
l
c o a t ) r p e a t o 1 lig n ite A s th p r e s s u r e to p a s s th r o u g h a b e d o f c o k e o f
e c o k e fa lls to th b
e o tto m , th e u i i s h e a t it u
c o n s is tin g m o s tl p r s n g g a s e
p to a b o u t 1 , o 0 o c A m ix tu r e
y o f c o (g ) a n d H ) is in itia ll d
2 y p r o u c e d u n d e r h ig h
C 0 2 a n d H 2 r e a c t to p r e s s u r e c o n d itio n s , s o m e o f th e c o ,
y ie ld C H 4 (S ) T h u s
CO (g ) + 3 H 2 (g ) CH 4 (g ) + H 2 0 (g )
C0 \ + 4 H ) CH
2 2 4 (g ) + 2 H 2 0f)
T h e ga s co n ta in s v er little N
y 2 (R ) a n d c o n s is ts m a in ly o fC O ( ) H 2 (g ) a n d C H 4 (R ) b e s id e s so m e C 0 2 (g ) T h is
p u r ific a tio
, ,
ga s o n n has a c a lo r ific v a lu e o f a b o u t 4 o 5 o kc a lln s in th e g a s is
th r o
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gh
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32 W A TER G A S (O R B LU E G A S )
W a t e r g a s is
y a n ix tu r e o f c o n t b t ts t ib
t
e s se ia e g a s e s C O a t td H
Uitlt a lit t le n o n c o m b u s , ,
tib le g a s e s C O z a ? N t i s 1 a
b y p a s s ht g a t e r n a tiu e itte a ir th y o u g l a b e d o f y e d }to t
e
y s ie a n a n
2,
c o a l o r c o k e M a in ta in e (t a b o u t 9 0 0 to 1 0 0 0 c in a r e a c t o r w h i h
c c o n ss ts o f a s te e l v e s s e a b o u t 3
, , ,
m w id e a n d 4 m h ig h It is h n e d in s id e w ith r e fm c to r b r ic k s It h
y a s a c u p a n d c o n e je e d e r a t th e to
p
a n d a n o p e i? t n e a r th e t o f h i f
g p o r t e e x s t o w a t e r g a s A t th e b a s e it is
p r o v id e d w ith i l t f
n e p p
e s o r ,
p a s s in g a ir a n d s te a m M o r e o v e r a t th e b o tto m it is p r o v id e d w ith a n a r r a n e m e n t fo r ta k in
,
g ,
g ou t
a s fo r m e d (s e e F i 1 8 )
g
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f c a /k g c a lc u la te th e
p e r c e n ta g e o f h y d r o g e n a n d ,
S o lu tio n H C V (* c v + 0 0 9 H 5 8 7 ) k c a l/ k g
-
(8 4 9 0 5 + 0 0 9 H 5 8 7 ) k c a l/ k g
-
,
-
(8 4 9 0 5
,
+ 5 2 8 H ) k c a l/ k g (i)
-
[7 ,
272 + 345 H 12 9 4 + 1 1 2 ] k c a l/ k g
-
[1 754 8 + 34 5 H ] k c a l/ k g (it)
Fro m (i) a n d (ii) ,
w e ge t
7 754 8
,
+ 3 45 H = 8 ,4 9 0 5 + 52 8 H
52 8 4 5 7 5 ) k c a l/ k g [F r o m (i) a d (ii)]
H C V = (8 4 9 0 5
,
+
- (8 4 9 0 5 2 4 1 3 )k c a v k g - 8 ,7 3 1 8 k c a
+
/kg
crea sed t
,
l b u r n t in bo m b c a lo r im e te r , in e
lh e c o n ta in in g 8 0 % c a r b o n t u le n
a
Ex a m p le 3 0 7 2 gra n t o fa ,
in k /k g (M an g a lo re A u g 97)
50 gra m s c a lc ttla Ee th e H C V o tte lte t G i e y o u r a n s tl)e r
,
150 g , tl 2 7 3 C t2 - 2 9 1 C
S o lu tio n H e re x - 0 T2 g, W = 250 g , zu -
- ,
(W + z u ) (t2 ll )
H V o f f u (L ) =
n b
x
( + 1 0 J< (2 9 :1 2 k c a l/ k g - 1 ,0 U U X 4 k / g - 4,2 C E n J
i 6
t r e o f3 5 o o g
e r a t u a te r in c r a s e d
bo m b c a o r im e te r th e te m p
s o lia [ te l in
,
0nburning83gofa a
d 5 8 7 0 IM /g r e s p e c tiu e
,
E p e 4
x a m
te a n t a r e 3 8 5 0 g a n
y
a n d la te n t h e ft o fs
t
r o ll 2 6 5 c
to 2 9 2 c w ctte r e q \u a le n i t o f c a \q in e te r N v 97 (K e r a la ,
o )
f c a lo r im e te r (u )
fw te r (w ) 3 5 o o g = w aq u iv a le n t o
te r e
t o
( ) o 8 g
a
H e r e w t f ue
w h e a t o f s t ea
,
m
s H) = 0 . t}, l at n e
o u t io n
x =
t
h '" e^ (
3 85 g
( t2- ) = 79. C -
(
6. q ) = . o p
c 2
C
e rc n
e tg e o f
d
= 5 87 ca l2 ' g
Scanned by CamScanner
10 0
E N Q IN E E R IN Q
CHCM
T N
G r o s s a lo r ific (W + TU ) (l ll )
v a lu e .
2
.
13 5 0 0 + 3\ 2 ,7
S P e c ific tre a t o T u a te r
f . 187 k k
8
\ .
C
\
R is e in te tp e r n tn re = 5 2 C
S o lu t io H
(V T M a rc h
n e a t lib e ra te d b y b u in g 0 6
,
rn
g co n l
3 3 kg 4 18 7 kj k 1 '
g
.
C x 6 52 0
C = 6 0 0 6 kJ
C a lo r ic v a lu e o f co a l . 6 0 0 6 k J/ 0 6
g - 10 0 1 k J g
Ex am
lie n
r tlw a bo e c o 17 l w a s te s te d in b o m b c n lo r im e r
i) W t o f coa l bu m i
- (} 9 2 S
ii) W t o f i u n te r ta k e n
iii) W a te r e q u iu a le n E o f b o m b an d c n lo r im e te r / 2 ()0
/
! (iu ) R is e in te n p e r a tr tr e / 420
U ) F u se u ir e c o n e c tio n l() un ca
V F C W u r L c n u rl = 5@ @ Ca
C n ic ttla te g r o s s (t n d n e t c a lo r i ic u a h ie o f ft ie l g th e te a t o fc o
\t td c
co a ,
n s s m {l te s n tio 1 o fs Fe a n t a s 5 80 ca lg
(U P T , M a y 04 Bo m ba y, N o v 951
S o lu t io n W t o c o a l s a m p le (x ) 0 9 2 g = w t o f w a te (W ) = 5 5 0 g ; w a te l' " q Liv a le n t o f c a l)r im e te r
(u ) = 2 200 g
,
te m p e ra tu r e r is e (t2 t1 ) 2 4 2 C = ac id c o r re c tio n - 5 0 0 c a l fu s e w ir e c o H e c tio n 10 0 ca l
la te n t h e a t o f s te a m - 580 ca l/ g p e r c e n ta ge o f H 6%
(W + u ) (t2 tl ) [A c id + fu s e c o rre c tio n s ]
GC V =
(5 5 0 + 2 2 00 ) 2 42
, 60 + 10 cal
7,1 6 8 5 l/ g
- Ca
0 92 g
N C V -
[G C V 0 09 H L a te n t h e a t o f s te a m ] (7 = 16 8 5 0 09 6 580 )c a l/ g - 6, 85 5 3 ca l/ g
,
W t o f s t e a n c o n d e n s e d 0 0 2 5 kg
-
th e i ig le r a n d
3
t S T p T a k e th e e a t lib e r a te d in d e n s in g w a te r a
C c
q !
t cte ouer c a lo r ip c u a lu e p e r m a co n
a n d co q lig t t e c o n d e n s a te a s 5 8 o k c a lM (p T , D e c 9 9 , D e c
1,
3
. 1u tio n H e r V = 0 1 m W = 25 kg T - 2 0 C T2 - 3 3 C n - 0 02 5 k g
W (T T 1) 2 5 6 13 2 0 ) 3
. 3,
y kc a
/m
a n d LC V = H C V (m / 1/ ) 5 8 0
a s
- 3 ,2 5 0 k ca l/ m [(0 0 2 5 k g / 0 II m ) 5 8 q k c a l/ k g )]
s 3 3
= 3 , 2 5 0 k c a l/ m 1 4 5 k c a l/ m . 3 ,1 0 5 kcvm
Scanned by CamScanner
10 1
Bx nm p le 8 0 5 R u le
n a r e o n w # a u t
In a
r
bo m b c a o r lm e lw fo r th
tlr r t d , tlr l d tl tu u l
m y ie 7 he
'
tueilo fp r e c lp lla te
E x a m p le 9 1 0 8 o fn p lc o
oa n fc o a l w
.
a $ u e d o r n f ltr o g e n e tlm a tio n by K je
M a h t m e th o d T h e e u o
u e d a m m o n ia
o lle c te cirt 2 5 n
l N 1 0 8 u lp lt
ir lc a c itl To n e itlr a
iz e e x c e s s ttc id , 15 n tL o f 1 N so c u m
o
i h d id
y r o x e i a s r e q u ir e
un i
t tl e
pei c e n in g e f tltr o g e n
in th e M o e n g a m
o
pr e o / c o a l (B o m b a y M
,
a y 9 )
S o lu tio n 1 5 m L o f 0 1 N N a O ll s o l ti
u o n - 15 m o f 0 1 N H 50
2 4
: V o l N f I l2 S 0 4 u s e d to n e u tr a liz e th e a m m o i
n a e v o lv e d
= m L o 0 I m o tU J N e 10 m o f 0 1 N
lity 1 4 V o t o
10 0 1 1 4 fH 2S 0 4 u s e d N o rm
Pe rc e n ta g e N - 1 4% -
f
o c o a l s a m p le ta k e n 1 0 W t
E x a m p le 1 0 A s a n tp le o fc o a l w a e a ta ly s e d a s fo llo w s : E x a c tly 2 5 0 0 g w a s w e ih e d i to a s ilic a c r u c ible A fte r
n R o r o n e r n t 1 1 0 C , th e r e s id u e w e g h e d 2 4 1 5 g T h e e y u c ib ie n e x t w a s c o u e r e d w i h a e n te lid a n d s tr o n g ly
lo \
o r c
tia c o n s ta n t w e ig h t w a s o a in e d T h e la s t
b r e s id te w a s fo tn d to to e ig
t t 0 24 5 8 C a lc tla te th e \ r c e n ta g e
,
rin
'
Is ( tire a b o D e ana ly s is (G G S IP , D e c 2 K )
S o lu t io n
fm is tu in l e a m p le 2 500 2 4 15 = 0 0 85 g
M a ss o o re co a -
M a ss o f a sh
P e rc e n t o fm o is tt u .e
0 24 5 ( 10 0 . 9 8 0 %
=
Pe ce n t o f a sh 2 50 0
0 51 3 2 %
(3 4 0 + 3 5 4 8 9 8 )
=
100
p e r c e n t o f fix e d c a r b o n
-
r bo n
th e c o m b u s tio n o f 3 k g o Fc a
i i h t d u o ttm e o fa ir r e q zti e d jo r
y 97)
l a t
IP D e c 0 3 B o m b a y , M
E x a m p le 1 1 C a lc u a te t t e u e g a
(U p T D e c 0 3 G G S ,
,
3 kg C
f r c o m b u s tio n o f
S o lu tio n W t q u ir e d o
o f a ir re
10 0 / 2 3 )
W t o f C (3 2 / 1 2 ) (
o r 3 4 ,7 8 3 g )
=
1 0 0 / 2 3 )= 3 4 7 8 3 g (
k
= 3 k g (3 2 / 1 2 ) (
tio n o f 3 k g
c
m b u s ti
Vv o o f a ir r e q u ir e d fo r c o (m o 1/ m o l w t ) 3
4
2 x 10 L o r 26 92 m
l) (m o l/ 2 8 9 4 g ) = 2 6 9
3 4 ,7 8 3 g (2 2 4 L / m o
=
3 ,00 0 g m o
( /1 2 g ) = 2 5 0 m o 1
3 kg fC = 3 ,0 0 0 g -
A lte tiv th o d o
(S )
rn a e m e C0 2
C ($ ) + 0 2 (S )
1 n o l 1 m o (= 2 2 4 L )
(1 0 0 / 2 1 ) O f a
ir
f0 22 4 L
22 4 L
-
o 2
1 m o lo f C re qu ir e s =
250 f a ir
(1 0 0 / 2 1 )
0
ir e s 22 4 L
lo fC
-
2 50 m o re qu 3
f a ir
10
4
L o r 26 7 m o
= 2 67
Scanned by CamScanner
10 2
EN G
N EER
NG C H EM I
$ TN
Ex a m p le 1 2 A g n s ls tl i
t n n in te r m l c o b rs
io te n
n
in e ln cl tl e jo lo tu in g o s itimm
c o n by u o lu n i e .
S lu tio 3 (R G T Ju n
o n 1 m o f th e g a s co n ta in s H 0 45 3 3 g 04 ,
2 - m C H 4
- 0 36 m C O 0 15 3
.
m N 2 - 0 04 m
3
C o t? t b s ti o n re a c t io n V lu fO 3
z r eqd
o m e o
(m )
14 2 0 5 0
2 H 0
+
2 0 45 0 5 = 0 22 5
C tl 4 + 2 0 C 0 2 H 20
2 2 + 0 36 2 . 0 720
CO + 0 5 0 2 C 0 0 15
2 0 5 = 0 075
T o ta l - 1 0 2 0
V n l o F n i r e q u ir e d e r m
f th e g a s 1 020
3
p o - m x (1 0 0 / 2 1 ) = 4 8 57 m
Ex p le C n lc t in te th e
am 13 n ta s s o f (rir n e eded Jb r co m p le te c o n tb u s tio n o f
5 k 8 o f c tx rl c o n t
a ir
C - 8 {1'X , , H = 1 5 '% O t
,
- res
(W e s t B e n g a l Ju r e oe ,
S o lu tio n 5 kg f lco ta in s C 4 kg H 0 75 kg 0 4 0 75 )k g
u co a n : = = -
(5 0 25 kg
-
A t f a ir q L ir e c i fo
m
p le te c o bu f 5 kg l
o m o re r co m tio
m s n a co a
- [5 (3 2 / 1 2 ) + 0 7 5 (1 6 / 2 ) 0 2 5 ]k g (1 0 0 / 2 3 )
= [1 3 333 + 6 000 0 2 5 ]k g (10 0 / 2 3 ) = 82 97 kg
Ex a m p le 1 4 A sn m p e o c o a u a s fo lt n d to c o n ta in C = 80% H 5% 0 = 1% N - 2% -
r e n a m in g be
C n lc tln tc lc n m o lm to n r in in n m n ir r e q tir e d o r co m l
p te
e co m b u s tio n o f 1 k g o c o a l s a m p
e (R a i M a y ,
C o n b f a iy
s t io n r e a c t io n W t o re q ttir e d
C + O 2
, CO 2 8 0 0 g 52 / 1 2 ) = 2 , 14 6 g
12 32
2 1l + 0 5 0-
2
2 0 50 g x (1 6 / 2 ) = 400 8
2 16 T o ta l _ 2 ,5 4 6 g
L e ss O in fu e l _ in g
N e t 0 2 re qd = 2 536 g
,
W t N f a ir re q cl - 2 ,5 3 6 g (10 0 / 2 3 ) = 1 1, 0 2 6 g - 11 026 kg
ex a np e 1 5 a gn sco ls ftie lu is th e jo
to t o in g c o m p o s itio n b y u o h tm e m e th cn e 5 % h d r o e n _ 201o ca
y g =
m }1u x itle
io x icle = G % , a n d r e s t n itr o g e n 11 2 0 % e x s s a ir is 1 s e d fo ' " m b u s t i o n T
2 5 11,, c a r b o n r te n c a
ctla te lx
.
3
? j n ir s tp } lic }E r m o ffl lc l n n d co m p o s itio n o f d r y Jlu e ga s e s W , )m
3 3 3 3 00
S o lu tio n 1 m o fgaseo u s fu e lco n ta in s : C H 4 - 0 05 m ; H 2 - 0 20 m C O = 0 25 m C0 2
-
Scanned by CamScanner
AN D C O M B U ST
O N
FU E L S 103
C n lc ttln tio rt o d r y p ro d
te ts o f c o n \b trB tio n
3
C 0 = 0 36 cm 0 20% f 0 325 3 3 '
2 2 = o m .
(2 0 / 1 0 0 ) 0 3 2 5 m . 0 06 5 m
3
N = 0 46 m (n f laseous fu e l) + 1 857
3 3
2 m (7 7 / 1 0 0 ) o f a ir - 1 92 7 m
T ta lv o l o f d r y p r o d u c ts = (0 3 6 + 0 0 6 5 + 1 9 2 7 m 3 . 2 3 5 2 3
o
) m
0 3 6 10 0 1 9 2 7 10 0 065 10 0
C 0 2 = . 1 5 306% N 2=
2 352 2 3 52
Ex am p le 1 6 T h e p e r c e n ta g e an a ly s is b y u o lu m e o fp r o du c e r g a s is
H 2 = 19 4 C O ,
= 20 5, N 2 = 5 0 1, C H 4 = 4 2 C 0 2 ,
- 60
fd r y f p le te c o n b u s tio n
C a lc u la te p e rc e n tttg e o p r o d tc t o b ttin e d if 3 0 % ,
e x c e s s a ir is p p le d o r c o m
s
(A m r a v a t i, M a y 0 1)
3
3 3
CO 0 205
3
N 0 501 CH = 0 0 42 m
S o lu tio n 1 m o f ga s co n ta in s H 2
- 0 19 4 m ,
= m , 2
- m , 4
3
C0 2
= 0 06 m
3
f1 fga s
v o 1 o f a ir (w ith 3 o % e x ce ss ) r e q u ir e d fo r co m b u s tio n o m o
3
3
- [0 19 5 0 5 + 0 205 0 5 + 0 042 2]m x (1 0 0 / 2 1 ) (1 3 0 / 10 0 ) = l 7 55 m
3 3
fu l )+ 0 2 05 1 + 0 0 42 1 ]m = 0 30 7 m
V o o f p r o d u c ts C 0 2
- [0 0 6 (fr o m e
3 3
fu e l) + 1 7 5 5 (7 9 / 1 0 0 )] m . 1 8875 m
N 2
- [0 5 0 1 (fr o m
3 3
1 7 55
3
(2 1 7 1 0 0 ) m . 0 3 6 8 6 m
0 2
- m x
3
T ta l v l o f d y p ro du c ts = (0 30 + 1 8 875 + 0 3686)m
3
. 2 563 1 m
o o
0 36 86 100
1 8 8 75 10 0 O 14 3 6 %
73 64 %
=
0 30 7 10 0 .
, z
=
C 0 =
- 7 u / / Z
2 563 1 -
2 2 563 1
tio T t, if1 k8 f c o a l is bu p rt
fd r y p r o d tc ts o fc o n bu s
o
a te th e ta ?ti y
c a lc u t o
d ash 9 5 /o b y '
w e ig h t (G G S IP , M a rch 2K )
i
m o s h ir e = q 7% an =
97 g
o x
U ith 25 i N 14 g S 29 g m o is ttr e -
H 42 8 0 61 g =
=
662 g
=
f l co n ta in s : C =
=
,
kg o co a
an d a sh 95 g b u s tio n f 1 kg co a l
o
p le te
=
co m
d fo r co m
t fo x y ge n re q u ir e
M i n i m w o
6 1 g - 2 ,0 6 9 3 g
1 6 / 2 ) + 2 9 g (3 2 / 3 )
2
662 g (3 2 / 1 2 ) + 4 2 g (
8 997 g
-
3
2 0 6 9 3 8 (10 0 / 2 )
=
u ir e d
,
=
M in im u m w t o f a ir re q ,
ith 2 5 % e x c e s s a ir
fco m b s tio n to
p r o d u c ts
o
C a lc tla tio n o fd r y
2 ,4 2 7 3 g
W t o fC 0 2
- 662 g (4 4 / 1 2 ) =
l
7 7 / 10 0 ) + In co a
t o f a ir x (1 2 5 / 1 0 0 ) (
W t o f N 2
- M in im u m a
7 3 g
069 3 (2 5 / 1 0 0 ) = 5 1
w t o f0 2
X (2 5 / 1 0 0 ) # 2 ,
W t o fex c e ss 0 2
- M in im u m
By u e ig lt
To tlo zu in g yo co m p o s itio n
d to h a u e th e
f c o a l zu a s j
bu n
e 1 8 A s a n p
te o
E x a m p
'
,
(in o e ig
t o fa ir r e q t ir e d . 1 f4 o %
lp p . ie d
ir is s
e x es s
(iiD X - F ,
Scanned by CamScanner
M in im m w t Tr f 0 3 r e q u ir e d fn r C t\ m
p l tC )m b \s tk rn tt f 1 k co a l
M in im u m w t o f ir rw
lu in r d = 2 2 9 5 1w (1 0 0 / 2 3 ) -
(h ) W t o f a ir
9 q 78 k g
pequ ir N w ith 4 0 x , t
e ]ce e s s - 9 978 kg (14 0 / 10 0 ) - 1 3 9 6 9 k g
[8 080 75 + 3 4 , 5 0 0 (5 2
10 0 )] k c a l/ k g
,
- 7 p 33 2 k c n
/k
a n dd
N C V (7 , 3 3 2 0 09 5 2 587 ) k c a
/ k8 7 , 0 5 7 k c a l/ k
,
Ex g
am p le 1 9 ATel is i,m d in
m it C g o yn H , 6 0
o ,
.
'
5 2 5 'n ,
o : 1 0%
61w a to t n o f d
n td ttc ts l)\ th c Jh e g a s
S O lu tio n (i) 1 k g o f c o a l c o n ta in
w Y U L I w l
s : C - 900 g ,
H - 60 g S ,
- 25 g ,
0 - 10 g
A m o u n t f a ir
o
q u ir e d fo r c o m p le te c o m b u s tio n o f 1 k g c o a l
re
-
[ 0 0 (3 2 / 1 2 ) + 6 0 (1 6 / 2 ) + 2 5 (3 2 / 3 2 ) 1 0 (10 0 / 2 3 ) = 1 2 5 8 7
9
1 2 5 87 k
g , g o r
g
ii) C a lc tn tio n o f r y p r o d tc ts t o
e n 25 % e x c e s s f
ir is u s e 1
,
Wt o fC 0 900 g (4 4 / 1 2 ) = 3 3 0 0 g
2 -
,
50 2 = 25 g (6 4 / 3 2 ) = 5 0 g
N 2
- 12 , 5 8 7 g
(7 7 / 1 0 0 ) (1 2 5 / 1 0 0 ) = 1 2 1 15 g
,
0 2 10 g (a f fu e l) + 1 2 5 8 7 2 3 / 1 0 0 2 /
-
g ( ) (1 5 10 0 ) = 3 , 6 2 6 g ,
T o ta w t o f flu e g a s (3 3 0 0 + 5 0 + 12 1 1 5 + 3 6 2 8 ) g 1 9 0 9 3 -
, , ,
-
, g
Pe r c e n ta ge o f C 0 2
-
'
19 ,0 93
- 17 28 % 50 2 -
\ - 0 26%
19 ,0 9 3 19 0 93
Ex a m p le 2 0 A p r o d tc e r g a s }a s tlie ji
o to in g p e r c e n ttg e c o n p o s iti
H 10 % C O ) - 10 8% N 2 5 0 7 % C a lc in te ) t}le o r e tic a l q u a n tity o a ir r e q u ir e d o f th e
B a s ; (ii) pt
- -
2 pe r n
p o s itio ll o
c e ta g c c o 1 f pro d rc ts o f co m b u s tio n in c ltd in g u a p o u r jo r n e
o a te r d ; E ii) if 2 5 % e x c e s s a ir is u s e d lin ,
3 3 3 3
S o lu tio n 1 m 3 o f ga s c o n ta in s CH 4
- 0 035 m CO = 0 25 m H 2
= 0 10 m C0 2
= 0 10 8 m
3
2 - 0 52 7 m
3 3'
C o m bu s io n re a c tio n V o l o f0 2 n ee d e d ( n ) V o o flm d u c t s (m )
C H + 2 0 > C 0 + 2 H 0 0 035 2 = 0 0 70
2 2 2
- 0 035 2 = 0 070
0 25 0 5 0 125 C0 0 25 l = 0 25
CO + 0 5 0 2
> C 0 2
=
2
-
0 10 0 5 0 050 H 20 0 10 1 = 0 10
92 H 0 =
H 2
+ 0 5 4 2
=
T o ta l = 0 2 45
3 3
3
(i) T h e o re tic a l q u an tity o f a ir re q u ir e d p e r m o fga s - 0 2 45 m x (1 0 0 / 2 1 ) 1 16 = m
3 3 3
N = 79% o f 1 16 m + 0 527 m (o f fu e l) = 1 072 m
2
T ta l v o lu m e o f pmcl u c ts - 2 003 m
o
Scanned by CamScanner
F U E LS A N D C O M B U S T io
N
C a lc tla tio n o f pe rc e t
10 5
C O , = 10 0
2 003 20
2 0 03
= 8 48 % N
C0 2 (a s c a lc u la te d a bo v e )
0 3 93 3
N 2
- 79 % o f m in im
m (o r 3 9 3 L )
u m a ir u s e d (12 5 / 10 0 ) + 0 5 2 7 1
3 m
- 1 16 m X (7 9 / 1 0 0 ) (12 5 / 1
00 )+ 0 52 7 2 3
m . 1 15 m (o r 1 , 15 0 L )
- 0 245 3
m x (2 5 / 1 0 0 )
0 06 a
T o ta l v o lu m e o f d ry
-
m (o r 6 0 L )
p ro d u c ts
3
Ca a ti0 n
c l l
f p e r c e n ta 8 e o f d r ' 60 3 (o , 0 3 L )
o
0
y
00
p r o d tc ts o f c o n t b l [s tio n m r
C 0 -
1 15
2 . 24 5% N 10 0
1 603 2 -
71 7% 0 06 10 0
.
0 .
t0 ) W gh
e t o Fd ? 1 603 -
-
(7 7 1 9 6 g + 1 43 7 5
g + 85 7 1) 2 ,2 9 5 g
,
g -
- 2 295 k g
=7' , C a lc ta e (i) g r o s s d
: a n n e t ca
o r i tc f a u e o f1 kg o f c o a l (
a te n t h e a t o s te a n t
f = 5 8 7 kc a l/ k ) (ii) m in i
g , m t
n
ga s ,
i 2 5 " 4o e x c e s s a ir is u sed
S lu tio (N a g p u r, M a y 0 1)
o n (i) G C V - 1/ 1 0 0 8 , 0 8 0 75 + 3 4,5 0 90 [9 (4 / 8 )] + 2 , 2 4 0 2 k c a l/ k g - 9 , 0 3 7 2 k c a l/ k
N C V g
-
[9 ,
037 2 0 09 9 5 8 7 ] k c a l/ k
g - 8 , 5 6 1 7 k c a l/ k
g
(ii) M in im t f ar ir e d fo
p le te
u m w o re qu r co m co m b u s tio n f 1 kg
o co a l
-
[0 T 5 (3 2 / 12 ) + 0 0 9 (1 6 / 2 ) + 0 0 2 (3 2 / 3 2 ) 0 0 4 ] (10 0 / 2 3 ) = 1 1 7 3 9 k
g
M in im lu f a ir
u m v o m e o fe q u ir e d
' 3
-
& 5 22 4 L m o . 9,0 86 L o r 9 086 m
2 8 94 g m o
iii) C a lc t la tio n o f d r
y \ o d c ts (w ith 2 5 % e x c e s s a ir )
C 0 2
- 750 g (4 4 / 1 2 ) = 2 750 g
N 0 2
- 4 0 g (o f c o a l) + 1 1 , 7 3 9 g (T 7 / 1 0 0 ) (6 2 5 / 1 0 0 ) = 1 1, 3 3 9 g
0 2
- 1 1, T 3 9 g (2 3 / 1 0 0 ) (2 5 / 10 0 ) = 675 g
T o ta l = 14 , 7 6 4 g
2 1 1,
C 0 -
,
- 18 2
- - 76 80% 0 2 = - 4 57%
2 14 , T 6 4 14, 76 4
14 ,7 6 4
Ex p le 2 2 A c o a t c o n
a m in g 6 2 4 % C ; 4 1 % H ; 6 9 % 0 ; 1 2 % N ; 0 8 % S : 1 5 1% m o is tu r e a n d 9 7 %
a i?
a s h to n s
b tT tt iY t s t [c l a u a y th a t d r y lh e g a s c o n ta in e d 1 2 9 % C 0 2 , 0 2 % C 0 , 6 1 % 0 2 a n d 8 0 8 % N 2 C a cu a te
) }e t u e ig lt t o f a ir th e o r e tic a
i t
y n q ir e d p e r kg o c
oa , ( )
ii th i
e w e g h t o f y g
d r iu e a s o b ta in e d p e r k g ( ) th e
e i iii ,
S o lu tio n (l) 1 k g o f c o a l c o n t a in s C = 6 H = 41 g O = 69 g N = 12 g S = 8 g
g
T h e o r e tic a l w e ig h t o f a ir r e q u ir e d fo r c o m b u s tio n o f 1 k g c o a l
6 9 1 g (1 0 0 / 2 3 )
[6 2 4 (3 2 / 1 2 ) + 4 1 (1 6 / 2 ) + 8 (3 2 / 3 )
-
2
- 8 ,3 9 6 g (o r 8 396 kg )
Scanned by CamScanner
N o w 0 d e d to
2 n ee co n v e rt 2 g o f c O (p e s e n t in 1 k fl
'g
u e g a s ) to C 0 2
- 2 g (1 6 / 2 8 ) 1 4 g =
: Ex ce ss w e ig h t o f 0 2 / k o f flu e
g gas
- W t o f 0 2 / k flu
g e ga s W t o fo 2 n ee d e d to co n v er t c o to c o
2
= 61 g 1 4 g
5 9 6 g (o r 0 0 5 9 k
g)
-
W e ig h t o f C pe r k o f u e a
g g s
- W t o f C 0 X (12 / 4 4 + W
2 ) t o fC O (1 2 / 2 8 )
- 129 g (1 2 / 4 4 ) + 2 g (12 / 2 8 ) 3 6 0 4 (o r 0 0 3 6 0 4 k )
g g =
(ii) W e ig h t o f flu e g a s / kg o f c o a l b u rn t
- W t o f C in c o a
/w t o f C p e r k g flu e a s = 6 2 4 / 3 6 0 4 = 1 7 3 1 4 k
g g
(iii) W e ig h t o fe x ce ss 0 in flu o b ta in e d b b i 1 k l
2 e ga s y u r n n g g c o a
= W t o f flu e g a s/ kg c o a l W t o f 0 / k fl
2 g u e g a s 17 3 1 4 k g 0 0 5 9 6 = = 1 0 3 19 k g
E x c e ss a ir / k g lb u t 1 0 3 19 k g
co a rn =
(1 0 0 / 2 3 ) 4 4 8 7 k g =
H ig h t f a ir lly p p lie d p e r k g c o a l b u r n t
e n c e w e o a c tu a
, su
g 12 885 k g
-
[8 3 9 6 (th e o r e tic a l) + 4 4 8 9 (e x c e s s )] k -
Ex p le 23 A
a m l t u a s lo i m d to h a e th esa m p le o f
lo llo iu in g p e r c e n ta g e c o m p o s itio n
coa
C - 54 ;H = 6 5 ; 0 - 6 0 ;N
- 1 8 S - 3 2 m o is tt tr e 17 3 a n d r e m in d e r is a s h T h is c o a l o n c o m b u s tio n w itJe x c e =
,
C o n b t io t io W t f0
s n re a c n o 2 re q u ir e d W t o f d r y u e ga s
H 2
+ 0 5 0
2
+ H 2
0 65 (16 / 2 ) = 52 0 g
S + O ,
+ S0 ,
32 (3 2 / 3 2 ) = 32 g 50 - 32 (6 4 / 3 2 ) = 64 g
2
N 2 (in co a l) = 18 g
T o ta l - 1, 9 9 2 g T o ta l _ 2 ,0 6 2 g
Less 0 2
in fu e l = 60 g
N e t 0 2 re q u ir e d = 1 , 93 7 g
C o r re s p o n d in g w t o f a ir - 1, 9 3 2 g (10 0 / 2 3 ) = 8 ,4 00 g o r 8 40 kg
T o ta l w t o f d ry p r o d u c ts -
[2 ,
0 62 + 8 400,
(7 7 / 10 0 )]8 - 8,530 g o r 8 53 0 k g
N o w w t o f u e ga s p e r kg co a lbu rn t = 20 kg
W t o fex c e s s a ir u s e d =
(2 0 8 530 )k g - 11 47 k g
1 1 47 10 0
H e n ce ,
e x c e ss a ir u se d = = 13 6 5 %
8 40
Ex a m
T !e te t a n ti n o c a r b o n is le ft be k in d ti, 9 8 S u m m e
c o n t y (A m ra v a
S o lu tio T he tic l a ir l (C d H 6 g)
n o re a re q u ir e d fo r co m bu s tio n o f 1 k g fu e = 900 g a n =
-
[9 0 0 g (3 2 / 1 2 ) + 6 g (16 / 2 )] (1 0 0 / 2 3 )
= 10 , 6 4 3 g
W t o f a ir a c tu a lly u se d = 1 0 6 4 3 k g (9 0 / 1 0 0 ) 9 5 7 9 g =
,
S in d a 1l
ce in s
j g c ie n t a ir
is u se d ,
a n d a ll H is id is e d to H 2 0 s o p a r t o f C is o x id is e d to C 0 2
o x ,
an ren
C is ox id is e d to C O Let g o f C is o x id is e d to C O a n d (9 0 0 x ) g o f C is o x id is e d to C 0 2
Scanned by CamScanner
F U E LS A N D C O M B U S T IO N
A 107
lr r e q l ir e m e n t =
[6 g (1 6 / 2 ) + x
g (1 6 / 1 2 ) + (9 0 0 X
=
[4 8 g + (4 / 3 ) + ) g (3 2 / 1 2 )] (10 0 / 2 1 )
g 2 400 ,
g (8 x / 3 ) g ] (1 0 0 / 2 3 )
= [2 4 4 8 g (4 / 3
B L it w t f a ir
,
) g (1 0 0 / 2 3
) ]0 6 43
o i
c tu a lly u s e d 5 797 =
, g g
. 9 ,5 7 9
g
9,5 7 9 10 , 6 4 3
g -
g 5 7 97
\v t o fC o x id is e d C O g
O t
() x -
(1 0 6 4 3 9 ,5 7 9 5 7 9 7
W t o fC o x id is e d to C 0
,
. 183 5 g
2 -
(9 0 0 183 5) 716 5
A lte rn a tiv e e th o d
g -
g
m W hen 1 g a f c bu rn s to C o , in s te a d fco
o
2 , th e r e du c tio n in q u a n tity o f a ir
B L t a c tu a l r e d tio n in
t
c a ir s u
p p ie d p e r k g o f fu e l
(1 0U U6 4* 3O y9 , 35 /7 y9 ) - 1 0 6 4
?
-
g g
,
,
W t o f C o ut t oo f 9 0 n0n c r 8b u r n i
,
g n g to C 0 . 1 0 6 4 /
1
5 9 7 9 18 3 5
g , _
C a lc ltla tio n o tu t o f d r
y p r o d t tc ts o f c o m b u s tio n / k lie l
W t ofC 0 s l
. 1 8 3 5 g (2 8 / 1 2 =
) 428 g
W t (f C 0 2 = 7 1 6 5 g (4 4 / 1 2 = 2 6 2 7
) g ,
W t o f N 2 (f o m a ir u s e d ) = 9 5 7 9 7 7
, g ( / 10 0 )= 7 3 7 6 g ,
T L ta l w t o f d r y p r o d u c ts o f c o m b u s tio
n 1 0 43 1 g -
,
10 4 3 1 70 71 % -
-
, 10 43 1 10 4 3 1 ,
,
E x a m p le 2 5 A p e tr o l s a m p le c o n ta in s 8 4 % c a r b o n a n d 1 6 % h d r o e n b t u e i h t ts
y g y g l t e g a s c o m p o s itio n a l
la ta b y u o lu n e is a s l in d e r
C (r b o n d io x id e 1 2 1 % , c a r b o n n t o n o x id e - 1 1 % , o x y g e n - 1 3 % a n n ity o g e n
-
8 5 5 % C a c u a te (i) n i in -
l
f t e / e r o s a n /?
T t te ( T M a y 0 1)
R G ,
S o iu tio (i) 1 k g o f p e tr o l c o n ta in s : C = 84 0 g H = 16 0 g
0
" ? d W t o f ry n o d 1c t s (g )
f 1 kg
p le te c o m b u s t o n o
i
M in im u m w t o f a ir re q u ir e d fo r co m
- 3 520 g
,
(1 0 0 / 2 3 ) 1 5 , 3 0 4 g o r 1 5 3 0 4 k g
=
3 ta in
(ii) 1 m o fH u e ga s co n s
3
3
3 3
0 0 0 13 m N - 0 855 m
C 0 - 0 12 1 m C O = 0 011 m 2
- 2
2
ly s is to m o ss a n a ty s is
Con u e r s io n o fu o ltm e tr ic a n a
On ) u x m
M a s s /fg o itegas
G M o l n a s s
a s
5 324 5 3 2 4 / 2 9 98 8 = 0 1776 k g
3 44
C 0 0 0 03 k g
0 3 08 / 2 9 98 8
-
2
0 30 8
=
28
C O = 0 0 1 1/ m n A 1 L 0 4 16 / 2 9 9 8 8 = 0 0 13 9 k g
U r u
3 32
0 2
- 0 0 1 3 // m n o n n 2 3 94 / 2 9 9 8 8 = 0 798 3 k g
2 - u D ? m
2 9 988 T o ta l = 1 uUUU 4 8
T o ta E =
0 0 1 0 8 k g C O to C
0 2 )
d to c o n v e rt
fo (in flu e g as re q u ir e
M a ss o 2 0 00 60 k g
0 0 0 7 9 ]k g
-
-
[0 0139
0 13 9 0 0 103 (16 / 2 8 )] k F
- [0
Scanned by CamScanner
10 8
EN G
N EER
N G C HEM I
s
M a ss o f C /k g o f flu M f [C O
e gas - ass o x (1 2 / 4 4 ) + C O (1 2 / 2 8 )]
0 17 7 6 12 / 4 4 k g 0 0 10 3 0 0044 k g
(1 2 / 2 8 ) k g 0 048 4 0 0440 k g
-
- -
M ass o f flu e g a s fc r m e d by bu rn in g 1 k g p e tr o l
Ex c e ss 0 2/ k g o f p e tr o l b u r n t
-
(M ass o fe x ce ss 0 2 / k g f
u e g a s ) (M ass o f flu e ga s/kg o f p e tr o l b u rn t)
= 0 006 19 09 k g - 0 1 15 4 k g
E x c e ss a ir p e r k g o f p e tr o l b u rn t = 0 115 4 (1 0 0 / 2 3 ) k g - 0 498 k g
H l a ir
e n ce ,
a c tu a su p p lie d p e r k g o f p e tr o l b u rn t
- M a ss o f a ir (fo r co m b u s tio n + e x cess in flu e gas)
-
(1 5 3 0 4 + 0 4 9 8 )k g - 15 802 k g
H C V = 1 / 10 0 [8 ,
080 84 + 3 4 5 00 1 6 ] k c a l/ k g - 1 2 ,3 0 7 k ca l/ k g
,
[N o te S in ce th e fu e ldo es n o t co n t a in h yd ro ge n ,
so its H C V . N C V ]
am p e 2 6 T h e p e r c e Y t ta g e c o m o s it io n o f a s a m
Ex p p le o f a n th r a c ite c o a t is C = 9 0 , H = 3 5 , 0 3 0 N .
=
,
(R G T , Ju n e
S o lu t io n 1 kg o fco a lc o n ta in s : C = 900 g H = 35 9 0 - 30 g N = 10 g s = 5 g an d a s h (b y d iffe re n
- 20 g
C o m b t ts t io t r e a c t io n W t o fO z reg
d (g ) W t o fdry p r o d u c t (g )
C + 0 2
> C 0 2
900 (3 2 / 1 2 ) = 2 ,4 0 0 C0 2
- 900 (4 4 / 1 2 ) = 3 30 0
,
2 H + 0 5 0 H 0 35 (1 6 / 2 ) 2 8 0 =
2 2
(i) M in im u m w t o f 0 2 re q u ir e d fo r 1 kg co a l
-
[9 0 0 (3 2 / 1 2 ) + 3 5 (1 6 / 2 ) + 5 (6 4 / 3 2 ) 3 0 ] g (1 0 0 / 2 3 )
-
[2 ,
400 + 280 + 10 3 0 ]g (1 0 0 / 2 3 ) 1 1 5 6 5 g
=
,
- 11 565 k g
C a lc u
a tio n o u t o d r y p r o d ttc ts o fc o m b t ts tio n w ith 5 0 % e x c e s s a ir
C 0 2
- 900 (4 4 / 1 2 ) g - 3 30 0 g
,
50 2 - 5 (6 4 / 3 2 ) g - 10 g
N - 1 0 g (o f fu e l) + 1 1 5 6 5 (1 5 0 / 1 0 0 ) (7 7 / 1 0 0 ) g (o f a ir ) 10 g = + 1 3 ,3 57 g - 1 3 , 3 67 g
2 ,
0 2
- 1 1,5 65 g (5 0 / 1 0 0 ) 5 7 8 3 g =
,
a tio n
C a lc t u o lu m e tr ic c o m p o s itio n o fd r y p r o d c ts o fc o m b l ts tio ?
W t o f dn lp ro du c t \ M o l M a ss R e
a t ir t e u o h m e o fo d u c t
C 0 - 3,3 0 0 9 44 3 ,3 0 0 / 4 4 = 75 0 0 0
2
50 - 10 9 64 10 / 64 = 00 15 6
2
0 - 5,783 9 32 5 7 8 3/ 32 = 180 7 19
2 ,
T o ta = 733 2 6 8
T5 0 00 10 0 0 156 10 0
0 U 2 = . 1U Z ZB % 5U 2 = = U U Z 1 To
733 2 68 733 268
4 77 39 3 10 0 18 0 7 1 9 10 0
11
2
- = 65 1U5% U 2 = = z * B a o
73 3 2 6 8 733 2 68
Scanned by CamScanner
F U E L S A N D C O M B U S T IO N
r r is es o r h a e ic e 10 9
2 C lc l la te th e gro ss an d n e t c a lo r ifi
C 80% H 7% c v a lu e f
=
,
. 0 . 3% S 3 5%
o a sam
p
e o f co a l h a v in g fo llo in g
,
,
.
N . 2 1% d
w co m p o s itio n
a sh
,
, an . 4 4%
(P T D e e 28 )
,
}Liquid fu e l w e ig h in
g o 98 g an d co n ta in in
g 9 o 1% c 8% H ha v th e fo
lo in g
, e w re s u lte in b o m b
A m o u n t o fw a te r ta ke in
n c a lo r im e te r = 1,4 5o g
W a te r e q u iv a le n t o f c a lo r im e te r = 450 g
R is e n te m pe r a tu r e o fw a te r = 11 8
L
IT f l1a t+ eo n1 t+ hh e a t o f
s te a m is 5 8 7 ca l/ g , c a lc u
a te g r o ss a n d n e t c a lo r ific v a lu e o f fu e l (D e l
i, M ay 99)
4 0 945 g f fu l
p le te c o m b u s tio n in e x c e s s o f o x
o e co m o n
c a lo r im e te r fr o 1 3 2 5 to 1 9 2 C T h e
m
y g e n in c r e a s e d th e te m p e r a tu r e o f w a te r in a
m a s s o f w a te r in c a l
o r im e te r w a s fo u n d to b e 1 4 5 8
th e g r o ss c a lo r ific v a lu e o f th e fu e l if th , g C a lc u la te
e w a te r e u iv a le n t o f
,
q c a lo r im e te r is 1 4 4 (V T , A p r il 2K )
&
lA n s 1 0 , 0 87 ca l/ g ]
5 A sa m p le o fc o a lh a s th e fo llo in g a n a ly s is : C - 8 3 %
w
,
S - 1 5% N - 0 6% H - 7 5% an d 0 - 8 4% F in d
, ,
th e g r o s s lo r ific u s in g D u lo n
g F o r m u la
ca v a e u
(M K A p r il 0 1) ,
lA n e 8 885 k c a
, /k g]
6 C a lc u la te th e d t c a lo r ific v a lu e f l
g ro ss a n n e o co a sam p le h a v in g th e fo llo w in g co m p o s itio n
C = 80% ,
H = 7% ,
O = 3% ,
S - 3 5% ,
N = 2 1% an d a sh = 4 4% (A n d h r a tly 9 7)
,
lA n s G CV = 8 , 8 2 8 k c a l/ k g N V C = 8 , 4 5 8 k c a 1/k g ]
7 T h e te m p e r a tu r e f 9 5 0 0 g o f w a te r in c r e a s e d fr o m 2 5 5 C to 2 8 5 C o n burning 0 7 5 g o f a
o
so lid fu e l
in a bo m b c a lo r im e te r W a te r e q u iv a le n t o f c a lo r im e te r a n d la te n t h e a t o f s te a m a re 400 0 g an d 5 87 0
ca l/ g re sp e c tiv e ly If th e fu e l c o n ta in s 0 6 5 % o f h y d r o g e n , c a lc u la te its n e t c a lo r ific v a lu e
(M an g a lo r e A , g 9 6)
u lA n s 5 366,
cal /g ]
by lu H 20% ; CH 4 6% CO 22% C0 4% )
fo llo p o s itio
-
s ha s th e w in g co m n v o m e : 2
- - =
2
3
is d F in d th e ig h t f a ir tu lly p p lie d p e r m o f th is
e x c e s s a ir o a c a su
4% a n d N - 44 % 20% u se w e
2
(B o m ba y N o 9 6 ) lA n s 2 , 14 3 g ]
t o f ir 28 97 ,
gas M a -
o w
t a in in g 9 2 % C 5% H 3 % a s h W h e n th is c o a l w a s te s te d in th e la b o r a to ry fo r its
H A sa m p le o fco a lco n
\
e te r , th e fo llo w in g
d a ta w e r e o b ta in e d
lu in th e b o b c a lo r im
c a lo i fic v a e m
- 0 95 g
W e ig h t o fco a lb u rn t
- 700 g
W e ig h t o fw a te r ta k e n
d c a lo r im e te r - 2,000 g
a le n t fbo m b an
W a te r e q u iv o
R is e in te m p e r a t u re
Fu se w ir e c o r re c tio n
. 60 0 ca l
A c id c o r re c tio n
97 D e tli, tu n e 9 8 )
U o d w u tu n e
/g L C V
6 7 7 0 6 c a 1/ g ]
lg ) 703 1 6
=
o f s te a m a s 5 80 ca
lA n s G CV =
ca
%
' "
a ir 2 1) re q u '
f o x y g e n in
-
lu % o
la te th e v lu m e o f a ir (v o m e
1u c a lc u o
o n e litr e o f C O
Scanned by CamScanner
e n @ n e e r in g
l .
W J
L n lc u ln tt th l +
m l m m \ m w c l* h t n n {r m q Liw c l ro r c o
C W )K , , I I 3 5
m p l te cu m b u t+ tio n o f 1 kg n f fu e C
h * 3 0% S 0 s ryn , 1 l2 , 1 0 'H J, N - 0 5% a n d n eh - re gt
L1 n t
ai
,
( o d lp F
, M *
12 C n
cu ln tt th t v o lu 3
m t o f n lr r e q u lr e c l lo c tn n p le tc co m b Lre ti n o f 1 m a f gaseo u s fu e h
v
Co m
p itin n C 0
u s 46% C I I 10 1X 1 12 , 4 0 21, C 2 H 2 0 ). , N '
2
- 10T n n d re m in in g b e i
l
,
,
,
, 2 a
n g c
IB o n bq
y N ,
lA n s 34
13 A n 8 th e fo l? w in g ] 4 'yo
co m p o slilio n by v o lu m e : H 2
- 3 2 C I l4 - N 2
- 40% 0 2 - 14 % If 2 5 %
i i
n r s u s e c l fin c l th c 3
w iR h t o f a ir a c tu a
ly su p p lie d p e r m o f th is g a s (A n a M
,
, ay % ht
IA tu
lA n s C0 2
- 14 1 X,
N 2
- 79 8 0
R a se o u s u e l h a s th c fo llo w in g co m p o s itio n by v o lu m e H 2
- 25% ,
m e th a n e - 3 0 X} '
e th a n
; e th e n L 4 5 'X ; b u te n e 2 5% c a rb o n m o n o x id e 6 0 'X , C0 8% 0 2% d N
- ,, -
2
-
2
- an
2 12 %
C a lc u la te th e a iT fu e l r a tio a n d v o lu m e tr ic a n a ly s is f c lr y p r o d u c ts o fco bu s tio u s in
g 4 0% e
o m n
a i
LR a ja s th a n 95 S
,
lA n s (i) 9 3 3 3 :1 , (ii) C 0 2
- 9 49% N 2
- 86 7 1 0 2
A ga seo u s fu e lco n ta in in g ; H = 10 % C H 30% C 2H 15 % ; C 4H d C 2H 20% by
1o a n
-
2 l
-
4 2 6
-
vo
bu t in 10 % f th e o tic a l a ir b y m a s s r e ir e d fo p le te
w n s rn e x ce ss o bu
, re
q u r co m co m s tio n F in d o u
an a ly s is f c lr y p r o d u c ts o fco bu s tio n
o m (A n r a u a ti, 9 8 S
lA n s C 0 2
- 4 0 1 6 'X , N 2 - 5 8 4 3 '% 0 2
sa m p le o f co a l w a s fo u n e d to co n ta in th e fo ik w in g co n s titu e n ts C - 8 1% 0 - 8% ; S
H 5 1X , N 1% as h 4% C a lc u la te th e in im o u n to f a ir ir e d fo th e
= =
,
= , m u m a m re q u r co m l
p e e co m bu
t
f 1 kg fc o l A ls o c a lc u
la te th e p e by
o o a r c e n ta ge co m p o s itio n w e ig h t o f th e d r y p r o d u c ts a f c o m b
O x y g e n in a ir is 2 3 % b y w e ig h t
(R a u is ia n
lA n s (i) A ir - 11 086 kg (ii) C 0 2
- 27 57% ,
50 2
- 0 18 % ,
N 2
- T4 088
18 A p le o f c o a l w
sa m a s fo u n d to co n ta in th e fo llo w in g : C = 80% H = 5% ;0 - 1% N = 2% ,
re m a
b e in g a s h \
E ) C a lc u la te th e a m o u n t o f m in im u m a ir re q u ir e d fo r co m p le te co m bu s tio n o f 1 k g o f c o a l s a m ple ,
(i) If 4 5 e x c e s s a ir is su p p lie d ,
e s tim a te th e p e rc e n ta ge c o m p o s itio n o f th e d r y p r o d u c ts o f c o m b t
tio n
(R a ja s th a n . 1
lA n s (i) A ir - 10 9 7 k g (ii) C 0 2
- 17 9 5 % N 2
- T5 10 % ;0 2
- 5 9510
19 A n a ly s is o f c o a l u se d in a b o ile r is : C 82 % H 4 2% O 4 8% h d
t W ne th is c o a l w a s u se
= = _
,
a s - re s n
in a b o ile r , th e a n a ly s is o f flu e g a s w a s : C0 10 % CO 1 5% 0 D e te r m in
2
- -
2
- 8 0% ,
N 2
- 80 5 %
() th e a m o u n t o f e x c e s s a ir
p e r k g o f c o a l b u r n t (ii) to ta l m f a ir f c o a lb u m
, a ss o su p p lie d p e r k g o
p e r c e i r ta fex ir p p lie d fo r c o m b u s tio n
g (A m a u a ti,
e o ce ss a su a lL
c o v e r d w ith a v e n te d lid a n d s tr o
n g ly h e a te d fo r e x a c tl 7 m in u t
e s a t 9 5 0 2 0 C T h e r e s id u e
w e ig
y
1 5 2 8 g T h e c r u c ib le w a s th e n h e a te d w ith
o u t th e c o v e r u n til a c o n s ta n t
w e ig h t w a s o b ta in e
d T h e l
r e s id u e w a s fo u n d to w e i h t o 24 5
g g (i) c a lc u la te th e p e r c e n ta e r e s lts f th e b o v e a n a ly s is (hj
,
Toll
ty p e ) f a n a ly s is d o e s th e a b o v e d e s i i
c r p tio n b e lo n
g ? w h y is th e a n a ly s is s o n a m e d ? (]a ba lp rfq
lA n s M O is tu r e - 3 4 % ; v o la tile m a tte r 3 5 4 8 % a s h = 9 8 0 % ; fix e d C = 5 1 322 -
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T7 ( % i ll = S 2W \ : 0
, J 12 8 % \ : N ) 2 7o " ;S ,
= 1 2 9. . Th e
a in n
r rr
W n t\ g be n g a sh C a lc u
P uw \
o T n p o s jtio n by a te th e m in im tm
w e ig h t o f d ry
p r o d u c te If 5 0 ')lJ e
.
, x c e s e a lr 18
su p p lie d (A lg a r h S e p l 9 6)
o f t\Q 1n W K e lc l
,
j a l\ llz e i L an d N
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s e v o a b s o rb e d in 5 0 0 m L o f0 1 N
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. an tita ti' "
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l 4 c a
c tla te th e
(K lt 9 7) [A n 8 N . 3 9 2 6 % S
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S o r t n s t u e r Q p es tio n s
1 D e fin e a c h e m ic a l fu e l
A n s A co m b t s tib le s u b s ta
n c e c o n ta in in
g c a rb o n th e m a in
Iw r a te s la r g e am n t o
o t f h e a t,
as c o n s titu e n w h ic h o n p ro p e r
burning
w h ic h can be u sed e co n o m ic a lly fo r do m es tic as w e ll in d u s tr ia l p u r p o s e s
2 W h a t is L\ e a n
t b y c a lo r ific
v a lu e o f a fu e l ?
AIt is th e to ta l u a n tit o h
(D ib m g a r l In n e 9 4 Jw n g a lo r e A l\ ts t 9 7 )
,
n s
q y f e a t lib e r a te d w h e n a u n it m ass (o r v o lu m e )o f th e fu e l is bur nt c o m p
in p r e s e n c e o f s u ffic ie n t u a n tit e te ly
q y o f a ir / o x y g e n
3 Ditinguish b e tw e e n
g r o s s a n d n e t c a lo r ifi c v a lu e o f a fu e l (R a u is fa n flce r Iu fy 9 4 ) ,
A n s G r o s s c a lo r qic a lu e is th e to ta l q u a n tity o f h e a t lib e r a te d , w h e n o n e u n it o f th e fu e l h a s b e e n b u m t
co m p le te ly a n d th e p r o d u c ts o f c o m b u s tio n h a v e b e e n c o o le d to r n o m te m p e r a tt r e o n th e o th e r h a n d n et
c a lo r fic u a lte is th e n
.
e t h e a t e v o lv e d w h e n a n e u n it o f th e fu e l is b tm t c o m le te l a n d th e h o t r o d u c ts ll p y p a o w e d
to esca pe as su c h
4 W hat a re th e d iffe r e n t v a r ie tie s o f c o a l fo rm e d in s id e th e e a r th ? (D ib r tg a r lt in e 9 4 ) ,
A n s Pe a t, lig n ite ,
b itu m in o u s co a la n d a n th r a c ite
5 W h a t is m e a n t b y ig n itio n te m p e r a ttr e ? (M K ,
N ou 9 7)
A T he
n s o zu e s t te m p e r a tu r e a t w h ic h th e fu e l m u st b e p r e h e a te d so th a t it s ta r ts burning s m o o th ly
6 W h y s h o u ld a n id e a l fu e l h a v e m o d e r a te ig n itio n te m p e ra h r e ?
fir e h a z a r d s an d in v o lv e s d a n g e r in fu e l s to r a g e a n d tr a n s p o r t
A n s L o to ig n itio n te m p e r a tu re c a n c a u se
d iffic u lty in s ta r tin g ig n itio n o f fu e l H e n c e , a n id e a l fu e l s h o u ld h a v e
;w h ile lrig h ig n itio n te m p e r a tu re c a u se s
o d e r a te i n itio n te m
m
g p e r a tt r e
l d th r a c ite in d e c r e a s in g o ld e r f th e ir c a lo r ific
d , p e a t lig n ite , b ittm in o u s co a an a n o
7 A rra n ge w o o ,
hv iclt1 UP es
d
b it u in o u s co a l < lig n ite < peat< w o o
A n s A n th ra c ite < m
l d an th r a c ite in in c r e a s in g o rde r o f th e ir m o is h r e
i o u s co a an
8 A o o d p e a t, lig n ite , b itu m n
rra n ge w ,
co n te n ts
o o d
b itu in o u s co a l < lig n ite < p e a t < w
A A th ra c ite < m
lific a tio fw d N it
h fir s t s ta g e in th e
n s n co a n o o o am e
is re ga rd e d a s t e
9 A je lly lik e su b s ta n ce
A n s P e a t
i th e th e o r e tic a l a m t
p le te ly bur nt n
o u n
h e n th e co a l is co m
a che d, w
A n s The m a x in m te t?p e a trr e r e
a ir a lu e
im a te c a lo r ific v
k in g co a l G iv e its a p p ro x
11 1 N a m e ig
th e ze s t ra n
1 3 W h a t is th e m t7 itp t
p o sc o f p r o x im a te a n a ly s is o f c {m ?
i / lil/i!/ fco n
A It p r o g n r c lin g th e p lT r l c n
o
n s v id e s v a lu a b le in fo rm a tio n re
14 N a m e th e v a r ie ty o fco al ,
u se d in m e ta llu r g y
A n s A n th a c ite
1 5 G iv e th r e e e x a m p le s o f a r tific ia l fu e l
A n s C o ke , c ha rc o a l d ie s e l o il, a n d o il g a s
,
16 W h a t is th e d iffe r e n ce b e tw een ca k in g c o a ls n n c l c o k in g c o a ls ? (R tT u is m n k e r lu n e !
,
A s C tk i g c o tT ls a r e th o s e w h ic h o n h e a tin g in th e n b s c n e c o f n lr
b e c o m e s s o ft p la s tic a n e l fu , se ta gt
k ) la r g e co h e e n t m a sse s w h ile c o k ittg c m /s a r e th o s e w h i c h o n h c i tin g y ic lc l r e s ic lu e , w h ic h is p o ro u s , h
s tr o n g a n d u s a b le fo m e ta llu r g ic a l p u r p o ses
1 7 W h a t is th e im p o r ta n ce o f c le te r m in in g j t d c n r b o lin c o n l?
A n s H ig h e r th e p e r c e n ta g e o f fix e d c a r b o n , h ig h e r is th e c n lo t ific v a lu e a n d b e tte r th e q u a lity o f c (
M o re o v e r, th e p e r c e n ta g e o f fix e d c a r b o n h e lp s in d e s ig n in g th e fu n a c e a n d th e s h a p e o f th e fir e b o x
18 W h a t a re th e c h a r a c te r is tic s o f a g o o cl q u a lity co a l?
A n s A o o d qu a lity co a lp o ss e s s e s : (i) lo w m o is tL u e , (ii) lo w v o la tile m a tte r , (iii) lo w as h ,
an d (iu )h i
l
fix e d c a rb o n co n te n t
1 9 W h y is k e p r e fe r r e d to c o a l in
co m llu r g ic a l p r o c e s s e s ?
e ta
21 W h a t is s tr a ig Jtt ru n g a s o lin e ?
A n s T h e g a s o lin e o b ta in e d d ir e c tly fr o m th e fr a c t io n a tio n o f c ru d e o il
22 W h a t \s syn th e tic p e tr o l ?
P e tr o l s y n th e s is e d e ith e r b y p o l m e r iz a tio n o f lo
A n s le c u la r le fin
y w m o m a ss o s a n d a lk a n es o r fr c
fin e ly p o w d e r e d c o a l a n d h e a v y o il is c a lle d s n tlze tic e tr o l
y p
2 3 W h a t is r e fo r m in g ?
A p r o c e s s o f b r in g in g a b o u t s tn tc tu r a l n o d zp c a tio n s in th e c o m p o n e n t o f s tr a i h t r u
n s A
g n g a s o li
w ith th e o b je c t
o f im p r o v in g its a n tik n o c k c h a r a c te r is tic s
2 4 W n a t is m e a n t b y c o n tp r e s s io n r a tio o f a n I C e n in e ?
g
A n s T h e r a tio o f th e g a s e o u s v o lu m e in th e c i d r a t th e e n d o f th e s u c tio n
y n e
s tr o k e to th e v o lu m e
th e e n d o f c o m p r e s s io n s tr o k e o f th e p is to n
2 5 W h a t is m ea n t b y fm o c k tTtg ?
A n s Prem a tu re in s ta n ta n e o u s ig n itio n o f fu e l a ir ix tu in IC
m re an en g in e le a d in g to r o d u tio n
,
p c
an ex p lo s iv e V io le n ce ,
is k n o w n a s kn o c kin g
26 A rra n ge n o c ta n c e , n a p h th a le n e ,
is o o c ta n ce in in c r e a s in
g o rde r o f th e ir k n o c k in g te n d e n c
y
A n s N a p h th a le n e < is o o c ta n e < n o c ta n e
27 W h t is t b y o c ta n e n u m b e r o f a
a m e a n
g a s o lin e ?
(B h a r a tlid a s a n N ou 9
,
A T h e p e r c e n ta g e o f i o o c ta n
n s e in ix tu f is o o c ta n
a m re o e a n d n h e p ta n e w h ic h m a tc h e s th e g a s o l
d te s t in k n o c k in
,
u n e r
g c h a r a c te r is tic s
28 W h a t is c e ta n e u a lu e o f a d ie s e l fu e l?
A n s T h e p e r c e n ta e o f h e x a d e c a n e in a m i t
g x u re o f h e x a d e c a n d 2 th y l h
p h th a le n e, w
e a n m e n a
po ss e sse s th e s a m e ig n itio n c h a r a c te r is tic s a s th
e d ie s e l fu e l in u e s tio n q
29 A r ra n ge L P G w a te r g a s p ro du ce r g as an d b io g a s in in c r e a s in o rde r o f th e ir c a lo r ific v a lu e s
, ,
g
A n s P ro d u ce r te b io g a s
g as < w a r ga s < < LPG
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S AN D C O M B U S T IO N
FU E L
34 M e n tio n to o d is a d v a n t
age o f u s in
g a lc o h o l g a s o lin e b le n d s in I c e
A n s B le n d : (i) lo w e rs th e c a lo r if c v l
n g in e
a u e o f p e tr o l (ii m
, ) a y c a u s e c o r r o s io n , s in c e a lc o h o l is e a s ily
35 W h a t is l u e t a s ?
g
A n s W e n n a ttr a l g a s o c c u r s a lo n
g w ith p e h o le u m in il w
o e lls its is ca lle d tu e t g a s
36 W h t is s zu e e te n in ,
a
g o f p e tr o l ?
(B
a r a th id a s a n N ,
ou 9 7)
A n s R e fin in g o f p e tr o l (o r a s o lin e b
g ) y tr e a tin g it w ith lk a lin e s o lu tio n f s o d iu p lu b ite ith
an a o m m w
co n tr o lle d a d d itio n o f S . is c a le d s u te e te n in o f e tr o l B d i
g p y o ng so h a r m fu l s u
phu po ds d
as le a d su lp h id e
, r co m u n a re re
r v e
+ S
2 R SH + N a pb0 2 P b (S R )2 + Pbs + R SSR
2 N a O H D is u lp h id e (o il s o lu b le )
(M a n g a lo r e A tg 9 7 ) ,
e n g in e c a u s e s k n o c k in g th e r e b y r e s u lt in g n lo s s o f e ffic ie n c y In o r d e r to im p r o v e e ffic ie n c y o f p e tr o l u s e d
i,
e th y l le a d T h is s o c a lle d le a d e d
in in te r n a l c o m b u s tio n e n g in e , its o c ta n e n u m b e r is r a is e d b y a d d n g e r a
i t t
d a n d im p r o v e d e ffic ie n c y a s
internal c o m b u s tio n fu e l H e n c e , le a d e d
g a s o lin e p o s s e s s e s le s s k n o c k in g te n e n y
c
b tio n e n g in e s
g a s o lin e is u s e d in internal c o m u s
(B h a r ct th id a s a n N o u 9 7 )
3 8 w n a t is m e a n t b y c a t c r a c k e r ?
,
f it b l ta ly s t
h e a v y o il fr a c tio n s o f p e tr o le u m in p r e s e n c e o s u a e c a
A n s C a t c r a c k e r is u s e d fo r c r a c k n g
i
lit a n d in h ig h y ie ld
T h is m e th o d p r o d u c e s g a s o lin e o f h ig h q u a y
? (iv a d r a s , A p r il 9 7 )
ro d u c e r g a s
3 9 H o w is w a te r g a s s u p e r io r t p
o
in w a te r g a s C O = 4 1 % a n d
ta g e o f c o m b u s tib le g a s e , g ,
s e
A n s (i) w a te r g a s c o n t a in s igt ' per
T
3 th a t f pro d u g a s (= bo u t
tig e r th a n
a
bo t 2 , 8 o o k c a l/ m ) is o ce r
t r ga s ( a u
(ii) c a lo r ific v a lu e o f w a
=
? (K e r a la A 9 6)
h ig h e r th a n th a t o f n h e p ta n e ,
tg
f 2 , 3 d im e th y lp e n ta n e ,
4 o w h y is o c ta n e n u m
ber o
A n s S tr u c tu r e o f
C H CH a
3
th y p e n ta n e
12H
2 , 3 d im
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H CH CH 2 3
C H 3 1 Il
ttr e p a ra f
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(B r a n c h e d s tr u
c n
c H 3 c H J cH 2
cH 2H2 CH2Ha r
in a r a ffin )
(s tr a ig h t c h a p
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Scanned by CamScanner
A N D C O M B U ST
O N
FU E LS
47 W h y is g a s o lin e c o n t
a in in
g te tr a e th 11 5
A s p le a s e e fe r to y l le a d d in
n Q 46 n bo v e u se
n te r n n l
co m b tt # tk )n en g lh e s 7 (K u m /n ,
u$ db )
c l /
'
A n s o a
gas c o n ta in
'
s lliy re r
+ H CO C 2H 2 + C H ,
2 + + p e r c e n ta g e
(C + 2 4 ) s o its . c a lo r ific (a b o u t 9 0 % ) o r
v a lu e is u ite i j
q z g , (itb
{w t 4 9 o
00 ]
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T b u s tib e
t 1,3 0 0 k c a l/ m 3
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A n s D u r in g ca ta ly s tic cra c k in g r o
tiu it / C
p ce ss th e ly s t in u s e
c a ta
ti
c r?t,7 /v s c iT c o n se
qu e n tly , ta l s t is
,
ca
y re g e ts c o lle tl u ilc tr bo , th e r e b it to s ils
ge n e l a te d p e r io d ic a ll y
y b y b u r n in g th e c a r b o n d e o s ite d o n it
p
c lir e c tly ?
A n s (i) 1 kg o f d r ie d ttle d
g (4 2 5 k g o f fr e s h c a ttle d
ca u n
u n g ) o n c o n v e r s io n in to
kc a l o f h e a t ; w h e r e a s th e g a s c a n s u p p ly 1 8 8
sam d ir e c t b u r n in
e o n
g lib e r a le s o n ly 2 3 4 k c a l o f e ffe c tiv e h e a t ii G o b
s s e s s e s a ll a d v a n ta g e s o f g a s e o u s fu e () a r ga s
p s (iii) G o b a r
g a s d o e s n o t c o n ta in p o is o n o u s c o ; w h e r a s d r ie d o b a r
o n l i e c t b u rn in g e v o lv es p o llu tin g C O g a s (iu ) G o b a r a s g
g p r o d u c tio n y ie ld s s im u lta n e o u s ly v a lu a b le g o o d
q u lity lla ll r !
t
e r y
52 Is cittalytic r e fo rm in g a n e x o th e r m ic o r e n d o th e r m ic r o c e s s ?
p
A n s E d o e r m ic
t s in ceth e s tr o n g C H b a n d s r e u ir e s u ffic ie n t a m ts o f e n to r e a k th e m T h is
,
q o u n e rgy
e n e rgy is n o t r e tr ie v e d by m a k in g th e b o n d s in d o u b le b o n c is c r e a te d d u
, r in g r e fo r m in g
53 h o w ig h t t p r c) d ts o f th e k in g b e s e p a r a te d ?
m
e l tc c ra c
stillation
'
A n s B y fr a c tio n a
54 W hy c lo e s c o a l e u o lu e h e a t o n bu rn in g ?
m d u c e d b y m a k in g th e b o n d s in th e pmducts o f
g c o m b u s tio n o f c o a l m o r e e n e r g y s p
A n s D u r in
i ,
r e a c tio n th a n is n e e d e d to b e a k th e b o n
d s in c o a l a n d o x y g e n m o le c u le s
f d ?
5 5 W h a t a r e fo s s il fu e ls a n d h a w a r e th e y o r m e
l d n a tu r a l \ s T h e y a r e fo r m e e l fr o m
d e a d p la n ts a n d
A n s T h e jils s i jlte ls in c u d e c o a l p e tr o e u m
a n
,
e c te d to h e a t a n
d h ig h p r e s s u r e s
a n i T a ls w h o s e r e m a in s a r e s u b j
,
d e r c o n d itiq n s o f c o n s ta n t p r e s s u r e o r
o r im e te r d o e s
th e r e a c tio n ta k e p la c e u n
5 6 In a b o m b c a ,
c o n s ta n t v o lu m e ?
A n s C o n s ta n t v o lu m e
fu e
fe w u a n ta g e s o f d ie s e l o v er p e tr o l a s a
57 M e n tio n a a d p ro d u ce o n ly a bo u to n e te n th o f
ffic ie n t g iv e b e tte r fu e l e c o n o m y a n
len g in e s a r e m o re e ,
A n s D ie se
in d iffe r e n t fr a c tio ns f
ber o f c a rb o n a to m s
ith in c r e a s in g n u m
58 w hy do e s v o la tility tte c r e a s e w
le c a ss o fh yd ro c a rb o n s
p e tr o le u m ? r e a s e w it
h de cr g e a s in m o ar m
T h v o lu m e p ro d u ce
n d w a
te r
A n s It p r o d u ce s c o 2 w a
i ?
h y d r o c y c lis a t o
n
fr o c le
tio n d iffe r m en rto g iv e a
e f z a l l
) e c L a r
e a rra n ge m
61 H do e s d e h yd ro is o m fo 1o w in g b y a m o le c u la r
d e h y d r a tio
o w n a m
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116
harm a ce u tic a ls , a g r o c h e m ic a ls p o ly m
b a s ic b u ild in g b lo c k s fo p r o d u c in g p
,
r
A n e T h e y s eu v e a s
y t tu ffs i
ntseptt e te
h e y in c lu d e lig h t h y d r o c a r
bo ns (e th e n e t
il n a tu r a l g a s T
,
A T h o s e d e r iv e l fr o m th e c r u d e o o r
n s
c k in g
d p f c tio n a l d is tillis a tio n o r c a ta ly tic c r a
r e n e ) o b ta in e d b y r a
nn p
6 4 N a m e im p o r ta n t c o m p Lr u n d s o
b ta in e d fr o m e th e n e
n e e tc
A n s E th y le a lc o h o l a c e tic a c id , p o ly th e n e p
V C , P V A , e p o x y e th a n e , p o ly s te r e ,
th e n e
,
th i
u e n c e o f r e a c tio n s fo r o b ta in n g
p V C a n d p o ly s ty r e n e fr o m e
6 5 G iv ee e s q
E th e n Dicoroethane > V in y l c h lo r id e > PV C
A n s e
:E th e n e
'
> E th y l b e n zen e 4 S ty r e n e 4 P o ly s ty r e n e
f a fu l s a m p e
d H 2 0 p r o d u c e d d u r in g c o m b u s t o
i n o e
66 H o w ca n yo u an a y s e th e
m asse s o fC 0 2 a n
l k K O H ) W a te r be a b s o rb e d b
e ig h e d s a m p le o f a n a l l i ( i e
can
A n s c0 can be a b s o r b e d in a p re w 3
2
n p re w e ig h e d sa m p le o f a h y d r o u s C a c 12
67 W r ite th e e qu a tio n fo r d e h y d r o c y lis a tio n o f h e p ta n e
A n s C 7H 16
C H 3 + 3 H 2
'
lf s u s ta in in g p r o c e s s ?
"
6 8 W h y is th e o x id a tio n o f a fu e l a "
se
co m p le te p r o v id e d s u p p ly o f o x y g e n is a d e q u a te
,
6 9 W h a t e n e r g y c o n v e r s io n ta k e s p la c e w h e n a ft e l is b u r n t ?
A n s C h e m c a e n e r g y is c o n v e r te d in to h e a t a n d lig h t
7 0 W h y is it n e c e ss a ry to re m o v e su lp h u r co m p o u n d s fr o m o il a n d n a tu r a l g a s ?
A n s S u lp h u r co m po tn ds e a s ily p o is o n th e c a ta ly s ts u se d in m an y in d u s tr ia l p ro ce sse s
Te st
I
To w '
U n e r s ta n d n B
G G S IP , M a r c h Z K ; A n n a Ju l 2 K )
, y
(b ) W h a t is m ea n t by c a lo r ific v a lu es o f a fu e l ?
P T a n 01 ;V T A
, , u g 2K ,
M a rch 01 A , u g 01 ; R G T M ,
a y 01
(c ) D e s c r ib e ho w th e c a lo r ific v a lu e o fa so lid fu l is d e te r m in d
e e u s in g a bo m b c a lo r im e te
(V T A P r il 2 K M a r e ll 01 , A
g 01 : T rip \tr a ,
, , 01 ; SV A u
ttg 2
M K A f r it 0 1 ; P T D
,
'
, ec 2K K u u h e 2 K ; U P T M a 0 1 ; G G S IP , D e c
W h a t T e th e fu
,
,
y ,
e s u s e d fo r th e d e te r m i
n a tio n fw te r iv h
o a e q u a
e n to fbo m b c a lo r im e te r an d w
3 E x p la in p r o x im W G S I u ec
a te a n a ly s is o f co a l? H o w is IF c q r r ie d
,
o u t ? W ra t is s ig n ific a n ce ?
j
(S a m b a
p tr u Jy 61 ; R a j:/ M
, a y 91 S in d r i M , a y 01 ; T r ip lEr a ,
2 K ; R G T M a ,
1 tt '
I A
Y '"" M 99 D e
v T _ ' " l tu .
r
A D ib r g a r
a n n a .
N ou 2K
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.
EL S A N D C O M B U S T
O N
(b ) D iffe r e n tia te p r o x im a te d
an u
tim a te a n 117
(c ) D is c L s s th e im p o r ta n c e a ly s is o fco al
o f u ltim a te ly s is o f
an a
(d ) E x p la in th e d e te r m in a tio n o fn
co a l (K u M a y 9 9 ) ,
e t c a lo i
r fic v
a u e of
c o a lf
(b ) H o w is n itr o g e n d e te rm in d in
e a so lid fu e l ? K u M a y 9 9
, ; A n d
tr a Jm on
(C ) W h a t is th e s ig n ific a n , e
ce o fv o la tile
H is
m a tte r in
co al?
LT r ip tr a 2 K )
o w k in g o f c o a lra n
,
m a ke b a s
e d o n l (P T , D e c 9 9 )
u ti n a te a r a l
i (a ) W h a t a r e th e a d v a n ta e s o f
y s is ?
g iq u id e l
s o v e r
(D ib m g a r h D e c 2 K )
()
b D iffe r e n tia te b e tw s o lid f u e ls ?
e e n co a l
an dW cL ou k
e LT r ip tr a 2 ,
(c ) E x p la in c a r b o n is a tio n o f c o a l (K u ,
M ay 99 A n n a N o u 2K ) ,
W h y is c o k e
p r e fe r r e d to c o a l in m (P D e c 2 K )
e ta llu r ic l
g a p u rp o se s ?
(e ) W h y a r e g a s e o u s fu e ls m o r e d (K lim e 2 K )
a v a n ta e o rJ ,
g s th a n s o lid f
u e ls ?
(a ) W r ite s h o r t n o te o n B e e h iv e c o k (U P T ]a n O ) ,
e o v e n
(b ) w n y is p e a t n o t c o n s id e r e d a s (K t, M a y 99)
an e co n o m ic a l r e l ?
(a ) D e sc r ib e in b r ie th e m an u fa c h f
M a y o )
r e o m e tu u u r g ic a l c o k e b y o tto H o ffm an
'
' ' "
(b ) M e n tio n th e n a m e s o f th e im
n
p o r ta n t p r o d u c ts r e c o v e re d d u r in g th e m a n u fa c h r e o f m e ta llu r ic a l
co ke g
(R G T M a y 01 ; A n n a N ou 2 K R a M a 00
,
j y
(c ) H o w is m e ta llu g ic a l c o k e p r e p a
r re d ?
, ,
(A td h r a fu n e o )
W h a t is c ru d e o il ? W r ite s h o r t n o te o n fin in g o f c r u d e p e tr o le im W a t a r e th e
,
re
v a r io u s fr a c tio n s
o b ta in e d fr o m p e tr o le u m ? M e n t io n th e in d u s tr ia l u s e s to w h ic h th e a r e u t
y p
(T n tr a ,
2K M D ,
D ec 99
fa n 0 1 K U fu n e 2 K ,
A m ra u a ti, M y 0 1 ; D ib n tg a r h , D e c 2 14
a
D e fin e o c ta n e n u m ber a n d ce ta n e n u m b e r W a t a re th e s tr u m a l fe a t u r e s o f h y d r o c a r b o n s in
u n le a d p e tr o la n d d ie s e l ? W h a t a r e th e s tr u c tu r a l fa c to rs th a t p ro m o te its M g h v a lu e ?
LA n n a , t t
y 2K N ou 2 K ; R G T , M a y 0 1 ; G G S IP , D e c 2 K ; D ib r u
W (, A p r i0 1 K u , t m e 2 K ; M D M a y 2 K , a n 0 1 M , ,
a y 01 S V A ,
tlg 0 11
th e se ca n b e im p ro v e d ? (K u , fa n O )
T E L is d t ik n o c k ?
(c ) W h y is C 2 H 4
B r2 a dded ,
w he n u se a s an an
(R G T ,
M ay O )
ds d a ys a re b e in g a d d e d to p e tr o l to im p r o v e o c ta n e ra t in g ?
W h a t ty p e s o fco m po u n ,
n o w a ,
(M D M ,
a y 0 1)
? h x p r a n H u id iz e d b e d c a ta ly tic m e th o d o f o b ta in in g
(a ) W h a t is m e a n k in g o f p e tr o
t b y cra c
e u m
g a s o lin e G iv e its m e c h a n is m
il 2 K ; M D M a y 2 K N
h D d i M a y 01 ; V T M a T c h 99 A P r
e c 2 K ; S i? r
a y 01
, , , ,
D ib n g a r
0 1 A N 2 K A
,
ti M a y 0 11
,
G T M
p T D ec 2K R
n n a o ti ; m r a o a
a y ;
,
, , ,
? D e s c r ib e w ith a n e a t d ia g r a m th e
f ta ly tic c ra c k in g p ro c e ss , ,
ca
(b ) w a t a r e th e a d v a n ta g e s o
(A n ita , 2 K )
k in g p r o c e ss
fix e d b e d c a ta ly tic c ra c
(K
t, M ay 99)
ly tic c r a c k in g
th e r m lan d c a ta
(c ) D iffe r e n tia te b e tw e e n a
g ?
r m a l c r a c k ir th e (D ib r u g a r li D ec 2K )
tic c r a g o
v er ,
o f c a ta ly
(d ) W h a t a r e th e a d v a n ta g e s
i c r e a s e o c ta n e n u m b e r ? G iv e an y to o
d o e s r e fo r m i g n
ro l ? H o
w
(a ) W h a t is r e fo f t M a y 2K ]a n 01 K Im 2K )
(V T A u g 0 1 M D
i o p e
t, e
rm n g ,
,
fo in g t io n s is m fkn o in g in h e m ic a l te rm s
e chan
re rm re a c o w c
? E x p la in th e m
c k in g in
IC e n g in e
vT M a r ch 0 , A 01)
r a u a ti M y o1 tg
(b ) w h a t is m e a n tb y
a o (A m ,
a ,
? D e s c r ib e th ftn tio o f
h e m ic a l c o n s t itu t io n e c n
is it re la te d to c
G S IP , D 2K )
(c ) W h a t is e a n t by
a o c k in g ? H o w (G ec
m
d c e ta n e n u m ber ,
TEL o c ta n e u m be r an
E p la in
x n
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18 E N IN N Q I C
12 k ) Descri m u th t r d s p lo y t L I tt t p th t w lln ln g
t m \ ' o nollnu (P T ,
D cc
(b ) S C r i b th t
s tle s d n t l a p p lic n tlu n s
c h a r n c te (1 6 k t\ I n Bc n c (P T ,
D ec 21
(c ) H tl w ca n po w e t n lo o h u l L t h e lp f\ tl in fu u l c t ls u s ? 99) (K u , M ay
13 (a ) D t s c r ib e n v
'
Itm m t th o ds s t d fo
L '
r th ( s y n th c s ls
\ (M D D d c 9 8 D ilr /g a r ll D e c 21
o f g a s o lin e , ,
D e s c r ib e th e m a m l f n c t u 1 u f g n s o lin e b y F is h t r T r o p s c h m u th o c l
\ (G G S P Mtrc/ 2 K D e 2 0 , ,
14 (a ) \ h a t is L P G ? \ v h n t n r e th e l
n dv nn tn g c s o f L P I o v c R g n s e o u s fu e
s ? (A l//n T h re O ,
P T , D e c 9 9 , D ec ZK )
(a ) W h a t is ? G iv its H is it p r c p a d la i g e s c a le ? W hat ?
p s itio
w n te g a s e co m n o w re o n a re u se s
M G ,
D ec 98 ; K la n 0 1) tt,
(b ) D e s c r ib e th e physichcmical p r in c ip le s in v o lv e d in th e m an u fa c tL tr e o fw a te r gas (A n n a lu ly 2 8 ) ,
(c ) B io g a s p ro d u c tio n s h o u ld b e c n c o m tlg e c l E x p la in (P T D e c 9 7) ,
R nj M
,
n y 01 ; S in clr i, 2 K ; S V ,
A t tg 0 1 ; T r ip ri r a , 2 K )
H d is tin c tio be a c le b e tw d in
o w n ca n m een co m p le te a n co m p le te co m b u s ticm o f fu e l? (K tt, Ja n O)
(c ) W h a t is le a d e d p e tr o l ? (M K ,
A p r il 0 )
(a ) W h a t is th e s ig n ific a n c e o f u ltim a te a n a ly s is o f co a l? H o w is th is a n a ly s is is c a r r ie d o u t in th e
la b o ra to r i' ?
(b ) A ll c o k in g
"
c o a ls k in g c o a ls b t a ll c a k in g c o a ls a r e n o k in g l
a re c a t Ju tify th is
"
u co co a s s ta te m t
e n
(
vagp u r, M a y o )
H o w g ro ss c a lo r ific v a lu e o fa so lid fu l d e te r m in d b y B o m b c a lo r im
e e e te r ?
W r it e D u
o n g s fo rm la fo r c a lc u la tin g lo r ific lu e o f fu e l f o m its
u c a v a u ltim a te c o m p o s itio n d a ta
D is c u ss in b r ie f th e p r o x im a te a n a ly s is o fco a l
E s ta b lis h th e re la tio h ip b e tw kn k in g in I C g in d th e
n s e e n o c e n e s a n n a tu re a n d m o le c u la r s tr u c tu r e
o f th e co n s t it u e n ts in g a s o lin e
(d ) D is c u ss B ee h iv e s o v e n m e th o d fo r m a n u fa c tt r e o f c o ke
(e ) W r ite s ho rt n o te o n c ra c k in g
(R G T , m te o4)
(a ) D e s c r ib e th e d e te r m in a tio n o f c a lo r ific v a lu e o f s o lid fu e l u s in g b o b lo r im
m c a e te r
(b ) W r ite sh o r t n o te o n c ra c k in g an d o c ta n e n u m ber
(R a M a y 04 )
(a ) W
,
r ite sh o rt n o te s o n E) c h a r a c te r is tic s f d fu
o a go o e l (ii) r e la tiv its f
e m e o so lid liq u id a n d
gaseo u s fu e ls (iii) n o n c o n v en tio n a len e rg
,
y so u rc e s
(U p T D ec 03)
D is c u ss th e c la s s ific a tio f fu e ls W h a t is
,
n o m e a n tb y c a lo r ific v a lu fa
b e tw d lo r ific
e o s a r
p le o fc o a l ? D is tin g u is h
e en gra ss a n n e tca v a lu e s
LU P T M a y O
(a ) W hat a re th e c o n s titu e n ts o fco a ta s d e te r m in e d b y p ro im
,
x a te an a y s is ?
(b ) W r ite a te c h n ic a n o te o n "
o c ta n e n u m ber "
fo r ? (ii) W h t is th
a syn tic p e tr o l ? (W 04)
W h t is th e
e B ltn e
a
p r in c ip le o f b o m b c a
,
o r im e te r ?
(a ) D escr ib e th e fr a c tio n a l d is tilla tio (G G S IP M a y 0 4 ) ,
n o f petmleum
(b ) W h a t c lo y o u m d e r s ta n d ith th e k n k in g
w o c o f a fu e l ? R e o r t th e
c h a r a c te r is tic s f a fu p w a y s to im p o v e th e an tik n o c
a n g
o e l
(c ) W r ite a bo u t th e p ro d u tio d
c n a n a p p lic a tio n s o fw a te r gas 113
(a ) D e fin e th e g m s s a n d n e t
c a o r ific v a
(G G S IP D ,
ec
lu e s o f fu e ls
(b ) D
t t4 is c u ss th e m e th o d o f c a lo r ific v a lu e d e te in tio n b
y bo m b
rm a '
W s ca lo r im e te
r it e s ho rtn o te o n m e ta llu i lc o ke
r
rg c a
(G G S IP D ,
I
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